ამერიკული postmodernuli ფილოსოფია

რიჩარდ რორტი

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebi amerikul filosofiaSi aRiniSna axali ZiebebiT. popularulma analizurma
filosofiam Sinaganad amowura SesaZleblobebi; amis aSkara niSnad rig filosofosebs, maT Soris
amerikuli postmodernizmis warmomadgenlebs, istoriuli ganzomilebis dakargva da cxovrebiseuli
problemebisagan daSoreba miaCndaT. im dros, rodesac
postanalitikuri filosofia yvela mecnierebaze aRmatebulad Tvlida
Tavs, am siZnelis moxsna scada riCard rortma (1931 – 2008).
rodesac rortis filosofiuri kredos Camoyalibebaze da gavlenebze
vsaubrobT, upirveles yovlisa unda aRvniSnoT pragmatizmi-
gansakuTrebiT jon diuis filosofia; es gavlena msWvalavs rortis
filosofias pirvelive dRidan; xolo analizuri filosofiis anTologiis („The
Linguistic Turn“ -Rorty:1967) momzadeba im katalizatorad iqca,
romelmac rortis filosofia mkveTrad Semoabruna – metafilosofiuri
problematikisaken.
rorti mentalobis filosofosia. is im mcirericxovan filosofosTa rigs ganekuTvneba, romlebic
siRrmiseulad arian dainteresebulni filosofiis Tanamedrove mdgomareobiT, misi impulsebiT,
ganviTarebis veqtorebiT, cvladi kognituri da lingvisturi kulturiTa da yvela SesaZlo SedegebiT.
amerikul filosofiaSi igi gvevlineba evropuli postmodernizmis konceptualuri karkasis originaluri
versiis avtorad. rorti kargad icnobs amerikul filosofias, Rrmadaa informirebuli kontinenturi filosofiis
Tanamedrove mdgomareobiT. mas izidavs filosofiis warsuli, misi istoriuli droiTi fenomeni, magram
misTvis ufro axlosaa filosofiis awmyo-misi inteleqtualuri TamaSebi da Tanamedrove filosofiuri
diskursis saintereso brunvebi. rortis bolo wlebis naSromebSi mocemulia dasavluri filosofiis
radikalurad negatiuri Sefaseba;1 man SemogvTavaza filosofiis “dekonstruqciis” orginaluri proeqti,
romelic gulisxmobs epistemologiis literaturuli kritikiT Canacvlebas. Tavad avtoris aRiarebiT misi
pozicia umal “Terapevtuli” xasiaTis matarebelia, vidre “sistemur-konstruqciulisa”
( Rorty :1979.7).
rorti miznad isaxavs `moixelTos sakuTari epoqa azrSi~ da aagos sakuTari „Geistesgeschichte“ -
istoriul-filosofiuri narativi. misi „Grand Narrative“-s idea provokaciuli inovaciaa. rorti gvTavazobs
filosofiis dekonstruqciis sakuTar versias- filosofiam unda Seicvalos orientacia da WeSmaritebis
Ziebisa da SemecnebiTi aqtebis kvlevis nacvlad unda gadavides komunikaciasa da saubarze. rortis
aRiarebiT-„filosofia, rogorc kultura, umal phronesis saqmea, vidre episteme-si. is ar eZebs
WeSmaritebas, aramed aris saubari da komunikacia“ (Rorty: 1978. 234). amgvari midgomiT
filosofia saxes icvlis da axali „filosofiuri ideologia“ fuZndeba ara `obieqturobaze~, aramed
`ironiasa~ da `solidarobaze~. rorti amgvarad aformulirebs dekonstruciuli proeqtis mizans:
` mkiTxvelis ndoba saWiroa Seicvalos sami ramis mimarT: `cnobierebis~, rogorc filosofiuri
azris matareblis, `codnis~, rogorc Teoriaze fundamenturad dafuZnebuli mocemulobisa da im
`filosofiisa~, rogorc igi kantis Semdgom iyo miCneuli~ (Rorty:1979.378).
rorti Temebs- `saubari~, `komunikacia~, `ironia~, `solidaroba~ ganixilavs gansxvavebul
rakursebSi.
