1 = ditataa tT dakaifl daa pT Gl pas cill g Numbering Systems & CodesMad, Classy Apatall Ul5¥/ tyMisegh deed ptt sido) Alii Digital Number Systems Jad) pied plus! ALi OLileall JOS joe bate} wal foBanll pL See egal Ogpondiaw [gibeo uli! Of S43 iig wtall (Decimal System) saa 2 Gta! Bualyats Yogi Mogiuw Ayatatl Dota CooLatly pull Auslyots aga OF Judy AS gg hers 3 (yng Lic! OY pein (otitly (gpchall aI! Coalneg Gaul God Wl Agoda Ait Aatlang gd 2 Bye Decimal System ig pcie!l pitas! Byagal Lilam 2 pci 6 pital! gastall plait! calli pglas 9 Lose add iy Banal Gs peal autall Ole 1314 (9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2, 1,0) ala po SS Aub hn gy Gi! aeucogtl gf LSU GH Apel cota (11 Fuel aN Gt aL Sag a peag AiLeiledy BY Auned Deut} (5807) asad! ASL died (2514) 5) FAQIUN) ABD Guam (5807)1o= 7x10° + 0x10! + 8x10 + 5X10) eeseeseeeeoee qa) SS 29> EpereSs aad file ied i (1) ASDA (ps dads Lecag ag putaseg ASEH a tagline (Gul) 3g ctl Leg2ns (10) po pt1 ce crgSe Lote eel) fooled4g piclpagetlls Asolad Lak ¥/ r is! NM ise “aioe gts (Base) tains gy tats Lact 2 (10) sat) aaa Lut 5 4 Cran Py i nygoee 086 ALES STE ASN Sng ad hI Us peal 5 plait PY ota uel (0-1) 811 stay ad, (n) Lyd ayy Binary System sua puss penis Bapeegt ABO E (2) Lut 93 concadh pLE plasty esd Bard ASL Specie 9 gedlaitl Jott) hae us atest AU OY yack (betim OSalaatn Logs oo Opera (Gla 2 do sung da yee puny (1) dott 9 (0) pascal! Lom dad (nad) oye SLI ples arly ygeesdtly (1) 9 (0) ced) ong Le Atte adhe slouh pond Aa alt = 1) 9 (0) cxieatats he heey Seam (gpa ALLAN otf cpHLAHN alla] 2 ate si Lagos YSe? ceeunsg BBN gluse (ui) 598 3! Leghps (2) stats wapatne alas 03) Gpetiall sat! IS: Ha’ (Base) ‘patsy SL0351 pliant 2 (2) salt ted ASLAN) ald) oth Read GY Sa3ag (1011p stan plas 2 (19)i0 (1011),=1x2° + 1x2/+ 0x24 0x2°+ 1x2! = 142+0+0+16= (19)10 ey ag ds gtd gpa aa es Sl hans akon (Sag Laths) ANLGD] Abad) JDL gee ALA AURIS 2 C>ketal gaN sue plaudits (3) JI 92 pasa! x=2N-1MsaT pM Cl pdglly Apna 189 op Nideyl a Si og Aly X= = 157 ola N=3 oyS5 tarts ha’ (LID, = (Tio abygt 7 Gytiadl ata gn Adds Sa dy pb) peal Os gly X=2*— 1 = 255 ota N=B oyst Lacicy (LLLLLLLD)2 = (255)i0 ot gt 255 gptiadt stall ga abd (hay 2 (0 P16) play Lae Ls pgs (1-1) Jone) tL! Jguety git pla (Godiall plat! gia plat! Decimal System Binary System ee | 2 10 3 11 4 100 5: 101 6 110 111 ola 1000 1001 © 13 1101 14 1110 15 lll 16 10000 (1-1) Soe ee eee OmmumeeSAMBA aes La (D1001 11), HA Syn ie (OLOOL LL). = 1x2 1ygty. 1x24 0x93 + 0x2" 14254 496 =l 42 44 = (39) 00a g Gotiall alla 2 adic, Le gt (0.0111), 520) ati ge dle (0.0111). = 0x2°+ 0x24 14274 1x29 + Exo =0 +0 +0.25+0.125 +0.0625 = (0.4375)io ALAN LG ot) Cepia pL Cpa Jugal PALES pldatl 2 aslsy be 631 (37) 0 epdiall wl Ugo : Je 2suall ple dnuouall dewitleis >| 0 : : : ° : 2 aT 41 Pace ae MSB LSB ———— (37)io = (100101), QQ —_—————— weeDeaF Hl pdady Lata Wt Ap Midagy nee sus!» Least Significant Bit (LSB) taal Jay) aus -Most Significant Bit (MSB) areal (ALAN pURUT SL dL Le Gt (59) 10 ee ptiatl 321 gm: Sits Daal de daatdeuatigan >| 0 dea sere Lae 201/850) Zsaattterenaith >] 1 1] 1 lo 1 2 MSB LSB —_— (5910 = (111011). Octal System ,ste43) plain Pp ALS ali oes (8) eS pe SL ott! pL ull gy) LLB pind ALERT HT Le aLlaitl (ye 8) ol Legecity (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) FAI Wold anid Z = AoX8° + AiX8/+ AyX8? + AgXBto. eee +AyX8™ (O97) psa get Ao, A1,A2,A3,-. An Odell Ad dae Gta PLN B 421s Le HH (235)p Gilet! Syl Igo : Sle (235)s = 5X8° +3xX8! + 2x8" =5 +24 +128 = (1570 en 3ifpscly Ayla tis) ay inseyh Hexadecimal System p10 yal! plasty ees Adal yt Lio (16) dt gm pLdaitd bm yal eal sf essay pLIBIN HeLa on dy dly (0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,,B,C,D,E,F) st ysl (PA SSL agp > Bhs doll 2 (pay dey iH Ayal! aul eb utdwedt A=10, Bal, C=12, D=13, B =14, F=15 FAN WaLall aasciud LOL (G pdind AU GH pte Gwaleall 7.= AoX16° + ArX16'+ AgX16+ AgX16+......00. +AyX16" (OF) satt gat Ag Ar Az, As)... yAN Odea seb cue (Spall pla & atatss be MH (ZA9D)i6 St go: Ss (2A9D) 16 = DX16° + 9X16'+ AX16+ 2X16° =13X1 + 9X16 + 10X256 + 2X4096 =13 +144 +2560 +8192 = (10909)i0 Ladd eg SL GT 4 gyda) deg Wl Agoda) oN! pol pat! os eae Ag SY) a tide 2 (0-920) pLay Wl Josie aula (tie ually (2=1) Jguest \Aad HY adylly Apasal/ AalbdYY alpha) ——y eT TESTES cgeseatr ptbiany Ptr pttaant ggiladit plait Decimal Binary Octal 0 0 System System System System 0 0 | | 4 2 3 3 4 4 os is Fe ap 1011 B | 12 1100. 