TEST Time 30’ NAME

GROUP

1. Types of plasmids and their role

2 Types of bacterial respiration and the cell organelle where respiration
takes place
3. Types of cell wall: structure role, examples
4. Bacterial cells: structure, types, role, examples
5. Autoclaving, conditions, what is autoclaved and what is not
6. Sterilization in the pupinel, conditions, what is sterilized in the pupinel
and what is not sterilized
7. Define complete and incomplete sterilization
8. What are antiseptic substances, examples
9. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes: nucleus and cell
organelles
10. Bacterial capsule: structure role example
 COLLECTION AND
TRANSPORT OF
MICROBIOLOGICAL
SAMPLES

Asist. Univ.Dr.Lidia Sfetcu and University assistant PhD Carmen Defta

Steps of direct laboratory diagnosis-
highlights the etiological agent (bacteria or yeast)

• Harvest and transport of pathological products

• Examination of pathological products: macroscopic
(appearance of the pathological product: appearance,
colour, smell)
microscopic (smear
and staining Methylene Blue, Gram or ZN)
• Insemination (culture media and insemination techniques)
• Identification: macroscopic (colony appearance on liquid or
solid media), microscopic (culture smear), biochemical.
• Antibiogram or antifungigram
 INDIRECT LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC
STEP - detecting the antibody
• When the etiological agent cannot be detected by direct laboratory
diagnosis due to various causes, indirect laboratory diagnosis, also called
immunological diagnosis, is used.
 1. Sterile Technique: Maintain a sterile
environment throughout the collection and
transport process to prevent contamination of the
sample. Use sterile collection containers, swabs,
and transport media.
General
principles of 2. Proper Identification: Clearly label each
sample container with relevant information such
collection and as patient name, unique identifier, date, and time
of collection. Accurate identification helps prevent
transport of mix-ups and ensures traceability.

microbiological 3. Sample Collection: Follow specific guidelines

for each type of sample to be collected. Use
samples appropriate collection methods, such as
swabbing, aspirating, or collecting in sterile
containers, depending on the sample source.
 4. Sample Preservation: Preserve the viability of microorganisms
during transport by using appropriate transport media or
conditions. Different microorganisms may require specific
transport conditions, such as refrigeration, freezing, or maintaining
General a specific pH.

principles of 5. Timely Transport: Transport the samples to the laboratory as

soon as possible after collection. Delayed transport can lead to
changes in microbial populations or loss of viability, affecting the
collection and accuracy of test results.

transport of 6. Temperature Control: Maintain appropriate temperature

conditions during transport, especially for samples that require

microbiologica refrigeration or freezing. Use insulated containers or cool packs to

prevent temperature fluctuations.

l samples 7. Documentation: Maintain accurate and detailed documentation

of the sample collection and transport process. This includes
recording the time of collection, any specific instructions or
observations, and any deviations from standard procedures.
 • Pathological products, also known as
pathological specimens or pathological
samples, refer to biological materials or
tissues that are collected from patients during

Pathologic medical procedures or surgeries for

diagnostic or research purposes. These
al samples are typically obtained from organs,
tissues, bodily fluids, or lesions and are
products examined by pathologists to identify and
diagnose diseases, infections, or
abnormalities.
Types of pathological products
Normal contaminated with
Normal sterile microorganisms
blood
• pharyngeal exudate
• nasal secretion
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • otic and oftalmic secretion is
sterile
synovial fluid
• sputum
• Urine is sterlie
pleural fluid • fecal matter
• vaginal and urethral secretion
peritoneal fluid • pus
 BLOOD
COLLECTION

https://youtu.be/e58lLJ-2gBI
 Necessary Equipment:

• Use sterile equipment, including a

tourniquet, blood collection tubes, a needle,
alcohol swabs, gauze, and adhesive
bandages.
• Ensure that the blood collection tubes are
the correct type for the specific tests being

Blood ordered.
Applying the Tourniquet:

collectio • Apply a tourniquet several inches above the

intended venipuncture site to make the
veins more visible and accessible.

n Preparing the Site:

• Clean the venipuncture site with an alcohol

swab and allow it to air-dry completely.
• If drawing blood from an artery, use
appropriate disinfection protocols and follow
arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling
guidelines.
Blood collection

Use a sterile needle to Insert the needle smoothly and

puncture the vein at a shallow steadily, aiming to fill the
Venipuncture: angle (20-40º), ensuring required blood collection tubes
minimal trauma to the with the appropriate amount of
surrounding tissue. blood.

