BR agaudl suctia a) ore ee age cares 0 wt aieca syseFotrenia ool eet: neon _alatand) Aust} csv st: Ey @se. — sella By: farag_ishah shah E Y Bsc 7 + semiBP anaracll sustiar o om 0 HP aiyectar aseforrera oo? eit: = at Blaaad ASI} guetta: pe ae BSc. i os ‘i Per yay rg shah ose chat Rak 2 Tate gels; aaron Numbers. ce), sa in Tntegers ss) U7 The division, by ever iy The Aiiston_by eve, then mon 4 Zee meal number _ izew.intege Seat |_possible aitthto IR. 2% QeER b#0, 7 FER within v. - Pex 2S 6; aS a ety pessilje | s_Kalways L ie i Pauteipr Catt ve! inverse | |Cether then 3 ade Se = a} exists. Tye Zz: a = fey: L W) Between two distinct AR. iy neue Many two pair of \_-theve js always a ‘wealno'| Potegers, there! nied not be an integer Cex 2,9 Definition s- Let S_be any ordered set. aa __An element f of S ‘Ys sold +o be beast element of Sif i) f € 5 = a whew , ¥ ees. \ \alell Ov, ering Property “of Datura: numbers wean Sree 2 Every nen empty. Subset of has the:: fea ve for non emphy Subset _S of mW, is — a Qes “sts Pewpymress—|-Leti tf possitie, there be ot beast 1_Tnteger_bet _____finteger between 0 2 | This result esi) be proved _ t contra d J ss fmeenfocx cid: Fe-8.5 SC INA by: Well- ord Su ulhasithe: Least element! _ LOX -thyeughout ie ebee : 3 ss Oc LY Ewes el Cees tae cece az gr ts & positive integer between 6 Q 1 ie is |2ess_ than the us Mitch Ts. a contrac Our assumption shat. “there. Is an Sieg oe = between O Al TS eoreng. [Pose f peti fete eee any Fnteger_ then. these “fs ae ree MAT 4 1 Por 420 4n Totegers hy, oe —es -OV s-l. 7 + using the Pack “thet +4 f [el & lyul ave positive integers. pwoitt Puls. the Least: positive integer, E 2 téeiaiu & 1 eryti: iors aon E Consider, . 1.41.4), ‘ 23 & | Doultiply oth the sides by (xl, 3 txt & loti q As we have xy={ = ley] = til at A tolelylst pstiteting fn ed". cil)Paz ‘ Peocts-“d Fs the Mean element of ms” This is equivetent to) pxive, that, J fs fess than Or_egual +o every : positive Vintegeven soja A By Ieducties sm, o u Let PCr) be a ‘Statement bon, yne Mm. ay POIs Veh: tohrich: Fs trues _ pay Ts Verified. , : b) mao -pcm) +e be Hewe, Hom e'N, _.¥o men. the Validity: of Pom) 1 thar _pema+t) iS alsoistrue. ——izerassaming 1 + semapemea TT Bis. (m+ikcm+2) is. produc of, two consecakie |] integers, bis dtivietote by J 2. Aoife +1042) = 2b: = 6G+#+60 “+ sOoLet+ 47 bur. #40 en. - 2a of finive induction, Pon) is true +f ne 7 E memeem+s) Ris Oneness Sacer aces) @ Pree that Te ms fsu0 » positive odd Tnieger sHren (n*=1) 4 divi ible by Rie al ee |! Thetis “Sins ota apie eae Tneger | whens: Dts othe ty pe erat we Mo | Powe = @v-1)"=1 [os et ee ate tert eet at a ee keen) . ‘li “si eee wi) -iSuthe product ok wo consecuive ANGE ey = i : ew, Th ahaa eg BAe OS a Rew ee eh iwt28) lifer nc. s Ligge ss : es pian bg i B.. spe 2S e44es Snel a egiig ideeBy _methed of Tndvetion 2 O)iPenus lus assdme, that) HMOCM=~1) is di 07 “To prove. pom td. HS pem ty = (et Cm : = Ginn cm +t). Pom +19 is alse era B Principle» Pah . = Exercise Using mestnes thod of FP njce ty < 2° Let pen)’ bed Ja statement that, n go”. 9) For n=t z : . 1<2' which ts true, GW PPEDU Ps truer 6 fin = b). Lek! this ses fs vatide rere tem eM ; aiy Toducton 4 “ey Now to prove that Beta ts true. dang hoa? in. (rn tt) <9! an 2mrtl fe POM." ts) truess-b\_Let the “Ste oe +40 prt te_clnak, Pim) aa 2ner 8% We already fae. 26.14m, P cast eins: : i ee ee 80 Ren +0 2 ag Eo ome ena} Spm é (rosy jo 37. ne Zz 4”, =n a _ PCn) be a statement cthat nt eg a Bi = Sh us Lys: 5 = bie Ris = 45 = 625 £1824. els 6 RUS 4. PC5) fs true 7 cd a t ¢ by Let Perm) ?s aso true. ce Pemy a7 mt 4M Te. pros POMel) ES true - pl cise Marois 93| t (mai) = a eA PLM +1) 1S. alse. true. p—L 2. By method f finibe Badu ction i— Pony Ps trues, te nem 1 |p ren_is dfvisipie, by si Te i— Pocett— Let | PCM) be a Statement ee pens me na 4 Te by 24 = Q) For neat miszonis divisible Roe Pan 4 ee ean (|B leb us assume the Vali dite ae Fee) = nomim fs divisioie by. 2, pati inh gs a feet eee Js rue. 4, fl : z Consider, (mi) emt = Mam Nt ma A =On*s 1m -2m 2 - S—2t=2m CfromQ) 7 : = 2ifatin). = “ak bir isan «Boe . (nt) % em+t) Scien ist = oP Cm+l) Ps yeritied: Se! 7 fe By Poriad pre Ok finer induction, 2 : Pon) Ss -+true, + nen i 57 wo 2s divisine by. 6. 7 __@) For nai, derek uste 2 ferry : { PCI) R126!) whieh ts divisibie: ny ig : fe PCI ts true. 7 | bet ws aysume that, pee) te ue: afer : 2 me-m is divisinie by g.Consider, (onhemt) = i L@H0E =] = = €b 4 am™4 3m = ~ 26 + BGM m), =6b4 3x 2 Pim-+ti) ts asso. true. + Pon) fs true, : if ' } Mretned 2- Cen) Gn 44) sa} ame tam to = — ~ 6+ B¢mr+m) __ - fe Csi ot Som om pt) < wa is ‘ fia eae 67, msn Fs_ aPiaibie. by 30, oy ae ec) sS-120. whichits divisrble by 30 PON. TS rue ean = b) ee Us: Os UMe that “pem) 3s true. Soy mem 2 rym. is divisiole iby ad, o eS = BOb- | fort em, a @ +o prove that P Cm+t) ts: true ‘y considers Goa) 5-41) ) = 5g mS + Sqm! + Stam? ASG an ia ea eet nin es = Sequim + Seer -Temst) | = mrt rou + som + lom” + sm dye mo | - = Bot + SCrmn't+ arnt 4 tae oo) ve le Pom) is. divi Ta) Now, we Gil prot non OCn*=‘Totegers:’ ore, elo adn tn? HD Fee 3 FY. Coa.) cn) ent) 4s divistne b | —_trer_ pare hn ch 0B -pharwees oa : Pawo ps3) Let poem) be true. feet Gym aD oe SE as posed “thats. produce ¢ fi mos ce’ “divisible: Ry 2_@ to _prve Pemt ts true, ___ Consider. _pem-+) Lsbich implies PLm+D “is trie: 7. 