Psychology 3rd Edition Schacter Test

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1. The ability to store and retrieve information over time is called:
A) preservation.
B) memory.
C) elaboration.
D) storage.

2. _____ is the process of maintaining information in memory over time.

A) Memory
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Retrieval

3. The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and
stored in memory is known as:
A) memory.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) retrieval.

4. Your friend tells you her phone number. Hearing, thinking about, and translating the
phone number to place it in your memory is an example of which process?
A) semantics
B) encoding
C) storage
D) retrieval

5. You learned French in high school 10 years ago. You travel to Paris, and at the airport a
customs officer asks you a question in French. You recall the correct answer from your
study of the language and answer the officer. This is an example of which function of
memory?
A) semantics
B) encoding
C) storage
D) retrieval

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 6. You are taking a biology class. During lecture, you listen, take notes, and think about
how the information is related to you. These are examples of _____ information into
memory. When you rehearse this information, you are facilitating _____. During a test,
you must remember the information, which is called _____.
A) storage; retrieval; encoding
B) encoding; retrieval; storage
C) storage; encoding; retrieval
D) encoding; storage; retrieval

7. The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring
memory is called:
A) encoding.
B) remembering.
C) recalling.
D) storing.

8. Memories are made by:

A) transforming perceptions into sensory experiences.
B) combining existing information in the brain with new information from our senses.
C) recording information coming in from our senses.
D) creating exact duplicates of perceptual experiences in the hippocampus.

9. Memories are:
A) recorded into the brain.
B) duplicated by the brain into perceptual experiences.
C) transformed by the brain into elemental sensory components.
D) constructed by the brain.

10. Making a new memory is analogous to:

A) transforming a written message into binary computer code.
B) taking a picture.
C) altering a recipe to create a new dish.
D) recording a video.

11. When learning a new word, like “amygdala,” Angie will remember it best if she:
A) thinks about what the word means.
B) thinks of another word that rhymes with it.
C) pictures how the word itself looks.
D) writes the word in large block letters.

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12. Actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge already in
memory is the definition of _____ encoding.
A) visual
B) meaning
C) semantic
D) organizational

13. When Paul studies for a psychology test, he tries to remember important terms by
relating them to his past experiences and knowledge. He is using the strategy of:
A) semantic encoding.
B) visual imagery encoding.
C) organization encoding.
D) chunking.

14. While cramming for a psychology exam, Hannah finds that if she thinks about the
meaning of terms and tries to use them in examples, she learns them much better. What
technique is Hannah using to improve her memory of the terms?
A) organizational encoding
B) chunking
C) visual imagery judgments
D) semantic judgments

15. Which type of judgment has research shown results in better memory for words?
A) visual
B) semantic
C) rhyme
D) mnemonics

16. The most effective form of encoding appears to be linking new information to:
A) what it comes after in serial position.
B) how it sounds, such as rhyming words.
C) how it relates to other knowledge in memory.
D) what it looks like in sensory memory.

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17. Jorge uses semantic judgment in encoding new terms encountered in his biology class.
MRI studies reveal that the part of his brain likely to be most active during this process
is the:
A) amygdala.
B) parietal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) hypothalamus.

18. Janet uses semantic judgment in encoding new terms encountered in her sociology class.
MRI studies reveal that the part of her brain likely to be most active during this process
is the:
A) left temporal lobe.
B) right frontal lobe.
C) left parietal lobe.
D) right occipital lobe.

19. Semantic encoding is related to an increase of activity in which brain regions?

A) the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left parietal lobe
B) the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe
C) the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the left occipital lobe
D) the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the right parietal lobe

20. Storing information by converting it into mental pictures is known as:

A) photographic encoding.
B) visual imagery encoding.
C) semantic encoding.
D) organizational encoding.

21. Anthony is given a list of 20 objects to memorize in order. Anthony imagines a walk
from home to school and pictures one of the objects on each street corner. Which
memory technique is Anthony MOST likely using?
A) organizational encoding
B) chunking
C) semantic encoding
D) visual imagery encoding

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22. Robert calls Darla and asks her to pick up soap, a new pair of slippers, and wine from
the store on her way home from work. Instead of making a list, Darla successfully
remembers the items to be purchased by picturing herself sipping wine in her slippers,
while Robert gives her a sponge bath. What memory technique is Darla MOST likely
using?
A) visual imagery encoding
B) semantic encoding
C) organizational encoding
D) sensory memory encoding

23. Frank remembers that Virginia Tech and Stanford played in the Orange Bowl by
picturing cartoonish turkeys and cardinals hurling oranges at each other on South Beach.
Which of the following brain regions would be LEAST involved in the encoding of this
information?
A) frontal lobe
B) temporal lobe
C) parietal lobe
D) occipital lobe

24. Unlike semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding shows activation of the _____ lobe.
A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital

25. Categorizing information based on relationships among the items in a series to be

remembered is the definition of:
A) semantic encoding.
B) visual imagery encoding.
C) organizational encoding.
D) chunking.

26. At the supermarket, Charlotte finds it much easier to remember the food items she needs
when she puts them into the categories of fruits, vegetables, and meat. What encoding
process is Charlotte using to create and recall memories?
A) organizational
B) transformative
C) semantic
D) visual imagery

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27. When Matt sleeps over at his grandma's house, he needs to remember to pack his
pajamas, a blanket for the bed, slippers, a pair of pants, a shirt, and a jacket. After his
mom reminds him what to take, he separates the items into items he will need for the
night and items he will need during the day. Matt is using which type of encoding to
remember what he should pack?
A) visual imagery
B) organizational
C) semantic
D) sensory

28. After having spent half a day touring the Chicago Institute of Art, Emily had seen
hundreds of paintings. To maximize her potential for remembering as many paintings as
possible, she decides to categorize each painting depending on its artistic style:
Neoclassical, Realistic, Romantic, Impressionist, Abstract, and so on. This method of
memorization is called _____ encoding.
A) semantic
B) organizational
C) survival
D) visual imagery

29. Relative to semantic encoding, organizational encoding shows more activation of the
upper left _____ lobe.
A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital

30. Which area of the frontal lobe is activated during organizational encoding?
A) upper right
B) lower right
C) upper left
D) lower left

31. Recent research has suggested that _____ encoding subsequently results in the greatest
recall of information.
A) organizational
B) semantic
C) survival
D) visual imagery

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32. Which statement would a person most likely remember later the same day?
A) Pablo Picasso represents the Cubist movement in art.
B) Kenneth Clark was the first member of a minority group to become president of the
APD)
C) Poe wrote “The moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful
Annabel Lee.”
D) A black-widow spider is crawling up your leg.

33. The encoding of survival-related information is effective because it often requires

participants to engage in:
A) extensive planning.
B) constructing a fear hierarchy.
C) chunking.
D) sensory integration.

34. Sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less in:

A) the rehearsal memory store.
B) the short-term memory store.
C) the sensory memory store.
D) working memory.

35. Sperling flashed a matrix of letters for 1/20th of a second to participants. Sperling found
that the participants:
A) attempted to encode the letters from left to right.
B) attempted to encode the letters from top to bottom.
C) automatically stored the entire matrix of letters, but for only a brief moment.
D) automatically stored the entire matrix of letters for up to a minute after the
presentation.

