1) A supersonic airfoil is shaped as a triangle shown below. It moves at a speed of Mach 2.

2
through air with a static pressure of 50 kpa and static temperature of 257 K. The angle
of attach is 3o. Find the Lift and drag coefficients of this airfoil at the given conditions.
Here, ‘c’ is the chord length. Note, lift and drag.

M 1=2.2

p1=50 kpa

T 1=257

α =3
Considering Region 1 as a free stream.

Region 2
θ=2∘

β=28.59
M n1=M 1 sin ( β )

¿ 2.2 sin ( 28.59 )

M n1=1. 052

P2 2γ 2
=1+ (M n – 1)
P1 γ +1 1

2 ( 1.4 9 )
¿ 1+ ∗(1.0522 −1)
1.4+1
2.8
¿ 1+ (1. 1067−1 )
2.4
¿ 1+(1.166 × 0.1067)
P2
=1. 1244
P1

P 2=
( )
P2
P1
× P1
 P2=1. 1244 ×50

P2=56.22 kpa

M =
(
2
1+
γ −1
2
M ) 2
n1

n2
2 γ −1
γ M n −( )
1
2
1.4−1
1+ ( 1. 052 )2
2
¿
1.4 ¿ ¿
1+0.2 ( 1.1067 )
¿
1.4 ( 1.1067 )−0.2
1.22134
¿
1.34938
2
M n 2=0 .905
M n 2=0.951

M n2
M 2=
sin ( β−θ )
0. 951
¿
sin ( 28.59−2 )
0. 951
¿
0.4 47
M 2=2.124

P o2 Po2 P 2 P1
= × ×
P o1 P2 P 1 P o1

( ) P
γ
γ −1 2 γ −1
1+ × M2
P o2
=
2
(P ) 2

( 2 )
γ
P o1 γ −1 2 γ −1 1
1+ × M 1

( 1.4−1 )
( )
1.4
( 1.4 ) −1 2
1+ × ( 2.124 )
2
¿ ( 1. 1244 )
(1.41.4−1 )
( 1+
( 1.4 )−1
2
× ( 2.2 )
2
)
¿¿¿
 ( 1+ 0. 9022 )3.5
¿ 3.5
( 1.1244 )
(1+ 0.968 )

( 1.9022 )3.5
¿ 3.5
( 1.1244 )
(1.968 )
9.49
¿ ( 1.1244 )
10.692
P o2
=0.997
P o1

( )
P o1 γ −1 2
γ
= 1+ × M1 γ −1
P1 2

( 1.4−1 )
( )
1.4
( 1.4 )−1 2
¿ 1+ × ( 2.2 )
2

( )
1.4
0.4 (
¿ 1+ 4.84 ) 0.4
2
3.5
¿ ( 1+0.2 ( 4.84 ) )
3.5
¿(1+ 0.968)
3.5
¿ ( 1.968 )
P o1
=10.692
P1

P0 2 P0 1
Po2= × ∗P1
P0 1 P1
Po2=0.997∗P 1∗10.692

Po2=0.997∗50∗10.692=532.89 kpa

Region 3
As expansion waves are formed,
 θ=2 ε
°
θ=2× 5
°
θ=10
M 2=2.124

V 2=V 1 +θ
° °
V 2=2 9.63 + 10
°
V 2=3 9.63

From P-M Table, M 3=2. 52

Po2=P o3

( )
P o3 γ −1 2
γ
= 1+ × M3 γ −1
P3 2
1.4
P o3
=( 1+ ( 0.2 ×6.3504 ) )
1.4−1
P3

532.89
P 3=
17.625
P3=30.23 kpa

For region 4
M 1=2.2

θ=3∘
β=29.40
M n1=M 1 sin ( β )

¿ 2.2 sin ( 2 9.40 ) for region 4

M n1=1.0 79

P4 2γ 2
=1+ (M n – 1)
P1 γ +1 1

P4 2∗1.4 (
1.079 – 1 )
2
=1+
P1 1.4+1
 P4
=1+1.166 ( 1.1642 – 1 )
P1
P4
=1+1.166 ( 0 .1642 )
P1
P4
=1.1915
P1
P4 =1.1915∗P 1

P4 =1.1915∗50=59.57 kpa

M =
2
( 1+
γ −1
2
M ) 2
n1

n4
2 γ −1
γ M n −( )
1
2

2 ( 1+ ( 0.2∗1.1642 ) )
Mn = =0.861
4
1.4∗1.1642− ( 0.2 )
M n 4 =0.927

M n4
M 4=
sin ⁡(β−θ)
0.927
M 4=
sin ⁡(29.40−3)
0.927
M 4=
0.444
M 4 =2.087

P o4 Po4 P 2 P1
= × ×
Po1 P 4 P 1 P o1

( ) P
γ
γ −1 2 γ −1
1+ × M4
P o4
=
2
(P ) 2

( 2 )
γ
Po1 γ−1 2 γ−1 1
1+ × M 1
 ( )
1.4
1.4−1 1.4−1
1+ × 4.326
P o4 2
= ∗( 1.1915 ) =0.987
(1+ 1.4−1 × 4.84 )
1.4
Po1 1.4−1
2
° ° °
L=P 4 cos ( 3 ) −(P2 cos ( 2 ) + P3 cos ( 8 ) )