24 divided - Leb, pen) =) 5 [as Let, ue acsume tha on Pern) Eisele Ley To pre Some is true. Consider’. aiiairts Poem) = 5 ie a 2m = erst +24 ia 5* Foye] +24- = 94 Cast tiy as, ostx1 em. Apc ene, a pemai) 1s true. PLN) tS true, Mone. By Bunlamental “Drduetien Paaciple a7? net SP ale 0 7S @lso +vue. 1 for + € mm. 2. By the Painciple’ of Ene. Toausion t erg© jiez___ Si sn : : Harty EC, Sa | 4 “iy, 1a" 6° Sc dPvistbre: by Samed wg et _|__let_pew) = 3 6” ps “| For Pet) = 1a! = 6! a Fy ce 7 ut Zh. divides “PCn., | 2 pen is, versed. 7 b) Let pum. we true for mem. a 2 1B™= 67 = 7K. Whee KEN, 213 S26Meor a Kune G1) as ifm 7 pes cy To _prve Pomstid. is true. : 7 Consider, Pema) = ig?th i gH. 3 : = 6M +1k) IB = 6x 6 4, = 13x64 gets GME a) : 1 _ 2 OM 3a—6) + 13% 7k i ! Tx 6" Ra eTk. “a dp ane et vp ce tLe 4 ia) (eM el 4. PEMH) fs) dfuistbie by F. 1 f. By Pmnciple of Finite TInduction,. } pow) ts true HY ne me on. | i508 2 {Ey x B)_Let pct) Ps trues gk ge -1 = - Lor gh -& 8iti eet: op -to_prore that Piet) 3S vtvue | Consider,® SS —EEEEEe ares. shah gk > Wasa \ -(ansite4 t) qa q.= “sk-9 _ = Gkxg9)+¢+G@eexg)~. eCeutegy, Gur seCeyen e4C K+ at) divi sible | by bt. chee. ¥en en, divisibe by | 2904, ay SPL Ts VST oie by ety My &Z le) Br ne ed = hy? 7 2 Pc) = Coy cat y) Ts pay fs divi by (ery) Tb lee us Tassume char, PCI) ts true il 2 Cut Du kez. _ a aan gk + ecm). — A) £2 To prove thet; Peet) is true. i Consider ante = ace +) @ 2%. 1 : wm PEt num ae +p] ais 4 = - ok a? aay fond i ae 2 eae: aay yt (ary Jeng) MER) 1 ® Sat ory) + po] 2 i (se Cety) divided _PUctt). 2 Plictr) is venfied- 2 By Finite Taductm, Pm) js true, nen. pediment odLet the statement Ts I+ 3454. 4 Cam-) = m= =O) To Prove for poms) eee A+ 3+ S+-Gmj)+ 20s] -) Consider, _ ee s.dle vif LAS. 2 1434S + --Orl)4+ 2m+t-1 map ae Hd __C trem) = Gay Pcmti) is crue: - spin) is svue, + new “ter Pendin a ettatee ets 9 CneDengyy 8 AiG. a let Pcm) be +rue.. 2 a. en Prete To pret for Pom-+t). 2D a | tert. me spemrtds =fSo lee pen) be (S+v5?+ G3)" fs alvisie by a? a) for n=). (6+ v3) +G-i3)' = 10 which 1s diuisibe by gl > | PCD 2s trues “ a) Let us assume oS TS eeeues K - sy seria +(S=va)* ts divisivve by 27 ale C5430" seo 2 oF xt.o@ ben) we that, pees is a 61a)! + 6-®D Dis divisibe_ by: of “tonsa, ea O may Gea Jeensier ef rnd ply by Cw ee a ea (5-3) + (6-3 1OS-N3) = 3 jotting 410) ea G- BEM +623) J | SS ET ERG ENT |alee kL oR aL a a ll Gr v3) ats 6-3). ite (es -3) Lo xp] 22°: txto aT “T+ 6-5) #22..¢25° ‘els 2F 4 ep | (+8) 2 (6+va) +(6- 3)* Took ap + 2*tl ect _ £ ty a 1 ++ - i) pi * _—_ a® — ~y Povag.shab = {7 8 eee 8 neh —%) For_n=1 (axe)! (at) =.N¢, oP .bP + Oc, ah Ext 2 pansion of (qb) ath. : : s | BLE Res a eg Cn it. agi od get ae, 21 ah L Cath)" = al + 708) + 210% + asatb + 3asa%b! i 2tarbS tetabe + bh 2 (asb)® = af — GaSb + sat n00% b+ 1 asatnt | i = = sobs + 18 QayPews For a yc, + My +t % eee FD gee L 4 ! a+? — i MEG + He, oP Cot daa { = Oe + Me, + Ney +. ct ey, oe Aone arty M4 breve curd” Tene paoved, a popmayoennaetname [ra] Dee Ng nM CI Dep = 0 ul os = _ + —< ; 1 er tea) Ney Fae ECD ee + aap ot + ons CA Oe, = RUS.bats O04 Oc2t- fs OG+ DG Ee hy. Shows hab) So He h(a) We) t+ =G+4). Deo w+ near” eee “tee t—ee Peat On Shaw hak fon. O,even, Sco = 20. = ee ares cr net 2G bss = Net Oc ta t orate rhe + rte x Ner . oe _By Faas shah. 9) Prove that, BG + 4G t Sta + Gyn Aq, ~| &__fraga fs : 7 LHS. = 3G + 4G + Sqt 66s FO, + 4 t+ Sat 6G se B84 Se, + Seb es. CBee Dla ,_ ~ Ce coSvisibilt INIELOO f= An ‘integer b ig 3 | = —denoted | Qp Fina the oe ode 1) 1008, 35% The last non-cere wemainder $5 21. i 2 g-cdiof look. & 3asz% fs 21. 2is loog e+ B5Fy xg eZ > a We have, 2} = 63~ 42 ax Coau = ¢ eax4) -63xS -7 294 - > @S7~ 2A) ¥S— 24 — =_3S7 x5 — 6x 2444 ASIXS = 6 C loo8— 2% 355) 3S7_ XS = _6xloo8 +12: 354% ©o)1006 +0 Hx as fidd £ Subtrack —{00RX X35 7) +1008 ve) a leek RSET1357, ~n66 ‘ ee) igsa mie 2 ; - \ fai | F.9d. of ag { A7138%,. 6G JS st. ° Pair of Lneor Combination :— J = cast) +y Cues) I= 9-@Qx4 i = g- CH-~Q)AY : i = I*9 > 144.4 9xY } eo) S7Q)- xy ’ } { Sco -— UR j Sxr-0- Sxil— Sxr0- IX Sx20- 9 C19- 2ona) Sx20.- BNI + 1x20 Ux noe sda | = && SQ xia) a | = 86x Cub6--igixe) ~ 9x19) 4 = Bx - SWxiDi- 191x%g 4 | = Pome = £30 X9 2 ‘ RX MLE ~ S2x Clase 1166) BERNE - $25 K13S> F S15 KNEE oN XN66 — S25 xis ye I= Ceux-11 66 +e sas}xiasm | t 4 " ae@ = By Parag shah = J For Linear combination. = 86-5 120.5 9 49. = - 1 = \8o — (252-180) x2. = = Wo — 2xX2S2 +2 X180 =_Bx1I8O- 2x252 FY) S74, 483. ‘ 483 ] sae i goed. of “|. eS Gor nay is ee = -@ aes | = 9i— (uax- q1x5) xa 1 = 9\— + SKI e i; = = —. = 16 (s7u— 483)—Yueaxn3 eS = 16K SHU = 16K U3 — 34483 ed = a = lexsau- 1a xue3]WE 0g eso 2 oe esses as _——} miso a 3 = Gss. as _ 74s 2 | Seon acon we 2 __7 340 L - I's )7o0 Lj -us - G-S-d-of Los k 628 _ 5 b> 5s Jit £3 ee 2 is_g. _ = i B= \is-GSx2 vies r 3 ~s \WS= C7o= 5) AQ ee ener eee eee ds: = 3 = 170 x2 i mon = 3xC4ss= (70 x2) ~ 170 KX2 = 2x4SS- 170 X6— I7TOK2 [| = a uss (ides w anus — (655-455) x8 = 2x 4sy > 625 X83 + 455K 3 = _IxGsgy— 625 8 2 IL 2110S — 65x 2) — 625 *¥ sy LR 17OS = 22%695— Fx 6271 being the Dast pon-Zere seme nder, is the g.c-d. of aq27, ~ 355. « Hence. they* ave Co-paime- ; $ ty 238, 33. ae a . 