CHAPTER 10 putea euaTONS || 10,6 Linear Equations A first-order linear differential equation is one that can be put into the form a & + Plxly = Qa) where P and Q are continuous functions on a given interval. This type of equation occurs frequently in various sciences, as we will see. An example of a linear equation is xy’ + y = 2x because, for x # 0, it can be writen in the form Notice that this differential equation is not separable because it’s impossible to factor the expression for y’ as a function of x times a function of y. But we can still solve the equa- tion by noticing, by the Product Rule, that ay ty = Gy)" and so we can rewrite the equation as, (yy = 2x If we now integrate both sides of this equation, we get weet or If we had been given the differential equation in the form of Equation 2, we would have had to take the preliminary step of multiplying each side of the equation by x. It turns out that every first-order linear differential equation can be solved in a similar fashion by multiplying both sides of Equation 1 by a suitable function (x) called an integrating factor. We try to find I so thatthe left side of Equation 1, when multiplied by I(x), becomes the derivative of the product /(x)y Hayy! + Play) = Udy)" If we can find such a function /, then Equation I becomes Uy’ = 1) 00) Integrating both sides, we would have Te)y = f 1)QW) ax + C s0 the solution would be if; : ya) = Te li IQ) QQ) dx + e|SECTION 10.6 LEAR EOUATIONS «669 To find such an f, we expand Equation 3 and cancel terms: TG)y’ + HOIPEa)y = UGe)p)’ = Fy + IGdy" 1) PCa) w ‘This isa separable differential equation for J, which we solve as follows: a Pl) de 7 injd| = | Padde Tm Ae! tee ‘where A = +e". We are looking tor a particular integrating factor, not the most goneral one, so we take A= Land use B Ha) “Thus, a formula for the general solution to Equation 1 is provided by Equation 4, where 7 is given by Equation 5, Instead of memorizing this formula, however, we just remember the form of the integrating factor. | To solve the linear differential equation y’ + Plx)y = Q(x). multiply both sides by | | the integrating factor 14x) = ¢!"°* and integrate both sides. aan sone weiner euioe +9 = 6! SOLUTION The given equation is tinear since it has the fortn of Equation 1 with P(x) = 30° and Qlx) = 6x7. An integrating factor is Hx) = oF = ‘Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by e*", we get fit Fue shows th raps of several mom. fre fami of sluts in Eran 1 Fou hatha al aproah 2 a.x => 2 or ley) = ore" Integrating both sides, we have yn | 6x7e" de = 20 + C HOUREY y70) quart FERENTIAL EQUATIONS I Te soutien of bi ate gobi i Example 2 shown in Figut 2. 5 FHGURE? I ven thugh te sation ofthe arent ‘enuatin i ample 3 are exresadin ters of anata, hy ean til be raped by a com ua algebra sta Figur 3. 25 FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE 2. Find the solution of the initial-value problem xrytayst x>0 ya? SOLUTION We must first divide both sides by the coefficient of y’ to put the differential ‘equation into standard form: ‘The integrating factor is Ha) = eftoae wn gen y ‘Multiplication of Equation 6 by x gives 1 1 witysy oor =a Then yo fieemesc + and so yo ete Since y(1) = 2, we have nis Loe ‘Therefore, the solution to the initial-value problem is Inx+2 EXAMPLE 3 Solve y" + 2xy SOUUTION ‘The given equation is in the standard form for a linear equation. Multiplying by the integrating factor we get ‘Therefore Recall from Section 8.5 that fe" dx can’t be expressed in terms of elementary functions, Nonetheless, it's a perfectly good function and we can leave the answer as| 0) L [| I The erential equation in Example is wh irra separable, so an atmative ‘etd is to soe it asa Saparable equation teen in Soction 103 we reac the ‘ary by 2 generat, Bawever, we get ten ta rear but ot separable xa 5) SECTION 10.6 UNEAR EQUATIONS © 671 Another way of writing the solution is yoe® [Leta ce (Any number can be chosen for the lower limit of integration.) a I In Section 10.2 we considered the simple electric circuit shown in Figure 4: An electro- motive force (usually 2 battery or generator) produces a voltage of E(t) volts (V) and a cur- rent of I) amperes (A) at time f. The circuit also contains a resistor with a resistance of R ohms (Q) and an inductor with an inductance of L henties (H) ‘Ohm's Law gives the drop in voltage due to the resistor as RI. The voltage drop due to the inductor is L(di/di). One of Kirchhofl’s laws says thatthe sum of the voltage drops is equal to the supplied voltage (). Thus, we have Application to Electric Circuits al a Lat RI Bo) which isa first-order linear differential equation. The solution gives the current fat time t. EXAMPLE 4 Suppose that in the simple circuit of Figure 4 the resistance is 12 0 and the inductance is 4 H. If a battery gives a constant voltage of 60 V and the switch is closed when 1 = 0 so the current starts with 1(0) ~ 0, find (a) 1() (b) the current after I s, and. (©) the limiting value of the current. sowuTioN (a) If'we put L = 4, R = 12, and £(2) = 60 in Equation 7, we obtain the initial-value problem a2 ii-0 0) =0 z (0) = 0 a or Saar Tuas 10) Multiplying by the integrating factor e!°# =e”, we get dls 63 e os 3e1= 156" G, 307= 15 a (e1) = 1Se* genni eM m [ tSe%ar = Se" +c I) =5 + Ce Since 1(0) = 0, we have $ + C= 0,50 = —5 and Ko) = 51 =e)672) CHAPTER 10 oven eaUTONS IN Fue siows how the curentinxample 4 (b) After 1 second the current is sepraaces its limiting vale 6 ° Figure 5 IL Figo shows the rap ofthe euront hon the try i rplco ty 2 generat, 2 FIGURE 6 110.6 Exercises 1-4 Determine whether the differential equation is liner. 