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Abstract
The effect of calcium hydroxide addition on the casting performance of ceramic slips for sanitary ware was studied. Powder
composed of feldspar (24 wt.%), quartz (24 wt.%), kaolin (35 wt.%) and ball clay (17 wt.%) was mixed with water to contain 65
wt.% of solids (specific density 1800 g/l). Either Ca(OH)2 or Na2CO3 was added at concentrations ranging between 0.060 and
0.085 wt.% and the slurries were dispersed by the optimum addition of sodium silicate.
Calcium hydroxide in presence of sodium silicate improved the casting behavior of the slips, lowering the viscosity, and
water absorption, increasing bending strength and cake thickness, as compared to the addition of sodium carbonate.
D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
0169-1317/$ - see front matter D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.clay.2003.04.001
238 A. Sßakar-Deliormanlı, Z. Yayla / Applied Clay Science 24 (2004) 237–243
Table 1
Chemical analysis of the raw materials
Materials SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 CaO MgO Na2O K2 O SO3 LO.I
Clay 55.0 27.5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.5 0.5 10.0
Kaolin 52.0 32.0 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 10.5
Feldspar 72.0 16.5 0.15 0.5 0.7 0.8 8.5 0.5 – 1.0
A. Sßakar-Deliormanlı, Z. Yayla / Applied Clay Science 24 (2004) 237–243 239
Table 2 was poured away from the mould and cake thickness
The composition of the slurry data was collected in 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 min
Material wt.% intervals. Test specimens were then removed form
Feldspar 24 the mould and allowed to dry at 40 jC for 24 h. The
Quartz 24 green bodies were sintered at 1250 jC in an industrial
Kaolin 35
scale kiln (Riedhammer, 65 m length). A flow dia-
Ball clay 17
gram of the processing steps is shown in Fig. 1.
Physical properties of the test specimens such as
that should be added to the system viscosity measure- shrinkage, bending strength and water absorption
ments were performed by using a Brookfield RV II were investigated in green state and after sintering.
viscometer at 600 rpm (spindle number 3). A Gallen- Shrinkage was measured by a dilatometer (Netch,
camp torsion viscometer was also used for measuring Germany) and also calculated by measuring the
the viscosity and thixotropy of the suspensions before dimensions of the ceramic bars before and after
casting into the mould. The torsion type viscometer sintering.
contains a horizontal disc suspended by a long wire Bending strength of the bar shape test specimens
that is immersed into the slip and spun through an (150 25 12 mm) were measured by applying a 40
angle of 360j. N load to the cross sectional area using a mechanical
The prepared slip was casted into plaster of Paris test equipment.
molds at room temperature and the temperature of the A water absorption test was accomplished in order
slurry was fixed at 25 jC during the casting process. to determine the water absorption capacity. In this test
After casting for a predetermined time, the excess slip the samples were submerged in water for 24 h. Then
Table 3
Results of the experiments that were carried out by using sodium carbonate
Experiment Number 1 2 3 4 5
Na2CO3 (%) 0.060 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085
Na2SiO3 (%) 0.164 0.141 0.143 0.145 0.160
Density (g/l) 1798 1802 1800 1802 1800
1st viscositya (j) 340 340 337 335 342
2nd viscositya (j) 310 308 304 302 312
Thixotropyb 30 32 33 33 30
Temperature (jC) 25 26 26 25 24
Shrinkage (%)-Green 1.60 2.10 1.33 1.95 1.28
Shrinkage (%)-Sintered 7.97 7.20 7.05 8.45 7.53
Total Shrinkage (%) 9.57 9.30 8.38 10.6 9.65
Strength (kg/cm2)-Green 25.11 26.87 26.28 26.95 27.43
Strength (kg/cm2)-Sintered 342.67 351.14 457.8 484.9 490.62
Water absorption (%) 2.3 1.91 0.84 0.78 0.75
a
Values obtained by using Torsion type viscometer.
b
Thixotropy = 1st viscosity 2nd viscosity.
minimum is at 250 cp. There is a big difference value that had been taken after a rest period (30 min)
between the viscosity values of the suspensions in by keeping the slurry undisturbed. Thixotropy coef-
the absence of sodium silicate containing only calci- ficients of the both systems were determined as 30 –
um hydroxide and sodium carbonate in the beginning. 33 in both sets by getting the difference between the
first and second viscosity values. These results sug-
3.2. Slip casting related properties gest a high state of dispersion for the slip.
The thickness of the cast layer for similar suspen-
The physical properties of the green and sintered sions but with different dispersants was determined by
test specimens and the properties of the slip before the the packing of the particles in the layer, which in turn
casting process are summarized in Tables 3 and 4 for determines the permeability of the layer. The cast
the Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2 systems, respectively. layer thickness of the slurries with casting time
Viscosity values shown in Tables 3 and 4 were prepared by using sodium carbonate and calcium
obtained by using the Gallencamp torsion viscometer. hydroxide is illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
The term ‘‘second viscosity’’ was attributed to the According to the results calcium hydroxide has a
Table 4
Results of the experiments that were carried out by using calcium hydroxide
Experiment Number 6 7 8 9 10
Ca(OH)2 (%) 0.060 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085
Na2SiO3 (%) 0.22 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.21
Density (g/l) 1800 1799 1802 1796 1802
1st viscositya (j) 339 342 341 344 320
2nd viscositya (j) 309 310 309 311 290
Thixotropyb 30 32 32 33 30
Temperature (jC) 26 26 25 24 25
Shrinkage (%)-Green 1.45 1.58 1.15 2.03 1.85
Shrinkage (%)-Sintered 8.35 8.49 6.61 8.22 7.98
Total shrinkage (%) 9.8 10.07 7.76 10.25 9.83
Strength (kg/cm2)-Green 25.34 25.91 29.16 35.8 37.94
Strength (kg/cm2)-Sintered 496.8 524.26 544.36 658.3 650.52
Water Absorption (%) 0.74 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.69
a
Values obtained by using Torsion type viscometer.
b
Thixotropy = 1st viscosity 2nd viscosity.
242 A. Sßakar-Deliormanlı, Z. Yayla / Applied Clay Science 24 (2004) 237–243