ING EVAPORATION HODS OF ESTIMAT ME of quantifying the rate at which a liquid turns and scientific res ent is the proct Evaporation meas! his is important in various industri arch, including. into vapor. Th | processes. Several environmental science, and industri nods can be used 10 measure evaporation, depending on the specific applicati are methods of evaporative measurement: agriculture, meteorology, ion and meth accuracy requirements. The following 1. Pan Evaporation Method: «The Class A evaporation pan is one of the m nost traditional and widely used methods, «It involves measuring the amount of water evaporated from a standard (usually circular) over a specific period. sized open pan reported in inches or millimeters per + The rate of evaporation is typically day. 2. Lysimeters: + Lysimeters are large containers or underground chambers filled with soil or other materials of interest. «By carefully monitoring the water levels and soil moisture content over time, the rate of evapotranspiration (evaporation plus plant transpiration) can be determined. Weight Loss Method: «This method involves placing a container of the liquid (¢.g., water) on a balance and recording the weight loss over time. yased on the mass lost and the time + The rate of evaporation is calculated elapsed. 4, Gravimetric Method: before + This method involves weighing a sample of soil or other materia and after exposure to evaporation conditions, + ‘The change in weight is used to calculate the rate of evaporation... 5, Remote Sensing: + Sutellite-based remote sensing can provide valuable information on evaporation rates over lar+ Remote sensing: data ean be used to estimate evapotanspiiation by observing changes in ature, lind caver, and vepetation health, 6. Heat Balance Method: «This method involves measuring the amount of heat required to evaporate acknown quantity of water «The heat balinee method can provide accurate measurements of 1 under controlled conditions, Methods for Runoff Determinations The method selected to determine rmot depends on its applicability «9 the area oF concer, the le, ‘lable refer to the length, details, quantity and type of dat the detits required in the end, and the uecuracy desired J completeness of the Quantity and type of dat hydrologic records, which may be either precipitation or stream How, an example of the ion of flood runol, be found in the determi ion of detail in the final result mo Accuracy is limited by the cost of performing analyses and assumptions made in the development of « method. One method pertains to minor hydraulic structures, the second to major hydraulic structures. A. minor structure is one with Jow construction and of relatively minor importance and presents small downstream damage potential, Typical example are small highway and railroad culverts and low capacity storm drains, Major hydraulic structures are eharaeterized by their high cost, great importance, and large downstream damage potential, ‘Typical examples of major hydraulic structures are large reservoirs, p culverts under v hways and raibways, and high capacity storm drains and flood-control ehannek To calculate the run-off of w minor hydraulic structures the Following, rational formula is QeclA Where Q = Peak di ce hare, mn fs runoff coefficient ~ percentage of rain that appea as direct enol, 1+ Rainfall intensity, mm/h A © Drainag ‘The following table shows the coeffi of run-off for different drainage anesDowntown areas Neighborhood areas Resi single Mules Multanits, atta Suburban “Aparament dwalling ares ~ funy areas ts. detached hed Heavy areas Parks. cemeteries Streets: Asphaltie Concrete Brick Drives and walks Roofs Lawns: ‘Sandy seil, flat, 2% Sandy soil, avg 2-7% Sandy soil, Steep, 7% Example: ecorded at a particular catchment area of 13 ‘A rainfall with 230mm/hr intensity was t Glam ifthe coefficient of runoff is 0.15, calculate the runoft of this catchment.Cec vol oe Mefirss of Ruck Keer mms. me Q= CIA = 2 Sonnft. —) pals = /2v¥ 64, = [%Ormx 606 = 7.0m, exw =O/¢ Q= O'S XK 0-004 XF¢ mop LE = jv'/s = PUR ayy TR 60 ¥é0 230 5 [OWO¥ 60¥40 QO DIDbE NY: