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    10 views8 pages

    Study of Scenario of Fire Case To Exposed To Equipments 1639745508

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    WillyOroscoMariscal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Safety Size Depressurization and Relief Devices for Pressurized Segments Exposed to Fire Piping and equipment must withstand fires without rupturing. This can be accomplished by properly designing relief and depressurization systems and using passive fire protection, when needed. Per SALATER, ‘Sverne J. OVERAA AND ELISABETH KJENSJORD, Norsk HyDRO ASA his article presents the minimum require- ‘ments for performing proper depressuriza- tion and fire-relief calculations together with a procedure for sizing depressuriza- tion and relief systems for pressurized systems exposed to fire, An engineering approach for modeling geomet- rically complex process segments is detailed. This ap- proach excludes the necessity of describing the total segment geometry in detail. A fire model is described with its required input parameters, The parameters will vary for different fire characteristics. Mi um requirements for calculations ‘Several simulation tools are available for sizing de- pressurization orifices and relief valves. Most lack the necessary physical modeling required. The list below summarizes the minimum requirements for the design of depressurization and relief devices for pressurized systems exposed to fire: * rigorous thermodynamics (multicomponent fluid ‘model and use of equation of state) * fire modeling (emissivites, absorptivity, tempers ture, convection, inital flux, duration and size) + segment (vessel, pipe) material properties, ie. ten- sile (rupture) strength, heat capacity, conductivity al are temperature-dependent + heat-transfer coefficients (boiling, radiation, vection and conduction) ‘+ mass transfer between the fluid phases (boiling and condensation) * fluid flow, ée,, flow-regime calculations (laminar for turbulent) that are input into heat-transfer and pres- sure-drop calculations ‘+ modeling of the process-segment geometry (sys fem volume, system outer and inner wall areas, weight, wall thickness, liquid and gas volumes) + insulation (thickness and conductivity) + stress or strain, depending upon the rupture criteria used, to which all pipes and equipment are exposed. “on The fire ‘Modeling of fires for engineering purposes requires simplifications compared to the more thorough turbu- lent-combustion models used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Nonetheless, large-scale tests (3) have verified that an engineering approach 10 fire mod: cling gives wall- and fluid-temperature profiles that are close to measured ones when choosing the appropriate input parameters for Eq. 1 Before proceeding with the fire model, some termi- nology needs to be defined: A global fire is a large fire that engulfs the entire or a significant part of the process segment, A local ‘This aici extracted fom he Norsk Hyco Best Pate on Depression a ie fee theDetg and Preton of Presue Syste to Watad Severe Fe” oe ‘sued st) and te Norwegin unde, “Guts fr Peto of Peseed Sy Jfire exposes a small (local) area of the process seg. ‘ment to the fire peak heat-flux. A jet fire is an ignited release of pressurized, flammable fluids. A pool fire 38 vmcopmansenecry —Septenber 2002 CEP is the combustion of flammable or com- bustible fluids spilled and retained on a surface. The ventilation. and fuel-con trolled fires are related to the stoichiomet- ric ratio of air-to-fuel (Figure 1). Figure | is general for both jet and a pool fire; the difference being a higher flux for the jet fire. Fora pool fre, the API fire (4) isillus- trated as the lower, dashed line to the right. [Note that in the equation API RP 521 uses, in- creasing the area reduces the Mlux. The dashed lines represent the average heat flux. Howev- cr, when studying the total volume of a fire, any point on the continuous curve will be found. A ventilaioa-controlled fire is to the left of the peak heat-flux in Figure 1 at a stoi- chiometry of < 1, The fuel-controlled fire is to the right, Le, the stoichiomety is > 1 The fire equation “The heat flux absorbed by a segment from a fie, Qc (eWimn?), can be modeled as: escort * ®(Csogmen® freT re ~ EsegmensT seemen)* 18x (Tyos ~ Termes) @ ‘The absorbed heat flux will be reduced with increasing segment temperature, and a steady-state segment tempera ture will be reached when the heat influx ftom the fire ‘equals the heat outfiux from the segment ‘The view factor, which is not included in Eq. 1, is a sealing factor for the radiative terms, The view factor is = 4.0.Trequals 1.0 when the segments that absorb radiation “see” nothing bat an optical, thick flame. Calculation of view factors is difficult and a