https://studylib.net/doc/10323777/scientific-management-approach-behavioral-approach-to-man...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs

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**Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper
"A Theory of Human Motivation" in the journal Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended
the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity.

The theory is often depicted as a pyramid with the most basic needs at the bottom and the most
complex needs at the top. The five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are:

1. **Physiological needs:** These are the basic needs that are essential for survival, such as food, water,
shelter, sleep, and clothing.

2. **Safety needs:** These needs are related to security and protection from harm, such as physical
safety, emotional safety, financial security, and health security.

3. **Love and belonging needs:** These needs are related to feeling loved, accepted, and connected to
others, such as having close relationships, family, and friends.

4. **Esteem needs:** These needs are related to feeling respected, valued, and competent, such as
having status, recognition, and achievement.

5. **Self-actualization needs:** These needs are related to reaching one's full potential and living a
meaningful life.

Maslow believed that people are motivated to fulfill their needs in a hierarchical order, and that once
one level of needs is met, the next level of needs becomes more important. However, it is important to
note that this hierarchy is not rigid, and people can move back and forth between levels depending on
their circumstances.
For example, if a person is experiencing a job loss, they may become more focused on their safety needs
than on their esteem needs. Similarly, a person who is sick may become more focused on their
physiological needs than on their self-actualization needs.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a useful tool for understanding human motivation and behavior. It can be
applied to a variety of settings, such as the workplace, education, and relationships.

**Additional details**

One important detail about Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that the lower levels of the hierarchy must
be met before the higher levels can be satisfied. This means that people who are struggling to meet
their basic needs, such as food and shelter, are unlikely to be motivated to pursue higher-level needs,
such as self-actualization.

Another important detail is that Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not a linear progression. People can
move back and forth between levels depending on their circumstances. For example, a person who has
achieved a high level of self-actualization may become more focused on their safety needs if they
experience a traumatic event.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a useful tool for understanding human motivation and behavior, but it is
important to remember that it is just a general model. Everyone is different, and people may have
different needs and priorities.

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https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mead/

**Mead's Social Self**

George Herbert Mead's theory of the social self is based on the premise that the self develops through
social interaction. Mead argued that we learn to see ourselves through the eyes of others, and that this
process of role-taking is essential for self-development.
Mead identified two key aspects of the social self: the "I" and the "me." The "I" is the spontaneous,
creative aspect of the self. It is the part of us that is unpredictable and impulsive. The "me" is the social
aspect of the self. It is the part of us that is made up of the roles and expectations that we have
internalized from others.

Mead argued that the "I" and the "me" are constantly in conflict. The "I" wants to be free to express
itself, while the "me" wants to conform to social norms. This conflict is what drives self-development.

Mead also proposed a three-stage process of role-taking that explains how the social self develops:

1. **The language stage:** During this stage, children learn to use language to communicate with
others. This allows them to take the perspective of others and see themselves from the outside.

2. **The play stage:** During this stage, children play games in which they take on different roles. This
helps them to develop a better understanding of the different roles and expectations that exist in
society.

3. **The game stage:** During this stage, children play games with complex rules that require them to
coordinate their actions with others. This helps them to develop a more sophisticated understanding of
social roles and expectations.

Mead's theory of the social self has been influential in a variety of fields, including psychology, sociology,
and education. It has helped us to understand how we develop our sense of self and how we interact
with others in society.

**Additional details**

One important detail about Mead's theory of the social self is that it emphasizes the role of language in
self-development. Mead argued that language allows us to take the perspective of others and see
ourselves from the outside. This is essential for developing a sense of self.
Another important detail is that Mead's theory is dynamic. He argued that the social self is constantly
changing as we interact with others in new and different situations. This means that our sense of self is
never fixed, but is always evolving.

Mead's theory of the social self is a valuable tool for understanding how we develop our sense of self
and how we interact with others in society. It is a reminder that we are not isolated individuals, but are
social creatures who are shaped by our interactions with others.

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https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html

**Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory**

Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is a theory of human development that emphasizes the role of social
interaction and culture in learning. Vygotsky believed that children learn through collaborative dialogues
with more knowledgeable members of society, such as parents, teachers, and peers. He also believed
that culture provides children with tools and resources that they can use to learn and develop.

One of the key concepts in Vygotsky's theory is the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the
difference between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a
more knowledgeable other. Vygotsky believed that the best way to help children learn is to provide
them with tasks that are challenging but achievable. This allows them to stretch their cognitive abilities
and develop new skills.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory has been influential in a variety of fields, including education,
psychology, and sociology. It has helped us to understand how children learn and develop, and how to
create learning environments that are supportive and effective.

**Link:**
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html

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**Karen Horney's Theory of Neurotic Trends**

Horney's theory of neurotic trends is a personality theory that explains how people cope with basic
anxiety. Basic anxiety is a feeling of helplessness and isolation that can develop in childhood as a result
of adverse environmental factors, such as inconsistent parenting, neglect, or abuse.

To cope with basic anxiety, people develop neurotic trends, which are rigid and inflexible patterns of
behavior and thought. These trends can be categorized into three main types:

* **Moving towards people:** People with this trend seek love, approval, and acceptance from others.
They may be overly compliant, self-effacing, and afraid of conflict.

* **Moving against people:** People with this trend strive to be powerful and independent. They may
be aggressive, competitive, and critical of others.

* **Moving away from people:** People with this trend seek to avoid intimacy and closeness with
others. They may be detached, isolated, and indifferent to others' opinions.

Horney believed that neurotic trends are not always negative. In some cases, they can help people to
cope with difficult situations. However, when neurotic trends become too rigid and inflexible, they can
interfere with healthy relationships and personal growth.

Here are some examples of how neurotic trends might manifest in different people:

* A person with a compliant trend might always agree with others, even when they disagree, in order to
avoid conflict.
* A person with an aggressive trend might be very competitive and critical of others, and may have
difficulty maintaining close relationships.

* A person with a detached trend might avoid social interaction and intimacy altogether.

It is important to note that people do not always fit neatly into one of these three categories. It is also
possible to have a combination of neurotic trends.

**Link to further information:**

* Karen Horney's Theory of Neurotic Trends: https://www.verywellmind.com/horneys-list-of-neurotic-

needs-2795949

Horney's theory of neurotic trends has been influential in the field of psychology, and it continues to be
used by clinicians to help people understand and overcome their problems.