36. The store of auditory information that decays very rapidly is called _____ memory.
A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) working

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37. The fast-decaying store of visual information that is forgotten in seconds if not attended
to is known as _____ memory.
A) iconic
B) echoic
C) anterograde
D) retrograde

38. Brittany is daydreaming in class when her instructor asks her a question. Brittany finds
that, even though she was not paying attention, she can replay in her “mind's ear” the
instructor's last words, taking advantage of a process called:
A) auditory memory.
B) visual imagery encoding.
C) iconic memory.
D) echoic memory.

39. Iconic memory is a fast-decaying store of:

A) memory of peoples' names.
B) visual memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) auditory memory.

40. Echoic memories last _____ iconic memories.

A) slightly longer than
B) approximately the same length of time as
C) slightly shorter than
D) much longer than

41. Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for
a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the
12 letters they had just been shown. Which memory store is being tested?
A) echoic
B) iconic
C) working
D) limited capacity

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42. Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for
a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the
12 letters they had just been shown. Based on previous research, about how many letters
would you expect individual students to recall?
A) 0
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10

43. Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for
a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the
letters in the top, middle, or bottom row. Based on previous research, about how many
letters in the row would you expect individual students to recall?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3 or 4

44. Iconic memories usually decay in about _____ or less.

A) 1 second
B) 7 seconds
C) 1 minute
D) 2 minutes

45. Echoic memories usually decay in about:

A) 1 second.
B) 5 seconds.
C) 30 seconds.
D) 60 seconds.

46. You look up a friend's address for the envelope of a letter you're writing. Suddenly, the
phone rings. You abandon your address research to answer the phone, but it is a wrong
number. When you get back to write down the address, you have forgotten it because
_____ memory has failed you.
A) long-term
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) iconic

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47. In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959), participants were given
consonant strings to remember—such as DBX and HLM—and then were instructed to
count backward from 100 by 3. After a variable amount of time, the participants were
asked to recall the consonant strings. Asking participants to count backward effectively
prevents:
A) sensory storage
B) iconic memory
C) short-term storage
D) rehearsal

48. In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959), participants were given
consonant strings to remember—such as DBX and HLM—and then were instructed to
count backward from 100 by 3. After a variable amount of time (delay), the participants
were asked to recall the consonant strings. Which statement accurately describes the
results of the experiment?
A) There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 20 seconds.
B) A 3-second delay decreased accuracy by almost 80 percent.
C) A 20-second delay decreased accuracy by over 80 percent.
D) There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 7 seconds.

49. In the absence of rehearsal, research has shown that information can be held in the
short-term memory store for _____ seconds or less.
A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 20

50. The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is

called:
A) rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) memorizing.
D) mnemonic storage.

51. Jason looked up a telephone number on his desktop computer but his cell phone is in
another room. The easiest and perhaps most effective technique he can use to remember
the number until he can get to his phone is:
A) organizational encoding.
B) visual imagery encoding.
C) state-dependent retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

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52. Kelly is at a local bar having a drink. A young man starts flirting with her and
approaches her. Kelly decides to tell him her number. He repeats the series of digits in
his head over and over again until he has a chance to write it down. This process is
known as:
A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) rehearsal.
D) short-term memory storage.

53. Roger is using rehearsal to remember a telephone number. Each time he repeats the
numbers, he is “reentering” the information into his short-term memory, thus adding
_____ to the shelf life.
A) 15 to 20 seconds
B) 60 seconds
C) 20 to 30 minutes
D) 1 hour

54. Short-term memory is limited in how long it can hold information and in the _____
information it can hold.
A) type of
B) utility of the
C) complexity of the
D) amount of

55. Short-term memory can hold:

A) a seven-digit telephone number but not a list of seven words.
B) approximately seven meaningful items.
C) information for no more than 3 minutes.
D) an unlimited amount of information.

56. It is helpful that local phone numbers are only seven digits long because seven items is
the capacity of _____ memory.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) iconic
D) long-term

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57. Ann is trying to memorize 15 random, 2-digit numbers in only 10 seconds. She is very
frustrated when she can't do it. Ann is having trouble memorizing the numbers in such a
short period of time because short-term memory:
A) does not have transience.
B) can retain only about seven meaningful items.
C) must be primed.
D) relies on state-dependent retrieval.

58. Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters is known as:
A) rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) elaborative encoding.
D) visual encoding.

59. Chunking is used to _____ information.

A) retrieve
B) organizationally encode
C) rehearse
D) visually encode

60. A sixth-grade teacher assigned as homework learning as many digits as possible of the
math constant pi. The student who memorized the most digits of pi for the next day
would receive a reward. Which advice would most help the students with their
homework?
A) Chunk the digits of pi together.
B) Functionally fix the digits onto a mental representation.
C) Rehearse the digits constantly before reciting them.
D) Use flash cards to study the digits.

61. Short-term memory is to working memory as:

A) function is to structure.
B) sensation is to attending.
C) place is to process.
D) frontal lobe is to temporal lobe.

62. Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

A) working memory.
B) sensory storage.
C) active memory.
D) labor storage.

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63. Working memory includes subsystems that store and manipulate:
A) sensory experiences only.
B) visual images only.
C) visual images and verbal information.
D) long-term memories organizationally encoded.

64. Brain-imaging studies indicate that the executive functioning underlying working
memory is attributable to activity in the _____ lobe.
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital

65. Which statement summarizing research on whether training working memory skills
improves cognitive performance on non-memory related tasks is true?
A) Over 50 years of research has clearly demonstrated that training working memory
increases overall cognitive performance.
B) Training working memory skills has not been shown to increase cognitive
performance on non-memory related tasks.
C) More research is needed to determine if enhancing working memory leads to
increased cognitive performance on non-memory related tasks.
D) Efforts to study this research question have been thwarted by the fact that working
memory skills cannot be improved with training.

66. The location in which information can be kept for hours to years is known as the _____
memory store.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) working
D) long-term

67. Information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years in the _____ memory store.
A) working
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) long-term

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68. In most people, the long-term memory store has:
A) no known capacity limits.
B) only a few limits on how much information can be stored.
C) no known capacity limits, as long as information is stored semantically.
D) a limit on how much can be stored after adulthood is reached.

69. Callie visited a dance club where the songs were “oldies but goodies.” Although she had
not gone dancing in more than 20 years, Callie remembered the lyrics to most of the
songs. This was MOST likely because:
A) the hippocampus ages more slowly than the rest of the brain.
B) semantic memories are more easily recalled than procedural memories.
C) the information was stored in her long-term memory.
D) she used an acoustic encoding strategy.

70. Research has indicated that, 50 years after graduation, people can accurately recognize
_____ percent of their classmates from yearbook photographs.
A) 7
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90

71. The case of HM is a documented case of a patient whose speech skills and intelligence
were unaffected by the removal of his hippocampus and parts of his temporal lobe but
who could not form new long-term memories. Which disorder did HM have?
A) normal forgetting
B) retrograde amnesia
C) prograde amnesia
D) anterograde amnesia

72. The famous patient who had a substantial portion of his hippocampus removed to stop
seizure activity and, as a result, could not form any new memories is known by his
initials:
A) MT.
B) HM.
C) HT.
D) TM.

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73. The case of HM is a documented case of a patient who could not form new long-term
memories due to the removal of his _____ and parts of his temporal lobe.
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) corpus callosum
D) cerebellum

74. People suffering from the same disorder as patient HM most probably would not be able
to:
A) play a song learned long ago on the piano.
B) remember the names of their high school classmates.
C) remember the plot to the movie that they watched a few hours ago.
D) recognize their immediate family members.

