SUMMER TRAINING/INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

MATLAB Master Class: Go from Beginner to Expert in MATLAB

Submitted in partial fulfilment of
The requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

Submitted by

Student Name: Pankaj Pratap

Roll No: 2107370200029

EE 3rd Year

Department of Electrical Engineering

RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AMBEDKAR NAGAR

Session 2023-2024
 DECLARATION

Pankaj Pratap hereby declare that I have undertaken four weeks Summer Training/Internship on the

topic MATLAB Master Class: Go from Beginner to Expert in MATLAB from date 29/09/2023 to

27/10/2023 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Electrical Engineering at Rajkiya Engineering College Ambedkar Nagar. The work which

is being presented in the training report submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya

Engineering College Ambedkar Nagar is an authentic record of training work.

Signature of Student

(Student Name, Roll No)

(Pankaj Pratap, 2107370200029)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this industrial training. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to
extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
A Special thanks to Electrical Engineering department for giving me the opportunity to
pursue my training in the institute.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons for giving us
such attention and time.

PANKAJ PRATAP

(2107370200029)

CONTENTS
 S. No Content Page No.
1 Brief history of C 5
2 Data types in C 6
3 Operations in C 9
4 Types of Loop 11
5 C-Functions 12
6 Pointers
7 File Handling in C 14
8 OOP-Introduction 16
9 Constructor and 18
Destructor

10 Inheritance 23
11 Polymorphism 26
12 Exception Handling in 29
C++

13 Templates in C++ 30
14 File Handling in C++ 31

Brief History of C Programming Language

C is a general-purpose programming language which features economy of

expression, modern control flow and data structures, and a rich set of operators. C
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 is not a "very high level" language, nor a "big" one, and is not specialized to any
particular area of application. But its absence of restrictions and its generality make
it more convenient and effective for many tasks than supposedly more powerful
languages.
The history of C programming language is quite interesting. C was originally
designed for and implemented on the UNIX operating system on the DEC PDP-ll,
by Dennis Ritchie. C is the result of a development process that started with an
older language called BCPL. BCPL was developed by Martin Richards, and it
influenced a language called B, which was invented by Ken Thompson. B led to the
development of C in the 1970s.
For many years, the de facto standard for C was the version supplied with the UNIX
operating system. In the summer of 1983 a committee was established to create an
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard that would define the C
language. The standardization process took six years (much longer than anyone
reasonably expected).
The ANSI C standard was finally adopted in December 1989
Constants and Variables in C language
:Constant

 As the name suggests the name constants is given to such variables or values in C programming
language which cannot be modified once they are defined. They are fixed values in a program.
There can be any types of constants like integer, float, octal, hexadecimal, character constants
etc. Every constant has some range. The integers that are too big to fit into an int will be taken
as a long. Now there are various ranges that differ from unsigned to signed bits. Under the
signed bit, the range of an int varies from -128 to +127 and under the unsigned bit, int varies
from 0 to 255.

Variables in c
In programming, a variable is a container (storage area) to hold data.

To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name (identifier). Variable names
are just the symbolic representation of a memory location

Data types in C Language

 Data types specify how we enter data into our programs and what type of data we enter. C language has some
predefined set of data types to handle various kinds of data that we can use in our program. These
datatypes have different storage capacities. C language supports 2 different type of data types:

1. Primary data types:

These are fundamental data types in C namely integer(int), floating point(float), character(char)
and void.

2. Derived data types:

Derived data types are nothing but primary datatypes but a little twisted or grouped together
like array, stucture, union and pointer. These are discussed in details later.
Data type determines the type of data a variable will hold. If a variable x is declared as int. it means x
can hold only integer values. Every variable which is used in the program must be declared as what
data-type it is.

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Integer type:
 Integers are used to store whole numbers.