14 Cc | 13 1101 15 D iW 110. 16 E | 15 1d 17 F | 16 10000 20 10 | 17 10001 21 in | 18 10010 22 12 19 10011 23 13 20 10100 24 14 (2 -1) Joe piled pL G11 GALAN pL 6 Jagocitt Binary — Octal Conversion 2 AMUN seg N) aaa poy cpa ALEAAIH ctl SLAM ALLE Cy 9 61 aged df AWSLS OLE 4915 5 ILS Legene peo begere ctl eS N guid «1 | (ALAN 63M Lagos Lagyl 9 1 Ld ent! al 0 lets (3_ bits) Ls le Jur ASUS GLegaree Hl dexuai org (010100111011)2 wel 5 ae oe ice et ae| a pak lodeAlly Ayan ais A hey . O10 100 MWh oo usu ANE IL Shaan a dapanns Jen : 2 t : . domes oy 2, "pall O10 100 thoy agua + AO pal) . 2 4 y 3 BABS Ay atl esa HAM ay al Lgas Sley IGA a a3 (OLOL001 1101 1), ~ (2473), Suu! ON LS Lygonts 199 dont Anno us LEIA Gy Say ~Ciaghudin 989 OI ae tig gyal ALA GH yileddly sda vgibedl pLBaAH 2 atts Le ot (10111011 10001)p ¢ 51223) 331 go sdoul ASLAN Glegaatl Ygliogs (1 001 O11 101 110 001 FARBISL| day tiadl dtl tog (2 001 O11 101 110 001 AASLAS eget! 1 3 5 6 i DaBLSt| Aspdiatl Daud! a 16 eePo — Lead y/ Ol pdsclly Ayalal! Malis ¥/ oy Nisegll a (1011101110001); (13561 gat gh (1 3561 )g gatas he Juans (3 pA LR PLL Gu Jug | Octal — Binary Conversion Lees Agubitie ely eid SLU ALA tl SLeGN] ALAA 4 Jagat Uigha Lali,255 a) selga ee AL PLL AIL La ly Regarne Myles Gil eH US yas (1 Cee eal ops etl Aba Ls cAUSN plas 2 Aly Le HI ike wd) JS gos (2 HE ually daa Lge clog ASL ALB YI quai (3 coil plat ot! (3072)g ital apt Jg> : Slee 3 0 7 2 ASLett| Aegaoot! O1l 000) 111 010 asatsth asus dopant oF gi (011000111010), gatirt te Juaord ttitley (3072)g= (011000111010), pie sla pL ott gSLiSH1 PLLA Cy agent! i) PAIN welgtl aus iy pio slat! pLEads! oH ASLAN AlBYI Sages of CLAS Cyl (ne Dalfe ogame Lea legen ll ILE 8, H euuid «1 Oped call (pe lets (4bits) asus GiB Le GIT Leute Liaw ill ASLAN Olegant! I degare fee ged -2 *Godiall pA i wee eo |EB pad ON ktclly Rest Qatsyy AW ie ys Fe Ashes Vibecnes My Seer Spor J 206 so Sheall albaaty Aad BUA UU Lea 5 Uy sa Nuns ON oN LTE eg, GAEL dy ‘ile basal aly %yy tums 4 le Liars A yy Sy ule Lbs, FA Aa oly 2st Le H(ILOLOLOO1 19 ALT alah Dr HLA ad thy gle phe aleat| plait) sda 0110 1101 1001 1110 AGL degen! 13 9 14 MAIS A tat eat D 9) E ie aslall al 2 astctl aesat) a 1O110110011110)2= (6D9E) sgt Janos gicty ALAN pl HH tie, wall PLL 0 ago coh ANN ALEAGH oN pie walaad! LEU (ye Jagat Aaah) elyZ3l o) AB slid DLN) 2 Aa selgatl use LAL itt plat tt (D39A)j6 pte qual! 98,11 Jgo aJlde adel D 3 9 A plies yuh pLtaity 2 Aquat! 13 3 9 10 ASBISL Ay ptad) Aaa) 1101 0011 1001 1010 ‘SaBISL) ASL Aes] —— 18 —— ia |OO “= Mead OL pbsshly Ua 2alis¥! AMioy) ae (D39A)i6= (11010011 10011010), (te Guat gkabyy ALLL Agstall VeMAISU Ay paatin eI Saed gH Ayydeall Ay puuSH) ple VI ago LAL epatiall pt ps OLy Yast Jago Mach Bela Of gle py apa Apes Jo tay dl] eptiall pS] aged ty fA) yal esa 9S Clg Eten eS] ka spall gan Gps Mleol al as purse aly ste Gall scgihedS | ALAA A281 Le ot! (0.326) 10 Gptiall_ pass Spm sls 5 OF ed Agha Bula Geass fou 0.326 x 8 2 gle hua 2.608 x 8 4 he duasd 4.864 x 8 6 gle aan 6.912 x 8 T ele Guan 7.296 (0.2467)s (0.326)io= (0.2467)s oi gi BBA ple Guan im teat ulus ly pall Aubes Aaaliin (Seay ho -Aggllatl —eeeeees: 19 SS SSOE14 te Joost (O.ESIE)i, (0.895)io = (0.ESIE),, sigh ABA ole Juans Qin AM ol pict Dee Destin yay “Mugla PAB 4 11 (0.125) 10 cg ytint yuu} > sJlke sda! 0.125 x 2 \ 0 ple Juans 0.250 x 2 ‘\ 0 gple yuan 0.500 —x_ 2 Lyle fais 1.000 ee? O gle ua 0.000 (0.0010), 0 $eMedi pI Hl yscAMy Ay stal! 2alds¥ op Nidal EE (0.125)i9 = (0.0010). alist Heap ejay Amore ell Ore Ogi Alagod aly Ml aT GLE 1a} eps ep crhe od Nyl eumeall ejall le Jager ely elyents agai LSko ageny 8 Geel Sg eel ob GH euomeall Ugontl ead 5 si agai ad seawoiil| 2 44 pdial) AaZid| eEpdiatl aLbastl ct! (10110010.0101 10). Stit01 Spt Ugo sSlte dot phy LoS ermal a jell Jugend Wal aga (10110010), = 0x2°+ 1x2'+ 0x2°+ Ox23+ 1x2"+ 1x25+ 0x2% 1x27 =0 +2 +0 +0 +16 +32 +0 +128 =(178)i9 Crt jan agers pg aS (0.010110), = 0x2° 0x24 1x24 0x24 1x24 1x24 0x2 = (0.34375)i0 i phe Juco 6 paiSIl a pally ural sell guemcty OM agi i (10110010.010110).