Remove the tourniquet after

Gently invert the tubes several
blood flow is established and
times to ensure proper mixing
Blood Collection: begin filling the collection tubes
with any anticoagulants or
in the correct order, if multiple
additives.
tubes are required.
 Ending the Procedure:

• Once blood collection is complete, safely

remove the needle and apply pressure to

Blood the venipuncture site with sterile gauze to

stop any bleeding.
• Dispose of used needles and other sharp

collectio objects in a designated sharps container.

Post-Procedure Care:

n • Provide the patient with a bandage or

adhesive strip to cover the puncture site.
• Instruct the patient to apply pressure to
the site for 5 minutes to reduce the risk of
hematoma formation.
• Hematological and biochemical samples for blood analysis
are transported if necessary at room temperature, and
processing is done with flow cytometers and biochemistry
analysers.

• Blood culture samples are taken by adding blood to a tube of

blood culture medium at a ratio of 1 to 9.

• Blood culture is the laboratory investigation performed to

isolate aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi that cause
specific clinical manifestations of bacteremia (presence of
bacteria in the blood from a septic focus or from a mucosal or
cutaneous lesion - dental extractions, abdominal and
gynaecological surgery, drains, catheters).
CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID
COLLECTION
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=P7XsOgjSr6g
Cerebrospinal fluid Patient preparation

• Explain the procedure to the patient or their

(CSF) collection guardian
• Position the patient appropriately, usually lying
on their side with their knees drawn up to their
chest.
Gathering Necessary Equipment:

• Ensure that all necessary sterile equipment is

readily available, including a sterile tray,
gloves, antiseptic solution, sterile drapes, local
anesthetic (if needed), sterile collection tubes,
and a spinal needle.
Preparing the Collection Site:

• Identify the appropriate lumbar interspace for

the CSF collection (typically between L3-L4 or
L4-L5).
• Clean the intended collection site with an
antiseptic solution and allow it to dry.
 Administering Local Anesthesia:

• If necessary, use a local anesthetic to

Cerebrospina numb the area before the procedure to
minimize discomfort for the patient.

l fluid (CSF) Performing the Lumbar Puncture:

collection • Using sterile technique, insert a spinal

needle into the subarachnoid space to
collect the CSF.
• Allow the fluid to drip into the collection
tubes, making sure to collect a sufficient
volume for the required tests.
 Closing and Dressing the Site:

• Once the necessary amount of CSF has

been collected, carefully remove the needle
and apply pressure to the puncture site with
Cerebrospina a sterile gauze pad.
• Clean the area and apply an adhesive

l fluid (CSF) bandage or dressing to protect the site and

prevent infection.

collection Handling and Transporting the Samples:

• Label the collected CSF samples properly

with the patient's identification details, date,
and time of collection.
• Transport the samples to the laboratory
promptly for analysis, ensuring they are
handled and stored according to laboratory
protocols for CSF specimens.
 Post-Procedure Care:

Cerebrospin
Monitor the patient for any adverse
al fluid (CSF) reactions or complications, such as
headaches, back pain, or signs of
collection infection at the collection site.
Provide appropriate post-procedure
care and instructions to the patient
PHARYNGEAL
EXUDATE
COLLECTION
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=-uyBJ0nv4oI
Pharyngeal exudate collection

Pharyngeal exudate collection, commonly known as a throat swab, is a procedure used

to obtain a sample from the back of the throat for microbiological analysis.

This procedure is often performed to diagnose infections such as:

- strep throat

- tonsillitis

-other bacterial or viral infections affecting the throat and upper respiratory tract.
 1. Patient Preparation:

• Explain the procedure to the patient,

including what to expect and how to

Pharynge cooperate during the swab collection.