Size and range of Integer type on 16-bit machine:

Type Size(bytes) Range

int or signed int 2 -32,768 to 32767

unsigned int 2 0 to 65535

short int or signed short int 1 -128 to 127

unsigned short int 1 0 to 255

long int or signed long int 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295

Floating point type:

Floating types are used to store real numbers.
Size and range of Integer type on 16-bit machine

Type Size(bytes) Range

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Float 4 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38

Double 8 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308

long double 10 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932

Character type:
Character types are used to store characters value.
Size and range of Integer type on 16-bit machine

Type Size(bytes) Range

char or signed char 1 -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 0 to 255

void type:
void type means no value. This is usually used to specify the type of functions which returns nothing. We will get
acquainted to this datatype as we start learning more advanced topics in C language, like functions, pointers etc.

C Programming Operators

 C Arithmetic Operators

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 An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc on
numerical values (constants and variables).

 C Increment and Decrement Operators

C programming has two operators increment ++ and decrement -- to change the value of an operand (constant or variable)
by 1.
Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases the value by 1. These two operators are unary
operators, meaning they only operate on a single operand.

 C Assignment Operators
An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most common assignment operator is =

 C Relational Operators
A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is
false, it returns value 0.

 C Logical Operators
An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether expression results true or false.
Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in C programming.

Operator Meaning Example

If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c==5) && (d>5)) equals

&& Logical AND. True only if all operands are true
to 0.

||
Logical OR. True only if either one operand is
If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression ((c==5) || (d>5)) equals to 1.
true

! Logical NOT. True only if the operand is 0

C Bitwise Operators
During computation, mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc are converted to
bit-level which makes processing faster and saves power.

Bitwise operators are used in C programming to perform bit-level operations.

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 Operators Meaning of operators

& Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise exclusive OR

~ Bitwise complement

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

TYPES OF LOOP CONTROL STATEMENTS IN C:

There are 3 types of loop control statements in C language. They are,

1. for
2. while
3. do-while
Syntax for each C loop control statements are given in below table with description.

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 Loop Name Syntax

for (exp1; exp2; expr3)

{ statements; }Where, exp1 – variable
initialization ( Example: i=0, j=2, k=3 )
exp2 – condition checking ( Example:
i>5, j<3, k=3 ) exp3 –
increment/decrement
( Example: ++i, j–, ++k ) For

while (condition) { statements; }where,

condition might be a>5, i<10 While

do { statements; } while
(condition);where, condition might be
a>5, i<10
do while

ARRAY-
Arrays a kind of data structure that can store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array
is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the
same type.
Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you declare one array variable
such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables. A specific
element in an array is accessed by an index.
All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest
address to the last element.

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C - Functions

A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at
least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define
additional functions.
You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code
among different functions is up to you, but logically the division is such that each
function performs a specific task.
A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and
parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function.
The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call.
For example, strcat

What are Pointers?

A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e.,
direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must

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declare a pointer before using it to store any variable address. The general
form of a pointer variable declaration is − type *var-name;
Here, type is the pointer's base type; it must be a valid C data type and var-
name is the name of the pointer variable. The asterisk * used to declare a
pointer is the same asterisk used for multiplication. However, in this statement
the asterisk is being used to designate a variable as a pointer. Take a look at
some of the valid pointer declarations −

int *ip; /* pointer to an integer */ double

*dp; /* pointer to a double */ float *fp;
/* pointer to a float */ char *ch /* pointer
to a character */
The actual data type of the value of all pointers, whether integer, float,
character, or otherwise, is the same, a long hexadecimal number that represents
a memory address. The only difference between pointers of different data types
is the data type of the variable or constant that the pointer points to.

() to concatenate two strings, memcpy() to copy one memory location to another location, and many more functions.
A function can also be referred as a method or a sub-routine or a procedure, etc.