conservative assumption in- volves use of a view factor of 1.0, which results in Eq. 1 ‘The incident heat flux is calculated bY SettiNg ane = 1.0 and disregarding the segment emissivity term, The “initial incident heat flux” from a fire is calculated by SettiN Geymey = 1.0 and Teegnen €Gua 10 the Normal operating tem- perature (of the cold segment) (rpsctene \ entiation controled Open tuel-controieg ool fre 1 Figure 1, The heat fx roma fre andi relation to he stlchiometic rt, and more soot attaches to the surface. For more on absorp- tivity and emissivity, see Ref. 5. By combining the suggested highest or lowest typical val- tues into the fire equation, the heat Muses toward a cold seg: ‘ment are found (Table 4 (6)). Typical heat fluxes measured in large-scale jet fire and pool-fire tests are within the maximum and minimum values in Table 4. Norsok (7) recommends ‘sing the initial incident heat fluxes as specified in Table 5, Sizing procedures The fire-elef and depressurization calculations determine + sizeof the relief valves and depressurization orifices + requirements for passive fie protection (PFP) + size ofthe pipes downstream from the relief and de- pressurization valves (if any) ‘Venilation-corsrlled poo ire] Fuel-contrlied poo re Laster 06-075 05-075 06-075 | a7-09 | Tore Input to the fire equation are combined to achieve the required ini ‘al heat fluxes. Tables 1, 2 and 3 suggest values to be used. The segment absorptivi- ty and emissivity in Eq. 1 are normally equal and depend upon the nature of the ( Type ot Fire erin eftoed pole 060-1050 “The diferent terms in the fre equation | Fuetsontotd poo re 1960-1000 1,960-1,150 Tore surface. Typical values are 0.7-0.9. A value of about 0.8 is typical for oxidized surfaces. The value will change as more ‘entlaion-contoled pool tre | 1,050-1.125 | Equal 10 Tre 20-00 | Fuelcontalled pool fre 11000-11050 | Equal 10 Tive 20-90, Jet fre 908-1,150 | Equalto Tre | 100-150 39 at ‘Type of Fire Global etre 6 cal jt fire 367 Global fue-controtled pot te 138 {Local fuel-contoles poo! fre 137 Global vetlation-contoles poo fre 158, {Local vntiation controled poo! re 228 sri | ‘Absorbed Flux, | Absorbed Flux, 2 wim? 121 308 8 187 37 160 83 127 65 124 im 92 101 145, 5 2 { 208 105 + optimum location of the system's sectionalization valves, + minimum desiga temperature for eo the flare system (if any) and for the | ¥P* pressurized segment (atest point iy ‘The minimum design temperature may influence the materials selection of the system under evaluation. The design usu- | ‘uerewntotce Poot fir, enclosed area, ventlation-contalles Poo fre (crude), open or enclosed area, a0 KWine yo0KWim? | 150 KWim? 200 KW? | ally begins By considering carbon stel or Stainless tela the material of construc. CH tion, However, temperature calculations may result in the need to sea diferent grade of scl, for xample, replacing @ normal carbon stel with one suited for low eempeatures Depressurization-orifice-sizing procedure Prior to running depressurization calculations the fol- lowing must be established: * the fire scenarios (jt fire, pool fre, local fire, global fire, etc.; define the inital heat ux, the duration and the size (extent) of the fire(s) * the criteria for unacceptable rupture, which are usually fone or more of the ipture pressures, the released ‘Rammable/toxi fluid at rupture, and the time to rupture * the time from the start of a fire until depressuriza tion i initiated ® the physical properties — ultimate tensile strength (UTS), heat capacity and thermal conductivity — at elevat- ced temperatures (up to 800-1,000°C) for the materials of ‘construction used in the depressurization segments ® the depressurization segment geometry (8)stem vol ume, wall area, weight, et.) Once the above data are assembled, follow the itera- tive procedure in Figure 2. The goal of this depressuriza- tion design isto limit the use of passive fire protection (PFP) by depressurizing as fast as possible, while re- maining within the discharge capacity of the flare sys- tem, PFP should be avoided due to the risk of the conse quences of undetected corrosion under insulation, and the additional installation and maintenance costs i cured by PFP systems. ‘When designing a new plant, itis not recommended to consider using the entire flare-system capacity inthe eal- 40 woncepmagacneorg September 2002 CEP 7250 Wim culations. This is to allow for future tie-ins and expected Project growth, However, by increasing the design ca- pacity of flare system, less PFP will usually be required. ‘Although a local fire has a higher heat flux than a global fire, the global fire normally exposes the pressur- ized segnrent to the largest flux of heat energy, due to the larger area encompassed by a global fire. Hence, the global-fire parameters determine the rupture pressure. On the other