5-14 1 Solve the differential equation, iy +2y= 26 Roa! = 27 xy ty= Ve Wt say=a' a n+ ey M1) = 5(1 ~ €°) = 4.75.8 im (1 ~ e-*) © sim 1) =5-Slime™ =5-0 EXAMPLE 5. Suppose that the resistance and inductance remain as in Example 4 bat, instead of the battery, we use a generator that produces a variable voltage of (0) = 60 sin 301 volts. Find 1() SOLUTION ‘This time the differential equation becomes a a 49, + 1U= 60sin30r or > + 3 = 1S sin 30r ‘The same integrating factor e™ gives dan a 4 ey aor s 301 = 150 si ae) 30° = 15e" sin 301 Using Formula 98 in the Table of Integrals, we have y= { ise wis 2 - eX J 15e™sin 30¢ dr = 15-55 (Bsin 30 ~ 30.608 308) + C T= jai(sin 301 ~ 10. cos 301) + Ce" Since H0) = 0, we get ~m+C=0 {sin 301 — 10.cos 301) + fre™ me 4 . - 12 Bm ssin2e+ yun, ~a/2 0, y(4) = 20 BE oly tx'sinx, y(n) = 0 oy Me eT MRO x>0 ‘21-22 m Solve the differential equation and use a graphing eal= ‘cultor or computer to graph several members ofthe family of Soltions. How does the solution curve change as C varies? Dexy' tye xcosn x20 2.’ + (cos x)y = c0s x 28, A Bernoulli differential equation (named ufter James Bernoulli) is ofthe form ay " F + Ply = oly Observe that, ifn = 0 oF 1, the Bernoulli equation is linear For other values of n, show that the substitution w= y"™ tans= forms the Bemoull equation into the linear equation au Te + (1 = mPCaw = = nota) 14-26 ws Use the method of Exercise 23 to solve the differential ‘equation. ae y a2 y= Way’ t y= nay? thy ty=ay" 11. In the circuit shown in Figure 4, a batery supplies a constant voltage of 0 V, the inductance is 2 H, the resistance is 10 0, and (0) = 0. (a) Find 1(0, (©) Find the current after 0.1. 24, tn the cireut shown in Figure 4, a generator supplies a voltage of Els) = 40 sin 607 volts, the inductance is IH, the resistance is 200, and 1(0) = 1A (a) Find 1(0, (b) Find the current after 0.1 (6) Use a graphing device to draw the graph ofthe current function, 18. The figure shows a circuit containing an electromotive force, «capacitor witha capacitance of C farads (F), and a resistor with a resistance of R ohms (2). The voltage drop across the © SEO 10.46 uRERcaUATONS 672 capacitor is Q/C, where Qs the charge (in coulomb), 0 in this case Kirch's Law gives 2 I+ = BU But / = dQ/at (see Example 3 in Section 3.4), so we have dio Rot eon ew Suppose the resistance is 5, the capacitance is 0.05 F, a battery gives a constant voltge of 60 Y, and the initial charge is Q(0) = OC. Find the charge and the curtent at time . Inthe circuit of Exercise 29, R = 22, C = 001 F, OO) = 0, and Ely) = 10sin 601 Find the charge and the current at time 1 ‘Ej Let P(x) be the performance level of someone learning a skill a function of the taining time 1. The graph of P is called a earning curve. In Exercise 13 in Section 10.1 we proposed the dliffeential equation ap. 5 = HLM ~ PCO) as a reasonable model for learning, where kis a positive constant, Solve it asa linear differential equation and use your solution to graph the learning curve. 432, Two new workers were hired for an assembly line. Jim processed 25 units during the first hour and 45 units during the second hour. Mark processed 35 units during the frst hour and 50 units the second hour: Using the model of Exercise 31 and assuming that P(O) = 0, estimate the maximum number of ‘units per hour that each worker is capable of processing. (3B! In Section 10.3 we looked at mixing problems in which the volume of Ruid remained constant and saw that such problems ive rise to separable equations. (‘See Example 6 in that section.) If the rates of flow into and out ofthe system ae i ferent then the volume is not constant and the resulting difer- ‘ential equation is linear but not separable. ‘A tank contains 100 L of water. solution witha salt ‘concentration of 0.4 g/L is added a arate of $ L/min, The solution is Kept mixed and is drained from the tank at arate ‘of 3 L/min. I (1) i the amount of salt in kilograms) after ‘minutes, show that y satisfies the differential equation ay dt __y 100 +28 ‘Solve this equation and find the concentration after 20 minutes. A tank with a capacity of 400 L is full ofa mixtuce of water and chlorine with a concentration of 0.05 g of chlorine pe lier In order to reduce the concentration of chlorine, fresh water is amped into the tank at arate of 4 L/S. The mixture is kepton 3. ‘cuaereR 10 urea eauanons stired and is pumped out ata rate of 10 Ls. Find the amount Of chlorine inthe tank as a function of time stand we assume ‘An object with mass m is dropped from that the ai resistance is proportional tothe speed of the object. If s(t) isthe distnce dropped after 1 seconds, then the speed is = #@) and the acceleration isa = v(). 1g isthe acceleration due to gravity, then the downward force on the object is img ~ cv, where is a positive constant, and Newton's Second Law gives, erates mG = mg ~ co 36, (a) Solve this asa linear equation to show that v= ha ee) () What isthe tinting voy? (Find dita he ot has allen ai sod 1F we ignore air resistance, we can conclude that heavier objets fall no faster than lighter objects. Bu if we take ae resistance into account, our conclusion changes. Use the expression forthe velocity ofa fling object in Exercise 35. to find ded and show that heavier objects do fll aster than lighter onesThe basic ideas of diferential equations were explained in CChapler 10; there we concentrated on firstorder equations. In this chapter we study second-order lineor differential equations ond learn how they can be applied to solve problems concerning the vibrations of springs ond electric circuits. We will olso see how infinite series con be used to solve differential equations 18.1 Second-Osder Linear Equations A second-order linear differential equation has the form d’y d 5 Pix) Ser + Ole) + lady = Ol) where P, Q, R, and G are continuous functions, We saw in Section 10.1 that equations of this type arise in the study of the motion of a spring. In Section 18.3 we will further pur- sue this application as well as the application to electric circuits In this section we study the case where G(x) = 0, for all x, in Equation I. Such equa- tions are called homogeneous linear equations. Thus, the form of a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation is a Py FE + a0) 2 + Ry =0 If G(x) # 0 for some x, Equation | is nonhomogeneous and is discussed in Section 18.2. “Two basic facts enable us to solve homogeneous linear equations. Te first ofthese Says that if we know two solutions y: and yz of such an equation, then the