bab D U T DURBAN be UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG AND SURVEY (DURBAN) 2014 MID YEAR SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMME : BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY: SURVEYING INSTRUCTIONAL OFFERING : SURVEYING IV PAPER NUMBER SUBJECT CODE/ DATE: DURATION : 3 HOURS TIME: 09'.GO-12..00 TOTAL MARKS : 100 FULL MARKS: 100 NUMBER OF PAG 10 (INCLUDING COVER PG) ANNEXURES: 3 EXAMINERS: M. CHILUFYA (MSc) MODERATORIS : JC LANDMAN (Prof.) INSTRUCTIONS/REQUIREMENTS:- [1] There are six (6) questions in this paper; Attempt only 5 of the 6 questions [2] Only the first (5) questions will be marked where the candiadate attempts all six (6) questions [3] Marks for each question/sub-question are indicated against that question/sub-question [4]Use of programmable calculator is allowable, provided no text information exists on calculator [5] Use attached forms/tables for answers where indicated and insert them in the answer book [6] Any part of your work that you wish not to be marked must have a line drawn across it. [7] Do not write in pencil. Pencil work will not be marked. Do not turn the page until permission is givensa making it up}; correction = known distance - measured distance; - Enror at target = ray length * angle in radians; Correction=Cisin(V); k Cota! 2), = oosec'(a 2), R+C= 2k =(Mean of CL and CR)-CL; S = Cot (4 / 2); Mean=(CLH(CR-180")W2; 5° length from coordinates = length on ste x |1—F + ‘overall length-(sum of the two bays ey Question 1. (20 mark) {a} Poor centring of insirument and target over the point is a source of errors in precise surveying i) What are centring errors? fi) ji) Determine the standard deviation for a ray 8m long observed with a total station having a pointing standard deviation of 3" given that the centring standard deviation of both the instrument and the target is 0.5mm 2 il) Why are double-axis compensators an attractive theodolite feature in precise engineering surveys? ml (o) Calculate the error at the target if you make a 5” error in sighting a target situated 8m (c dj e) away? (assume ‘p’= 206265) (2) ) If you buy reflectors intended for short-range work, would you prefer ones with a large plastic target that stops the prism from being transited, or a slightly cheaper prism that can be transited? Qualify your answer... Q) Figure 1 below shows a plan view of a traverse run inside an excavation of a tunnel across @ hill summit. If "c" points are fixed control, while “t” points are traverse stations within the tunnel. Figure 1 i) How reliable would be the results of this survey? Justify your answer (2) ii) What approach would you provide to improve on the accuracy of this survey should the accuracy of the results be not satisfactory (2) The following observations were taken from a point T2 to the targets indicated on the table below with zenith angle nearly 90 degrees. a. cR 178" eo" 188" [son 3e" 266° 146" 86156" Ls 32H Page 2 of 10{i) Complete table given on page 8 and calculate the mean collimation correction (4) {i) Calculate the correction that should be applied to a horizontal CL reading of 245°45'37” and V=87°32'40" 2] Question 2. (20 mark) a) b) vi) A distance of 6m is measured using a 2m subtense bar. If sigma for the angle measurement is 5”, what is sigma of the distance measured? (assume ‘p'= 206265) (2) The table below shows known distances between points making up a baseline as well as distances measured between these known points using a Leica TRC 407 total station Beacon | Chainage Bay | Measured (ry Distance 2 “0,000 (m} b 150.958 ab | 150.955 c 294.932 ac | 294.931 [501.049 ‘ad | 501.050 [oc [143.972 bd | 350.091 [ed [206.115 Complete the table given on page 8 and determine the correction required to be applied to each of the measured bay 4] Use c three peg test and given values to calculate the zero correction for Leica TRC 407 total station (2 Use the diagram on page 8 fo draw a plot of measured distances and corrections computed in (i) above and fit a trend fine that goes through the zero correction you calculated in (il) above and cuts the x-axis (distance axis) at 400m using a scale of [4] Calculate the scale factor in ppm for the given Leica TRC 407 total station and subsequently formulate the equation of the trend line (4) Indicate the precision of this Leica TRC 407 total station in mm and ppm Q What would be the correct distance of 805.356m with this Leica TRC 407 total station 2] Question 3. (20 mark) A precise leveling survey was run for 1127m in order to establish a number of Bench Marks between two pre-existing Bench Marks BM4 and BM9. a}. b) Complete a Bench mark Reduction Sheet given on page 9 to determine the Reduced Level (heights) of the new Bench Marks (9) Determine the order of accuracy obtained for this levelling survey given accuracy limits below. 