l=
C
×
(
1
2 cos ( 5 )° )
C
l= ×1.003
2

L=( C ×59.48 )−¿

L=16.296∗C

L L
C L= =
q∞ γ
2() 2
P1 M 1 C

16.296∗C
¿
( γ2 ) 50∗( 2.2 ) ∗C 2

16.296∗C
¿
0.7∗50∗4.84∗C
C L =0. 096198

° °
D=P 4 ×C × Sinα +( P 2∗l∗sin ( θ ) −P3∗l∗sin ( θ ) )
° °
D=59.57 × C × sin(3)+(56.22∗l∗sin ( 2 ) −30.23∗l∗sin ( 8 ) )
D= ( 3.115∗C ) +0.98∗C−2.11∗C
D=1.985∗C
D
C d=
( 2γ ) P M C
1
2
1
 1.985∗C
¿
( 0.7 )∗50∗4.84∗C

C d=0.01171

2)The stagnation pressure behind a normal shock wave can be found from the relation:
Here, subscript ‘1’ refers to conditions before the shock, and ‘2’ conditions after the shock. For an
oblique shock this relation cannot be used even if the normal component of the Mach number is
inserted. Derive this expression, and explain why this is the case. Obtain an expression for Po,2/Po,1
across an oblique shock which can use the normal component of M1 only.

Solution-

As entropy increases across the shock ,there is pressure loss across the shock p02 < p01

p 02 p 02 p2
=( )( )-> [1]
p1 p2 p1

( )
δ
p 02 ( γ −1 )
= 1+ ∗M 22 δ −1
->2
p2 2

( )
γ
γ −1 2
(1+ ∗M 2 ) γ −1
2 2
M 2= ->3
2 γ −1
γ∗M 1−( )
2
p2 2γ
p1
=1+
γ +1
( M 1 −1 )->4
2

Substituting equation 3 in equation 2 ,subtituing equation 4 as well in equation 1 will be look

like
p 02
=¿
p1

In equation 4,
p 02
→depends on actual mach number behind the shock that is M 2 not M n 2
p2
 p2
depends onupstream of the shock that is M n 1
p1
¿ equation 3∧2
We have related M 2 ¿ M 1 .

This is only for normal shock ,if using for oblique then M 1∧M 2 will be replaced by M n 1and
M n2

Equation 2 does not relate M 2 ¿ M 1 for an oblique shock .

p 02
depend on M n1 , hence this can be used for an oblique shock .
p 01

p 01
=
( )( )( )
p 02 p 02
p2
∗
p2
p1
∗
p1
p01
γ
γ −1 2
(1+ ∗M 2 ) γ −1
p 02 2
=
p 01 ¿¿

we know that for an oblique shock

p2 2γ
∗( M n 1−1 )
2
=1+
p1 γ +1
Mn2
M 2=
sin ⁡(β −θ)

√
γ −1
1+ ∗M 2n 2
2
M n 2=
γ −1
γ∗M 2n 1−( )
2

√
γ −1
1+∗M 2n 2
2

M 2=
γ∗M 2n 1−
γ −1
2 ( )
sin ( β−θ )
 √
2 γ
γ −1 γ −1
1+ ∗M 2n2
2

(1+
γ −1
∗(
γ∗M 2n 1−
γ −1
2 ( )
))
p 02 2 sin ( β−θ )
= ¿¿
p 01

3)

PLAN-A
P2 2γ
P1
=1+
γ +1
( M 1 −1 )
2

2 ( 1.4 )
¿ 1+ ( ( 2.5 )2−1 )
1.4+1
2.8
¿ 1+ (6.25−1 )
2.4
¿ 1+1.1 6 ×5.25
P2
=7.125
P1
P2=7.125 × P1

¿ 7.125 ×101
P2=719.625 kpa

(γ −1) 2
1+ M1
2 2
M 2=
2 (γ −1)
γ M 1−
2
1.4−1
1+ ( 2.5 )2
2
¿
2 1.4−1
1.4 × ( 2.5 ) −
2
0.4
1+ ×6.25
2
¿
0.4
1.4 ×6.25−
2
 1+ 0.2× 6.25
¿
8.75−0.2
2 2.25
M 2=
8.55
M 2=√ 0.26315
M 2=0.512

( )
P o2 2γ 2
γ
= 1+ M γ−1
P o1 γ +1 2
3.5
2 (1.4 )
¿(1+ ( 0.512)2 )
1.4+ 1

( )
3.5
2.8
¿ 1+ × 0.2621
2.4
3.5
¿ ( 1.3057 )
P o2
=2.5436
P o1

Po2=
( )( )
Po2
P2
P2
P
P1 1

¿ 2.5436 ×7.125 × 101

Po2=1830.43

( )
γ
P o1 (γ −1) 2 γ −1
= 1+ M1
P1 2

¿ ( 1+ 2.5 )
3.5
1.4−1 ( ) 2

¿ ( 1+ 6.25 )
3.5
0.4
2
3.5
¿ ( 1+0.2 ×6.25 )
3.5
¿ ( 1+1.25 )
3.5
¿ ( 2.25 )
 P o1
=17.085
P1
Po1=17.085 × P 1