linear combination y= cays + cays is also a solution | [B) Meorem IF :(x) and y;(x) are both solutions of the linear homogeneous equa- | tion (2) and cy and ce are any constants, then the function ¥(x) = cays(x) + exyala) | is also a solution of Equation 2. Prost Since y; and y; are solutions of Equation 2, we have Play! + Olay + Roly = 0 and Poy + QLIyL + Rx)yp = 0 unane ‘cuarren 18 sEco-ovoe FERENTIAL EQUATIONS Therefore, using the basic rules for differentiation, we have Plady" + Olay’ + Ry = PLaN(erys + capa)” + OLaN(eryn + eny2)" + REMErys + cay2) = POYeyt + ey!) + OL\eryt + cays) + EVE n + cava) = elPQdy + OG)yi + Ry] + colPODyE + OC)» + RODy] = c(0) + ex) = 0 ‘Thus. y = c1yi + c2y2 i a solution of Equation 2 oa The other fact we need is given by the following theorem, which is proved in more advanced courses. It says that the general solution is a linear combination of two linearly independent solutions y1 and yo. This means that neither y: nor y is a constant multiple of the other. For instance, the functions f(x) = x? and g(x) = 5x° are linearly dependent, but f(x) = e* and g(x) — xe" are linearly independent. [Hl Theorem If ys and ye are linearly independent solutions of Equation 2, and P(x) | is never 0, then the general solution is given by ¥(3) = exnls) + egal) | where cy and cz are arbitrary constants. ‘Theorem 4 is very useful because it says that if we know rwo particular linearly inde. pendent solutions, then we know every solution, In general, it is not easy to discover particular solutions to a second-order linear equa- tion. But itis always possible to do so if the coefficient functions P, Q, and are constant functions, that is, ifthe differential equation has the form a ay" + by’ ty where a, b, and ¢ are constants and a # 0. It’s not hard to think of some likely candidates for particular solutions of Equation 5 if we state the equation verbally. We are looking for a function y such that a constant times its second derivative y” plus another constant times y’ plus a third constant times y is equal to 0. We know that the exponential function y = e”* (where r is a constant) has the prop- erty that its derivative is a constant multiple of itself: y’ = re". Furthermore, y" = re”. IE we substitute these expressions into Equation 5, we see that y = e”*is a solution if are + bre + ce =0 or (ar? + br + de™=0 But eis never 0. Thus, y = eis a solution of Equation 5 if ris a r00t of the equation | atttrteno | Equation 6 is called the auxiliary equation (or characteristic equation) of the differen- tial equation ay" + by’ + cy = 0. Notice that itis an algebraic equation that is obtained from the differential equation by replacing y” by r°, y’ by r, and y by 1.in Figue ¥ the graphs of th base shaions Fla) =e and g(a) = &™ ofthe ciffoential equation ie apie 1 a shown ack and rad, eapectvaly Some o the ober sins, lest combinations of fag, are shown inthe, FIGURE T SECTION 18.1 SECOMD-OnDER UNEAR EQUATIONS FY ‘Sometimes the roots r; andr, of the auxiliary equation can be found by factoring. In other cases they are found by using the quadratic formula: SEL © bE dae > 0 In this case the roots 7, and r2 of the auxiliary equation are real and distinct, so y, =e" and y> =e" are two linearly independent solutions of Equation 5, (Note that e”* is not a ‘constant multiple of e".) Therefore, by Theorem 4, we have the following fact. Ifthe roots ry and r of the auxiliary equation ar? + br + ¢ = O are real and ual, thea the general solution of ay” + by’ + cy = Ois { yaa + eer EXAMPLE 1 Solve the equation y* + y’ ~ 6y = 0. SOLUTION ‘The auxiiary equator Pr Ga (r= Bert 3=0 ‘whose roots are r= 2, -3. Therefore, by (8) the general solution of the given differen- tial equation is ya ce* + ce ‘We could verify that this is indeed a solution by differentiating and substituting into the differemil equation. am ay, oy TraMPis 2 Solve 3-5 + Sy = 0. SOLUTION ‘To solve the auxiliary equation 37? + r ~ 1 = Owe use the quadratic formula: aitvB m6 Since the roots are real and distinct, the general solution is, = ciel B64 cgel-I-VB M6 wat SEN = B= dae = 0 In this case ry = rs; that is, the roots of the auxiliary equation are real and equal. Let's denote by r the common value of r and r:. Then, from Equations 7, we have aw ra-Z 0 tart b=0i! gure? stows haba soutons feo) = and gte) = xe in ample 3 and some ater maior of the fay of Sluis, Noe that al of them speech 0a x —> = FIGURE? ‘CHAPTER 18 SECOND Dex DIFFERENTIAL OUATIONS ‘We know that y; = eis one solution of Equation 5. We now verify that y2 = xe"*is also a solution: ay + bys + cys = are” + rxe") + He + rxe") + cxe”™ = Qar + Ble” + (ar? + br + else” = Ofc") + O(xe”) = 0 ‘The first term is 0 by Equations 9; the second term is 0 because r is a root of the auxiliary ‘eguation. Since yy = e” and yz = xe" are linearly independent solutions, Theorem 4 pro- vides us with the general solution. - - . - | BB tr te avxitiary equation ar? + br + ¢ = O has only one real root r, then the ' | ‘general solution of ay” + by’ + cy = Ois ym ce + ere SAMPLE 3. Solve the equation 4)" + I2y' + 9y = 0. SOLUTION The auxiliary equation 4r? + 12r + 9 = O can be factored as Ort 3Fm0 so the only rot is r =~}. By (10) the general solution is ym ce? + cgae SF wise USE > b? ~ dac <0 Inthis case the rots rand ro the auxiliary equation are complex numbers. (See Appen- dix G for information about complex numbers.) We can write neat n=a-ip where a and B are real numbers. [In fact, a = ~b/(2a), B= using Euler’s equation 4(20),) Then, ec = cos 6 + isin ® from Appendix G, we write the solution of the differential equation as. ym Chem Coe m Ciel + Ce = Cie (cos Bx + isin Bx) + Cre(cos Bx ~ isin Bx) = e™[(C, + Ca) cos Bx + (C\ ~ C2) sin Br) = er(e,00s Bx + e:sin Bx) = C, + Gc: = WC, — C). This gives all solutions (real or complex) ofthe dif ferential equation. The solutions are real when the constants ey and ¢, are real. We sum- rmarize the discussion as follows.28 que shows he ope othe cl tans Bagl §.3) =e cos Band 4) = sn, gtr wh sare inet {aninatons. i ealten appaach 0 3 Holy FIGURE 3 {Figur 4 shows he