= (178.34375)i0 a 2wa sh pl Cally Ayal Lalis¥ suey BUA ALT (47.125) 10g pteall ody Spm sd shall (47) gptindl Syl GALL SLA 8 1 Vol eg 2 sual cole Angra Leas gas > | 0 1|2 {511 | 23 | 47 Qosatiterauatgay >| 1 [Of rfif i]t fo —> (4710 = (101111) “gig Gales Jie 2 aslSo Liderg 48 (0.125) gp ptiad pus! Lei (0.125)19 = (0.0010). wae Jann pt tanya alae inc Ob GML Lay yg (47.125)10 = (101111.0010)> Ala plat! 2 dusluont! Glitest! Bggeas eam Gye Nabe Hage cp SLIAN ALIA 2 howell Goal ycia GAN Ady ASIN lpesLetl 2 Clgbead! otk ele! AGISely pUladtl (cue ae folaitl ese (pe ByLue ppb Cilalaall othe eer Oi ecg Agdalt| SL algetl pad 7 ASAT stueSiS nad Botts cplog a 22 eee,Bad csigly Renin adi! AV hsey Binary Addition jitiast pant JN aed! ety pladeiaaly pI! pW I pall lalae ol pe! ay eB EO pe ca 91a (141) ge ie Ga ae AW 3 Jae 1010 agus 1 gue Ol gue + 0111001 +10 + Ol 1100100 100 10 Binary Subtraction sua cyt CARN Gayla gut bs SLA pUUI RE cyl) Liles i ByGLU Adapt (I ! FADED selyd! aladciuly ALA! LAUD cla! Glilec ele! ey 0 -0=0 1 -0=1 O LS 1 adtiual dapely deci 1 -1=0 } ec | SS 23 t «& ex!Mise (1110), 1010)» oy Le its wegt gue adel 1110 dia pala Eee} Coyle! 0100 esta (1000), — (0010), gh Bib seg ls iol i Bd Alec SF JUL Ga da 6 | i 1000 ate cgytatt (RHE Jot go Loc eis! - 0010 Taylall [POS oe cat aes Ly gta | 0110 eu | ee cart OLS 13} ees ; | Gusball usin Lib Ate za,tall a | gato gpl a ny] | Cylall Ailes beta! (gill wold dasyte Ah 3,OL we adajtan (Ly (Complementary System) PS cm 6 pial ALIA! (ple cqiluuoll oll Aryto cpt Vol again gM) goal he Auleall ota *Caplall sual gilt wail! slew} 1 Aus Caylall MSL eax -2 is bh *Baad pM lpg sta Aalbi¥1 bp Vidogh ——_—————— stl AUSLT Ahead! QILG Qua yan pach gM yd lh 1 AdLo) . saab CLGLS. Gy ly T Head onan go all BpSLMl jad Miyylad plurals (5432) j9 8531 G4 (2345) 19 pM oplal s Slaw (cpluuondl pall Aaiyslo) ideal Bald Lead all (ne do plas Satay 2345 eh A alas! eit! agi (1) OLS gay! Ge Bale 9999 cua ee Ball obaal Gaal - 2345 Carla eAytt 7654 lal Adee caplall GH lol Aleall Ge iL! ilu ail! aos (2) TO54 cyptat ld cpalusotl aid! + 5432 ave cgptatl adsl! (1) 3086 psu OT ay) GL JA coe GLE yanad 96 AGL Aateall gil 4) (3) Lei aga he acaonit Aaa dS) AGL Hy dal) Blas Sit Spt -POSLGN bead) 2 ao Sti Lace Lgbite cin’ (1) Aawol al aL! 3086 sy¥i aay 81 OLE! Alayt + 1 Aawaldt) Abate) 3087 gat Eee eee he eeeOe NM ixoyy Jatt Tatatl Mall Gilet ett) Loy) 4 111111 HS eC SLI A tant ca ~ 100110 es,tati a8, Cy ae Ade Tapbatl eit ot SY Adeatl 25L zat) 2 111100 Aka caplall yt! + OL1001 castati way (1010101 gsusi SMI SL Bm as RT ad HBS YI AGL LY aL} .3 obs QLOLOL sys Sy aiLatl bam ay ZhN leat! Ge BIL! Ay t1 Bud YI ALI 4) — 1 eae 010110 suneal pdschlly Apdulall Ali ¥/ ol Midoyl! 2S GL MI Ady Lal pladcialy 7 pall Agha el pols again Sly 111100 ia cop = 100110 cya o10110 er spend om BLN ud y plat) C plat Aon Of dam d6 ((quSc) ld g0 ca ptall stall waite Odea ds AGN) Baboadl JOS Gus O92 Bptilve cap tall SU Hewitt (1) 31 (0) a aid (0) 1 (1) sobs sbgbasols 95) Aptos! clo! i AeLo sly LoS alae! wait Ab lS LuL Cplall dalee Yad ols Leads Sta lglly itaboly (oH jbano'!) ASL ela cop latl ad 1 SL By SMI ASL ny ay Abe Captall wBytl ae dell apt! cons 3 (plano cole as QILAU cfg NI AGL cl LgibLidly ead Aubes LISLE Ge bal gs ALAN ote bie ple el ee cyte Aad Cou (Inia) AGL Apleadl SLY 3 S81 ASLAN) BLE COLES 13) Lol all pide com Alec gil pode they ygSiuw Lal oct 2. QSL Od (11g) Ais Caplall sally caplet! i 2pak phat Apia Qadts yy AM iso (1000100). tisha ese (LOLO1O0), itt dt eplal Jie hot OLOLONL gy, sual gaan at + 1000100 ba Cala 21 gly daheal SU acl MMT ay (qemlidec gi wets) = gSLU - 0010000 = Binary Multiplication 51) ayzl! Aoboal Lobes Agaliiee SLi pLtaitl 2 al 3 $0 a, aat) Alec elm) O) te ipecall gad Aesleslt) Glilaadly g pciadl ALE 2 Gaal) 0x0=0 1x0=0 0x1=0 | Ixl=1 a SS 8 SSSSS Med Ol pdachlly Lossall Aald5Y/ AIM ibegl nsession teply Ls QU) sLou! caplet Jia 110011 dah uae 1010 x gyath 000000, 110011 000000 110011 111111110 sun (gileddt pl 2 parti Glee shy LoS ile ALAA 2 weal Aulee Wai Sey Lalas gpa ALR) 2 Lose Abell ALS SU aon! dulec clyn| Luke © (7) ip Ge ajg pol cand ual ala Le Goin cord Laake 3} aut L518 (7) 8,11 Ye eer fual> afj fb] & (BLED BS) OT Cage GySLe ALU 2 Abily be ole Juan (2) asad! pL 2 (7) pod SLU S11 Let (8) 9 epctintl plat 2 (7) 50 Srtiadl endl luals te (2) Sp! Liner Lai