rorti bevrs mogzaurobda da yuradRebiT ecnoboda, rogorc adgilobriv kulturaTa Sinagan da
aseve kulturaT-Soris poliologias
(poliology). evropaSi mogzaurobisas rorti aqtiurad erTveba post modernistTa, dekonstruqtivistTa,
hermenevtikosTa diskusiebSi. misTvis axlobeli xdeba martin haidegeris, miSel fukos, Jak deridas,
georg gadameris ideebi. kiTxvebi, romlebic mis winaSe ismis, da romelzec is cdilobs pasuxis
moZiebas, amgvaradaa formulirebuli: `ra uSlis xels `globalur saubars?~ `rogor aris SesaZlebeli
konsensusi da Tanacxovreba?~
evropuli voiaJis Sedegad, 1979 wels, rorti aqveynebs monografias `filosofia da bunebris
sarke~ (Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature). masSi ganxorcielebulia Tanmimdevruli Tavdasxma
ideaze `filosofia – rogorc epistemologia~. mniSvnelovania rortis Zalisxmeva evropuli da amerikuli
tradiciebis daaaxloebis mimarTulebiT. am mizniT igi Rrmad Seiswavlis uiliam jemzisa da jon diuis
klasikur memkvidreobas. rogorc Tavad aRiarebs maTi gavlena imdenad Zlieria, rom igi
1
mkiTxvels am konteqstSi vurCevT ixilos R. Rorty. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge, 1989; R. Rorty.
Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth / Philosophical papers. Vol. 1. Cambridge, 1991, pp. 35-37, 99. R. Rorty. Philosophy
and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, 1979. es ukanaskneli postpragmatuli filosofiis saxelmZRvanelo wignadaa miCneuli
mkvlevarTa mier ix. Gouinlock, J. (1995).". What Is the Legacy of Instrumentalism? Rorty’s Interpretation of Dewey //
Rorty and Pragmatism. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. Bernstein, R. J. American Pragmatism: The Conflict
of Narratives // Rorty and Pragmatism. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
safuZvlianad, mTeli SegnebiT dgeba pragmatizmis platformaze da `neopragmatizmis bairaRebs
Slis~. rortis neopragmatizmi Serwymulia vitgenStainiseul da post modernistul ideebTan. rorti
gamodis akademiuri tradiciis kritikiT, upirvelesad anglo-saqsur samyaroSi gabatonebuli analizuri
filosofiis kritikiT. garegnulad es gamoixata epataJiT – rorti tovebs filosofiis kaTedras da gadadis
humanitarulze. mkvlevari sakuTari Semoqmedeba uwodebs `literaturuli kritikas~. is fiqrobs, rom
filosofiis sazriss ukeT gamoxatavs swored es pozicia.
riCard rorti Tanamedrove filosofiaSi yvelaze popularuli moazrovnea. mis naSromebs yvelaze
metad etaneba yvela profesiis inteleqtuali mkiTxveli. es upirvelesad ganpirobebulia im siaxleebiT,
romelic man Semoitana Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi -esaa axali filosofiuri stilistika da ideologia;
brZola kulturaTa gaxleCis winaaRmdeg humanitrul da sabunebismetyvelo sferoebad; komunikaciuri
mcdelobebi `scientisturad~ orientirebuli analizuri filosofiisa da `literaturulad~ orientirebuli
kontinenturi azris daaxlovebis gzaze; eseistikis Janris farTod danergva filosofiur diskursSi.

a)analizuri filosofiidan neopragmatizmisaken

analizuri filosofia, romelmac amerikul universitetebSi wamyvani poziciebi daikava `rortis

azriT ver gamoiRo is rezultati, rasac misgan elodnen. kerZod `logikuri analizis~ cneba sakuTari
Tavis winaaRmdeg Semobrunda. rorts miaCnia, rom igi droSi gawelili TviTmkvlelobisTvisaa
ganwiruli. vitgenSteinis, quainis, selarsis, kunis da raihenbaxis TiTqosda TavisTavad cxadma
poziciam `mecnieruli~ enis kritikis Taobaze, analizuri filosofia genealogiis, perpeqtivis SegrZnebisa
da metafilosofiis gareSe datova~(Rorty:1982.187).