graph of he soliton of ‘he inlvaie poblem in Bsample 5. Compare with gue 1 20 ical ro I : 2 HiGURE 4 SHCTION 18.1 secon DER LEAR EQUATIONS 1181 liary equation ar* + br + ¢ = O are the complex num- bers r1 = a + iB, r: = a ~ iB, then the general solution of ay" + by’ + cy is = eM"(c,008 Bx + asi Bx) EXAMPHE 4 Solve the equation »’ — 6y’ + 13y = 0. SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r? — 6r + 1 roots are 0. By the quadeatie formula, the 62 VB _ 6» V=16 2 occa 32% By (11) the general solution of the differential equation is (ey c0s 2x + cosin 2x) a jj _Anitiat-Vatue and Boundary-Yalue Probl ‘An initial-value problem for the second-order Equation 1 or 2 consists of finding a solu- ‘ion y of the differential equation that also satisfies initial conditions of the form yl) yaa) ‘where yp andy; are given constants. IfP, Q, R, and G are continuous on an interval and P(x) % 0 there, then a theorem found in more advanced books guarantees the existence and uniqueness of a solution to this initial-value problem, Examples 5 and 6 illustrate the technique for solving such a problem EXAMPLE 5 Solve the initial-value problem yty—6y=0 — y=1 X= SOLUTION From Example 1 we know that the general solution of the differential equa- tion is 3) = ce + ee Differentiating this solution, we get (a) = 2eye* ~ Bere ‘To satisfy the initial conditions we require that @ Oa te=t i (0) = 2e, = 3p =0 From (13) we have cs = je1 and so (12) gives atia=l a=} an} ‘Thus, the required solution of the initial-value problem is, yojet eles =1082 HH CHAPTER 18 secoND-okoex owFeRorL EaUATONS 1 Tho suton to Example is raped in Figue 5. appears tobe a sited sine curve and, nde, you can very that another way of wring the soon yo VEBsinle + $) where tan d= 3 5 HiouRE 5 I Fque 6 shows th graph ofthe solution ot ‘the boundery-alue problem in Example 7. 5 = FiouRE 6 EXAMPLE 6 Solve the initial-value problem yrty=0 y= yO) = SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r? + 1 = 0, or r? = —1, whose roots are +i, Thus @ = 0, 8 = |, and since e™ = 1, the general solution is, 36) = 1608.0 + cgsin.x Since y'(@) = ersinx + cre0s x the initial conditions become 0) yO ‘Therefore, the solution of the initial-value problem is (x) = 2e08.x + 3 sin x sien ‘A boundary-value problem for Equation | consists of finding a solution y of the dif ferential equation that also satisfies boundary conditions ofthe form yx) =o ya) In contrast with the situation for initial-value problems, a boundary-value problem does not always have a solution EXAMPLE 7_Solve the boundary-value problem ytaty=0 — yO—t yas SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is PRL O of (r+ =0 whose only root is r = —1. Therefore, the general solution is, yla) = ce + exe ‘The boundary conditions are satisfied if y(0) = 1 = yl) = ce? + exe ‘The first condition gives ¢, = 1, so the second condition becomes. 14 et 3 Solving this equation for c; by first multiplying through by e, we get ltq=3e 80 @e3e-t ‘Thus, the solution of the boundary-value problem is “+ Be = xe esSECTION 18.2 wowMowoceweous UNEAR EQUATIONS.) 1183 Summary: Solutions of ay” + by’ +e = 0 Roots of ar? + br + e= 1, rereal and a — 1-13 i Solve the differential equation. Ly" = 6y' +ay=0 ay Ry’ + by +41y=0 ay" Sy ay +y=0 bay 5y" Tay"+y B. I6y" + 24y’ + 9y Shaya y 10, 99" #4 #y_ 44 ey a me fa ea ae ar us ae oy TO dy dy oS 4-16 #1 Graph the two basic solutions ofthe differential equation and several other solutions, What features do the solutions have in 642 yoo 1 oe + ly =0 ay 1 f+ sy=0 17-24 1 Solve the initial-value problem, dy" + Sy 4 3y— 0, yO) 3, y(Om 4 By" . ¥O=1, yO=3 W. dy" = 49 Fy =O, YO— 1, Om -15 18.2 Honhomogeneous Linear Equations { Ul 20. 2)" + 5y' = 3y=0, YO= 1, YO = ME y+ 16y= 0, y(w/A) = 3, yCn/4) 2. y= 2y' + 5y=0, ya) =O, via) = ® y+ 2y' + 2y=0 y(O=2, yO=1 Wy’ + Dy += 0, =O, Y= 4 25-32 i Solve the boundary-valve problem, if possible. Ay +y=0, YO=3, y= —4 By +2¥=0, MOI, yt 2. ¥'~3y +2y=0, WO=1, =O 2. y" + 100y =O, y10) = 2, y(n) = 5 19, y" — 6 + 25y=0, y(0) BE y"— 6" H9y—0, (=I, 31 y+ ay’ + By =0, y= 2, 32. 9y" = 18y" + Oy = 0, y= wa) y=0 y(n /2) = 1 yea) = 1 38, Let L be a nonzero real number. (@) Show thatthe boundary-value problem (0) = 0, »(Z) = O has only the ti the cases A = Oand A< 0, () For the case A > 0, find the values of A for whic this prob- Jem has a nontrivial solution and give the corresponding solution, tay solution y 0, O for 34, Ifa, b, and c are all positive constants and (x) isa sotution of the differential equation ay" + by’ + cy = 0, show that Jim, y(x) = 0. Inthis section we learn how to solve second-order nonhomogeneous linear differential equa- tions with constant coefficients, that , equations of the form ay" + by’ + cy = Gla)‘CHAPTER 18 EcOND-OkR FERENTIAL UATONS where a, b, and c are constants and G is a continuous function. The related homogeneous equation a ay" + by’ Hey =0 is called the complementary equation and plays an important role in the solution of the original nonhomogeneous equation (1). {3} Theorem The general solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation (1) can be written as ya) = ya) + 60) where y, is a particular solution of Equation | and y. is the general solution of the complementary Equation 2. Proof All we have to do is verify that ify is any solution of Equation 1, then y — yp is a solution of the complementary Equation 2. Indeed ay ~ yp)" + bly ~ yp)! + ely = ays + by’ ~ by, + eye = (ay" + by! + 69) ~ (ays + dys + ey») = gla) ~ gia) = 0 as We know from Section 18.1 how to solve the complementary equation, (Recall that the solution is yz = c1y + cays, Where y, and y2 are linearly independent solutions of Equa- tion 2.) Therefore, Theorem 3 says that we know the general solution of the nonhomoge- neous equation as soon as we know a particular solution y,. There are two methods for finding a particular solution: The method of undetermined coefficients is straightforward but works only for a restricted class of functions G. The method of variation of parameters ‘works for every funetion G but is usually more difficult to apply in