• The patient must not: eat or drink before the
procedure(min.4 h), smoke or brush his
teeth.

al 2. Gather Necessary Equipment:

exudate • Ensure that all necessary equipment is

prepared and readily available. This includes
sterile cotton-tipped swabs, viral transport
media or culture medium (Stuart) , and

collection appropriate personal protective equipment

(PPE) such as gloves and a mask.
3. Positioning the Patient:

• Instruct the patient to tilt their head back

slightly to expose the back of the throat.
Pharyngeal exudate collection
4. Swab Technique:

Use a sterile cotton-tipped swab to gently swab the tonsillar area and any visible areas of
inflammation or exudate in the pharynx.
Avoid touching the tongue, teeth, or other non-infected areas to prevent contamination using
tongue depressor .
5. Specimen Collection:

Place the swab in a transport medium or culture media tube (Stuart media), ensuring that the
swab is fully immersed in the medium to maintain the viability of the collected microorganisms.
Label the sample container with the patient's identification details, date, and time of collection.
NASAL SECRETION COLLECTION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psl3beX-uyg
 Nasal Collecting nasal secretions for microbiological analysis is a
common procedure used to identify the presence of pathogens,
such as bacteria or viruses, in the nasal cavity. This process can
aid in the diagnosis of various respiratory infections:

secretion -common cold,

collectio -Influenza

n
-bacterial sinusitis.
 1.Patient Preparation:

• Explain the procedure to the patient,

ensuring they understand what to expect and

Nasal
how to cooperate during the collection.
2.Gather Necessary Equipment:

secretion • Prepare all necessary equipment, including

sterile cotton-tipped swabs, viral transport
media or culture medium, and appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE) such

collection as gloves and a mask.

3.Positioning the Patient:

• Instruct the patient to tilt their head back

slightly and remain still during the collection
process.
Nasal secretion collection
Using a sterile cotton-tipped
Rotate the swab against the
swab, gently insert the swab
nasal mucosa to collect an
4.Swab Technique: into the nostril, avoiding
adequate sample of nasal
excessive force that could
secretions.
cause discomfort or injury.

Place the swab in a

transport medium or culture
media tube, making sure the
5.Specimen Collection:
swab is fully immersed to
maintain the viability of any
collected microorganisms.
Label the sample container
with the patient's
identification details, date,
and time of collection.
OTIC
SECRETIONS
COLLECTION
 Collecting otic secretions, also
known as ear discharge, for
Otic microbiological analysis is a
procedure that involves obtaining a
sample of fluid or discharge from the
secretion ear canal.

s This process is commonly

performed to identify the presence
collection of pathogens, such as bacteria or
fungi, and to diagnose conditions
such as otitis externa or otitis media.
 • Patient Preparation:

• Explain the procedure to the patient,

Otic ensuring they understand what to expect and

how to cooperate during the collection.
• Gather Necessary Equipment:

secretion • Prepare all necessary equipment, including

sterile cotton-tipped swabs, sterile containers

s for sample collection, and appropriate

personal protective equipment (PPE) such
as gloves.
• Positioning the Patient:
collection • Instruct the patient to sit or lie down with the
affected ear facing upward for easier access
to the ear canal.
 • Swab Technique:

• Gently insert a sterile cotton-tipped swab

Otic into the ear canal, being careful not to

cause any discomfort or injury to the
patient.

secretion • Rotate the swab against the walls of the

ear canal to collect a sample of the otic
secretions.

s • Specimen Collection:

collection • Place the swab with the collected

secretion in a sterile container, ensuring
that the container is properly labeled with
the patient's identification details, date,
and time of collection.
URINE
COLLECTION
 Urine • Urine collection is a common medical
procedure used for various diagnostic
tests, including urinalysis, urine culture,

collection and drug testing.

 • 1. Patient Preparation:

• Provide the patient with a sterile urine collection

container, along with instructions for the collection
procedure.
• Instruct the patient to wash their hands thoroughly

Urine before starting the collection process.

• 2. Cleansing the Genital Area:

collectio • Advise the patient to clean the genital area

thoroughly using mild soap and water. Females
should also clean from front to back to prevent
contamination from the anus.

n • 3. Midstream Collection:

• Instruct the patient to begin urinating into the toilet

to clear the urethra of any contaminants.
• Without interrupting the flow of urine, position the
collection container midstream to collect about 30-
60 milliliters of urine.
 4. Proper Container Usage:
• Ensure that the urine collection container is
clean, sterile, and has a secure lid to
prevent any leakage or contamination.

Urine 5. Labeling the Container:

• Label the urine container with the patient's
name, date, time of collection, and any other
necessary identification details required by

collectio the testing facility.