rortis diagnozi mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli: analizuri filosofia saWiroebs radikalur `Terapias~.
misi mkurnaloba upirvelesad unda daviwyoT gnoseologizmiT-evropuli filosofiis memkvidruli
daavadebiT. es daavadeba mwifdeboda platon-dekarte-kantianuri azrovnebis tradiciaSi. misi
simptomebia: specifikuri à`asaxvis~ ena da leqsika, rogorebicaa gamonaTqvamebi `filosofiuri
problema~, `Semecneba~, `reprezentacia~, `Teoria~, `obieqturoba~, `WeSmariteba~. analizurma
filosofiam gnoseologizmis winaaRmdeg mZlavri argumentebis wamoayena, magram Tavad ver
moeria memkvidrul daavadebas. misTvis kvlevis sagnad kvlav rCeba codnis korpusi, romelic
istoriis gareT dgas. esaa specifikuri Teoriuli warmonaqmni, romelsac kulturaSi gansakuTrebuli niSa
aqvs. Tanamedrove analitikosebma (quaini, smarti, selarsi da sxva) miiRes klasikuri huserlianuri
fenomenologiis warmomadgenelTa (frege, raseli, karnapi) mier SemoTavazebuli filosofiis modeli,
romlis ageba xdeba kantis ocnebaze orientaciiT. am midgomiT filosofias, rogorc kulturaTa arsobrivi
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebuli codnis matarebels, aqvs eqskluziuri ufleba Seafasos isini. rorti
analizur filosofias, amis gamo, miiCnevs kantianuri filosofiis variantad. is, rom analizurma
filosofiam `lingvistur~ da ara `transcendentalur~ kritikas mihyo xeli, saqmes ar cvlis `radganac
analizuri filosofia kvlav mimarTulia maradiulis konstruirebaze, kvlevis neitraluri modelis agebaze,
amitomac mTeli kulturisaTvis amgvar models gvTavazoben~ (Rorty:1979.8).
rorti dadebiTad afasebs diuis istoricistul pozicias. man uaryo filosofiis privilegirebuli
pretenziebi absoluturi da mudmivi codnis flobis Sesaxeb. diuis codna dahyavs pragmatulad
gamarTlebul rwmenaze da amiTY ufro saRad afasebs filosofiis adgils kulturaSi.
termins `Terapia~ rorti iyenebs, rogorc nawilobrivi, ise sruli dekonstruqciis azriT. analizur
filosofiasTan mimarTebaSi igi iyenebs pirvel variants. rorti aRiarebs, rom analizuri filosofiisagan
iRebs filosofiuri samuSaosaTvis saWiro saSualebebs, miznebs ki, romlisTvisac iyenebs am
saSualebebs, igi sesxulobs haidegerisagan, vitgenSteinisa da diuisgan (Rorty:1979.7). rorts ar
awuxebs, rom kvlevisaTvis saWiro saSualebebsa da miznebs moixmobs dapirispirebuli
wyaroebidan. igi saqmes metafilosofiurad udgeba da miiCnevs, rom analitikosebsa da
aranalitikosebs Soris gansxvavebani dRes arsebiTni ar arian. analitikosTa naazrevs unda SevxedoT,
rogorc stiluri da enobrivi Taviseburebebis matarebel Tavisufal ganazrebebs da literaturul
Semoqmedebas. es moxsnis maT Soris dapirispirebas. rortis mixedviT, unda Catardes statusTa
gadafaseba – filosofias, romelsac pretenzia aqvs mecnierulobaze unda moexsnas prioritetulis statusi.
magaliTad, montegius `SesaZlo samyaroTa semantika~ ar unda Sefasdes brodelisa da deridas
Semoqmedebaze maRla, mxolod imis gamo, rom es ukanasknelni filosofias qmnian ise, rogorc
literaturas. `filosofiis qolgis qveS SesaZlebelia gamovidnen analitikosebic, hermenevtikosebic da
pragmatistebic... saerTodac unda SevwyvitoT filosofiis identificireba gansakuTrebuli sagnis,
meTodis, funqciis mixedviT. misi Txroba istoriulia, cvalebadi, ena mravalferadovani. Tu gvsurs
ganmartebani, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom viwro da profesiuli azriT filosofia aris is, riTac Cven
filosofosebi varT dakavebulni~ (Rorty:1982.191).