Basics of File Handling in C

So far the operations using C program are done on a prompt / terminal which is not stored anywhere.
But in the software industry, most of the programs are written to store the information fetched from the

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program. One such way is to store the fetched information in a file. Different operations that can be
performed on a file are:
1. Creation of a new file (fopen with attributes as “a” or “a+” or “w” or “w++”)
2. Opening an existing file (fopen)
3. Reading from file (fscanf or fgetc)
4. Writing to a file (fprintf or fputs)
5. Moving to a specific location in a file (fseek, rewind)
6. Closing a file (fclose)
7. FILE *filePointer;
8. So, the file can be opened as
9. filePointer = fopen(“fileName.txt”, “w”) opening a file

FILE * filePointer;
filePointer = fopen(“fileName.txt”, “r”);
fscanf(filePointer, "%s %s %s %d", str1, str2, str3, &year);

writing a file

FILE *filePointer ;
filePointer = fopen(“fileName.txt”, “w”); fprintf(filePointer, "%s %s %s %d", "We", "are",
"in", 2012);

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16
17
What is OOPS?

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Object Oriented Programming is a programming concept that works on the principle that objects are the
most important part of your program. It allows users create the objects that they want and then create
methods to handle those objects. Manipulating these objects to get results is the goal of Object Oriented
Programming.

Object Oriented Programming popularly known as OOP, is used in a modern programming language like
Java

1) Class

2) Object
3) Inheritance
4) Polymorphism
5) Encapsulation 1) Class
The class is a group of similar entities. It is only an logical component and not the physical entity.
For example, if you had a class called “Expensive Cars” it could have objects like Mercedes,
BMW, Toyota, etc. Its properties(data) can be price or speed of these cars.
While the methods may be performed with these cars are driving, reverse, braking etc.

2) Object

An object can be defined as an instance of a class, and there can be multiple instances of a class in a
program. An Object contains both the data and the function, which operates on the data. For example -
chair, bike, marker, pen, table, car, etc.

3) Inheritance

Inheritance is an OOPS concept in which one object acquires the properties and behaviors of the
parent object. It’s creating a parent-child relationship between two classes. It offers robust and natural
mechanism for organizing and structure of any software.

4) Polymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the ability of a variable, object or function to take on multiple forms. For
example, in English, the verb run has a different meaning if you use it with a laptop, a foot race, and
business. Here, we understand the meaning of run based on the other words used along with it.The same
also applied to Polymorphism.

5) Encapsulation

Encapsulation is an OOP technique of wrapping the data and code. In this OOPS concept, the variables
of a class are always hidden from other classes. It can only be accessed using the methods of their current
class. For example - in school, a student cannot exist without a class.
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Constructors and Destructors in C++
Constructors are special class functions which performs initialization of every object. The Compiler calls the
Constructor whenever an object is created. Constructors initialize values to object members after storage is allocated to
the object.
Whereas, Destructor on the other hand is used to destroy the class object.
While defining a contructor you must remeber that the name of constructor will be same as the name of the class, and
contructors will never have a return type.
Constructors can be defined either inside the class definition or outside class definition using class name and scope
resolution :: operator.

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 Types of Constructors in C++
Constructors are of three types:

1. Default Constructor
2. Parametrized Constructor
3. Copy COnstructor Default Constructors
Default constructor is the constructor which doesn't take any argument. It has no parameter.

Syntax:

class_name(parameter1, parameter2, ...)

{ // constructor Definition }

Parameterized Constructors
These are the constructors with parameter. Using this Constructor you can provide different values to
data members of different objects, by passing the appropriate values as argument.

Copy Constructors
These are special type of Constructors which takes an object as argument, and is used to copy values
of data members of one object into other object. We will study copy constructors in detail later.

Destructors in C++
Destructor is a special class function which destroys the object as soon as the scope of object ends.
The destructor is called automatically by the compiler when the object goes out of scope. Destructor
will not have any argument.
The syntax for destructor is same as that for the constructor, the class name is used for the name of
destructor, with a tilde ~ sign as prefix to it.