75. The inability to transfer new information from short-term to long-term memory is
defined as:
A) normal forgetting.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) prograde amnesia.
D) anterograde amnesia.

76. The inability to retrieve information acquired before a particular date, usually the date of
brain trauma or surgery, is termed:
A) consolidation.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) reconsolidation.
D) anterograde amnesia.

77. Robert, a successful businessman, was in a terrible car accident. He now cannot
remember any new pieces of information for more than a few seconds. However, he is
able to remember everything before the accident perfectly clearly. Robert's condition is
an example of:
A) suppression.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) transfer-appropriate processing.

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78. You are volunteering at a psychiatric ward for the summer. On your first day, a man
comes up to you and says you have very pretty eyes and asks your name. You thank him
and give him your name. For the next four days, the same man approaches you, says
you have pretty eyes, and asks for your name. After a week, you ask a doctor on the
ward about this man, and the doctor tells you that the man suffers from:
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.

79. Devin was recently injured in a car accident on his way home from school. Afterward,
he was physically fine and had just a couple scratches. However, he began to realize that
he did not remember anything before the accident. Devin is experiencing:
A) anterograde amnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) memory consolidation.
D) proactive interference.

80. While Carla is out with friends one night she is hit by a speeding car. Carla is in a coma
for three weeks. When she finally wakes up, she has trouble not only remembering what
she was doing the night of the accident but also the names of her family and friends, her
address, and where she goes to school. She can, however, form new memories. Carla is
suffering from:
A) short-term memory loss.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) iconic memory loss.

81. Patient X goes to the golf course every Sunday. He encounters the same people on the
course every Sunday. Patient X's wife asks him about the people at the golf course and
their names. Patient X cannot remember any of their names or faces. In addition, he
cannot tell his wife how to get to the golf course or the proximal location of the place.
Patient X MOST likely has:
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) clinically significant absentmindedness.
D) long-term potentation.

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82. The brain structure that is believed to act as an index linking information together is the:
A) frontal lobe.
B) pituitary gland.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

83. Research has shown that different aspects of a single memory are stored in:
A) the hippocampus and adjacent areas of the cortex.
B) primarily the hippocampus.
C) the brain's temporal lobe.
D) different places in the cortex throughout the brain.

84. Damage to the hippocampus is LEAST likely to cause a 30-year-old male to forget:
A) the make and model of the first car he bought when he turned 16.
B) what he ate for lunch that day.
C) a complex problem he had been trying to solve for the last week.
D) a meeting he has scheduled for tomorrow.

85. Some psychologists who study memory believe that the role of the hippocampus is to:
A) store sensory experiences that later become long-term memories.
B) store long-term memories.
C) index the bits and pieces of a single memory that are stored throughout the cortex.
D) recover well-remembered old memories such as your first kiss.

86. With respect to complex long-term memories, the hippocampus can most accurately be
conceptualized as a(n):
A) computer hard drive.
B) “cheat sheet” stating where the components of the memory are stored.
C) online “cloud” storage that frees the brain to process events necessary for survival.
D) video recording device.

87. _____ is the process by which memories become stable in the brain.
A) Rehearsal
B) Consolidation
C) Indexing
D) Storage

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88. Memories are MOST fragile:
A) shortly after encoding.
B) immediately after consolidation.
C) years after consolidation.
D) immediately after reconsolidation.

89. Jacob cannot remember anything that occurred in the minutes leading up to the bicycle
accident that knocked him briefly unconscious. This mild form of _____ amnesia is
most likely due to the head injury preventing memory _____.
A) anterograde; consolidation.
B) anterograde; rehearsal.
C) retrograde; consolidation.
D) retrograde; rehearsal.

90. The type of consolidation that occurs over a time scale of seconds to minutes involves
the transfer of memory from:
A) sensory memory to working memory.
B) short-term memory to long-term memory.
C) the cortex to the hippocampus.
D) the hippocampus to the cortex.

91. The type of consolidation that occurs over a time scale encompassing years involves the
transfer of memory from:
A) sensory memory to working memory.
B) short-term memory to long-term memory.
C) the cortex to the hippocampus.
D) the hippocampus to the cortex.

92. Which statement accurately summarizes the effects of sleep on long-term storage?
A) Sleep facilitates long-term storage because it protects us from encountering new
information that interferes with consolidation.
B) Sleep facilitates the consolidation of trivial information that might be discarded as
unimportant in the fully conscious state.
C) Sleep facilitates the consolidation of important and highly emotional memories.
D) Sleep facilitates long-term storage because it decreases emotionality that often
interferes with consolidation.

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93. Wilhelm and colleagues (2011) had participants memorize a list of word pairs and
subsequently recall them after equivalent periods of either sleep or wakefulness.
Immediately after the initial memorization, half of the participants in both groups were
told that they would be tested on these word pairs later. Which statement accurately
summarizes the major finding of this study?
A) Participants who slept after memorizing the word pairs usually recalled more word
pairs than those who stayed awake.
B) There was no difference in memory recall after sleep or an equivalent period of
wakefulness, so long as participants in the wakefulness group did not encounter
distracting information in the interim between memorization and recall.
C) Participants who slept after memorizing the word pairs recalled more than those
who stayed awake, but only when they were not aware that they would be tested on
this information.
D) Participants who slept after memorizing the word pairs recalled more than those
who stayed awake, but only when they were aware that they would be tested on
this information.

94. Three groups of rats acquire a memory on Day 1. On Day 2, rats in Group 1 are given a
drug which prevents initial long-term storage while they are actively retrieving the
memory. Rats in Group 2 receive the drug but do not engage in memory retrieval. Rats
in Group 3 actively retrieve the memory, and are shocked six hours later when they are
not engaged in retrieval. On Day 3, all three groups are assessed. Which will show the
greatest impairments in memory?
A) Group 1
B) Group 2
C) Group 3
D) Groups 1 and 2

95. Professor Slate develops a drug that can erase specific memories of traumatic
experiences. When should this drug be administered?
A) while the patient is asleep
B) while the patient is recalling the traumatic experience
C) immediately after the patient awakens in the morning
D) while the patient is thinking about something pleasant

96. Which statement about long-term storage is true?

A) Reconsolidation occurs when we fail to retrieve a memory.
B) Sleep interferes with long-term storage.
C) Once consolidated, memories exist indefinitely in the long-term memory.
D) Each time a memory is retrieved, it becomes vulnerable to disruption.

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 97. The result of sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse is most analogous to:
A) sending a toy boat across a pond.
B) asking for and receiving a divorce.
C) strengthening the relationship between two business partners.
D) a lost dog eventually finding its way home.

98. Aplysia is a(n):

A) tapeworm.
B) sea slug.
C) amoeba.
D) rat strain.

99. _____ won a Nobel Prize for his research on memory in Aplysia.
A) Miller
B) Jenkins
C) Schacter
D) Kandel

100. Kandel and colleagues stimulated the tail of an Aplysia with a mild electric shock,
which caused contraction of its gill. If the investigators were to immediately stimulate
the tail of the Aplysia again, the gill would contract more _____, indicating _____
memory of the shock.
A) quickly; short-term
B) quickly; long-term
C) slowly; short-term
D) slowly; long-term

101. Kandel and colleagues stimulated the tail of an Aplysia with a mild electric shock,
which caused contraction of its gill. They then successfully produced a long-term
memory in the Aplysia by demonstrating that gill contraction speed changed:
A) after a second tail stimulation conducted a few seconds after the first stimulation.
B) after a single tail stimulation conducted days after repeated stimulations.
C) after a second tail stimulation conducted days after the first stimulation.
D) with each successive tail stimulation conducted seconds apart.