2 “Page 3 of 10Amax ove | zero ORDER s3mmve_ | #1.5mmvE FIRST ORDER sammie | #2mmvk | SECOND ORDER £8mmyk | 44mmvk THIRD ORDER £24mmvé | £12mmve FOURTH ORDER +£120mmyk | +61mmvk ¢]. The height of a building under construction wos measured between two floors using a ievel fitted with a 1cm-range paraiiel piate, onto invar staffs and a suspended steel tape obtaining the readings given on figure 2. If the elevation of the bottom floor at stave A is 103,281m: Readings i) Use the booking and reduction form given Tape Stave A: 1.5047m. ‘on page 10 to determine the height Tope 8: 0.7878m difference between the two floors and the Tape C: 83.9132 elevation of the top floor (D) [5] Saye Ol eaen il) Calculate the true height difference and elevation of the top floor if the gf. ~ measurements were done at a temperature of 25 °C and the steel tape i A (coefficient of thermal expansion: 13 ppm/C’) wos calibrated at a standard Figure 2 iemperature of 20°C. 3] Question 4. (20 mark) {a) Figure 3 show a precise level network between five centreline beacons of a proposed power station. The values on the line connecting points indicate the height difference between the respective points while the arrows indicate the direction of levelling, The circuit misclosures in mm and calculated by adding the height differences in a clockwise direction are written next to the curved arrows inside the level circuits. Use the rule-of-thumb method to calculate the adjusted (final) height differences between points and subsequently the elevation (height) of each of the points C, N, Sand W given the elevation of point E as 205.45ém. (use table given on page 10). [5] © 205.456m Figures (b) The height difference between two points, Skm apart, was found to be 165.456m. Determine the true height difference between the two points given 'k=0.13’and the earth radius as 6367000m [2] Page 4 of 10(c} Collimators are among the various instruments available for alignment purposes i) Differentiate between a collimator and an autocollimator?: 3 ii) Explain why it is not necessary to set up a telescope exactly on the collimation line defined by the collimator crosshairs when aligning instruments using a collimator [2] iil) How can you adapt an ordinary total station to function as a collimator? rey (d) What is a pre-analysis adjustment and what is its importance in precise engineering suvey? 2 (e} Explain what you understand by each of the following network adjustment constraining method i} Pinned adjustment 0) ii) BesHit adjustment ii ii) Adjustment constrained by standard deviation ti] iv) What is a minimally constrained network and under what situation is it mostly recommended tl Question 5. (20 mark) a) What four considerations should you make when using GNSS instruments for control establishment [4] b) Figure 4 below shows relative accuracies between GNSS and total station measurements at varying distance. Using this figure, answer the following: 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Length) Figure 4 i) What range of distances would you recommend the use of GNSS over Totalstation? O ii) Atwhat distances would you recommend the use of totalstation over GNSS [1] Suggest the best way of using GNSS and Totalstation in establishing control for precise engineering surveying work fi ¢) Use of GNSS in precision engineering calls for a particular observation and processing approach. For each of the following indicate i) Minimum number of independent baselines to be observed from each occupied beacon tl ii] Minimum static observation time at each of the beacons occupied a Page Sof 10ii) Maximum ‘position dilution of precision’ (pdop) at each session 