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class A
{ public:
// defining destructor for class
~A() {
// statement
}
}

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23
24
C++ Inheritance

In C++, inheritance is a process in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of its parent object automatically. In such
way, you can reuse, extend or modify the attributes and behaviors which are defined in other class.

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 In C++, the class which inherits the members of another class is called derived class and the class whose members are inherited is called
base class. The derived class is the specialized class for the base class.

Advantage of C++ Inheritance

Code reusability: Now you can reuse the members of your parent class. So, there is no need to define the member again. So, less code is
required in the class.

Types of Inheritance
C++ supports five types of inheritance:

o Single inheritance o Multiple inheritance o Hierarchical inheritance o

Multilevel inheritance

o Hybrid inheritance

C++ Single Inheritance

Single inheritance is defined as the inheritance in which a derived class is inherited from the only one base class.

Where 'A' is the base class, and 'B' is the derived class.

C++ Multilevel Inheritance

Multilevel inheritance is a process of deriving a class from another derived class.

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C++ Multiple Inheritance
Multiple inheritance is the process of deriving a new class that inherits the attributes from two or more classes.

C++ Hybrid Inheritance

Hybrid inheritance is a combination of more than one type of inheritance.

C++ Hierarchical Inheritance

Hierarchical inheritance is defined as the process of deriving more than one class from a base class.

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 Polymorphism in C++

The word polymorphism means having many forms. Typically, polymorphism occurs when there is a hierarchy of
classes and they are related by inheritance.
C++ polymorphism means that a call to a member function will cause a different function to be executed depending
on the type of object that invokes the function.

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29
Virtual Function
A virtual function is a function in a base class that is declared using the keyword virtual. Defining in a base class a
virtual function, with another version in a derived class, signals to the compiler that we don't want static linkage for
this function.
What we do want is the selection of the function to be called at any given point in the program to be based on the kind
of object for which it is called. This sort of operation is referred to as dynamic linkage, or late binding.

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Pure Virtual Functions
It is possible that you want to include a virtual function in a base class so that it may be redefined in a derived class to
suit the objects of that class, but that there is no meaningful definition you could give for the function in the base
class.

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One of the advantages of C++ over C is Exception Handling. Exceptions are run-time anomalies or
abnormal conditions that a program encounters during its execution. There are two types of
exceptions: a) Synchronous, b) Asynchronous(Ex:which are beyond the program’s control, Disc
failure etc.). C++ provides following specialized keywords for this purpose.
try: represents a block of code that can throw an exception. catch: represents a block of code that
is executed when a particular exception is thrown. throw: Used to throw an exception. Also used
to list the exceptions that a function throws, but doesn’t handle itself.

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- - Templates in C++
A template is a simple and yet very powerful tool in C++. The simple idea is to pass data type as a parameter so that we
don’t need to write the same code for different data types. For example, a software company may need sort() for
different data types. Rather than writing and maintaining the multiple codes, we can write one sort() and pass data type
as a parameter.
C++ adds two new keywords to support templates: ‘template’ and ‘typename’. The second keyword can always be
replaced by keyword ‘class’. How templates work?
Templates are expanded at compiler time. This is like macros. The difference is, compiler does type checking before
template expansion. The idea is simple, source code contains only function/class, but compiled code may contain
multiple copies of same function/class.

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File Handling through C++ Classes

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 In C++, files are mainly dealt by using three classes fstream, ifstream, ofstream available in fstream
header file. ofstream: Stream class to write on files ifstream: Stream class to read from files fstream:
Stream class to both read and write from/to files.
Now the first step to open the particular file for read or write operation. We can open file by 1.
passing file name in constructor at the time of object creation 2.
using the open method For
e.g.
Open File by using constructor
ifstream (const char* filename, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
ifstream fin(filename, openmode) by default openmode = ios::in ifstream
fin(“filename”);

Open File by using open method

Calling of default constructor ifstream
fin;
fin.open(filename, openmode)
fin.open(“filename”);

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END OF REPORT

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