102. Short-term storage is to long-term storage as:

A) enhanced neurotransmitter release is to increased neurotransmitter production.
B) growth of new synapses is to an increased number of receptor binding sites.
C) growth of new synapses is to increased neurotransmitter production.
D) enhanced neurotransmitter release is to growth of new synapses.

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103. The strengthening of synaptic connections that result in more efficient processing of
information in the brain is known as:
A) flashbulb memory.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) transfer-appropriate processing.
D) neural networks.

104. When rats are given drugs that block long-term potentiation (LTP) they:
A) develop stronger synaptic connections.
B) stop eating and grooming.
C) get easily lost in familiar mazes.
D) more easily recall where they've been.

105. Information from the outside world that is associated with stored information and that
helps bring it to mind is known as a(n) _____ cue.
A) storage
B) encoding
C) retrieval
D) iconic

106. The effectiveness of retrieval cues demonstrates that information is often _____ but
momentarily _____ in memory.
A) available; inaccessible
B) unavailable; accessible
C) unavailable; consolidated
D) rehearsed; inaccessible

107. The scent of a former partner's cologne serves as a strong retrieval cue, bringing instant
thoughts of a past love due to:
A) encoding specificity.
B) elaboration.
C) iconic memory.
D) transience.

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108. While sitting at the kitchen table, Jenna thought of an extremely funny joke. She walked
into the living room to call her best friend, Cynthia. Unfortunately, on her way there,
she forgot the punch line of the joke. To help herself remember, she went back to the
kitchen table and remembered the line. What helped jog Jenna's memory?
A) chunking
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) encoding specificity
D) the flashbulb effect

109. Scuba divers who memorized a list of words on a boat will subsequently remembered
more of those words when tested:
A) on the boat.
B) deep under water.
C) swimming on the surface of the water.
D) in a classroom with ocean scenery on the walls.

110. The BEST example of the use of a retrieval cue is:

A) learning the material so thoroughly that it can be easily retrieved at a moment's
notice.
B) sitting in your usual desk in your usual classroom when taking an exam.
C) using memory drugs to enhance neural processing.
D) drinking coffee while studying.

111. Recovering alcoholics tend to report a greater urge to drink when they visit places where
they used to drink. This is partly the result of:
A) transience.
B) encoding specificity.
C) state-dependent storage.
D) state-dependent retrieval.

112. The ability to recall information more efficiently when you are in the same state as
when the information was encoded is known as:
A) state-dependent encoding.
B) state-dependent storage.
C) state-dependent retrieval.
D) transfer-dependent state.

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113. Whenever Andrea goes to the library to study, she takes a Red Bull energy drink with
her and drinks it while she studies. As the semester progresses, she notices that she does
considerably better on an exam when she drinks a Red Bull during it. She MOST likely
does better because of:
A) caffeine-enhanced sensory storage.
B) state-dependent retrieval.
C) the transience of retrieval.
D) state-dependent storage.

114. If you are in a good mood when you are studying for a test, you will remember the
material better on the test day if you:
A) are in a good mood that day.
B) study using elaborative encoding.
C) take the exam in a new classroom.
D) are in a bad mood that day.

115. Before Jane starts studying, she takes a few deep breaths to calm herself. She always
goes to the same part of the library and sits at the same table. Before her exam, she takes
a few deep breaths to bring herself back to the same frame of mind that she was in
during her study session. Jane is applying:
A) enhanced hypnotic retrieval.
B) state-dependent retrieval.
C) the emotional similarity principle.
D) state-specific encoding.

116. A memory acquired in one situation is more likely to be used in situations with similar
encoding and retrieval cues, a phenomenon known as:
A) state-dependent encoding.
B) transfer-appropriate processing.
C) organizational encoding.
D) suggestibility.

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117. Jerry is asked to think of a word that rhymes with “motor.” Jimmy is asked to think
about how a motor works. The next day, both men are asked, “Hey, what was the word
that you heard yesterday that rhymes with 'voter'?” _____ will be more likely to recall
“motor” because _____.
A) Jerry; rhyme judgments almost always result in better encoding than semantic
judgments.
B) Jerry; the encoding context matched the retrieval context.
C) Jimmy; semantic judgments almost always result in better encoding than rhyme
judgments.
D) Jimmy; the retrieval context was sufficiently dissimilar from the encoding context.

118. Retrieving information from the long-term memory store _____ subsequent memory of
that information.
A) will only improve
B) will only impair
C) will neither improve, impair, nor change
D) may improve or impair

119. Roediger and Karpicke (2006) studied performance on a memory test in two groups of
participants. In one group, participants studied the material twice (study-study). In the
other group, participants studied the material once and then were tested on the material
(study-test). A final test measuring recall was administered in both groups after various
retention intervals. Which statement about performance on the final test is true?
A) Recall was better in the study-test group at all retention intervals.
B) Recall was better in the study-study group at all retention intervals.
C) Recall was better in the study-test group at long retention intervals.
D) Recall was better in the study-test group at short retention intervals.

120. Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus
studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is true?
A) Studying twice may be slightly more effective if the memory test is administered in
the next few minutes.
B) Studying and then quizzing will yield higher recall no matter when the memory test
is administered.
C) Studying and then quizzing will be much more effective if the memory test is
administered in the next few minutes.
D) Studying twice or studying and then quizzing are equally effective.

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121. Which statement regarding the effectiveness of studying the same material twice versus
studying once and quizzing yourself once to enhance recall on a memory test is true?
A) Studying twice yields higher recall only if the memory test is at least two days
from the study period.
B) Studying and then quizzing will yield higher recall no matter when the test is
given.
C) Studying and then quizzing will be more effective as the time needed to retain the
information increases.
D) Studying twice or studying and then quizzing are equally effective.

122. A third-grader must learn the rules of multiplication (1×1 through 12×12) in two weeks.
The best advice to give this student is to:
A) devote a single day of memorization to each multiplier (for example, learn 2×1
through 2×12).
B) wait until the day before the test, memorize all of the problems and their answers,
and then get a good night of sleep.
C) make a list of all of the problems and their answers, and review this information
repeatedly each day.
D) make flashcards with the problem on the front (9×7) and the answer on the back
(63), and quiz yourself repeatedly each day.

123. Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to the:

A) loss of memory that occurs when the retrieval context is dissimilar to the encoding
context.
B) loss of memory that occurs with the passage of time between encoding and
retrieval.
C) process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent
recall of related items.
D) fact that a memory-erasing drug must be given while the particular memory is
being retrieved in order for the drug to work.