¿ 17.085 ×101
Po1=1725.6796
PLAN-B
Given two oblique shocks than one normal,
°
M 1=2.5 , θ=10 , β=31.8

From θ−β−M Chart,

M n =M 1 × sin ( β )
1

¿ 2.5 ×sin ( 31.8 )

¿ 2.5 ×0.5269
M n =1.3172
1

(γ−1) 2
1+ Mn
2 2 1

M n=
2 (γ −1)
γ Mn −
2 1

¿
1+ ( 1.42 −1) ( 1.3172) 2

2 1.4
1.4 × ( 1.3172 ) −( −1)
2
1+ ( 0.2 )( 1.735 )
¿
1.4 × ( 1.735 ) −0.2
1.347
¿
2.229
2
M n=0.6043

M n =√ 0.6043
2

M n =0.773 2

Mn
M 2= 2

sin ( β−θ )
0.773
¿
sin ( 31.8−10 )
0.773
¿
sin ( 21.8 )
 0.773
¿
0.371
M 2=2.083

P2 2γ
P1
=1+
γ +1
( M n −1 )
2
1

2 ( 1.4 )
¿ 1+ ( ( 1.3172 )2−1 )
1.4+1
2.8
¿ 1+ (1.7350−1 )
2.4
¿ 1+1.1 6 ( 0.735 )
P2
=1.85701
P1

°
M 2=2.083 , θ2=10 , β 2=37.73

M n =M 2 sin (37.73 )
1
2

¿ 2.083 ×sin ( 37.73 )

¿ 2.083 ×0.6119
M n =1.274
1
2

(γ−1) 2
1+Mn 1

2 2 2

Mn = 3

2 ( γ −1)
γ Mn − 1
2 2

1.4 2
1+ −1 ( 1.274 )
2
¿
1.4 ×1.6230−( 0.2 )

1+0.2 × ( 1.6230 )
¿
1.4 ×1.6230−( 0.2 )
1.3246
¿
2.0722
 M n =√ 0.6392
3

M n =0.7994
3

Mn
M 3= 3

sin ( β−θ )
0.7994
¿
sin ( 37.73−10 )
0.7994
¿
sin ( 27.73 )
0.7994
¿
0.4653
M 3=1.718

P3 2γ
P2
=1+
γ +1
( M 2n −1 ) 2

2 ( 1.4 )
¿ 1+ ( ( 1.274 )2−1 )
1.4+1
¿ 1+1.1 6 ( 1.6230−1 )
¿ 1+1.1 6 ×0.623
P3
=1.7264
P2

(γ −1) 2
1+ M3
2 2
M 4=
2 (γ−1)
γ M 3−
2
1.4−1
1+ ( 1.718 )2
2
¿
2
1.4 × ( 1.718 ) −
1.4−1
2 ( )
0.4
1+ ( 2.951 )
2
¿
1.4 ×2.951−0.2
 1.5902
¿
3.9314
2
M 4 =0.4044

M 4 =√ 0.4044
M 4 =0.6359

P4 2γ
P3
=1+
γ +1
( M 23−1 )

2 ( 1.4 )
¿ 1+ ( ( 1.718 )2−1 )
1.4+1
¿ 1+1.1 6 ( 2.9515−1 )
¿ 1+1.166 ×1.9515
¿ 1+2.275
P4
=3.275
P3

P4 =
( )( )( )
P4
P3
P3
P2
P2
P
P1 1

¿ 3.275 ×1.7264 × 1.85701× 101

P4 =1060.439 kpa

( )
P o4 2γ 2
γ
= 1+ M γ−1
P4 γ +1 4
1.4
2 (1.4 )
¿(1+ ( 0.6359)2 ) 1.4−1
1.4+ 1

( )
3.5
2.8
¿ 1+ × 0.4043
2.4
3.5
¿ ( 1+1.1 6 ×0.4043 )
 3.5
¿ ( 1.47168 )
P o4
=3.866
P4
Po 4=3.866 × P 4

¿ 3.866 ×1060.43
Po 4=4099.622

Due to oblique shocks in the super-sonic inlet, the glow Mach number is reduced which
is needed to turn super-sonic to subsonic speed.
For this purpose, oblique shocks are needed in a system. Also, a system with oblique
shocks will have less pressure loss compared to a normal shock configuration. Hence,
PLAN-B is more desirable.

due to oblique shocks in the super sonic inlet ,the flow mach number is reduced.which is
needed to turn super sonic into sub sonic speed.for this oblique shocks are needed in a
system.also a system with oblique shocks will have less pressure loss compared to a normal
shock configuration .hence, plan b is more desirable