Principles of General Chemistry 2nd

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Chapter 10 The Shapes of Molecules
1. Which one of the following Lewis structures is definitely incorrect?

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: C

2. Which one of the following Lewis structures is definitely incorrect?

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: B

3. Which one of the following Lewis structures is definitely incorrect?

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: E

4. Select the best Lewis structure for ClCN.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: A

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5. Hydrazine, N2H4, is a good reducing agent that has been used as a component in rocket
fuels. Select its Lewis structure.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) None of these choices is correct.

Ans: C

6. Select the correct Lewis structure for nitrogen trifluoride, NF3.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: A

7. Select the correct Lewis structure for NOCl, a reactive material used as an ionizing
solvent.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) None of these choices is correct.

Ans: B

8. Oxygen difluoride is a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent. Select its Lewis
structure.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) None of these choices is correct.

Ans: D

9. Select the best Lewis structure for P2I4.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) None of these structures is suitable for P2I4.

Ans: A

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10. Thionyl chloride is used as an oxidizing and chlorinating agent in organic chemistry.
Select the best Lewis structure for SOCl2.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) None of these structures is suitable for SOCl2.

Ans: B

11. Select the correct Lewis structure for TeBr2.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: E

12. In which one of the following is the best Lewis structure a resonance structure? (central
atoms are bold)
A) CO2 B) ClO3- C) COCl2 D) NO2+ E) HCN
Ans: B

13. In which one of the following is the best Lewis structure a resonance structure?
A) SO3 B) BF3 C) I3- D) SCO (C = central atom) E) SO32-
Ans: E

14. Select the Lewis structure in which formal charges are minimized for the periodate anion,
IO4-.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: D

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15. Phosphoryl iodide is used in the preparation of organophosphorus derivatives and

phosphate esters. Select the Lewis structure for POI3 which minimizes formal charges.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: C

16. Select the Lewis structure for XeO2F2 which correctly minimizes formal charges.

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: B

17. In the following Lewis structure for ClO3F, chlorine has a formal charge of ____ and an
oxidation number of ____.

A) 7, 7 B) 7, -1 C) 1, 1 D) 1, -1 E) 1, 7
Ans: E

18. In the following Lewis structure for phosphate, phosphorus has a formal charge of ____
and an oxidation number of ____.

A) 0, -3 B) 0, 5 C) 5, -3 D) 5, 5 E) 3, 5
Ans: B

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19. In which of the following does the nitrogen atom have a formal charge of -1?

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: C

20. The formal charges on Cl and O in the structure shown for the ClO- ion are, respectively

A) 0 and -1 D) -2 and 1
B) -1 and 0 E) None of these choices is correct.
C) 1 and -2
Ans: A

21. In which one of the following structures does the central atom have a formal charge of
+2?

A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Ans: B

22. The formal charge on Cl in the structure shown for the perchlorate ion is

A) -2 B) -1 C) 0 D) +1 E) +2
Ans: D

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23. In which one of the following species is the central atom (the first atom in the formula)
an exception to the octet rule?
A) NH3 B) NH4+ C) I2 D) BH4- E) SF6
Ans: E

24. In which one of the following species is the central atom (the first atom in the formula)
likely to violate the octet rule?
A) BF4- B) XeO3 C) SiCl4 D) NH3 E) CH2Cl2
Ans: B

25. Which of the following atoms can expand its valence shell when bonding?
A) N B) C C) O D) P E) Al
Ans: D

26. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2 will have a ___
molecular shape.
A) linear B) bent C) trigonal planar D) tetrahedral E) triangular
Ans: A

27. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX3 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) linear B) bent C) trigonal planar D) tetrahedral E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: C

28. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX4 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) bent D) square planar
B) trigonal planar E) tetrahedral
C) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: E

29. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX5 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) trigonal bipyramidal
B) trigonal planar E) see-saw
C) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: D

30. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX6 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) hexagonal
B) trigonal planar E) octahedral
C) trigonal bipyramidal
Ans: E

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31. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2E will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) bent B) see-saw C) trigonal planar D) T-shaped E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: A

32. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2E2 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) linear B) bent C) trigonal planar D) tetrahedral E) see-saw
Ans: B

33. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2E3 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) bent B) linear C) trigonal planar D) T-shaped E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: B

34. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX3E will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) bent B) trigonal planar C) trigonal pyramidal D) tetrahedral E) triangular
Ans: C

35. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX3E2 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) trigonal pyramidal D) T-shaped
B) trigonal bipyramidal E) see-saw
C) trigonal planar
Ans: D

36. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX4E will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) bent B) see-saw C) trigonal planar D) T-shaped E) square planar
Ans: B

37. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX4E2 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) octahedral
B) square pyramidal E) see-saw
C) square planar
Ans: C

38. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX5E will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) octahedral
B) trigonal bipyramidal E) see-saw
C) square pyramidal
Ans: C

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39. What is the molecular shape of N2O as predicted by the VSEPR theory?