0 iv) Type of ephemeris 0) d) The difference between actual distances measured on site and that obtainable from GNSS coordinates on a projected coordinate system may not correspond. Suggest for each of the following how you would avoid the above stated problem : i) Noscale enlargement in il) No sea-level correction 3] e) Points A and B with coordinates [YA, XA) = (261.733, 3305309.742) and (YB, XB) = (2564,818, 3305247.344) are obtainable from GNSS measurements based on Gauss Conform using WGS 84 ellipsoid with a mean earth radius of 6367000m. Determine the site length of line AB if h =145.678m. (4) f] How would you minimise or eliminate the effect of multi-path on GNSS observations Oo Question 6. (20 mark) (a) When the measurements from epoch 2 of a survey are made a best-fit onto the final co-ordinates from epoch |, the working plan given in figure 5 is obtained, showing reference and object points with 95% confidence ellipses superimposed on the co- ordinate corrections, © Show © Off ane Figure 5 (i) State two approaches you may use fo distinguish between reference and object points in a network [2] (il) Which point in figure 5 would you suspect to be an object point and why i (i) How would you confirm that the point you suspected to be an object point in the first run is indeed an object point in the second run? 2] liv) Once you have decided between the points to use as reference and object, what different methods would you choose from to establish deformation (4) Page 6 of 10(b] Examine the summary ouiput in figure 6 from an adjustment and it to answer the following questions: ie bs. unit veight= 792 agrees of freedom= 145 erage dirn corn/s.e.= 0.36 iggest dima corn/s.e.= 1.89 ich tau= 1.48 erage distance corn/s.e.= 0.99 iggest distance corn/s.e.= 4.04 eh taus 1.06 "alculation complete jog file is c:\netoutput.txt Figure 6 (i) Were the observations in better agreement than expected from the 6 priori (pre- assigned) precisions, or worse? Justify your answer? (2) (i) Are the directions given appropriate weights relative to measured distances? If nol, how would you improve their relative weighting in the next run? (2) (ii) What evidence is there of any possible blunder and if there is, should it be looked for amongst the direction or distance residuals? (2) (c) Suppose you combine the measurements from two epochs. When you treat a point D as an object point you get a standard deviation of an observation of unit weight to be 1,107 with degrees of freedom 45. When you treat it as a reference point the s.d. of an observation of unit weight is 1,423 with degrees of freedom 43, At the 95% level of probability can you reject the hypothesis that D has not moved? [4] 95% Points of the F distribution Numerator Degrees of Freedom * 45 50. 60 70 80 100 120 150 300 1000 . 35 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.65 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.58 1.57 35 40 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.52 40 50 1.61 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.47 1.45 50 60 1.57 1.56 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.42 1.40 60 70 1.55 1.53 1.50 1.49 1.47 3.45 1.44 1.42 1.39 1.36 70 * "45 50-60 =-70:~=S«80-«100.«20.—«s1s0. 300-000 END OF EXAM ***###"#*##9"#9**GOOD LUCK Page 7 of 10Question Ie) i Student No... Target cL CR Mean Colimation correction ~ | Known Measured Correction: Distance (m) | Distance Given- measured (im) —{mm)_ ob | ac | _ ad | Heed . bd cdf Question 2(b) ii 0.008 0.004 0.003 E E oo % 0.00: gee 300 200 300 200 500 600 0.001 0.002 Distance (m) Page 8 of 100159 6 Beg 7 6a 1y8'69 09er0'9- S8SP0'9+ 6WS - py vr SLvEz'S- O9S€z's+ veer ere - Sesr'l+ Zelsp'l- eyNe-zrwe cya OLzez'e- S198Z'e+ ZyWa- LYE 7 byw OSLLL'b- OEZLE y+ Lyd — PINE ~Wa| LS0'%S fT - wou] onwa | M7] wow Toy | ween | gia | premysea | piemioy | uonseeans wa WIZE) (Senoulo}p)) SoUEIsI area ‘ejduiexg ON [Ao] 4L33SHS NOILONGIY WYVW HONG "ON USPS (o}¢ uoysenoSHUENE NO..scsscssssseeseesseseet Question 3{¢) i BM BS (ae Rise Elevation A Bic) | D Question 4(a} From| To | Obs. Height Diff. Com _| Final Height Diff. | 3.1773 1,0425 -2.3745, 0.8762 1.2571 3.4185 74.6734 2.1333 n__| Height 205.4560 =\ololz|m |e zlouls|s|ololz AZ| |o|z Im fn fem Page 10 of 10