Advanced Thermofluids ENS5216

Dr Barun Kumar Das

School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University (Semester 2, 2023)
b.das@ecu.edu.au
Topic 1 – Energy Systems | Tutorial Set 1: Cogeneration
Contents
Citations and Further Reading ...........................................................................................................................................2
Cogeneration [1] .................................................................................................................................................................3
Case Study: Steam Turbine Cogeneration (no condenser) ................................................................................................3
Case Study: Steam Turbine Cogeneration (incl condenser) ..............................................................................................4
Example: Cogeneration Operational and Performance Indicators.....................................................................................5
Example: Steam Turbine Cogeneration (incl condenser) [1, 2] ........................................................................................5
References and Further Reading .......................................................................................................................................7

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Citations and Further Reading
 Sources
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 Figures and Tables
o Captions from the original sources are shown, but these are renumbered as they occur in the slides
 Disclaimer
o Lecture slides only provide a summarised version of the sources referred to
o Students are expected to engage in out of class study by accessing the sources and hyperlinks given

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Cogeneration [1] i
Cogeneration schemes are used to define whether (electric)
power or thermal loads are given priority. They may be
classified into:
 Topping cycles: Priority is first given to using fuels to
satisfy (electrical) power needs. Heat recovery is then
applied to the residual (waste) heat which is recovered
to satisfy a secondary thermal load. This is the most
common format of cogeneration. In general, electric
power requirements will be greater than thermal
power. The temperatures involved in thermal load
(which must be satisfied) are also not very high.
 Bottoming cycles: Priority is first given to using fuels
(in the boiler) to satisfy thermal loads (e.g., process
heat). Heat recovery is then applied either to the
residual process heat, and / or to the boiler, for the
purpose of generating (electric) power.
Figure 1 Cogeneration schemes. Source: Chp 4 [1]
Semester 2 (2023)
Case Study: Steam Turbine Cogeneration (no condenser) ii
In the ideal steam turbine cogeneration system, with no
condenser, no heat is rejected post-turbine in a condenser. This
implies that for such a system, heat is:
 Used to generate shaft power in the turbine (e.g., to
drive a generator)
 Utilised as process heat
 None is rejected
A drawback of this type of system is the inability to decouple
the ration of (shaft) power from the turbine to the thermal load
satisfied through the process heater.
Figure 2 Ideal steam turbine cogeneration system Source: Chp4 [1]
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Figure 3 Cogeneration plant Utilisation factor (utilisation efficiency) which for most plants is around
0.8 (80%); Qout is heat rejection from condenser as well as all other sources (combustion inefficiencies,
Case Study: Steam Turbine Cogeneration (incl condenser) iii
stack losses); Source: Chp4
More complex, but more practical, than the ideal steam turbine
cogeneration system. Steam is drawn from the turbine at an
interim pressure P6, where P4 < P6 < P7.
Compare to Whilst the system allows the amount of turbine and process
equation for
Energy heat powers to be independently varied, it requires the use of a
Utilisation condenser, and so involves some wasted heat.
Factor in
Topic1 -
Energy
Figure 4 Equation 2 cogeneration plant thermal efficiency; Source: Chp4 Systems

Figure 5 Equation 3 Electricity-to-heat ration. Source Chp4

Figure 6 Steam turbine cogeneration plant responsive to adjustable turbine and thermal loads Source:
Chp4

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Example: Cogeneration Operational and Performance Indicators Example: Steam Turbine Cogeneration (incl condenser) [1, 2] iv v
For the data given below, calculate:
a. Cogeneration ratio (unitless)
b. Thermal efficiency (%)
c. Overall efficiency or Energy Utilisation Factor EUF (%)
Show full details of calculations, including general formulae
applicable, values substituted, interim calculations, final
answer, and units (where applicable).
Table 1 System parameters
Value Units
Electrical power produced by prime = 1500.00 kW
mover(s)
Heating power produced by cogen system = 2500.00 kW
Electrical efficiency = 30.00 %
Fuel thermal power input = 5000.00 kW
Solution
(a) (a) (b)
Q
λ= = =
W
2500 2500
λ= 0.3 = =
1500 5000 5000
= 1500 = 50%
λ = 1.67 Q
λ=
W
2500
λ=
1500
λ = 1.67
(c) (c)
+ = +
=
= 30% + 50%
1500 + 2500 = 80%
=
5000
= 80%

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Semester 2 (2023) Page 6 of 7
References and Further Reading 2. Kanoğlu, M. and Y.A. Çengel, Property Tables SI Units
1. Kanoğlu, M. and Y.A. Çengel, Cogeneration (Chapter 4), in (Appendix 1), in Energy efficiency and management for
Energy efficiency and management for engineers. 2020, engineers. 2020, McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY.
McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY.

i iv
Chp4 https://ecu.on.worldcat.org/v2/oclc/1153209734 Chp4 https://ecu.on.worldcat.org/v2/oclc/1153209734
ii v
Chp4 https://ecu.on.worldcat.org/v2/oclc/1153209734 Appendix https://ecu.on.worldcat.org/v2/oclc/1153209734
iii
Chp4 https://ecu.on.worldcat.org/v2/oclc/1153209734

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