A) trigonal pyramidal B) trigonal planar C) angular D) bent E) linear

Ans: E

40. What is the molecular shape of the thiocyanate anion, SCN-, as predicted by the VSEPR
theory? (Carbon is the central atom.)
A) linear D) trigonal
B) bent E) None of these choices is correct.
C) angular
Ans: A

41. What is the molecular shape of ClCN as predicted by the VSEPR theory? (Carbon is the
central atom.)
A) linear D) trigonal
B) bent E) None of these choices is correct.
C) angular
Ans: A

42. What is the molecular shape of BeH2 as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear D) trigonal
B) bent E) None of these choices is correct.
C) angular
Ans: A

43. What is the molecular shape of NOCl as predicted by the VSEPR theory?

A) linear B) trigonal planar C) bent D) tetrahedral E) trigonal pyramidal

Ans: C

44. What is the molecular shape of BCl3 as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) trigonal planar C) bent D) tetrahedral E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: B

45. What is the molecular shape of NO2- as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) trigonal planar C) bent D) tetrahedral E) resonant
Ans: C

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46. What is the molecular symmetry around the carbons in CCl2CH2 as predicted by the
VSEPR theory?
A) linear D) tetrahedral
B) trigonal planar E) trigonal pyramidal
C) V-shaped
Ans: B

47. What is the molecular shape of ClO3F as predicted by the VSEPR theory?

A) trigonal pyramidal D) tetrahedral

B) square planar E) octahedral
C) square pyramidal
Ans: D

48. What is the molecular shape of HOF as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) trigonal pyramidal B) trigonal C) tetrahedral D) linear E) bent
Ans: E

49. What is the molecular shape of NH2Cl as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) trigonal pyramidal D) see-saw
B) tetrahedral E) trigonal planar
C) T-shaped
Ans: A

50. What is the molecular shape of XeO2F2 as predicted by the VSEPR theory?

A) square planar D) see-saw

B) tetrahedral E) octahedral
C) square pyramidal
Ans: D

51. What is the molecular shape of ClF2- as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) bent C) see-saw D) T-shaped E) L-shaped
Ans: A

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52. What is the molecular shape of SCl3F as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) bent C) see-saw D) T-shaped E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: C

53. What is the molecular shape of SiF62- as predicted by the VSEPR theory?

A) trigonal bipyramidal D) see-saw

B) hexagonal E) octahedral
C) tetrahedral
Ans: E

54. What is the molecular shape of ClF4- as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) square pyramidal D) octahedral
B) square planar E) tetrahedral
C) see-saw
Ans: B

55. Which one of the following molecules and ions will have a planar geometry?
A) PCl3 B) BF4- C) XeF4 D) BrF5 E) H3O+
Ans: C

56. Use VSEPR theory to decide which one of the following ions and molecules is likely to
be planar. (The central atom is always first in the formula.)
A) BrF3 B) H3O+ C) PCl3 D) SO42- E) SF4
Ans: A

57. Use VSEPR theory to decide which one of the following molecules and ions will have a
trigonal pyramidal geometry. (The central atom is always first in the formula.)
A) PCl3 B) BF3 C) SO3 D) BrF3 E) CO32-
Ans: A

58. Use VSEPR theory to predict the electron group arrangement around iodine, the central
atom in the ion IF2-.
A) octahedral D) trigonal planar
B) trigonal bipyramidal E) bent
C) tetrahedral
Ans: B

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59. Use VSEPR theory to decide which one of the following molecules and ions will
definitely have at least one 90° bond angle in it. (In each case except water, the central
atom is the first one in the formula.)
A) AlCl4- B) NH3 C) PCl5 D) CO2 E) H2O
Ans: C

60. Predict the ideal bond angles in GeCl4 using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) < 90°
Ans: B

61. Predict the ideal bond angles in AsCl3 using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) between 110 and 120°
Ans: B

62. Predict the ideal bond angles in FNO using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) between 120 and 180°
Ans: C

63. Predict the ideal bond angles around nitrogen in N2F2 using the molecular shape given by
the VSEPR theory.
(N is the central atom.)
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) between 120 and 180°
Ans: C

64. Predict the ideal bond angles around carbon in C2I2 using the molecular shape given by
the VSEPR theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) None of these choices is correct.
Ans: D

65. Predict the ideal bond angles in IF2- using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 60° B) 90° C) 109° D) 120° E) 180°
Ans: E

66. Predict the actual bond angle in SeCl2 using the VSEPR theory.
A) more than 120° D) exactly 90°
B) between 109° and 120° E) less than 90°
C) between 90° and 109°
Ans: C

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67. Predict the actual bond angles in BrF3 using the VSEPR theory.
A) more than 120° D) between 90° and 109°
B) exactly 120° E) less than 90°
C) between 109° and 120°
Ans: E

68. Predict the actual bond angles in SF3+ using the VSEPR theory.
A) more than 120° D) between 90° and 109°
B) exactly 120° E) less than 90°
C) between 109° and 120°
Ans: D