124. A participant studied the following word pairs: reptile-snake, reptile-turtle,

reptile-lizard, amphibian-frog, amphibian-salamander, and amphibian-newt. Then, the
participant practiced recalling only the amphibian-salamander pair using the prompt:
“amphibian-sala_____.” Sometime later, the participant was given a memory test of the
words he had originally studied. Of these, which word would be most likely forgotten?
A) salamander
B) frog
C) turtle
D) lizard

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125. Forty-year-old Eli was prompted to recall information about the first college football
game he attended as a freshman student some 22 years earlier. Specifically, he was
asked information about if his team won, the weather, who accompanied him to the
game, if he consumed alcohol before the game, and the size of the crowd at the game.
Sometime later, Eli and his twin brother William, who also was at the game but did not
experience the initial interview, were asked to recall as many details about the game as
possible. Which would Eli be MORE likely than William to forget?
A) that the upper deck was half empty
B) that it began to rain in the second half
C) the name of the opposing school
D) that Gary, their mutual friend, became ill and left at halftime

126. A witness to a bank robbery was interviewed and asked to provide details about the
suspect's race, age, facial characteristics, height, weight, and clothing. Sometime later,
the witness was interviewed again and asked to provide additional details. Which would
the witness be least likely to recall?
A) the size of the suspect relative to the average person
B) the color of the suspect's eyes
C) what was printed on the suspect's t-shirt
D) what the suspect said during the robbery

127. Participants in a study were asked to recall an episode from their memory. During this
recollection, new information somewhat related to the episode was presented to the
participants. During a follow-up memory test two days later, participants:
A) failed to remember even basic details about the original episode.
B) failed to remember any of the new information.
C) incorporated the new information into the original episode.
D) were more accurate in their description of the original episode due to a contrast
effect.

128. When you try but fail to remember something, your _____ shows increased activity,
whereas when you successfully remember something, your _____ shows increased
activity.
A) hippocampus; left frontal lobe
B) hippocampus; right frontal lobe
C) left frontal lobe; hippocampus
D) right frontal lobe; hippocampus

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129. With respect to retrieving memories, search is to find as the _____ is to the _____.
A) right frontal lobe; hippocampus
B) hippocampus; left frontal lobe
C) hippocampus; visual cortex
D) left frontal lobe; hippocampus

130. In a retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm, the _____ actively works to suppress

answers that compete with the target response.
A) left frontal lobe
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) primary visual cortex

131. A participant is shown 100 pictures. Sometime later, she is shown pictures in an fMRI
scanner and asked if they were part of the original set or not. Which area of the brain
would be LEAST active during this task?
A) the frontal lobe
B) the parietal lobe
C) the occipital lobe
D) the hippocampus

132. Long-term memory can be broken up into two broad types: memory that requires
conscious recall, referred to as _____ memory, and memory that does not require
conscious recall, or _____ memory.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) semantic; episodic
D) procedural; priming

133. Brittany states that she vividly remembers the day she turned 21. This is an example of
a(n):
A) explicit memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) iconic memory.

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134. Susie was telling her best friend John about how awesome her summer vacation had
been. She told him everything she remembered that happened. Susie could not stop
saying, “I remember” while talking to John. What part of memory was Susie using?
A) explicit
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) prospective

135. Memory for cognitive and motor skills (e.g., how to study or how to drive a car) that
you clearly know even if you cannot describe them is known as _____ memory.
A) priming
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) procedural

136. After practicing how to tie her shoes for months with her mother, Sara can now easily
tie her shoes by herself without purposely thinking about the steps. This capability is an
example of:
A) explicit memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) perceptual priming.

137. Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of _____ memory.

A) working
B) implicit
C) semantic
D) episodic

138. Katie learns how to swim one summer. The next summer, she goes to the pool and
realizes that she still remembers how to swim. Katie is using _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) procedural
C) semantic
D) working

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139. Monique Roberts wanted to find a fun way to help her students prepare for their
forthcoming history exam. She decided to create a game show with questions about
different countries and their governments. Which type of memory would the students
rely on to answer the questions?
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) flashbulb
D) procedural

140. While stopping at the store to pick up some snacks, you run into Ben, an old friend you
haven't seen in a while. You and Ben talk, catching up on things. Then Ben says, “I
remember the time we went to the World Series game.” He continues to tell you about
the game. What type of memory is Ben using to tell the story of the game?
A) explicit
B) implicit
C) procedural
D) semantic

141. Every morning, Molly wakes up, goes to the bathroom, brushes her teeth, and brushes
her hair. These actions are routine for her. The form of memory that causes Molly to
unconsciously remember how to perform each of these actions is _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) working

142. Tara, a professional ice skater, struggles to remember the names of the various people
she meets as part of her job, but has no problem remembering elaborate skating routines.
This illustrates the difference between explicit and _____ memory.
A) episodic
B) flashbulb
C) procedural
D) semantic

143. The enhanced ability to think about a word or object due to a recent exposure to that
same word or object is called:
A) priming.
B) episodic memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) procedural memory.

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144. Priming is an example of _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) implicit
C) semantic
D) procedural

145. After watching a program about the Revolutionary War, participants were more likely to
associate electricity with Benjamin Franklin than Thomas Edison—even though this
was not discussed in the program—due to:
A) episodic memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) transference.
D) priming.

146. Which statement about priming is true?

A) Damage to the hippocampus substantially reduces the effects of priming.
B) Priming is an example of explicit memory.
C) Your memory might be currently primed by events that took place years earlier.
D) Priming does not occur in people with anterograde amnesia.

147. An fMRI is conducted as a person is primed with a visual word cue. The next time the
person sees the cue, a second fMRI MOST likely will reveal _____ relative to the first
time the cue was presented.
A) more activation in the occipital lobe
B) less activation in the left frontal lobe
C) more activation in the lower left temporal lobe
D) less activation in the left parietal lobe

148. Studies using fMRI have revealed that the second time an object is viewed there is
_____ activity in the visual cortex, suggesting that priming makes perception of the
object _____.
A) more; easier
B) more; more difficult
C) less; easier
D) less; more difficult

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149. Conceptual priming is to perceptual priming as:
A) the frontal lobe is to the visual cortex.
B) the occipital lobe is to the frontal lobe.
C) more activation is to less activation.
D) explicit memory is to implicit memory.

150. Someone who is shown the word “organism” and then asked to memorize 50 words
subsequently might be more likely to incorrectly report that the word “organize” was on
the list, illustrating the effects of:
A) retrieval-induced forgetting.
B) conceptual priming.
C) perceptual priming.
D) episodic memory.

151. Someone who is shown a picture of Babe Ruth and then asked to complete the word
“–ball” will be more likely to respond “baseball” than “football” or “basketball,”
illustrating the effects of:
A) state-dependent retrieval.
B) conceptual priming.
C) perceptual priming.
D) encoding specificity.

