Abstract

The project aims to explore Raoult's Law,

a fundamental principle in physical
chemistry that describes the behavior of
ideal solutions. This law is vital for
understanding the colligative properties
of solutions, such as vapor pressure
lowering, boiling point elevation, and
freezing point depression. The project
involves experimental verification of
Raoult's Law using a binary liquid mixture
and explores its practical applications in
real-world scenarios.
 Introduction
Raoult's Law, formulated by François-
Marie Raoult in the 19th century, states
that the vapor pressure of a component in
an ideal solution is directly proportional
to its mole fraction in the solution.
Mathematically, for a binary solution
containing components A and B, the
vapor pressure of A above the solution
(P_A) can be expressed as P_A = x_A *
P^0_A, where x_A is the mole fraction of
component A in the solution, and P^0_A
is the vapor pressure of pure component
A.
 Objectives
1. To understand Raoult's Law
and its theoretical
background.

2. To experimentally verify
Raoult's Law using a binary
liquid mixture.

3. To study the applications of

Raoult's Law in real-world
scenarios.
 Materials and Methods
1. Apparatus: Distillation setup,
glassware, thermometer, pressure
gauge.

2. Chemicals: A binary liquid mixture

(e.g., ethanol-water), pure ethanol,
pure water.

3. Procedure:
• Prepare different mixtures of
ethanol and water with varying mole
fractions.
• Measure the vapor pressure of the
mixtures at different temperatures
using a distillation setup.
• Calculate the vapor pressure of each
component using Raoult's Law and
compare it with experimental values.
 Results
• Plot the experimental and
calculated vapor pressures
against mole fractions.

• Analyze the degree of

deviation from ideality in the
solution.
 Applications
1. Colligative Properties: Explain how
Raoult's Law is used to understand
colligative properties like boiling point
elevation and freezing point
depression.

2. Industrial Processes: Describe

applications in industries, such as
fractional distillation and production of
beverages.

3. Environmental Implications:
Discuss the role of Raoult's Law in
environmental processes like
evaporation from water bodies and air
purification.
 Conclusion
Raoult's Law is a crucial principle in
understanding the behavior of ideal
solutions and predicting vapor pressure in
mixtures. The experimental verification of
this law reinforces its validity and
demonstrates its practical applications in
various fields. The knowledge gained from
this project enhances our comprehension
of solution properties and their real-world
implications.