practice. |ll| Te Method of Undetermined coefficients We first illustrate the method of undetermined coefficients for th ay" + by! + ey = Gl) where G(x) is a polynomial. It is reasonable to guess that there is @ particular solution 4p that is a polynomial of the same degree as G because if y is a polynomial, then 4a)" + by’ + cyisalsoa polynomial. We therefore substitute (x) = a polynomial (ofthe same degree as G) into the differential equation and determine the coefficients. EXAMPLE 1 Solve the equation y" + SOLUTION ‘The auxiliary equation of y" + y' — 2y = Ois Per-2=(r— Yr t+ D=0 with roots r = 1, ~2. So the solution of the complementary equation is, cet teeSECTION 18.2 NOAHOWOGENEOUS LEAR EQUATIONS 1) 1185 Since G(x) = x? is a polynomial of degree 2, we seek a particular solution of the form, pla) = AX? + Bx + © ‘Then yj = 2Ax + B and yf = 2A so, substituting into the given differential equation, we have (2A) + (Ax + B) ~ (Ax? + Bx + C) or -2Ax? + (2A — 2B)x + QA +B 2C) =x Polynomials are equal when their coefficients are equal. Thus I Fgue 1 shows four slats oth deen tial equation in rangle in ws of tho pare 24 iar sluton yan the functions f(2) =e 1 24-28=0 = 244+B-2C=0 andgl) = The solution of this system of equations is Ann} B=-3 A particular solution is therefore gla) = He? — et and, by Theorem 3, the general solution is FIGURE 1 yoyet ya aet + ee — If G(x) (the right side of Equation 1) is of the form Ce", where C and & are constants, then we take as a trial solution a function of the same form, y,(x) = Ae", because the derivatives of e* are constant multiples of e*. EXAMPLE 2 Solve y" + 4y =e, SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is 7? + IW gu 2 shows solutions of the tre! ; caurioninbanpleZintems of andthe ComPlementary equat fetins f(2) = os 2x and g(x) = sin 2. Notice that al sltions approach asx — co anal sors resanble se furesons when x ‘some, For a particular solution we try y,(x) = Ae. Then yj = 34e* and yj’ = 9Ae™. Substi- a tuting into the differential equation, we have O with roots +2, so the solution of the yea) = 01608 2x + cxsin De 9Ae™ + 4(Ae") = € so 13de™ = e™ and A = jj. Thus, a particular solution is 2 ee _ ya) = he SF and the general solution is Fioure 2 y(n) = 01008 2x + eysin 2x + } ™ If G(x) is either Ccos kx or Csin kx, then, because of the rules for differentiating the sine and cosine functions, we take as a trial particular solution a function of the form yola) = Acos kx + B sin kx1186 CHAPTER 18 stconD-otoet ove aUaTONS EXAMPLE 3 Solve y" + y' ~ 2y = sin x, SOLUTION We try a particular solution (3) = Acos x + Bsin Then ypmAsing + Beosx y= —Acos.x— Bsinx so substitution inthe differential equation gives (~A.cos x ~ Bsin.x) + (Asin. x + Beos x) ~ 2(A cos x + Bsin.x) = or (-34 + B)cos.x + (-A ~ 38) sin x = sin x This is tre if ~34+B=0 and ‘The solution of this system is so a particular solution is Yola) = p08 x ~ jp sinx Jn Example 1 we determined that the solution of the complementary equation is eye" + exe. Thus, the general solution of the given equation is (a) = ere" + exe" — f(cos x + 3sin x) satus If G(x) is a product of functions of the preceding types, then we take the trial solu- tion to be a product of functions of the same type. For instance, in solving the differential equation + 2y! + ay = xeos 3x we would try yea) = (Ax + B)cos 3x + (Cx + D)sin 3x If G(s) isa sum of functions ofthese types. we use the easily verified principle of super- position, which says that if y,, and yp, are solutions of ay" + by’ + cy = Gila) ay" + by’ + cy = Gla) respectively, then y,, + y>, 18 a solution of ay" + by’ + cy = Gila) + Gla) EXAMPLE 4 Solve y" — dy = xe" + cos 2x, SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r? — 4 plementary equation is y.(x) = c1e* + exe with roots =2, so the solution of the com- *. For the equation y” ~ 4y = xe" we try Yok) = (Ax + Ble.W In Fre 3 we show the particular soluion yy — 9p + i, ft dif equatio in Example The eter solutions are given in trms £0) FIGURE 3 and g(a) =e apt dite sete) ttn SECTION 18.2 HoNHowoGeNEOUS LEAR EQUATIONS 1187 ‘Then yj, = (Ax +A + Be’, yp, = (Ax + 24 + Be’, so substitution in the equation gives (Ax + 2A + Bet ~ 4(Ax + Ble = xe" or (-3Ax + 2A ~ 3B)e* = xe* ‘Thus, “34 = Land 2A ~ 38 = 0,50 = 5, B= —},and yn) = (—3x For the equation y” 4y = 00s 2x, we try nls) = Coos 2x + Dsin 2 Substitution gives ~4C cos 2x ~ 4D sin 2x ~ 4(Ceos 2x + Dsin 2x) = cos 2x or =8C cos 2x — 8D sin 2x = cos 2x ‘Therefore, ~8C = 1, -8D = 0, and yul2) = —f 008 2x By the superposition principle, the general solution is ye + py + Ypy = Ce + cre — (fx + Fe" — feos 2x Finally we note thatthe recommended trial solution y, sometimes turns outro be @ solu- tion of the complementary equation and therefore can't be a solution of the nonhomoze- neous equation, In such cases we multiply the recommended trial solution by x (or by x? if necessary) so that no term in y4(x) isa solution of the complementary equation, EXAMPLE 5 Solve y” + y = sin x SOLUTION The auxiliary equation is r? + 1 = 0 with roots :t, so the solution of the com- plementary equation is ya) = 1008 x + epsin x Ordinarily, we would use the trial solution yea) = Acos x + Bsin x but we observe that it is @ solution of the complementary equation, so instead we try ypla) = Axcos x + Bxsin x Then sila) = Aeon x ~ Axsinx + Bsinx + Bxcos x ila) = -2A sin.x ~ Arcos x + 2Beos x — Brsin.x1008 CHAPTER 18 ScoNo.ORDER DF ERETAL EaUATONS IL Te apts of fox slurs of te dtfren- Substitution in the differential equation gives ‘ial equation in ample ae shown in Figur YE yp = ~2Asin x + 2c08 = sin x soA =~}, B= 0,and vole) ‘The general solution is (a) = econ x + exsin x ~ feos x a FIGURE 4 oe) ‘We summarize the method of undetermined coefficients as follows: 1. If Gfx) = eP(x), where P is a polynomial of degree n, then try y,(2) = e* Q(x). ‘where Q(2) is an nh-degree polynomial (whose coefficients are determined by substituting in the differential equation.) 