gi(10) g0 slau! = cigllall ile lyNl le Guanit CANN ya sutadl eael Jide (42)s, (34)s_ (1 (63)g,(25)s. (e (57)g(74)s (e i 20 eeP Slphaehtly Ay stall Radis yyy Atal] Lalis yy diiisept “OO, Sou) 5 1 = ; I curv? € Carry ( Y 1 63 42 Mt 25+ 344 153 HO 16 (ost 748 = 153) (63)k + 25)e= (110) (42)a + (34)a = (76)u qiledt! pL 2 Cyan de MALS ALS ALLS otal) Rubee Gaus oS a Big LoS CN ab dag gl Capt Gs So] Ade cop lal SLES fay Loe (g patiad alas) AUN ALL (ne (1) B>Gial Le Caplall ps penal Ake Coplall SIS a] © sal 2 Lobe cyte alps AN AHN (31 Liss (8 gous Lo tgll 12L9) +40 Caylat! OMSL Gusta! cyto JLLe (42)s-(4)g (1 (63)s-(25)s (& (74)s-(ST)s_ (ze| Hi bee yt dead tt pdgty Apasn a ————————— LL os 310 842 Borrow > Ad 44 06 (42), - B4)n= (06), S11 843 Borrow > 6 25- 36 (63)s - (25)s= (36)s ac 612 844 Borrow > Ha - 357 xg % [ BT (74)s - (57)s = (15). 2 Xe >oy fully Apseladl alii) po ni AN idol pie yadlual| pUadt) 2. eagles yp emt MEU B UMB EASS pte uoal lta pant walsh of f 4 , . (BrP EES Coe AD sth an Fk De ng pal eee CAI-F ee lSgBdyoy ae Osa D ye Shp jasag 16 C952 GUN Ld Ott Linen 99 (10) 6 cogs gill ofa 2 pale Guslaall AUBUL Ott Mealy CAMS! pion carl Jie QIBD2)i5, (1A123)16 (3 (OF6C4) ig, (3658716 (e deal carty> Plow carry> 1 (i 9F6C4 37BD2 + 36587 +1A123 D5C4B SIC FS (9F6C4)16 + (36587)16 = (DSCAB)i6 (G7BD2)16 + (1A123)i6 = (51CF5)16 Hexadecimal Subtraction 2c joslut! plait! 2 cylalt segly LoS pie ualual| pLIIY Bobi ey Bpcy Lee cy adl Lab Aaplan gl cartel (re pel ie carb) OLS [a] ” @ oll sie pLByl gue Ugly La gh] bayou ged oe LAL pas fa eH AO] Baye I Eras! BL Josey MUN aaLbaT ge (1) castcaal id Carta Oe piel be Gayla Ole I] @ SANE gin cpl ays gasIZSte HI aL (16 golans sgt f2L2) 4s caplall —_—_—__— $= 32. = bhead HO pdsclly Apsaell olds ¥ op Midmghh Pee AL cplall Ayoe yml Js (F2ABD)ig—(BEACE) ig (1 (OCA) 6 - BOEBI ig lg soul (yo » 26 (i E22B20 LIBYA 29 Borow> 9F 6K 4 Borrow #2 XB D -36E87 SE RGIGLES 6883D O35 EF (9F6C4);5 - (36E87)1s = (6883D)i6 (FZABD)o- (EFACE) ic = (035EF)ig Representation of Signed Numbers Lay) os atuct) utd Ble tyeod ay ated! ple agulodl pots duu! GL beall 65 Cem ball SLB) Lud! Ge AILS Cuadl Jad Ot te (Registers) Gaul! Dall Spo Lag or lgtl (-) 5,La dy pauadly (+) SLAs pays shel Joie abate! Lales fowl! glo af} Lele Ait baratl peg SY guile slo ated (Flip-Flops) stole (ys ste 0 Lraull 9Sisg dllawlg peo} Bay GapSS cole ytd [gaat Ay 58 Btls Ge Sylye ged dol! Lal Sonal BOY Lgurysiiauia Lyte Batis gigi utLing (0) 9! 1) dad doy ash BA BN Lead 955 Oh ee glo 2 pudcudd gill de8 11 ela of AGL OLB SY diag olga he phe ALuly ae gt! abel ae Lala le cabal BL S05) oad! Lins cual 2 Sager glly Libel) Aoaat) GIs ALI sal (213) Led Qirgag coegll sald (po) AHL ota gangs tae woSO APM iso gt SO gatas, pally I's Complement nyt by hina OS Laide 4, Sastly Sign — Magnitudl ® ylaadiny 4, Laat 2's Complement oy (Sign & Magnitude Method) juan, BLY ayy ety ANON atta ge aay (tal Lis pais RDO HLA Latent (0) MeL as 5 MAN slain Jad SLL ie PA AS Gall Rss (-) 5,5 shat Aug SONGS OLS 6 aust atta suet Siete : NAAM Jute eI SLUT SMa suet Wags G5), 000701 (-8), 101000 (+67)s 000067 (-67)s 700067 (-2E)is F0002E CH4F)5 — 00004F Aaglull libel! gyod calc’ Jie Aas lat oie alurcul they - ‘ Agha! Alea! Roi ao LajDH! LEY) eogi dobal oS plsdciualy ohncde) atic iis plo Complement Number System Liles fuged (ySay git ulgy a Lari! Seah ABypLaSl obta pca | Ds peal spacall Garba Ut gf Abb Aggy cor Gil gral 9 2 ht ie SBS Sas J eStl aye Abaulgs A515 lLtly cpa! gh ceadl a ylac 11S ‘$$ SeSal POipdy aah ab N Rurylt Read Oi shally Aantal adel ANN Kao Se Alans AnoLda! Ady siSIY) sMpuall phadbarly Aaaaslylt Ray} Agta clighea! Lat pan One's Complement asigt suatt Late Rasy Basha uaddig Aatyl JaStl Ady sho A dan ght shue Luss Lee iad Alaa! sue YY Lal Nataly 3yL3Y) Lay slo dum gl she) bes sawed! hod IMS oe Sly cam ght aulall gale Yl mitt slew! Guple Ge Lyle LSD) ale AULA ADSLal) plod S49 Hud pana a lgll cy ells hans iy nly (N]1=2"-2-(N)s (ALAN stall yo pus GLE sue Jb: Mae | (LOT L)2 S21 sata stg) ast! aogh: Jibs (N)=1011 ,n=4, m=0 [1011]; = 10000-1-1011=0100 nigh Jest ogss itty (LOL. 1)y Stith sual tofgl sual! ose singh: Jee (N)=101.1 ,n=3 , m=1 [101.1]; = 1000 — 0.1 — 101.1 = 010.0 amtgt Lasth ays gttatlyyedna Maat dati Ap hey pd salt Las slau Aulae San 0) Aaa