152. There are two types of explicit memory, _____ memory, which is for facts and
knowledge, and _____ memory for personally experienced events.
A) implicit; semantic
B) procedural; implicit
C) semantic; episodic
D) procedural; priming

153. Rachel's fifteenth birthday is on Friday. Her mother and father ask her to choose
between Olive Garden and Red Lobster for her birthday dinner. Rachel remembers that
she more recently ate at the Red Lobster. Because of this, Rachel decides that she would
like to go to Olive Garden for her birthday dinner. What type of memory did Rachel
utilize in making her decision?
A) episodic
B) prospective
C) iconic
D) semantic

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154. If you correctly recall that William James founded the functionalist school of
psychology, you are using your _____ memory.
A) episodic
B) implicit
C) working
D) semantic

155. A man and his son were watching Jeopardy on TV. The man correctly answered the
questions in the category “World War II,” and his son was impressed. The son then told
his father that he remembered watching a program on World War II once at a friend's
house. The man was using _____ memory while the son was using _____ memory.
A) explicit; semantic
B) semantic; implicit
C) semantic; episodic
D) episodic, semantic

156. Don's parents suggest revisiting a vacation spot that they went to five years earlier. Don
recalls vividly an unpleasant experience on that vacation; he immediately refuses to go
this time and insists on going somewhere else. What type of memory does Don use to
arrive at his strong opposition to his parent's proposition?
A) semantic
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) episodic

157. You are in the hot seat on the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? game show. The
question is “Who was the fourth President of the United States?” What form of memory
will you use to answer this general knowledge question?
A) procedural
B) priming
C) episodic
D) semantic

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158. Rachel was asked the following questions: “What is the biggest celebration you have
ever attended?” “When does Labor Day occur?” Rachel answered that the biggest
celebration she had ever attended was her brother's bar mitzvah and that Labor Day was
the first Monday in September. Her answers to both questions were part of her _____
memory.
A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) explicit

159. The hippocampus is involved in _____.

A) procedural memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) priming.
D) implicit memory.

160. Faced with a tough decision regarding whether or not to end a long-term relationship,
Naomi relies on her _____ memory to imagine the different outcomes associated with
staying with or leaving her partner.
A) semantic
B) episodic
C) implicit
D) working

161. Maria was a 7-year-old girl who did very well in school. Unfortunately, one day Maria
was in a bad accident, and her hippocampus was damaged. Maria still does extremely
well in school. However, she has a hard time remembering everyday activities and
things that happened to her in the past. Maria is suffering from:
A) loss of semantic memory.
B) blocking.
C) retrieval-induced forgetting.
D) loss of episodic memory.

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162. Eric has suffered damage to his hippocampus. His family notices that he is now unable
to recall normal events that occur in daily life and that he seems lost and disoriented
most of the time. Nonetheless, Eric has no problem recalling factual information such as
the last three presidents and the inventor of the telephone. Eric's _____ memory has
apparently been affected by the hippocampal damage.
A) procedural
B) implicit
C) episodic
D) semantic

163. The hippocampus is necessary for episodic memory but not for acquiring new _____
memories.
A) elaborative
B) encoded
C) semantic
D) short-term

164. We rely heavily on _____ memory to envision the future.

A) implicit
B) episodic
C) iconic
D) semantic

165. Which brain region is NOT activated when José imagines his future as a rich and
famous professional baseball player?
A) primary visual cortex
B) medial prefrontal cortex
C) medial temporal lobe
D) hippocampus

166. Collaborative memory refers to:

A) the construction of false memories.
B) the ability to imagine possible futures based on past experiences.
C) how people remember in groups.
D) priming of conceptually related material.

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167. In a typical collaborative memory experiment, participants first encode a list of words
_____ and then some time later attempt to recall those words _____.
A) by themselves OR with others; with others
B) with others; by themselves
C) with others; by themselves OR with others
D) by themselves; with others OR by themselves

168. In a typical collaborative memory experiment, participants who first encode a list of
words by themselves and later attempt to recall those words in small groups form what
is called the _____ group.
A) social loafing
B) collaborative
C) nominal
D) priming

169. In a typical collaborative memory experiment, participants who first encode a list of
words by themselves and later attempt to recall those words individually form what is
called the _____ group.
A) experimental
B) collaborative
C) nominal
D) priming

170. Which statement accurately describes the results of a typical collaborative memory
experiment?
A) Each individual in the nominal group outperforms the collective performance of
the collaborative group on the recall test.
B) Most individuals in the nominal group outperform the collective performance of
the collaborative group on the recall test.
C) The collective performance of the collaborative group is greater than the combined
performance of individuals in the nominal group on the recall test.
D) The combined performance of individuals in the nominal group is greater than the
collective performance of the collaborative group on the recall test.

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171. Annie, Cierra, and Deidre memorize facts about historical figures in psychology as part
of an introductory psychology course. On the day of the exam, the professor informs the
three students that they can either take the exam individually or submit one exam from
the group. Based on research on collaborative memory, the students should:
A) complete the exam as a group.
B) submit individually to avoid social loafing.
C) first work individually but then compile results and submit the exam as a group
submission.
D) work collaboratively only if they encoded the information in a social setting.

172. The negative effect of group recall on memory is termed:

A) collaborative inhibition.
B) social loafing.
C) group think.
D) collective amnesia.

173. Forgetting that occurs with the passage of time is known as:
A) failure.
B) retrieval.
C) transience.
D) interference.

174. Betty fondly remembers her college days. When she goes back for homecoming,
however, she gets lost trying to find East Hall. Betty is probably experiencing the _____
of memory.
A) transience
B) blocking
C) suggestibility
D) bias

175. Which researcher studied memory by using nonsense syllables?

A) Frederick Bartlett
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) Donald Thomson
D) Elizabeth Loftus

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176. Research by Hermann Ebbinghaus and others demonstrated that:
A) memories of new information fade at a constant rate over time.
B) new memories remain strong for up to four weeks before they begin to fade.
C) most forgetting of new information happens soon after the event in question.
D) individuals remember much more than they think they do.

177. Hafa just completed a course in calculus. Based on knowledge about the curve of
forgetting, we can predict that:
A) most of what Hafa will forget about calculus will occur shortly after completing the
course.
B) Hafa will forget most of the material at a constant rate over time.
C) Hafa will begin to lose memory of calculus beginning at four weeks after course
completion.
D) the rate at which Hafa forgets calculus will increase over time.

178. Memories lose specificity over time; a fact associated with the _____ of memory.
A) generality
B) misattribution
C) suggestibility
D) transience

179. The impairment of memory for previously learned information by newly learned
information is known as:
A) proactive interference.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) anterograde amnesia.

180. Michelle, whose first language is Spanish, is currently learning French in college. When
she goes to see her Spanish-speaking grandmother, she inserts French words into her
Spanish. Michelle is experiencing:
A) proactive interference.
B) blocking.
C) retroactive interference.
D) transfer-appropriate processing.

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181. The impairment of memory for recently learned information by previously learned
information is known as:
A) proactive interference.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) blocking.

182. Tony has spoken Italian since he was 5 years old. In his high school Spanish class he
regularly replaces Spanish words with Italian words. Tony is experiencing:
A) proactive interference.
B) state-dependent retrieval.
C) retroactive interference.
D) retrieval-induced forgetting.

183. Professor Lopez always parks his car in the same garage. One morning, however, the
garage was full and the professor had to park his car elsewhere. When he parked his car,
he took special note of its new location. Nevertheless, that afternoon Professor Lopez
spent a good bit of time wandering around his normal parking garage, confused as to
where his car was. The professor was experiencing:
A) anterograde amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) retroactive interference.
D) absentmindedness.

184. A lapse in attention that results in memory failure is the definition of:
A) absentmindedness.
B) blocking.
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.

185. Yo-Yo Ma, a world-famous musician, left his multimillion-dollar cello in the trunk of a
taxi. What might have caused him to forget something so important to him?
A) lack of retrieval cues
B) blocking
C) absentmindedness
D) transience

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186. Michelle had a very important midterm paper due in less than an hour, so she rushed to
her class in her car with the paper in the passenger seat. After she parked the car, she
raced into class, leaving the paper behind. Michelle experienced:
A) change bias.
B) tip-of-the-tongue experience.
C) transience.
D) absentmindedness.