2. If G(x) = eP(x) cos mx or G(x) = e**P(x) sin mx, where P is an nth-degree polynomial, then try ol) = eOL4) cos mx + e!R() sin mx where Q and R are nth-degree polynomials ‘Modification: If any term of y, isa solution of the complementary equation, multiply yp by x (or by x? if necessary). EXAMPLE 6 Determine the form of the trial solution for the differential equation yt =4y' + By =e cos 3x. SOLUIIOK Here G(x) has the form of part 2 of the summary, where & = 2, m = 3, and P(x) = 1. So, at first glance, the form of the trial solution would be ola) = eA cos 3x + B sin 3x) But the auxiliary equation is r? — 4r + 13 = 0, with roots r = 2 + 34, so the solution of the complementary equation is ya) = €(c; cos 3x + ez sin 3x) This means that we have to multiply the suggested trial solution by x. So, instead, we use ypla) = xe™(A cos 3x ++ B sin 3x) we Pavameters. [ll the Netto Suppose we have already solved the homogeneous equation ay" + by’ + cy = Oand writ- ten the solution as, wi va) = exila) + ex) where yy and yp are linearly independent solutions. Let's replace the constants (or parameSECTION 18.2 NowouDGeNEOUS LENE EQUATIONS 9) 1189 ters) cj and cy in Equation 4 by arbitrary functions 1n(x) and uslx). We look for a particu- Jar Solution of the nonhomogeneous equation ay” + by’ ++ ey = G(x) of the form B pls) = ant) ya) + whe)ysha) (This method is called variation of parameters because we have varied the parameters and c; to make them functions.) Differentiating Equation 5, we get @ Ye = (wigs + whys) + (uryi + wnyi) Since 1 and us are arbitrary functions, we can impose two conditions on them. One con- ition is that y, isa solution of the differential equation; we can choose the other condition 50 as to simplify our calculations. In view of the expression in Equation 6, let's impose the ‘condition that wi uly + ays = 0 ‘Then = uit + adyt + mt + aay Substituting in the differentiat equation, we get aluiyi + wiyd + my? + uays) + bluyl + ways) + eluiye + mays) = (lay! + byi + cys) + wslayl + bys + eps) + alusys + bys) = G But y; and yz are solutions ofthe complementary equation, so at + by Fey 0 and — ay + bys +o =O and Equation 8 simplifies to a Equations 7 and 9 form a system of two equations in the unknown functions uj and 1. Afier solving this system we may be able to integrate to find u; and w: and then the par- ticular solution is given by Equation 5. EKAIIPLE 7 Solve the equation y" + y = tan 0 0 for 0 (overdamping) In this case r; and rs are distinet real roots and race + ce Since c, m, and k are all positive, we have Ye? — 4mk < c, so the roots r; and r2 given by Equations 4 must both be negative. This shows that x—> 0 as 1». Typical graphs of x as a function of ¢ are shown in Figure 4, Notice that oscillations do not occur. (It’s pos- sible for the mass to pass through the equilibrium position once, but only once.) This is because c? > 4mk means that there is a strong damping force (high-viscosity oil or grease) compared with a weak spring or small mass. SEN» e? ~ mk = 0 (critical damping) This case corresponds to equal roots and the solution is given by x= (6) + ee" Is similar to Case I, and typical graphs resemble those in Figure 4 (see Exercise 12), but the damping is just sufficient to suppress vibrations. Any decrease in the viscosity of the fluid leads to the vibrations of the following case. StI e2 ~ 4mk < 0 (underdamping) Here the roots are complex: where ‘The solution is given by H129K(¢, 08 wat + cx sin wt) We see that there are oscillations that are damped by the factor e“”®"*, Since ¢ > 0 and ‘m > 0, weave ~(c/2m) <0 soe" —> Os tc, This implies that x —» as ¢ —> 2; that is, the motion decays to O as time increases. A typical graph is shown in Figure 5.1094 CHAPTER 18 tcouD-oRDR DFERETALEUATIONS EKARIPLE 2 Suppose that the spring of Example 1 is immersed in a fluid with damping constant c = 40, Find the position of the mass at any time ¢ if it starts from the equili- brium position and is given a push to start it with an initial velocity of 0.6 m/s. SOLUTION From Example 1 the mass is m= 2 and the spring constant is k ~ 128, so the differential equation (3) becomes Bx ay dt 24% 5 0% + 1280 riche Rass @ dx + + 64r= or Get 20 + r= 0 The auxiliary equation is r? + 20r + 64 = (r+ 4)(r + 16) = 0 with roots —4 and 16, o the motion is overdamped and the solution is, nt Fig shows the rap ofthe psiton x) = ae" + oe function rte overdarped motion in xa ‘We are given that x(0) = 0, so ci + c: = 0. Differentiating, we get 0.03 2) = ~4ee* ~ 16 ce 80 2 (0) = ~4e) ~ 1c, = 0.6 Since c: = ~¢), this gives 12c, ~ 0.6 oF cy = 0.05, Therefore 05(e*# ~ 1) FIGURE 6 * {ij fasced Vibrations Suppose that, in addition to the restoring force and the damping force, the motion of the spring is affected by an external force Fl). Then Newton's Second Law gives @ = restoring foree + damping force + extemal force ax wk e+ FO) ‘Thus, instead of the homogeneous equation (3), the motion of the spring is now governed by the following nonhomogeneous differential equation: ax dx mee B thee re thea FO ‘The motion of the spring can be determined by the methods of Section 18.2.HiouRE 7 ‘SECTION 18.3 APPUCIIONS OF SECONDOHDERDFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.) 1195 A commonly occurring type of extemal force is a periodic force function FU) = Focos aot where a # o = VETm In this case, and in the absence of a damping force (c = 0), you are asked in Exercise 9 to use the method of undetermined coefficients to show that Bi If = «, then the applied frequency reinforces the natural frequency and the result is vibrations of large amplitude. This is the phenomenon of resonance (see Exercise 10). ||| Electric circuits In Sections 10.3 and 10.6 we were able to use first-order separable and linear equations to analyze electric circuits that contain a resistor and inductor (see Figure 5 on page 639 or Figure 4 on page 671) ora resistor and capacitor (see Exercise 29 on page 673). Now that wwe know how to solve second-order linear equations, we are in a position to analyze the circuit shown in Figure 7. It contains an electromotive force E (supplied by a battery or generator), a resistor R, an inductor L, and a capacitor C, in series. If the