Sarsianly (0) patie (1) suatght Sagiaat gli AN) sna) Sotaatibe (1) ants Two's Complement ci9% saat pat ces LeSLt adage Be Age ght atu dtt GLA a igt aStt Ady plo Ap Laster ond asl! suc Lah BLOW y Naat Ay pany ah ly plead) pasty as aaa} 1 att eee 98 (ay ee gl sald to igt Last about Gaye Ge Leste ADL ahneSU CAISY LoSU slog ALN Dalal placed Seay Seat [Nk=2°-(N), if (N): 40 [N}, =0 if (N)2 =0 OSSY stat Jase: [N]2 : ote (N)2 Skt satel Cpe Geel! ej BigStI GUL awe : (01010)z sratt Gud¥ Jost! amg}: Je sg [01010], = 28 - (01010), = 100000 ~ 01010 =10110 a 36 ai. _ eeeDaeTySl pissy Aysstel/ Aol! gM ibegll a (0.0010)y 4a Gd¥ ast! amg sSe sdeul [0.0010], = 2° (0.0010). =1-0.0010 = 0.1110 GAEL OMY cSt be gnarl Sey 45) eats ALY Gag SOMA Cts platy rglgWl adapta) — rOpighes 2 ass shey)) te tgTLs pica ly pasar ls dolgll Sioiciuals ALG) stat ULE yuSc .T o(totgt ost cl) ABN Og 1D AGE GM (i) Bg SE BSL GH aly ee (opegtt (10110110)> oral cpaS9 YoStl to gi Skis dost (01001001) pte Jaams(10110110) pdt OULs ase tay (1) Rglas (\) Spt 01001001 + 1 01001010 9Ally Ayia) alas) dy Wiseyt HOMOLIO, = 1001010 tg FAQS day plat 2 ert Maa eas othe gab S03 WEAN OLLI 9 rthS O99 tall Cpa 04 Opes stad GL (LOL 10110), sats cnaayr ast! ae gh Jie 01001010= Yastr :gost valaa a a Lalas Megat EO ABs IaH oe IY Loti aaa te pce ° -Axsgulott pada OY ot ole LeSh pltcils dolunt) SLateatl ole} wie ° pa VALENS bce BLAM fuer Lu ye LS Gaal Lent BS Egy At Laadl she eR QU SY of oly) Lost! slat wie (D)Aregad LOM ASL Bg Sy Ape gth ahredtiy (1) erat Savi PSSA ky AI SLAB! ole Ane SM otk edge SUN (3 — 1) Jgue GG (8) 5 ane, Baaplas AUG anal) aaall aay ¢ OMS bests om let oS! Sai ace pea 91111001 | 01111000 00000111 ZL 41111001 [11111000 10000111 B 01111000 | 01110111 00001000 +8 41111000 | 47110111 10001000 a B=D dese ——_B 3, raeeed OL pbgehlly Apel! Leldd¥1 Nido OO seal) SyLOYIASLE BT ylang cple 3) ASLAM Jc Guluall Jgnedl 2 ALS oSUl play Agha Glploall el pe) Ake 451 oly patel Gag SOLAN Gilly foe By LAY abs, CAIAY JoStl pubis eaontl AgSLD Gling (8) G2 AagSe dtu already abbey! putes agdiuy OY Leka My FLAN! Joe ard plan) Ge AGL call GI ya pias Bits gd MLadl ota 2 Wat} Baz ge (adall ByLAl 955 Lanic } (415) + (427) cadistl east: Slee 0 0001111 +15 + 0011011 + 427 0 0101010 +42 Ol Lady Read Alec 2 shi LAY AGLS Gf odLel ILL Que dae Si AN ne BSL Li pol GLA ASLAN Stag Z Lgulacilal Sy Seal! OVER Yatld dutoy OL (ys ypdtl sual! 2 Aaa Glacial ate AILe 2 Lei -flow \ 78+ 85 ned 3 wont: Jia Q 1001110 +78 +0 1010101 sao vai * 0100011 +163 3«an tatlh jp clpgy Myst al) iiilnys aon i ; ‘ pene OF Lay S09 Lind tekiny tea Anew yf JLT pt ene il Us PALA SLU 7 phasic oh Seas W stall hing (165 iq 98h ol jobham ad SLO puaty yatbanl Qc 3, Lavi ala 2 (1) amtpll oly! pppnlobl OFS OB LEY ua Lagl usual UpSy Lacie Laie V) tes Auth Asc! (pa pih DSN Ase ghl BLOM 9h satay Aalidee Gpysstal GFL 9S OF oy 43 + -25 Cped pt! earl: Jide 0 0101011 +43 (25) sald oust ast! +1 1100111 dng FR 0 0010010 Be ceay Lb BLAM ALS Oly rege CAITY Jgrennt! OF JL G+ >> foStly ALS (-25) qb Leah asta! ly SLB (ne Lod Joe eel dtee aaggtl ale) Of baa De ge ay LAWL Abed Ge ESS Hhay ousy wgt eS Lely Ace LL 7 gil cling ¥ (25) staal tl Lip LOY en (7) ctsts (8) ae ASI panady JUN 2 il shoal hd (0) Legs eaagy of Le] sloSt} abou! tas (1) Lage auegy gl bsStt Cageg ula GLE (5) 3 tion 1 (ABIL Sot Jado [gis GLEAsad st Ol pdpchlly Apsialy Lali) Athol ——_—L— Dae ByLAly Lage pote) dually CHTAL A CT LAL gr thald gy OF oe 254-43 pally peal sla 0 0011001 25 (43) saat Quay dest + 1 1010101 ' B oe (yy Sts Ab AA OF (1) le yg td HLAYI GL. gf ao eB Ops ARC GY YeSN AST ns yay 3) LG YI Aaya Lgl Lisyl Be dagen pe cont Autos Aas OY (-18) coglud daa) bl aid LOY HL IY LoSL By qa Auth pastel (ye ee ByLAI 955 Laie .2 27-15 Cred! earl Jie (15) salt Qd¥ Lastl 1 1110001 -15 (27) saat QUSY Last! + 1 1100101 + -27 dees PKI 1010110 -42 (1) Ae gpias BLABY! GLE Gol daa Stig dtLeal cooy CaITY Jgsodly Bataplay [glides SY JoStL Digs Dati Yly dba Daca Ot as [aay PAGAL GASY oStl UT me l4ally Sy LOY! anc guia Jesti = 10101010 = (- 42)i0 Lat Lae pol Gs rsall (pe eo Heid CLES Io) Gulu! JUL 2 tao dhe overflow pail’ jhe Juans uid dale rs fl i- pail pel Apna alist Aiheyt 78 + 8 (78) sal Qidy acts 1 OLlo010 4 (85) saa xidy Lastt » LOlolon + «BS vain (1) 0 1011101 163 pee Aen orleans