sruli `Terapia~, rortis mixedviT, niSnavs `mecnieruli~ da `literaturuli~ filosofosobis statusTa
gatolebas, filosofiuri ideologiis Secvlas, obieqturi sazrisis ar arsebobas cnebebSi: `filosofiuri
codna~, `mecnieruli codna~.
rorti sruliadac ar Tvlis, rom radikaluri qirurgiuli Careva aucilebelia. mas miaCnia, rom ar aris
saWiro raimes Secvla filosofiis SenobaSi. SesaZlebelia yvelaferi davtovoT, garda erTi
warmodgenisa- rom filosofiis Senobas aqvs uryevi fundamenti, rom mxolod filosofiuri codna flobs
WeSmaritebisa da mcdarobis gansxvavebis kriteriumebs-es warmodgena unda dairRves,
mogviwodebs rorti.
rorti cdilobs Tavidan aicilos termini `dekonstruqcia~, magram paralelurad uaryofs filosofiis
Senobis ideas, ugulvebelyofs WeSmaritebis ideis prioritetulad kvlevis aucileblobas. amiT igi
filosofiis sistemuri Senobis dakonstruqciis ideas axmovanebs. mas miaCnia, rom arc mecnierebasa
aqvs fundamenti da sayrdeni. dekonstruqciuli proeqtis erT-erTi amocanaa gadailaxos rogorc
`scientisturad~ da `literaturulad~ orientirebul filosofiebi, aseve humanitarul da
bunebismecnierebebad gaxleCil kulturebs Soris arsebuli ufskruli. es ar aris rTuli saqme, radganc,
rortis mixedviT, principuli gansxvaveba bunebismecnierebas, maTematikasa da humanitarul
mecnierebaTa Soris ar arsebobs. erTica da meorec sxvadasxva tipis leqsikonebs warmoadgens. am
leqsikonebs Cven vqmniT sxvadasxva pragmatuli miznebiT da drodadro Cveni amocanebis
Sesabamisad vcvliT.
rorti gvafrTxilebs: nihilizmis safuZveli ar aris is faqti, rom nagebobas ar aqvs bunebrivi
fundamenti, is rom filosofia aris `enobrivi TamaSi~. filosofia SesaZlebelia iyo sicocxlisunariani da
warmatebuli nawili kulturisa, Tuki igi gnoseologiuri pretenziebis gareSe gaagrZelebs arsebobas.
magaliTad, Tu `literaturuli Janri~, an `literaturuli kritikosi~, ar iqneba Sekruli mkacri akademiuri
kanonebiT, Txrobisas gamoyenebul iqneba metaforul-poeturi ena.
pragmatizmis sakuTar versias rorti warmogvidgens saxeliT `poeturi narativi~. mis modelSi
logikisa da gnoseologiis adgils daikavebs `dainteresebuli saubari~, xolo WeSmaritebis Taobaze
Teoriuli SeTanxmebis adgils - arareducirebul da ganusazRvrel rwmenaTa `solidaroba~.
filosofiis poetur-esTetikuri forma ucxo ar aris amerikuli filosofiisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
filosofosobis es tipi tradiciulia amerikelTaTvis. amerikuli tradiciis Semqmnelebi: jonaTan edvardsi,
ralf emersoni, uolt uitmeni, uiliam jemzi filosofosi- poetebi iyvnen. maT mier daxatuli samyarouli
suraTi mxatvrul-esTetikur ferebs atarebda da realobis mravalferovan poetur-metaforul xatebs
gulisxmobda. evropidan amerikaSi dasaxlebulma alfred uaiThedma, herbert markuzem da
sxvebmac, SeiTvises es tradicia. jon diui gviandel naSromSi `xelovneba, rogorc gamocdileba~, am
gziT midis.
rorti Tvlis, rom filosofiis momavali ekuTvnis pragmatizms, arc analizur filosofias da arc
postmodernizms. `vTvli, rom ar aris Sors is dro, rodesac, dialeqtur gzaze maTi mogzaurobis finalur
etapze Semdgari analizuri filosofiis mimdevarebi aRiareben jemzsa da diuis, iseve rogorc fuko da
derida, im gzis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac isini bolo dros daadgnen~ (Rorty:1982.8).