hand, the local fire has the highest heat flux, 50. its parameters determine the rupture temperature of the process segment. Valves and flanges are not accounted for in che procedure. Also, it does not consider the mitigating effects of active fire protection (such as a deluge). The sizing criteria are set 10 avoid an unaceeptable rupture that could escalate the fire. ‘Step 1: Perform an initial estimate of the size of all de- el Nomenclature = convection hea-ransfer coeficient of sdllame in cotact ‘with segment, Win? K ns = abso eat Hx fom the fie, Wi? Tre = ame temperature, K Troy =temperatue of anifame in contact with sepment, Tees =SeBheet temperature (time-dependent), K Greek leer: Game =SEERen! absorptivity, dimensionless ja = flame emissivity, dimensionless Crgmen =SeBMent emissivity, dimensionless Stefan: Boltzmann coastant = 5.67 x 10* Wim K* Saas =logtainal sess, ME Snap =boop stress, MPs vas = eabivalent Suess (Von Mises), MPa quired information prior to lowdown feral Deserotion of the ve soenaros (ype o fre, ation, heat foes, siz) / ~ Blowdown section geometry (systam volume are, weight, ee.) * Uimate tensile strength at eevted temperature of raters in the blowdown section Manual or automat lowdown, re, ime delay for stat ot / epressuzation / += Ausatange itera for rupture / Reduce the size ofthe ots, ‘Slap 1 Estimate the sizeof al orifices and calutate the pressur pal and fare rates fo all segments. Use the fre with the largest heat Iinpt (kW), Ho PFP in his inital eration | 1 T Incase ot | /nccaptanco err: + Pipe rupture Equipment Released fa at rupture = Tima to rupture /* Norpture | any ofthe “ORs | No] Si Baia wines towiom ae] ' Seay re fcr nao eon ' Stop 2 ‘Add insolation Calculate require rocess segment pressure 1 profil, Use the ire with he largest heat input (KW). Tin: De Several calculations with varying amounts of fi aaceetaeene | eee ‘Step 3 Calais the walt-emperatare pote al pipes ad equipment. ‘Use the local re withthe highest heat x (Win?) —— _ ie on treats pts ram Slop 3a alate are pesae Compare wt the pressure rote om (scan et pressure uplre pressure ‘erate otc eamotr i avaible ‘capacity ine are system, of reduce system | temperature} at the lowdown selon andthe Hare sytem all pie. 1 Figure 2 Follow his sng procedure emperatare (low-temperature design a CEP Sectanter 2002 wawreapmagazneorg | Dei wi opment tte int a Safety pressurization orifices, using the capacity of the flare sys- tem in the calculations. A recommended first estimate is an orifice diameter that takes the pressure below the “unaccept able” ruprure pressure within the typical time to rupture, The initial pressure should be the highest normal operating pres- sure or an equalization pressure (setle-out pressure) for a compression segment. A global fire should be used. The typi- cal tme-to-rupture can be set at that interval it takes to each a 600-800°C wall-temperature, depending upon the wall thick- ness. A value of 5-10 min is typical fora dry wall exposed to a medium-heat-iux jt-ie, with no depressutization, One way of improving the safety ofthe plant is increase the rate of depressurization, asthe hazardous aspects of the segment increase. The tate! blowdown rate can be kept un changed by increasing the depressurization times of the less hazardous segments. A segment containing large amounts of light liquids (e.g., condensate or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)), those that will result in boiling-lig- uid expanding-vapor explosions (BLEVEs) are regarded as 4 particularly hazardous section. In any case, there may be limitations on maximum pressure gradients for items such as compressors or gaskets. Step 2: Add insulation, if required, and simulate the pressure profile during depressurization when expos- ing the segment to the global fire. For the first iteration only, omit this step and go to Step 3. global fire will add heat to the fire-exposed area without PFP. The initial pres: sure in this calculation should be equal to the tihest nor- ‘mal operating or settle-out pressure. Credit for insulation should be given only for PFP. Piping and equipment with insulation used for purposes other than for PFP should be regarded as uninsulated. ‘Unrealistic backpressure in the flare system may result in a too-rapid simulated depressurization. The orifice back- pressure should be based on the time-dependent sitmultan ous depressurization rates. If a depressurization segment is 100% fire-insulated, then the integrity of the insulation and supports usually de- termines the maximum allowable depressurization time, which is typically 30-60 min. Account for the integrity of the insulation by extending the depressurization time for a 100% fire-insulated section. The reduced depressurization rate for this section is used to allow for the increase of the Tate from