Ont Gyusite cae Guole (yf ied JUL Gps wi foo Usd eaters Vung (0) yaaa! ple gyind &LOY! als yi dams SOLS (8) 4 WOU gus Jl ae loy AL oe ely) aS pludciusly aed (LoStl ploy Cort Aulee dul ta lg! LoS alidiuls cent Aulec ileal abe ee BLY 2518 Ge CAITY Spool Of 2 dogs BLS Vly Ont Anal GN abla! Lady 43 +-25 gil segisJs 0 0101011 43 (25) sua oigh tests + 1 1100110 + 25 Aeuill es ool iL gees (1) 0 0010001 + +18 oo zee eet 418 = Ainge dct 0 0010010 pha = Jgaontl Old Abas Bed) Cake 13) Let es 4 eeBaad filpdlly Asal! LAlDYL Hide yl! Stet 25+ AB eaobiJlin 0 0011001 25 (43) stall aomtgd Lost + L 1010100 b -43, AS saguanan Lt MOTO 165 BBee Ral Qe gnarl dily Ao Liw doi OF SLAM Gan eas sua (gll cle MARBLE dpi lg aS) Rag fall 3,1 day + (-18) ggglatt sity (10010010) te Yuaorid 5)LAY) ALS 2 ago gl! Shift Operation a> (571 asc (2) aad pee GALS jLi lt Body ALE ALS aad Ao til Of (2) Ne Hiei GEIS Call Bly BLS Ae bil Aalee | (001011.1010)> gotaus gintly (N) Sti! otal! Gad 2nd fle AA gH G13 ALI (0) pte eadgy Lal Booty ASLE eS (a Aah ypS> 939 (OLO1 11.0100)» gota gtitty (2N) saint! eae (cast! paca) Naf So tas (AN) goles gittly (101110.1000)p he Juans Aoi¥I autos + patld wily Aa HY lec Cry ,2> cole Juans LS Cpoutt tH odbel (N) (SLi) atall Aafjh CLES 13] Lei -(000101.1101)2 gggtans gc (N/2) saat! He YN ON Ns AL GI panel! SLuay AIL oct 2 3} da 955 Sagal so ig ads real gpd 15pe defy dues Uae gly (slant! sal) sal 23s he pga Lee (Croat! cual) 53 jgfl Od 2aLa SSS YB eei ye S ot: pee OFAN SLAY Lay Atl sel Ao yl ae yo i IIMA OLA Atif dah agg dan bp baal ealass pe 0) E297 EA LAY oSth Raiyy tay Aad) sled) Aaj! Lal Gy OR sh O98 glad Ugin til Atle 2 (Goad gual) ial jg! Sto ere ie seal Leia 2 Laly Gata cotta yl ey La ys vagy cel Bale Ugh Ny yhudd) OLLS iye Byglet! ASL SLO GL 1 0010100 1 1001010 ES ule 1 1100101 a 1 1001010 a 1 0010100 “facet if (() SLAM ASS epson sy S13ps Lal Aol Ales 155 i gt Sipps OLS (7) Ugalacias pias acl OY QaSLa cyt > seas hag E phtdolt BSyLBMI AGE feuay LF Lo gl JraStl Aaiyylay Lal above Nl Bobi!) BLONDE fuss Laud oe hl Alle 2 All Cpe iH) hgh! Gls ala! JUL pangs 9.0 Lode Coal Pail Lis Mall OLS Jp dyletl LI! i aft 1 1010100 (N) gid ate La Of 2 at 1 0101001 (2N) jtausld AH! Cat Say la Gi Bye defi) Alec Lay <> ot 1 1010100 (QN) stat! aust 11101010) (N/2) crops aH)! aDeed pl Ol pdsctlly Apstal Aad Y1 Mikey Seen See Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 13,40 B Leblas Le 31 Decimal ay cial! play ¥l Jagad iy 3A ohn 2 sOlegens yuhe dad weg BCD i plas Binary i041 pues ois (Epil) PLU (pe Jug Aybee id Sod (9) aasucitl Aylaty (0) pier} she Ags BCD 5 tut 1 The 8421 Code (8421) s,48 Typahadl Aly ByLee Of BCD 4) dpaet gtgit got 8421 bpaut pias Aypthall alB)¥1 IS I ini BCD gi Binary Coded Decimal tus 3,21) ILE gel pe gS ASUS Baas Lgl oa Haul Syl Ging pate I Oya SD Ryn | ag Btl GM ust B42] Spaeittt Of .((4— 1) Soe) Epic dy JS Spd fl LEM) Cock 15 3aleg(29,27,2!,2) aay Wh RGA LIL cys BLS 33 BE 653131 9) BCD 1 3 pig tues Lila 8421 Sees eee 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a orem 0000 | 0001 | 0010 | 0011 | 0100 | 0101 | 0110 | 0111 | 1000 | 1001 (4-1) dasefpdytlly Apstall dali yy ise BCD ais paca 4g SSA RS LAL ba I AMLGN Ay alt AMT ge SLA 0, > by) oR x \ PA \ vIL OL0 AoNTT0101y , 1001 1000 D ee (98)io —> (1001 1000)nen "J Ww d) 2469 a \™ 001 OT LL 0000 0010 0100 O110 1001 (IO —4(000101110000)ser (2469) —> (0010010001 10100! )aco qGostall PUBS Lglildy Le Qt au BCD ti otpiud Sg : See 4) (100001 10)pco b) (001101010001)sco 10008 0110" O11 0101 _0001_ 8 6 3 5 1 (10000110)sco ——> (86)10 © (001101010001)sco—> 351)0 ) (1001010001 110000)sco 101 0100-011 ~—_0000 9 4 7 0 (1001010001 110000)e2-——> (9470)10 (BCD Addition) BCD 11 01,42 cer B Ugaluncul op Sey Sadi) Bed Spin yr BCD dpsed} Le Sy decal ulasdi Obs gall LSI geanll Reba pialy upland! latent! OSes (Ag uuBdt capa cp tall) gy SYN ASSEN Aplus! Ol steal 95S agar L — {6 —————Lend 1 Dl pdally ApstalAAYF Mites ili iinccinnnnnnnnnnnn ena eee rend RGN egal Crp oly Lely gear ae JOS Oa Legace Lajos BCD 3 pags usu peel gl onady ASLO pont! telgd padiad BCD I byt umm dad, aed «| SLA LB (9) jo Oe LT gt syle OLS Eyl Cae dale les ta) 2. BCD 313 pip surg Spat O95 ais Le 131.91 (9) eS Qe HSI OL QV) Cae Geol OLS II. sas By GLE way ne eal BSL ewe Cuoy (carry Out) pilgs Jom 