187. A frazzled mother trying to pacify her fussy toddler while paying her bill at the
supermarket suddenly realizes that she has forgotten to get the most important item on
her list. Forgetting to purchase the item is an example of:
A) change bias.
B) absentmindedness.
C) transience.
D) proactive interference.

188. When attention is divided, what happens in the brain?

A) There is less activity in the lower left frontal lobe.
B) There is greater activity in the lower left frontal lobe.
C) There is less activity in the upper right frontal lobe.
D) There is greater hippocampal activity.

189. When attention is divided, what happens in the brain?

A) There is less activity in the cerebellum during retrieval.
B) There is greater activity in the lower left frontal lobe during encoding.
C) There is less activity in the upper right frontal lobe during retrieval.
D) There is reduced hippocampal activity during encoding.

190. Remembering to do things in the future is called:

A) prospective memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) anterograde memory.
D) source memory.

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191. In contemplating her busy schedule over breakfast, Professor Morgan forgets that she
has to meet with a textbook representative at 2:00 p.m., illustrating a failure in _____
memory due to _____.
A) prospective; suggestibility
B) source; transience
C) prospective; absentmindedness
D) source; absentmindedness

192. A failure to retrieve information that is in memory even though you are trying to
produce it is known as:
A) proactive interference.
B) blocking.
C) retroactive interference.
D) transience.

193. Danielle is playing Trivial Pursuit and is asked to name the title of a classic TV show
based around castaways on an island. Danielle feels sure she knows the name and thinks
the first initial is G, but she cannot come up with the answer. Danielle is experiencing:
A) memory misattribution.
B) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C) retroactive interference.
D) transience.

194. Divided attention is to _____ as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is to _____.

A) transience; absentmindedness
B) absentmindedness; transience
C) transience; blocking
D) absentmindedness; blocking

195. During Monica's appearance on a popular quiz show, the host asked her to name the
capital of Russia, and Monica immediately blanked out. She knew that she knew the
answer, but she just couldn't recall it. This illustrates:
A) proactive interference.
B) retroactive interference.
C) blocking.
D) absentmindedness.

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196. José was about to introduce his girlfriend, Natalia, to a friend—but all of a sudden he
could not remember his friend's name. This is known as:
A) a transient state.
B) a memory misattribution.
C) a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
D) retrograde amnesia.

197. Blocking of memory is prevalent in:

A) adolescents.
B) young adults.
C) people in their 40s and 50s.
D) people in their 60s and 70s.

198. Severe cases of name blocking usually result from damage to the:
A) prefrontal cortex.
B) medial parietal lobe.
C) left temporal lobe.
D) hippocampus.

199. If shown pictures of popular cartoon characters and asked to name them, participants
would be LEAST likely to block on:
A) Aladdin.
B) Mary Poppins.
C) Robin Hood.
D) Snow White.

200. Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source is termed:

A) memory bias.
B) memory misattribution.
C) blocking.
D) memory misidentification.

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201. A psychologist is questioning Hunter about his childhood memories. Hunter is telling
the psychologist the story of his favorite Christmas present, a trip to Disneyland. His
memories of the present and the trip itself are very clear; however, Hunter believes that
the present came from his Uncle Charley, when in fact it was from his Aunt Beth. This
type of error in memory is known as:
A) misattribution.
B) false recognition.
C) hindsight bias.
D) childhood amnesia.

202. Sarah was at work in a gas station when it was robbed. Right before the robbery
occurred, she spoke to a tall man with olive skin and a mustache. When being
questioned about the suspects in the burglary, she said she was certain that the robber
had olive skin and a mustache. In truth, however, he had no facial hair and fair skin.
What is the psychological term for this false recollection?
A) absentmindedness
B) misattribution
C) transference
D) bias

203. You have lunch at Potbelly's restaurant a couple of times a week. Because the restaurant
is small, you eventually notice that a girl in your psychology class also occasionally eats
at the restaurant. One weekend, the two of you are introduced at a party. She says, “I
recognize you. Don't you work at Potbelly's?” This mistake is an example of:
A) transience.
B) memory misattribution.
C) suggestibility.
D) visual imagery encoding.

204. Of the memory “sins,” one of the primary causes of eyewitness misidentifications is:
A) transience.
B) memory misattribution.
C) persistence.
D) absentmindedness.

205. Defense attorneys often protest prosecutors' use of eyewitness testimony because:
A) memory misattribution errors may cause an eyewitness to make a false
identification.
B) eyewitnesses are prone to transience.
C) poor eyesight in eyewitnesses tends to routinely invalidate their testimony.
D) consistency bias may sway an eyewitness to a false identification.

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206. Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired is called:
A) retrieval.
B) retrospective memory.
C) source memory.
D) retroactive memory.

207. Chad recalls that Jack the Ripper was a serial killer who terrorized London in 1888, but
he has no idea if he originally learned this information from a book, a television show, a
movie, or a story from another person. Chad is experiencing a failure of _____ memory.
A) source
B) prospective
C) semantic
D) implicit

208. While taking her daily walk through the Central Park, Whitney suddenly has an
overwhelming impression that she has taken this walk before, but can't remember the
details of it. Whitney is experiencing:
A) false recognition.
B) prospective memory.
C) déjà vu.
D) suggestibility.

209. Which of the following best illustrates déjà vu?

A) Believing that an experience is about to happen to you.
B) Mistakenly believing that you have already lived through a specific experience.
C) Telling the same story to the same person multiple times.
D) Mistakenly thinking that you recognize someone.

210. People with damage to their _____ lobe are most prone to memory misattribution.
A) frontal
B) occipital
C) temporal
D) parietal

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211. Maria was certain she recognized the waiter at the restaurant, but in fact she had never
seen him before. This type of memory misattribution is known as:
A) déjà vu.
B) memory construction.
C) blocking.
D) false recognition.

212. Which statement regarding hippocampal activity is true?

A) The hippocampus is not active during false recognition.
B) The hippocampus is active to a lesser extent during false recognition relative to
true recognition.
C) The hippocampus is active to a greater extent during false recognition relative to
true recognition.
D) The hippocampus is active about equally during false and true recognition.

213. The tendency to incorporate misleading information from outside sources into personal
recall of events is called:
A) false recognition.
B) suggestibility.
C) retroactive interference.
D) source memory.

214. In a classic study of false memory by Loftus, research participants were asked to
remember the time when they were little that they got lost in a shopping mall. Although
Loftus confirmed that this never actually happened to any of the participants, the false
memory was implanted in about _____ percent of the participants.
A) 15
B) 25
C) 40
D) 80

215. Suggestibility differs from memory misattribution in that suggestibility:

A) becomes more likely with the passage of time since the encoded event.
B) requires that a therapist probe the client's childhood with evocative questions.
C) requires supplementing personal information with information from external
sources.
D) is typically found only in children.

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216. Courtney is called to the witness stand to testify as an eyewitness against a man accused
of first-degree murder. The lawyer interrogating her asks a series of questions about the
alleged murderer. The lawyer throws in a question, asking Courtney to describe the
tattoo on the left shoulder of the accused man. This question is false—there is no tattoo.
The lawyer is using the question to try to discredit Courtney, who says that the tattoo
was small and hard to see in detail. The most likely reason for Courtney's mistake is:
A) change bias.
B) suggestibility.
C) false recognition.
D) transience.