6. Storage and Transport:
• Store the urine sample in a cool place if

n immediate transport to the laboratory is not

possible.
• Transport the urine sample to the laboratory
within the specified time frame (2h), as per
the specific test requirements.
SPUTUM
COLLECTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ny
qr7_JmBok
 Collecting sputum samples for
microbiological analysis is a crucial
procedure used to identify
respiratory tract infections, such as
bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis,
Sputum and fungal infections.

collection Proper sputum collection techniques

are essential to ensure the accuracy
and reliability of test results.
 Patient Preparation:

• Explain the procedure to the patient,

including the importance of coughing deeply
to produce sputum from the lower respiratory
tract.
• Provide the patient with a sterile sputum

Sputum
collection container and instructions for the
collection process.
Cleansing the Mouth:

collection • Advise the patient to brush the teeth and

rinse their mouth with sterile water to reduce
contamination from oral secretions.
Producing Sputum:

• Instruct the patient to take several deep

breaths and then cough deeply to
expectorate sputum from the lower
respiratory tract.
 Collecting Sputum:

• Collect the sputum into the sterile container

as it is expectorated. Ensure that the
container is tightly closed to prevent any

Sputum
leakage or contamination.

collection Labeling the Container:

• Label the sputum container with the patient's

name, date, time of collection, and any other
necessary identification details required by
the testing facility.
FECAL
MATTER
COLLECTION
 • Collecting fecal matter samples for
microbiological analysis is a critical
procedure used to identify
gastrointestinal infections, parasites,
and other digestive system-related

Fecal conditions.

matter • Atunci cand sunt cautate bacterii sau

virusuri se numeste coprocultura, in
acest caz tubul de colectare contine
mediu de transport Blair , necerar
collection supravietuirii bacteriilor

• Atunci cand sunt cautati paraziti se

numeste coproparazitologic, in acest
caz tubul nu contine nimic
 1. Patient Preparation:

• Explain the procedure to the patient and

provide them with a clean, dry, and leak-
proof container with a tightly fitting lid for

Fecal sample collection.

2. Hand Hygiene:

matter • Instruct the patient to wash their hands

thoroughly with soap and water before
collecting the sample to prevent any

collection external contamination.

3. Collecting the Sample:

• Direct the patient to defecate into the
container or use a clean disposable
bedpan or plastic wrap placed over the
toilet seat to collect the sample.
 4. Selecting the Sample Portion:
• Collect a representative portion of the fecal
matter, preferably from different parts of the
stool, using a clean and disposable spoon or
scoop provided with the container.
5. Filling the Container:

Fecal • Fill the container with an adequate amount of

fecal matter, as instructed by the laboratory or
healthcare provider, usually about the size of a
walnut or as per the specific requirements of
the test.

matter 6. Secure Lid and Labeling:

• Ensure the container lid is tightly closed to
prevent any leakage or contamination during
transportation.

collection • Label the container with the patient's

identification details, including their name, date
of birth, date and time of collection, and any
other relevant information required by the
testing facility.
.
VAGINAL SECRETION COLLECTION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ7ObsrFtH4
 Vaginal • Collecting vaginal secretions for
microbiological analysis is a vital

secretion procedure used to diagnose various

vaginal infections, including bacterial
vaginosis, yeast infections, and sexually
transmitted infections.

collection
 .Patient Preparation:
• The gynecologist explains the procedure to the patient and addresses any
questions or concerns.
• The patient is positioned comfortably on a gynecological examination table,
usually with their feet in stirrups.

2.Speculum Insertion:

Vaginal • A sterile speculum is gently inserted into the vagina to visualize the cervix
and vaginal walls.
• The gynecologist carefully examines the vaginal walls and cervix for any
signs of abnormal discharge, lesions, or inflammation.

secretion 3.Sample Collection:

• Using a sterile swab, the gynecologist collects a sample of vaginal
secretions from the cervix or vaginal walls. They ensure that the swab

collection comes into contact with any abnormal or suspicious discharge.

4.Specimen Handling:
• The collected sample is immediately placed in a sterile transport medium or
container provided by the laboratory.
• The container is securely closed and labeled with the patient's identification
details, including their name, date of birth, and the date and time of sample
collection.
URETHRAL
SECRETION
COLLECTION
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=F5txIb_GszM
Urethral secretion
collection
• Collecting urethral secretions for microbiological
analysis is a crucial procedure used to diagnose
and monitor various infections, particularly those
affecting the urinary tract or the reproductive
system.
Urethral secretion collection
• The patient is advised to drink a small glass of hard
alcohol in the evening
• The next morning before the first micturition the morning
drop is taken from the urethral orifice.
• The collection is done either with a loop and immediately
discharged onto the medium or with a sterile swab.
• The transport as in vaginal secretion is done in
microaerophilia at 37 degrees Celsius.
Urethral secretion
collection NU
Patient Preparation:
• Explain the procedure to the patient, including the importance of relaxation and cooperation during the collection process.
• Provide the patient with information about the purpose of the test and what to expect during and after the procedure.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, to prevent the transmission of any potential pathogens.
Cleansing the Area:
• Clean the external genitalia with an antiseptic solution to minimize the risk of contamination from external sources.
Sample Collection:
• Using a sterile swab, gently insert the swab into the urethra, ensuring minimal discomfort to the patient.
• Rotate the swab to collect an adequate sample of the urethral secretions.
Specimen Handling:
• Place the swab with the collected secretions into a transport medium or container provided by the laboratory, ensuring that it
is securely closed to prevent any leakage or contamination.
Labeling:
• Label the container with the patient's identification details, including their name, date of birth, date and time of collection, and
any other relevant information required by the testing facility.
 PUS COLLECTION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A42aaHz9wm8
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/_zImGymtwmU?feature=share
 Collecting pus for microbiological
analysis is an essential procedure
used to identify and diagnose
bacterial, fungal, or other types of
Pus infections.

collection Pus, a thick fluid typically

composed of dead tissue, white
blood cells, and bacteria, is often
present in infected tissues.
 Pus collection
Explain the procedure to the
patient, ensuring they
understand the purpose of
1. Patient Preparation:
the collection and what to
expect during and after the
procedure.
Clean the area surrounding
the site of the infection using
3. Cleansing the Area: an antiseptic solution to
minimize the risk of
contamination.
Place the collected pus in a
sterile container or on a
5. Specimen Handling: sterile glass slide for
transportation to the
laboratory.
Wear appropriate PPE,
2. Personal Protective including gloves and a mask,
Equipment (PPE): to prevent the transmission of
potential pathogens.
Use a sterile syringe, needle,
or swab to aspirate or collect
the pus from the infected site.
4. Pus Collection:
If using a swab, gently roll it
over the area to absorb the
pus.
Label the container or slide
with the patient's identification
details, including their name,
6. Labeling: date of birth, date and time of
collection, and any other
relevant information required
by the testing facility.
PATHOLOGICAL PRODUCTS IN
DENTISTRY
Saliva

Gingival sulcus secretion

Root canal secretion

Dental plaque
SALIVA
COLLECTION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ap
87uCGDfRk&t=115s
Saliva
collection
• Collecting saliva samples for microbiological
analysis is an important procedure that helps
identify various oral and systemic diseases and
monitor overall oral health.
Saliva collection
Explain the procedure to the
Instruct the patient to rinse
patient, ensuring they
2. Hygiene Measures: their mouth with water to
1. Patient Preparation: understand the purpose of the
remove any food debris or
collection and how to
contaminants.
cooperate during the process.

Direct the patient to either spit Collect an adequate volume

directly into a sterile collection of saliva as instructed by the
3. Collection Method: container or use absorbent 4. Adequate Volume: healthcare provider or
material, such as a dental laboratory, typically ranging
swab, to collect the saliva. from 1-2 milliliters.

Label the container with the

5. Secure Lid and Labeling:
Ensure that the container lid
is tightly closed to prevent any
leakage or contamination.
patient's identification details,
including their name, date of
birth, date and time of
collection, and any other
relevant information required
by the testing facility.
GINGIVAL
SULCUS
SECRETION
COLLECTION
 • Collecting gingival sulcus
secretion is a procedure
Gingival used to obtain samples from
the gingival sulcus, which is
the space between the tooth
sulcus and the surrounding gum
tissue.

secretion • This process is often

conducted to analyze the
microbial content within the
collection periodontal pocket and
assess the oral health of an
individual.
 1. Patient Preparation:
• Explain the procedure to the patient, emphasizing the importance of
cooperation for a successful collection.
• Ensure the patient understands the significance of the analysis for assessing
their oral health.

Gingival 2. Dental Examination:

• Conduct a thorough dental examination to identify the specific sites from
which the gingival sulcus secretion will be collected.

sulcus 3. Collection Method:

• Use sterile paper points or micro-capillary pipettes to gently collect the fluid
from the gingival sulcus.

secretion 4. Absorption Process:

• Allow the paper points or pipettes to remain in the sulcus for a short period,
ensuring adequate absorption of the gingival fluid.

collection 5. Secure Storage:

• Place the paper points or pipettes with the collected secretion into a sterile
container to maintain sample integrity.