 rortis pragmatizmi miznad isaxavs filosofiis Senobis dekonstruqcias im mizniT, rom
gamoacalos mas sayrdeni, romelic pirdapir, Tu iribad aris dakavSirebuli `gnoseologizmTan~, rac
faqtiurad gamoiwvevs mTeli kulturis orientaciis Secvlas.
rorti mSvenivrad grZnobs im siZneles, romelic warmoiSoba SekiTxvidan: kulturaSi arsebuli
romeli instrumentebiTaa SesaZlebeli am miznis ganxorcieleba? igi pasuxobs: `pragmatistebi
iswrafvian moiZion antifilosofiuri sagnebis arafilosofiur enaze warmoTqmis saSualebebi. isini
awydebian dilemas: Tu maTi ena Zalian arafilosofiuri, `literaturuli~ iqneba, maT brali daedebaTa
sagnis SenacvlebaSi, Tu metismetad filosofiuri – amiT, enis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, ascdebian
pragmatizmSi dasaxul amocanas da gahyvebian platonuri (e. i. gnoseologiuri) winapirobis
miRebas~(Rorty:1982.14).
rorti Riad ilaSqrebs biheviorizmis, reduqciuli materializmisa da .aS. winaaRmdeg. igi uwunebs
am Teoriebs argumentacias, `cnobierebis~ kategoriis SenarCunebas, imas, rom gamonaTqvami
`sulier-sxeulebrivi~ ayvanilia WeSmaritebis rangSi. rorts miaCnia, rom problema ki ar unda
gadaiWras, aramed unda moixsnas. unda moxdes misi eliminacia. sakiTxi ar unda daisvas
neopozitivisturi suliskveTebiT, anu fsiqologiis enis reduqciiT fizikis enaze; rorts miaCnia, rom
cnobiereba ar arsebuli arsebaa. aq igi win wamoswevs istoricistul arguments kerZod, rom ontologia
iseve arqaulia, rogorc Sua saukuneebis adamianis ontologia. mentaluri terminebi, rogoricaa survili,
rwmenebi, tkivili, sixaruli da a.S., romlebic aRiniSneba X, an `cnobiereba~, moZvelebuli enis
mavne Cvevebia. iseve, rogorc `jadoqrobis enas~ Caenacvla Tanamedrove medicinis ena, alqimiis
enas – qimia, astrologias – astronomia, mentalur enas droTa ganmavlobaSi Caenacvleba
mecnierebis ena~ (Rorty:1981.71).
monografias `filosofia da bunebis sarke~ rorti iwyebs TaviT, romelsac hqvia - `cnobierebis
gamogoneba~ (The Invention of the Mind). saTauri paradoqsulia, radganac eZRvneba imis
damtkicebas, rom is rac saTaurSia gamotanili mcdaria. rorti iyenebs istoricistul midgomas da Tvlis,
rom am gadmosaxedidan Tavad problemac da monizmisa da dualizmis Sesaxeb warmodgenac
sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT iyo datvirTuli. cnobierebis problema warmoiSva
specifikur kulturul konteqstSi XVII saukuneSi da pasuxobda epoqis ideologiur moTxovnilebebs.
filosofosTa leqsikonSi misi dabadeba dekartes damsaxurebaa. dekartes mier cnobiereba
formulirebulia, rogorc sulierisa da sxeulebrivis urTierTdamokidebulebis problema.
sulierisa da sxeulebrivis urTierTdamokidebulebas rorti moiazrebs rogorc interaqcias, romelic
fizikur mediumSi – tvinSi mimdinareobs: ganfenili sxeulebrivi zemoqmedebs ara ganfenil sulierze,
sulieri – sxeulebrivze. rac Seexeba epistemologiur problemas, dekartesTan misi gadawyveta
emyareba `ori substanciis~ postulats. Semecneba moiazreboda, rogorc gare samyaros reprezentacia;
xolo `Sinagani TvaliT” mtkicdeboda misi ueWveloba. dekarte fiqrobda, rom araferia ufro martivi
cnobierebisaTvis, vidre sakuTari Tavis Semecneba. am iluziaze, rortis azriT, gaformda Sexeduleba
adamianze, rogorc `sarkisebur arsebaze~ (glassy essence). `reprezentaciis~ ideam da lokis `uSualod
mocemul ideebma~ Seqmna filosofiuri kvlevis kidev erTi are – epistemologia, romelic kantis
wyalobiT filosofiis centralur ubnad iqca. amgvarad damkvidrda evropul kulturaSi filosofiis, rogorc
`bunebis sarkis~ saxe. rortis istoricistuli sqemis mixedviT dekartes ontologiur da epistemologiur
proeqtSi mxolod misi epoqis konteqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ideologiuri motivebi unda veZioT.