33]238 1 v7 ~ 231 & a ; i T)a3 li : 728 1 Sasi As 1 being the Gast spon ZerD memaineder, 2 Igo the 9c.d..0f 392% =3¥1- Hene they cure cocprimeand aa : = AlGna — SsC7n+3) »dfasnti4—asnnas fe -erhey ore relatively. pam (co~ =p: 1) Let (ssn+2, anem)=d. Af ssnt2. and d]o2n +). A [ocsso+2) = 5(22n 41) 2.4 / \lonty— non-~o co 2 They axe relatively pre Ex:2'J ~ i! 17 obcEe BZ. Prove thant Th ablac , a [a then ble ; “Pofiz Givent= ab/ ac weed Cavof aco= Keab. Ce ieb divides c ~y_blc__ ence proved. CHK Yb : Crake).“[itzteo Agathe fo po _|_ fr -given_ Sintegers_ 7. a= mm oe ee +o et Sis 4 ft _ Congider fb, - which Fs. +0), i bw. i —_C\al)b4-lat Iso, ~lal € a ja. 7 é Catal by iS Be ss 4 Hence, Of a- ¢-sal) | his 1S “of aS t+} type _a-b for meatal. mst ¢. p——iy_Te ‘0 €s ten vis. the feast of s. op ___then s is a subset of positive Anvegen ape er So be athe. ideasts of Sui ermre S, oI x zo & +e an-bs eee £2. ia — Inez ianbg i an re have, = bg 0 HO in) tepe wid b,' bos TE not then Det +7 b- [-— 0 2 e—b = (a-by)-> = a=Cpx db eGs=by is: of) tthe suyp & Orb x. A i yb Zo. ee a eters (abion_conbrnsits A “mniinimadiiy, of ¥-cm) i Given ee - a Lets (a,b)-= L ae i ou dja & dip i noe nb 1 4 ft af “A: inetd, ‘ as te desl L i @ i Sionlarty we can prove that Carn) = Crib) = (minal. 1 . oo | Eeclids lemma |_ “ {TE pis the pabnie: such hat ee E Prof t= Let. pl ab i jt pla thes we are 4 “eg. — 4 Te _pfa then (p.a)= I a i = Nose, _Censidor _Cp,.a) =s1- i. J pore 2 | o pico —bety b). _Yppb + nab =o. pe — z S if ~_ [| ow fp Sea + tl 2 Pl cmbdp ena + “abut mb eb wn : a a If i : cs i- ~ TQ Alorc & ales pt 2|aeiRe. ft ~ | pss af ore eA fpne. ~ “fo -altesciathoo.] — onda 29) = Cd): = ty (26 x : ‘ralean= 800. vind Ts 9 eval : 3 Te: isa prims_cude that plat pl ey pe plb. £ pare res AT RS a his @ pore. gies__plp.Ie, then 41 bac for some lc © Zz, a Ae OCktt) . bur kKt+t © Z Albee. as veg ds ~—O)_If_alb end bla then a=itb. Nirwetie Oly 9 bs ka » FEZ 40 1% Yo 2 atth , 462. ~@ = Pub the Value of a in es’) {= aa, eee eee SRK t Led . a KLt €Z Zazb or az=-b @) Te alb & olbre then ale 7 Profs alp » b= ka, kez) 5 Albre + (bro=kgk a. hens z) =@_ ket= lt or bketeni, he she vesuh fone 1d ool have the pare dvi