charge on the capacitor at time 1 is O = 0(0), then the current is the rate of change of Q with respect tor: = dQ/dt. As in Section 1046, itis known from physics thatthe voltage drops across the resistor, inductor, and capacitor are a @ RI dt c respectively. Kirchhoff’s voltage law says that the sum of these voltage drops is equal to the supplied voltage: a Q_ Lat RI+ B= EO Since I = dQ/at, this equation becomes which isa second-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients. If the charge Qp and the current Jp are known at time 0, then we have the initial conditions QO) = — QO) = 10) = Io and the initial-value problem can be solved by the methods of Section 18.2.1196 1 CHAPTER 18 conO-otDER FERENTIAL EaUTIONS AA differential equation for the current can be obtained by differentiating Equation 7 with respect to ¢ and remembering that = dQ/dt: EXAMPLE 3. Find the charge and current at time ¢ in the circuit of Figure 7 if R = 40, L= 1H, C= 16 X 10°F, £(@) = 100cos 101, and the initial charge and current are both 0. SOLUTION. With the given values of L, R, C, and £(1), Equation 7 becomes ao 10 a ny 0 as 1+ 2 and both cos 151 and sin 151 are bounded functions, 0.40) = sce ™(~63 008 154 — 116 sin 152) +0 ast So, for large values of 1, QU) ~ Qs) = y(21 cos 107 + 16 sin 101) and, for this reason, Q,(¢) is called the steady state solution, Figure 8 shows how the graph of the steady state solution compares with the graph of Q in this case. NOTE? — Comparing Equations 5 and 7, we sce that mathematically they are identical. ‘This suggests the analogies given in the following chart between physical situations that, at first glance, are very different. Spring system Blectric circuit x displacement o charge i dxfdi velocity T= dofds —cument m mass L inductance ¢ damping constant R resistance k spring constant ue elastance FQ) external force £0 electromotive force We can also transfer other ideas from one situation to the other. For instance, the steady state solution discussed in Note 1 makes sense in the spring system. And the phenomenon Of resonance in the spring system can be usefully carried over to electric circuits as elec tical resonance.B & 1198 3) CHAPTER Seco onoen DFFERERIL EOUATONS i) 18.3 Exercises 1. A spring with a 3-kg mass is held stretched 0.6 m beyond its natural length by a force of 20 N. If the spring bagins st its ‘equilibrium position but a push gives it an initial velocity of 1.2 as ind the postion ofthe mass after «seconds. 2. A spring witha 4-kg mass has natural length m and is muin- tained stretched toa length of |.3 m by a force of 24.3 N. If the spring is compressed to aJength of 0.8 mm and then released with zoro velocity, tind the position of the mass at any timer. 6 A spring with a mass of 2g has damping constant 14, and a Toece of 6 N is required to keep the spring stretched 0.5 ‘beyond its natural length. The spring is stretched 1 m beyood its natural length sod then released with zero velocity. Find the position ofthe mass st any time f 4. A spring with mass of 3 kg bas damping constant 30 and spring constant 123, (a) Find the postion ofthe mass atime rift starts at the quilibeimn position witha velocity of 2 m/s (b) Graph the positon fumetion ofthe m 5. For the spring in Exercise 3, find the mass that woold produce critical damping 6, For the spring in Exercise 4, find the damping constant that would produce eritieal damping. 7. A spring has a mass of | ky and its spring constant is k = 100, ‘The spring is released at point 0.1m above its equilibrium position. Graph the position function forthe fllowing valves ‘of the damping constant c: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, What type of «damping occurs in each case? 8. A spring has a mass of I kg and its damping constant is €= 10. The spring starts from its equilibrium position with a velocity of | m/s. Graph the postion function for the following values of the speing constant &: 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, What type of damping occurs in each ease’? [3% Suppose a spring has mass anand spring constant K and let w= vm. Suppose that the damping constant isso small that the damping force is negligible. {Fan external force FG) = Fecos opt is applied, where am % «use the method of undetermined cosficiens to show thatthe motion of the mass is described by Equation 6. 10, Asin Execs 9, considera pring with mass, sing con- Sant, and damping const c~ 0, and tw > yf fan external force F(0) ~ F006 wt is applied (te applied frequency els theatre fegueny) use he metho undetermined coe how ta the motion of he mass in given by x6) = ycon ot + sin at (Fo /ma) sin 11. Show that if w» + «but @/ap is «rational number, then the motion described by Equation 6 is periodic. 12, Consider a spring subject to frictional or damping force. (@) In the critically damped case, the mation is given by exe + cote", Show that the graph of x crosses the ‘axis whenever ¢, and ¢: have opposite signs. (8) In the overdamped ease, the motion is given by X= Gye" + eye, where 7, > r;. Determine a condition on the relative magnitades of ¢, and ¢> under which the grap (of x roses the axis ata positive value oft {89 A series cireut consis of a esistor with R= 20 0, an induc- tor with L = 1H, a capacitor with C = 0,002 F, and a 12-V battery. If the inital charge and cureent are both 0, find the charge and current at time t 14. A series circuit comains a resistor with R = 24.0, an inductor with L = 2 H, a capacitor with C = 0,005 F, and a 12-V bat- (ery. The inital charge is Q ~ 0.001 C and the initia current is0. (4) Hind the charge and curent at time 1 (©) Graph the charge und current functions. 