a most-hazardous depressurization-section. A duced depressurization rate may increase the fire duration, if leak inthis section is the source ofthe fire Step 3: Simulate the temperature profile for all piping and equipment in the depressurization seg- ment when exposed to the local peak-heat flux. A jet fire is normally used in these calculations, but the local load for a pool fire should be used if the segment will not be exposed to a jet fire. “All piping” means all pipes with different diameters, pressure classes and/or mater al qualities. The temperature profile for one particular pipe usually is rather insensitive to pressure changes Septenbe 2002 CEP 42 wmncepenagenre.cig within a segment, ie., the temperature profiles from the first iteration can be kept throughout the whole iteration procedure. A final update of the temperature profiles must be performed prior to the last iteration. Step 4: Calculate whether or not rupture occurs. De- termine the stress or strain that all pipes and equipment are exposed to for the temperatures and pressures seen during, the depressurization (Calculated in Steps 1 or 2, and Step 3) and determine whether the segment will rupture. ‘Two failure (rupture) criteria are often used: the maximum stress or maximum strain (% elongation). The maximum stress criterion is usually the UTS. Rupture strain is a matter of definition. Strain calculations require finite-element mod. cling of the system, which is usually not performed during this step-wise method. Such calculations should be per- formed for verification purposes during the final design. The suggested approach is to calculate the stress from the internal pressure and add extra stress (margins) when calculating the longitudinal stress. The stresses of importance for a pipe are the hoop stress caused by in- ternal pressure, and the longitudinal stress. The longitu- inal stress is the sum of axial stresses due to pressure: the weight of the pipe, valves, fittings, branch pipes, etc; stress due to reaction forces exerted on the pipe by pressure; and stress due to thermal elongation of the pipe. The equivalent stress (von Mises) is the stress to be compared with the temperature-dependent UTS to determine whether rupture occurs. The hoop stress, joopr iS equal to: Pressure x Outer dia, a Shoe “2 x Wall thickness ‘The longitudinal stress, ©,,,,, is given by: Ong = M2Gpogp +X @) ‘The equivalent stress is given by: $F Ona? = Chop X Caria Oy The term x in Eq. 3 represents all stress except for that set up by the pressure. A piping engineer should be con- sulted when determining the value of x. Itis recommended that the UTS by reduced by 20% or more, depending on the reliability of the UTS data. The 20% is a safety margin. Reduce the wall thickness by ac counting forthe mill tolerance, It must be assumed thatthe lower mill tolerance is delivered. Reduce the strength by including the weld factor. Again, a piping engineer should be consulted. Step 5: Check the rupture pressure against the ac- ceptance eriteria. If all piping and equipment in the de- fi - dese / ‘eat Hoes, sine) mater inthe ree! section + Aczepance citer for rupture a Pie rupture pressure Equipment upture pressure / 1 Ralesed farmable fue J atrapture = Time to rupture enone / 1 Figure 3 Sizing procedure tr te-reit vales i sir to that for oes pressurization segment meet the acceptance criteria, then the fire insulation is completed, Go to Step 7 for low-ten perature calculation, otherwise go to Step 6 and add in in- sulation. Afternatively, go back 10 Step I and increase the size of the orifice or increase the fare system capacity. ‘Step 6: Decide which piping/equipment to fire-insu- late. If any run of piping or piece of equipment does not ‘meet the acceptance eriteria, then add PFP to one or more Of these components. It is recommended to ada PFP 10 the corrosion-resistant pipe with the largest diameter, But, if there are pipes that are already insulated for reasons ‘other than PEP, these should be fire-insulated first. ‘The reasons for choosing the pipe with the largest i- forces and pressure waves when it ruptures, and it will re- ‘quire the largest amount of insulation per length, Large pipes are also cheaper to paint and insulate (per unit area) than smaller ones, The reason for insulating the corro- sion-resistant pipes flrst is to avoid insulation on metals that corrode more easily. When partially insulating pipes, itis preferable to add the covering on an area where the possibility of a fire is largest and where inspection of the insulation and pipe can be performed easily. Step 7: Calculate the design low-temperature fimita- tion of the depressurization segment (this is known as the minimum design-temperature calculation) and in // Required intormation prior to rlit-

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