910) pS HI AaLOL agit QLLy pute a cord Melee gil UgS Ulu! aad OV LAI jgl oS Leal (pe Sathy GLI ayy Vi eae dual» 31(0110) ese eign JLo By 8421 Ai Speeds MH agnd SLatLy Les opel os EwYi desens Biblian deol! $8 Ob (6) o&pW dL! Lic Carry Ag Ob sagt BCD 411 alyi eaet Slee a) 0011 +0100 b) 10000110 + 00010011 c) 00100011 + 00010101 4) 010001010000 + 010000010111 woul a) 0011 3b) 1000 0110 86 +0100 +4 + 0001 0011 +13 oll 7 1001 1001 99 ns 10010 0011 + 0001 0101 “0011 1000 d) 0100 O01 N00 140 +0100 KON OIE ‘i? 1000 0110 OL R67 AN BCD 1 ptt eae tle a) 1001 +0100 b) 1001 + 1001 ¢) 00010110 + 00010101 d) O110011E + OLOLOOTT oo a) 1001 9 +0100 a 1101 ays 655 9 Satin oles Slee Bked I SA PLU pe agent Aude Of LUM haus Lad seg go le 5 1 +—>+0 +—>1 +1 + 0 Binary gus fob ab ey 1 1 1 0 1 Gray gle (10110). =(11101)gaay (ALAN PUB tH gle Bytes dye Jager! Gray-to-Binary Conversion PADI ela ac oike Augntl Alec Guid EN GE ABE Jl eo slush le Gly> Fpdad (pa LS Jol CSS «1 Leal shall le PN AME 2 tL SND Lge Luar TS ee end .2 I JEN 2 calage 5 OS lpm Spat ——— ee 5] anyp jig Apcdall deli) a AN idol ie 1 1 ; 0 ; ae | ed | a | ee [| ; ; ' 0 Binary 445 quol Wary=(1.0010), rie Sloe au 11 (11000110), stat edt Igo 1 cSt plant (LOLOL )oray ole Speed gm +0 sda Ce Rnd GH gL PUBL Gs oT 1 +1 +—+0 4-0 +0 +1 +—>1. +0 hod bg tf 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 (11000110)2 = (10100101 )cray (SLA pL GM gle Baad Oe 0 bit (10101111) gray=(11001010)2 ee aa a. Baad Ol pdscdlly Aydsal 2elid¥/ oN idogh te aE el Excess-3 Code 2494 45 3,44201 gd Lode OLE yl Ct Leta Cog Sig Aig} ghl pnd Glee! Ga ng (3) Aad ABLIDL Leake gaat! cig AS Misia chau (6-1) Jgue 2 prrnge oar Skea olka Costa ky (be SLL Ay dial ASU Fat) 11 bs apulel Jb La Ap Luentl Libel] yes Gps gad yh endl! algo! Sptlee dle Ugaanll hy Let ast OLS <3 HI AaLYL cla! Aalee SpA otk papal pela (Sy pacts bolglly cbolgL) pall Jlaiuly sh agtone gl al Lobe (Gosia pleat! BOS why 3 pats Decimal System | Excess-3 Code 0 0011 1 0100 2 0101 3 0110 4 Olll 5 1000 | 6 1001 7 1010 E 8 1011 9 1100 (6 -1) Jgue Cokaghatt Salad Uusayelt Qulca 5a American Standard Code For Information Interchange (ASCII) Lite 21.0 (Alphanumeric) 24a, dyed Spied Ge 3yLue os Chang) eta Of SSM aig SIN 35 go My careslgodl prtaae 2 paring otk le LoL dy eos falas AALEL U4 ulgentt (Keyboards) estat S53i pishlly Mal als 9 E 3 OLB SOS pol of P 5 7 wee hy gl bye Seats ays Vises (ying Noy AMNineyl 3 pana ANAL Asta pada QH(ASCII) dydu Jp a ol prt OE OC ei Sagas 128 (ASCH) passa if a (ASCH) 188 Ot jLtel go tain By CNGLE Qs Opn gS pee Lathes Ons ANA 9 Stet Le LIL Gales pecsat bea TE) i900) tists stabs -(Hexadecimal System) sh nd tigh 2805 (ASCT) 15208 4 dy hp (32) ashad ual (tg PSP GLEN da 8 pray AGLI le yy gla gl ela, upd Null, Line Feed, Form Feed, Escape, Start of text. Lge onl Bp Yl ps ig Siig AALAN he yg glaly Rela ALIS «64 ipl! sabes] BS RyLAy piso Ce pial ALLEN coum ALB YI (3uStly Spits!) POLLEN 394511 (ps SU SNipded ue Bap etly jgaptl btn (8-1) gtens (71) Jone pesky ping (pile ALAN pLIaatLy Logie Je Jaci po Cam (ASCII) slant! pLIALS Lig SalI 3-0) gl palgl Ove 32 eeu dates (7-1) gett pte Le gygh MALL cole ppg lilly HeLa) ALLAN jpeyl! Le). (1F aylady 00) pie TTR aaidy 20) ced pike penal itl pag (8-1) Joan ee 55Read pdscdiy Artal Ald) es 55 ee AM ide Bin: Oct | Dee | Hex | Symbol Name ooo o000 | ooo | 0 Too | NU Null character ooo 0001 Poor | 1 Por] son Start of Header | O00 OTD | 002 2 02 Start of Text ! ooo oot [008 | 3s End of Text | COO. 0100 | 004 4 Od i End of Transmission } oo oor [00s | s_[ 0s] ENQ quiry 0000110 | 006 6 06 ACK Acknowledgment | ooo ott Foor | 7} 07] Ben Bell 00 1000 [010 | 8 | os | Bs Backspace | coo oor [on [9 | o>] ur Horizontal Tab)" v00 1010 [012 | 10 [oa | LF Line feed ooo ton [ors [i | op] vr Vertical Tab 000 1100 | o14 [12 [oc | er Form feed ooo toi [ois [13 [oD] cr Carriage return! ooo 10 | 016 | 14 [0B | so Shift Out ooo [o7 [is | oF] st Shift In 0010000 | 020 | 16 | 10 | DLE Data Link Escape oo1o001 [oar | i7 [a | pe Device Control | (oft. XON) oo1oo10 [022 | 18 | 12 | dea Device Control 2 ooo [023 | 19 | 13] Dc3 Device Control 3 (of. XOFF) 001.0100 | 024 20 14 DC4 Device Control 4 0010101 | 025 21 15 NAK ‘Negative Acknowledgement 0010110 | 026 22 16 SYN ‘Synchronous idle ooroin [027 | 23 | a7] ere End of Transmission Block 001 1000 [030 | 24 | 18 | cAN Caneel 001 1001 | 031 25 19 EM End of Medium 001 1010 | 032 26 1A, SUB Substitute ool 1011 | 033 | 27 | 1B | Esc Escape"! 