217. Three weeks ago, Sandra came home to find an armed robber in the house. When she
walked in the door, the man pushed past her and fled the premises. Sandra's sister, Amy,
was unloading groceries from the car and said she thought the man had wavy black hair.
When Sandra goes in to view a lineup, the man who robbed her is in the lineup.
However, Sandra picks a similar man who has wavy black hair instead of the robber's
light brown hair. Her mistake illustrates the concept of:
A) suggestibility.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) bias.
D) memory misattribution.

218. As illustrated by the study in which people falsely remembered spilling punch all over
the bride's parents at a wedding, _____ plays a large role in the formation of false
memories.
A) state-dependent retrieval
B) visual imagery
C) blocking
D) proactive interference

219. In the 1990s, the large increase in the number of adults reporting recovered decades-old
memories of childhood sexual abuse probably was the result of:
A) memory misattribution produced by the prevalence of graphic sexuality shown on
television.
B) egocentric bias.
C) the prevalence of psychoactive drugs and the permissive sexual culture in the
1960s, when these individuals were children.
D) suggestive techniques used by psychotherapists.

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220. The distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on the recall of
previous experiences is called:
A) false recognition.
B) bias.
C) retroactive interference.
D) source memory.

221. Sam recalls the wonderful football team of his university days and the great season the
team had in his senior year. In fact, the record was only mediocre. Sam's memory of it
as more successful than it actually was is probably due to:
A) transience.
B) blocking.
C) suggestibility.
D) bias.

222. When Keith was asked to recall how he felt at the beginning of his current relationship
with his wife, Joni, his recollections were more similar to his present-day feelings than
they actually were at the time. This illustrates the memory phenomenon known as:
A) suggestibility.
B) consistency bias.
C) persistence.
D) misattribution.

223. The tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present is termed:
A) consistency bias.
B) change bias.
C) transience.
D) fundamental attribution error.

224. Sometimes we exaggerate the difference between what we feel or believe now and what
we felt or believed in the past. This phenomenon is known as _____ bias.
A) consistency
B) change
C) misattribution
D) self-confirmation

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225. The exaggeration of change between the past and present to make us look good in
retrospect is:
A) consistency bias.
B) confirmation bias.
C) egocentric bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.

226. College students typically recall more good grades than bad grades when they look back
at their high school experiences. This illustrates the memory phenomenon known as:
A) consistency bias.
B) persistence.
C) positive bias.
D) egocentric bias.

227. The intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget is known as:
A) false recognition.
B) persistence.
C) retroactive interference.
D) source memory.

228. After a near fatal collision with an 18-wheeler, Penelope was unable to think about
anything else for many months. She suffered the memory phenomenon known as:
A) suggestibility.
B) source memory.
C) persistence.
D) blocking.

229. When recalling the morning of September 11, 2001, Rob is able to describe what he was
doing and saying at the moment the principal of his middle school opened the classroom
door to advise the class to turn on the television. Rob's ability to describe the day's
events in detail is an example of:
A) a flashbulb memory.
B) transience.
C) a semantic memory.
D) blocking.

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230. Even though Carrie was only 5 years old when her grandmother died, she still clearly
remembers exactly where she was and what she was doing when her parents told her the
devastating news, an example of a(n) _____ memory.
A) flashbulb
B) proactive
C) implicit
D) semantic

231. Because they have a(n) _____ component, _____ memories usually are well recalled.
A) emotional; semantic
B) emotional; flashbulb
C) cognitive; iconic
D) cognitive; source

232. Bob has flashbacks to his service in Iraq, and sometimes he feels he remembers those
days better than any days before or since. Bob probably feels this way because of
memory:
A) persistence.
B) blocking.
C) suggestibility.
D) bias.

233. College students are shown a series of pictures and asked to recall them 3 months later.
Which picture would the students LEAST likely remember?
A) a picture of a mother holding her deceased child
B) a picture of a beautiful nude person
C) a picture of an oak tree
D) a picture of a mutilated corpse

234. The _____ is highly involved in the formation of flashbulb memories.

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) tectum
D) primary visual cortex

235. Damage to the amygdala is associated with:

A) general explicit memory deficits.
B) inability to recall emotional events.
C) inability to encode episodic memories.
D) emotional events not remembered better than nonemotional events.

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236. Transience is a useful memory process because:
A) the brain has a limited storage capacity.
B) as memories are encoded, some do not make it into long-term memory.
C) learning novel information is a good way to exercise the synapses of the brain.
D) if information hasn't been used recently, it is probably not essential to remember it
in the future.

237. The seven sins of memory:

A) expose long-term memory as a highly unreliable storage system.
B) reinforce the notion that almost all memories are distorted.
C) are the occasional result of a normally efficient system.
D) are interesting topics for psychologists but usually have no real-world implications.

238. The memory sin of _____ often results in increases in our overall sense of contentment.
A) bias
B) transience
C) suggestibility
D) persistence

239. The persistence of memory is advantageous in the sense that it:

A) highlights the flexibility of memory.
B) helps us learn from and avoid traumatic experiences that could threaten our
survival.
C) usually results in improvements in psychological well-being.
D) opposes the processes of dementia that occur with aging.

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Answer Key
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. D
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. D
15. B
16. C
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. B
21. D
22. A
23. C
24. D
25. C
26. A
27. B
28. B
29. A
30. C
31. C
32. D
33. A
34. C
35. C
36. B
37. A
38. D
39. B
40. A
41. B
42. B
43. D
44. A

Page 50
45. B
46. B
47. D
48. C
49. D
50. A
51. D
52. C
53. A
54. D
55. B
56. B
57. B
58. B
59. B
60. A
61. C
62. A
63. C
64. A
65. C
66. D
67. D
68. A
69. C
70. D
71. D
72. B
73. A
74. C
75. D
76. B
77. B
78. B
79. B
80. C
81. B
82. C
83. D
84. A
85. C
86. B
87. B
88. A
89. C
90. B

Page 51
 91. D
92. C
93. D
94. A
95. B
96. D
97. C
98. B
99. D
100. A
101. B
102. D
103. B
104. C
105. C
106. A
107. A
108. C
109. A
110. B
111. B
112. C
113. B
114. A
115. B
116. B
117. B
118. D
119. C
120. A
121. C
122. D
123. C
124. B
125. C
126. D
127. C
128. C
129. D
130. A
131. B
132. B
133. A
134. A
135. D
136. C

Page 52
137. B
138. B
139. B
140. A
141. C
142. C
143. A
144. B
145. D
146. C
147. B
148. C
149. A
150. C
151. B
152. C
153. A
154. D
155. C
156. D
157. D
158. D
159. B
160. B
161. D
162. C
163. C
164. B
165. A
166. C
167. D
168. B
169. C
170. D
171. C
172. A
173. C
174. A
175. B
176. C
177. A
178. D
179. C
180. C
181. A
182. A

Page 53
183. B
184. A
185. C
186. D
187. B
188. A
189. D
190. A
191. C
192. B
193. B
194. D
195. C
196. C
197. D
198. C
199. D
200. B
201. A
202. B
203. B
204. B
205. A
206. C
207. A
208. C
209. B
210. A
211. D
212. D
213. B
214. B
215. C
216. B
217. A
218. B
219. D
220. B
221. D
222. B
223. A
224. B
225. C
226. D
227. B
228. C

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229. A
230. A
231. B
232. A
233. C
234. A
235. D
236. D
237. C
238. A
239. B

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