15, The battery in Bxervive 13 is replaced by a generator producing a voltage of £( = 12 sin 10r, Find the charge at time « 16, The battery in Exercise 14 is replaced by a generator producing a voliage of 12 sin Hor. (a) Find the charge at ime () Graph the charge fanetion {N95 Verify tht the solution to Equation | can be writen in the form x() = A coslw + 2) 1B. The figure shows a pendulum with length Land the angle @ from the vertical to the pendTum, U can be shown that 0, a5 8 function of time, satisfies the nonlinear differential equation ‘where ¢ isthe acceleration due to gravity. For small values of | we can use the linear approximation sin @ ~ @ and then the differential equation becomes (2) Find the equation of motion of pendulum with length {a if Oi initially 0.2 sad and the inital angular velocity és dof = 1 rads () What is the maxinoumn angle from the vertical? (©) What isthe period ofthe pendilum (that is, the time to ‘complete one back-and-forth swing)? (@) When will the pendulum first be vertical? (©) What isthe angular velocity when the pendulum is vertical?92 APPENDILH Anwes to Oddtunbred xaess 39. (a) See (b) Ie DZ KE AL glk 48. G@) dajdr = RAM ~ a) (b) Alt) = MU(Ce™ — 1y/(Ce™ + YF, where C= (MF + JAMA ~ Vig) and ay = 40) Exercises 10.4 page 656 1. About 235 3. (a) 500 x 16") =20,159 (©) 18.631 cells/h) (Bin 60)/In 16 ~ 4.4 8 5. (a) 1508 million, 1871 million (6) 2161 million (©) 3972 million; wars in the frst half of century, increased life expectancy in second half 7. (a) Ce) 2000109 = 211s 9. (a) 100 x2" mg (b) =9.92 mg (©) =199.3 years N, =2500 years 13. (a) =137°F — (b) =16min 15. (@) 133°C (b) 67.74 min 7, (a) =64.5kPa (b) ~39.9 KPa 19. (a) () $3828.84 Gi) $3840.25 cit) $3850.08 (iv) $3851.61 (4) $3852.01 (i) $3852.08 (b) dA/di = 0.054, A(0) ~ 3000 21, (a) POA) = (m/k) + (Py~ muiBle! Cb) m < KP (0) m=KP,,m> EP, (d) Declining Exerdises 10.5 poge 665 1. (@) 100; 005 (©) Where P is close 00 or 100; onthe line P 0 Py < 100; Py > 100 Solutions approach 100; some increase and some decrease, some hhave an infletion point but others don’t; solutions with Py — 20 and P, = 40 have infection points at P = 50 (@) P= 0, P= 100; other solutions move away from P = O-and toward P= 100 3. (a) 3.23 X 107 kg (b) ~1.55 years 5. (a) dP/dt = 35:P(1 ~ P/100), Pin billions (b) 549 billion (¢) In billions: 7.81, 27.72 (@) Inbiliions: $48, 761, 22.41 7. (a) dy/dt = ky(l— y) () y= yo/lvo + 1 ~ yo] (© 336eM. V1, (@) Fish are caught at arate of 15 per week (b) See par (d)— () P= 250,P = 750, @ 9 “a 0 < Py < 250: P+ 0; Py = 250: P+ 250; P, > 250: P > 750 Pty — Oe here k= hh 1 ke 1) ae or 0-< Py < 200; P > 0; Py = 200: P -» 200; P, > 200: P > 1000, mK — Po) + K(Py — meine RAPE meme ©) P= 15, (a) PU) = PyelWbiner— 81+ 58) () Does not exist rrdes 106 + page 672 No 3 Yes | 5. y= je" + Ce Ly=einjx] ter &y=iyt+cjr We yoda t Conte fer a WR w= (0 + Or + 2CV/[2e + 1) sx-143e" Weo=rel + Se" sin x + (cos x)/x + C/x 6 3. y= =[ex* + 2/50)" (a) M4 de) 4 = Ae = LSTA 29. OU) = 301 ~ #9, 10) = 12"3 Pa) = M+ Ce row \ po 33, y = §(100 + 21) ~ 40,000(100 + 247"; 0.2275 g/L. 35. 0) male (©) (mee + (m/cde“""] ~ m°alec® Exarcices 10.7 © page 678 1. (a) x= predators, y= prey: growth is restricted only by predators, which feed only on peey. (b) x= prey, y = predators; growth is restricted by cerrying capacity and by predators, whieh feed only on prey. ‘3. (a) The rabbit population starts at about 300, increases to 2400, then decreases back to 300. The fox population starts at 10, decreases to about 20, increases to about 315, decteases to 100, and the eyele starts again, “ mi ida io ae a Ses 9. (a) Population stabilizes at $000. () () W=0,R = 0: Zer0 populations i) W = 0, R = 5000: Inthe absence of wolves, the rabbit popula tion is always 5000. (Gi) ~ 64, R ~ 1000: Both populations are stable, (©) The populations stabilize at 1000 rabbits and 64 wolves. @ APPEL Aas Gye 10 Rovio aes a9 ‘hopter 10 Review = page 888 True Flse Quiz 1 true 3. False $. Te 7, True OSCE A ym Dye Qynd 2@ x03) = 08 () 0.75676 (©) y= xand y = ~x; there is a focal maximum or minimum y= Gx eee yl ty? cose tx sing + C Ky= VTP FS Wey erG +3) Ik y'-2n|y| += 15. (a) 1000 3° (b) 27,000 (©) 27.000 in3 ~ 29,663 bacteria per hour (@) (in2yIn3 ~ 0.634 TF (@) Ge* (b= 100h 19, @) 19 = Le ~ [Le ~ LO)Je™ 0) Li) = 53 ~ 436% Di, 1S days 2% Ein + A= (-R/VIE + C 25, (a) Stabilizes at 200,000 () (i) x= 0, y = 0: Zero populations += 200000, y = In the absence of birds he insect population i always 200,000. il) x ~ 25.00, y~ 17: Bot populations ae sable. (©) The populations stabilize at 25,000 insects and 175 binds ime ‘oopsTrades 78 2 poge 168 1. Negative cP, postive at Ps 1.2, 9n/2 W013. 320/3 15.0 7, 3413/60 +% resin 3/3) 1% 13/20 pes ¥7 Review > poge ViT2 True Flse Quiz 1. Fake 2 Tine 5. False 7, True eres 1. @ Negative () Postive 4V5 8 —a LY Wale UW finyime tre” RO Wb 28. $27 ~Sy5) aH. afa91vi7 + 1/60 WD. haf} 3-2 4 HN {}{_thapter 18 frovdses TRA © page 2282 Ly=oet tee Ry =elercos Se +a sinSy) yo eet + este! 7. = cs cosls/2) + ea sin(x/2) a taet Me y= cel + gett fe, cos V51/2) + e: sin( 3/2) “ ‘ {Al solutions approach Q-as x —> 2 and approach 0 as x ~> =, Wye deP eet Wyatt dre DL y= Beosdr—sindy 2B. y= eQeos.x + 3sina) 25, y= 3cos(ts) ~ sins) y= 28, No solution BN. y =e (2cos at ~ e*sin32) 38. (0) A= n?/L. na positive integer; y = C sinina/l) 2 = gags 1190 Lyset tae tie dat] Bymatoet + 5. y= e%erc0sx + easing) + he” 7. y=feose + Hsin + fe! 0° 6 a y= et(ix?— +2) "We conte — jain dr ‘The solutions are all asymptotic (0 yp = e'/10 as > =, Exoope Toe yu all solutions approach either = or 29 a5 x —> = APFEXODCH Aasvrs to Chl 18 Rove Eos ANID 1B. yp = Ae™ + (Bx? + Cx + D)cosx + (Ex? + Fx + G)sinx 1S. yp = Ax + (Bx + Che® 17. yp = xe [Ax + Bx + Choos 3x + (De? + Bx + F) sin 3x] 19, y= cycos2x + eysin 2x + hx Dey = ce" + exe! +e BB y= (o +2) sinz + (6: + Incoss) coss WB. y= [ey + ind + oe + [ep — e+ IM + ee BI. ym fey 5 [ets defer + fea + 298) delet Exerises 18.3 > page 1198, 1 x= 036sin(10/3) x= te“ 1 13, (9 ~ (~c°89/250)6 cos 20 + 3 sin 20) + 4, 10) = he" sn 208 15. 000) = [3h c08 20 ~ st sin 204] ~ 50s 107 + jj sin 107 neces 18.4 « pgs 1203 we BaD = oye" eens a OLDE sented tg ¥ Meena at herertoy ta 3 ems (RIS = in pea Gat Db! hope 18 Ravi © gage 1204 ‘weralse Quiz 1 Tue 8 True Exercises Lymeet tee™ 8 y= creosy3s) + ca sin(y3s) 5. y= ec) cosx + ezsinx + 1) Tyme! + ee! — Seon fie + tsing Be yma ge =) = bee My eee eae eee 6 Soi V7. Ole) = —0.02e" (cos 10r + sin 101) + 0.03 19 (c) 2m/k~ 85 min (a) ~17,600 mi/h