6. Labeling:
• Properly label the container with the patient's identification details, the
collection site, and the date and time of collection.
Root canal secretion collection
Collecting root canal
secretion is a procedure
used to obtain samples
from the interior of the root
canal, which is the space
inside the tooth that
houses the dental pulp.
This process is typically
conducted to analyze the
microbial content within
the root canal system and
assess the presence of
any infections or
inflammation.
 Root canal secretion collection
Ensure the patient Conduct a thorough dental
Explain the procedure to
understands the examination, including X-
the patient, emphasizing
significance of the analysis rays, to identify the specific
1. Patient Preparation: the importance of 2. Dental Examination:
for assessing the condition tooth and root canal from
cooperation for a
of the tooth and the which the secretion will be
successful collection.
surrounding tissues. collected.

Use dental instruments to

Use sterile paper points or
access the root canal,
absorbent materials to
3. Accessing the Root typically by creating an
4. Sample Collection: gently collect the fluid or 5. Absorption Process:
Canal: opening in the tooth's crown
secretions from the root
or through an existing
canal.
cavity or restoration.

Allow the paper points or Properly label the container

Place the paper points or
absorbent materials to with the patient's
absorbent materials with
remain in the root canal for identification details, the
6. Secure Storage: the collected secretion into 7. Labeling:
a short period to ensure specific tooth and root
a sterile container to
adequate absorption of the canal, and the date and
maintain sample integrity.
secretions. time of collection.
Dental plaque collection

Collecting dental plaque for microbiological analysis is a

procedure used to assess the microbial content and composition
within the oral cavity, particularly on the surface of the teeth.

This process helps in identifying the types of bacteria present

and their potential role in causing dental caries, periodontal
disease, and other oral health issues.
Dental plaque collection
Explain the procedure to the
patient, emphasizing the
1. Patient Preparation: importance of proper oral
hygiene and cooperation
during the collection process.
Use a sterile dental scaler or
curette to gently scrape the
dental plaque from the tooth
3. Collection Method:
surfaces, focusing on the
gingival margin and
interproximal areas.
Transfer the collected dental
plaque onto a sterile glass
slide or into a sterile container
for transportation to the
laboratory.
Ensure the patient
understands the significance
of the analysis for assessing
their oral health and hygiene
practices.
4. Scoring Plaque Index:
6. Labeling:
Conduct a thorough dental
examination to identify
2. Dental Examination:
specific areas where dental
plaque will be collected.
Utilize a plaque index system
to quantify and record the
5. Sample Transfer:
amount of plaque present on
the tooth surfaces.
Properly label the container
or slide with the patient's
identification details, the
specific tooth surfaces from
which the plaque was
collected, and the date and
time of collection.
PREPARATION
OF MICROBIAL
SMEAR
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?app=desktop&v=c2BP
E7wIK20
Making the smear
• It covers the 3 main stages:

• Spreading is the stage in which the pathological product is

spread by means of thin layer movements.
• Drying is the stage in which the smear dries on the work
table, finally the smear is non adherent and contaminating
• Fixing in this stage the smear is passed through the flame
three times with a test at sieve, at the end of this stage the
smear is adherent and non-contaminatingsieve
 Steps for preparation of a
microbial smear

AFTER FLAMING THE STERILIZE THE WE TAKE ASEPTIC WE SPREAD THE WE LEAVE THE BLADE WE FIX THE SMEAR -
BLADE, WE PLACE IT BACTERIOLOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL PRODUCT TAKEN IN TO DRY NEXT TO THE MOST OFTEN WE USE
WITH THE FLAMED SIDE LOOP AND WAIT FOR IT PRODUCT / CULTURE THE THINNEST GAS BULB HEAT FIXING.
UP TO COOL (FROM THE LIQUID POSSIBLE LAYER WITH
MEDIUM) AND DEPOSIT A HATCHING
THE PRODUCT IN THE MOVEMENT ON THE
CENTER OF THE BLADE LONG AXIS OF THE
BLADE
SIMPLE
STAINING
TECHNIQUE
Methylene blue technique
Methylene • Cover the smear with methylene blue
solution, 1-2 minutes;

blue stain • Washing with tap water or distilled water;

• Smear drying;
• Microscopic examination
technique
THANK
YOU!!