69. Which of the following molecules has a net dipole moment?

A) BeCl2 B) SF2 C) KrF2 D) CO2 E) CCl4
Ans: B

70. Which of the following has no net dipole moment?

A) N2O B) NF3 C) H2Se D) TeO3 E) CH3Cl
Ans: D

71. Which one of the following molecules does not have a dipole moment?
A) CS2 B) H2S C) CH2Cl2 D) PH3 E) CH2O
Ans: A

72. Draw Lewis structures, showing all valence electrons, for:

a. N
b. Br-
c. O2
d. SO42-
Ans:

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73. Draw Lewis structures, showing all valence electrons, for the following species:
a. S2-
b. CO
c. SO2
d. CH3OH
Ans:

74. Draw Lewis structures which obey the octet rule, for the following atoms, molecules and
ions, showing all valence electrons. Central atoms are shown in bold.
a. NH3
b. O3 (Hint: O3 is not cyclic)
c. HCN
d. SO3
Ans:

75. For the chlorate ion, ClO3-, draw two different valid Lewis structures, as follows:
a. a structure in which the octet rule is obeyed
b. a structure in which formal charges are minimized
Ans:

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76. Name and outline the concept which is introduced when more than one valid Lewis
structure can be drawn for a given molecule or ion. Use appropriate diagrams of the
formate ion (HCO2-, carbon is the central atom) to illustrate.
Ans: The concept is resonance. In this situation no single Lewis structure can adequately
represent the bonding in a molecule. An average of the different Lewis structures is
a better representation of the bonding than any single structure. The two important
resonance structures are shown below.

77. Draw all important resonance structures of the nitrate ion, NO3-
Ans:

78. Using SO2 as an example, describe the sort of experimental data which might suggest that
no single Lewis structure is an accurate representation of its bonding.
Ans: In the SO2 molecule, the two sulfur-oxygen bonds would be identical in length and
strength, and these values would be intermediate between those of sulfur-oxygen
single and double bonds. A single Lewis structure would show two different types
of bond in the molecule, one single and one double.

79. List the three important ways in which molecules can violate the octet rule, and in each
case draw one Lewis structure of your choice as an example.
Ans: Electron-deficient molecules have fewer than 8 electrons in the valence shells of
atoms, e.g., boron in BF3. Odd-electron molecules cannot obey the octet rule.
Examples are NO, NO2 and ClO2. Atoms from period 3 and beyond can expand
their valence shells to exceed the octet count. Example: SF6.

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80. The Lewis structure of formaldehyde, CH2O, is shown. Use VSEPR theory to predict the
molecular geometry and the H-C-H bond angle. Outline your reasoning.

Ans: There are three electron groups around the central atom, carbon. These are a double
bond and two single bonds. The molecule is thus of the AX3 type, and its geometry
will be trigonal planar. The bond angles will be 120°.

81. What is the shape of the PF3 molecule? Explain your answer, using VSEPR theory.
Ans: The Lewis structure has a lone pair on the phosphorus atom, and the VSEPR
formula is thus AX3E. There are four electron groups, giving a tetrahedral electron
group arrangement. The molecular shape is trigonal pyramidal.

82. Draw the Lewis structure of XeF4. Use this structure, in conjunction with VSEPR theory,
to predict the shape of this molecule. Outline your reasoning.
Ans: The Lewis structure is shown alongside. The VSEPR formula is AX4E2, and the
electron group arrangement is therefore octahedral. The lone pairs will lie at
opposite vertices, resulting in a square planar molecular geometry.

83. a. Draw and name three molecular shapes for molecules having the VSEPR formulas
AX3, AX3E and AX3E2, respectively.
b. If the three X groups in the above formulas are identical, which of the three shapes
would result in a molecule with a dipole moment?
Ans: (a) The three structures and their molecular shapes are shown below.

(b) The trigonal pyramidal and T-shaped molecules will have dipole moments.

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84. Explain what is meant by "dipole moment", and give an example of a molecule which has
polar bonds but which does not itself have a dipole moment.
Ans: A dipole moment arises in a molecule when the "centers of gravity" of the positive
and negative charges do not coincide. There is thus a separation of charge. The
dipole moment is the product of this charge and the distance of separation. Carbon
dioxide has two polar carbon-oxygen bonds. However, because the molecule is
linear, the two bond dipoles are exactly opposite in direction, and they cancel each
other out. The CO2 molecule has no dipole moment.

85. All possible resonance structures contribute equally to the resonance hybrid.
Ans: False

86. When resonance occurs, the bond lengths in a molecule fluctuate rapidly.
Ans: False

87. In a Lewis structure for a molecule or ion, the sum of the formal charges on the atoms is
equal to the charge on the molecule or ion.
Ans: True

88. In formaldehyde, CH2O, both the formal charge and the oxidation number of carbon are
zero.
Ans: True

89. Boron never achieves an octet in any of its compounds.

Ans: False

90. The Lewis structure of NO2 violates the octet rule.

Ans: True

91. In order for a non-cyclic triatomic molecule to be bent, VSEPR theory requires that there
must be two lone pairs on the central atom.
Ans: False

92. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX3E2 (where E
represents a lone pair on A) will be trigonal planar.
Ans: False

93. The molecule AX2, where A and X are different elements, will have a dipole moment if
the molecule is bent.
Ans: True

94. A molecule which contains polar bonds will always have a dipole moment.
Ans: False

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