001 1100 | 034 | 28 [ic] Fs File Separator 001 1101 | 035 | 29 ID Gs Group Separator 001 1110 | 036 {30 | TE] RS Record Separator ool [037 | 37 iF US Unit Separator Unit Separator] (7-1) doa >>![pascaly Aydotall Alas) A bhioy (ASCH) hi yaya 2 penal agp glee phe ASCH Control Characters (ASCH) Wipe acdys 9 50 32 Yyloba yl Ld Lae pA SseSU Claw Lge QUAN 603 jpn Ge dylae (7 1) Janes! hotles logy * ke Gat Ugaians on Lua ap uslolly Angled! See sGLagball gal pT (Lng 32 BH Sot gies of pall Cras (8 — 1) Jged hes GUI EAILAM Ang JSS Ge piles IS ig a HI So JL AY psn aopllat! partly CTRE ctiatl ole daiscall JOS cys (ASCII) 1 5pSed um eS patel ne pel gi py ISI pains opt ageng JI ABLE YL NeAp hao i le 110.0600 i) 96 voor AL e100 a: cs a0 ooo - oro 0110 o10 011 010 1001 110 1001 010 1010 10 1010 0101011 ho 101 110 1100 101101 no1t0 Now 111.0000 110001 111 0010 Noor 1110100 1110101 + |fto0 1100, > |)to0 1101 too tio on o1o1 oLo10 ‘ino i 111 1110; Ri Win prensa ee chanovozZe Re eeraid Hy Asolal Aad! al jvc pagclly 2 1 ytiiseyt (Extended ASCH Code) aaugti ASCH 115,424 (ASCHD At a2d 128 1a atett ay, aly jyaght gaat gos (IBM) Rat Jad oye slaicl 9 yl Um gh pay 28 esti PRB De oe Rang ASCIT Spd a pay asc) Lyssa go Be geo Maa BF rely 80 ue tag pie pula laity jy JS GE AD—1) Sas pede EG Baym y jg) Ge Daag (ASCII) 15404 09S AML aualyo (asjlestl pus) tein VI ape Bam % Apgpadla Aes jae! & ASLigS Bgrrtt © Apoly Nigel & sLayady Jullaitls autre © \ooo oece vv NAaad Oi atlyy Apia) Aad LL , Om Mee wet a, i [etme ee Tort fe Ome Dee Oe Hee | Char [Nee [et A [100 for joo | & [19 40200 foxea | & fron fora fowat {4 fox foro foxot | & fuer fora fora | op foe for02 foxer | we [tea forar fosar | f j10s {0209 joxea a fiss fost fost | — [96 fosor rer | RN fres foras jforas |p [197 foxos Jpres | Fie jo24e fora | [198 [0206 joxes. | © fio Joos? Josar | IF ft99” foxo7 foxe7 | 8 {0280 jos | & f200 loxes | jorst fowe | aor foatt foo { joo | £202 xca sab | ae fi03 | AM iseyy fare fovn has fos fax fosm tow fo fos ons fae loser Inc ha» los vs 0 0346 fen 23110347 fone? tase 030 finer 3 ast loves 4 0350" ves | 243 10363 fonds aa let joe | FE bis fosa7 isd 267 184 i216 {0330 xa 0365 (oxds | bas [asf | beatae fer | ss foot | fosat Joao 880072 nba | pfs OS fxd 187 10273 _foxbb [2190333 Joxdb | ¥ (251 0373 188 10274 foxbe [220 |0334 fondo | + [25> jos7a 1275 _jOxba j221_|0335_foxdd f 4 Baugh! Sul Speed (9 dquo Was} ais (Gud. of daucall of GAlgad!) Galtt ASL aggle Parity Method For Error Detection Tae Ces Sag Ugh 6 LST pL] Lge Stay M5 Ae! LL! Logie elias M1 BLticsy a aLSs hy b co tip. Se Slit de gli Noise OWS Fe aL cm Parity bit Gos! gi dayaat| WLS pladiu! Bayle pda OF LAS gts] 2 Sagegtl (1) dolgl OLS say pSaitl Jol 0 |pig Ml ds inet? N aalis¥y ssftaoys wry oe Parity g-ngjt ity Odd Parity papal joltaalt hPL (1) 8,1 te ands cLiyll Aadinal jan gl epi LI Ws BDAC png gpa le Ld a yids (4 SIE Ld oats 9 ail ll Ln LEY jus. Lgl oli das “sia a8, Lda is a ats Yodel yeni day plal veld Y) oct fies alien sige BRA cose aay SL Ld gl Lip Leo Lae pe pla! OLS 13] JUN Js eplad, Leadlc puso ng pL papers J te Ua andy LAS MI alee Ld ype gl SoM aa pepent SE (18) Obra lgt ane hen vealed Asal SLI So Wad 5989 cgay Sa3 G18 5p laa ll! suse OIE 1313 2-3} pep SE Rabally aga Libby Ded tL (10 —1) dye eee AS Of ge ably Gaya GLH! GL > Lie By BCD 13,4. um AP) 31 agate 2 pa BCD ti lish cs (08) JSS dane!ReaD lpdscdlly Asdatal/ LalddY) AIM Ido eR, cae AGL ole Spa ASH Legh Bp GLI JUN ues hey (Goo gjHl Gallas AL» 2) 953) sail dtu 0 OLOL BCD spans oN BS te gt) La Qe MU AGA Ls Li ig te Lal ty 6S (parati ea alg ake OT ghey Lal aad 2 piaall agony OY Spde dl oe 2 GUD plc! Ate Lal Le Lad ogy ay linge dad daly dogs aii cuny Bhayll Snead Sito lsd ate OT iss slau aah 2 pall agg O18 capa) $8) SMa gl ake OF pins STAB Ao Ighl ageng Lal gaye BBLS le Sp ioS Aba Nl AIS Se Of yaad SLAM ues Lad OH gi (GapAN1 Gla) AL 2) aa9,8 Gul apa clas 0 0100 BCDs i.e (oly enol pivall) She CreaSl ye gM @OLUTL be Las gun, weg gh ls ssausa 00100 BCDius Wal 2 Las Parity Dit G4Ss201 gj ta.) ats pgs joni! oe Jai ul wiey sD paudill oce 2 Ud ogeg Oc i 6]