am epoqaSi gaformda filosofiis, rogorc wminda gonebis msajulis roli: mas daekisra kulturis ama Tu
im debulebis dadastureba, an uaryofa. cnobierebis gamogonebasa da kartezianuli miTebis
dafuZnebas filosofiaSi, rortis azriT, mohyva uiRblo Sedegi: fsevdo dapirispirebaTa gamogoneba da
filosofiis CarTva sqolastikur, usagno debatebSi monizmisa da dualizmis, reduqcionizmisa da ara
reduqcionizmis, realizmis da antirealizmis da a.S. Taobaze. istoricizmis principis gamoyeneba
fardas xdis areulobas, romelsac cnobierebis gamogoneba mohyva. rorti aRniSnavs, rom dualizmis
rogorc dacva, ise amboxi mis winaaRmdeg gansxvavebuli sazrisis matarebeli iyo. pirveli seriozuli
amboxi dualizmis winaaRmdeg jemzis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, amas mohyva diuis, raselis,
uaiThedis kritikuli Sexedulebebi, romelnic upiratesad subieqt-obieqtis diqtomiis gadalaxvisken iyo
mimarTuli. `epistemologiuri SexedulebebiT motivirebuli amboxi arasodes ayenebda eWvis qveS
tradiciuli epistemologiis sawyis wanamZRvars – rom arsebobs raRac, rac uSualo mocemulobaa
cnobierebisaTvis~ (Rorty: 1982.329). meore, rortis azriT, ufro radikaluri amboxi inicirebuli iyo
railisa da vitgenStainis mier. maTi kritikis centraluri sakiTxi iyo kartezianuli tradiciiT gagebuli
cnobierebis cneba. lingvisturma midgomam Semoiyvana mkacri norma. nebismieri arsebuli,
imisaTvis, rom sazogado gansjis obieqtad iqces, unda hqondes referenci. cnobierebis cneba ver
iqneba miCneuli arsebulad intersubieqturis CarTvis gareSe. mesame, yvelaze radikalur amboxs rorti
sakuTar strategias ukavSirebs. es midgoma gulisxmobs ontologiur da epistemologiur tradiciebTan
kavSiris absolutur ganwyvetas.
rortis zogadi verdiqti amgvaria: filosofiur leqsikonSi cnebebis: `sulieri da sxeulebrivi
substancia~, `cnobiereba~, `reprezentacia~, `intuicia~, `uSualo mocemuloba~ istoriuli
SemTxveviTobis Sedegia, `enobrivi TamaSebis~ rezultatia. es TamaSi daagemovnes filosofiiT
dainteresebulma inteleqtualebma da xeli mihyves TamaSis wesebis dacvas, teqnikuri Jargonis
damuSavebas (Rorty:1979.31-32).
`lingvisturi nominalizmidan~ gamomdinare rorti gvTavazobs ori proceduris Catarebas: I.
filosofiuri enidan eliminirebul iqnes metafizikuri, gaurkveveli `sulieri~ arsebebi. II. introspeqcia,
anu TviTangariSi aRiarebul iqnes ara cnobierebis Tvisebad, aramed socialuri praqtikis nayofad.
 filosofiuri organizmis sruli gamojanmrTeleba, is Terapevtuli efeqti, romelic mohyveba zemoT
aRniSnul procedurebs, rortis azriT Seufasebelia. upirvelesad yovlisa moixsneba uamravi fsevdo
dualizmi, fsevdo diqtonomia, fsevdo dilema; Sewydeba uazro diskusiebi `ontologiur ufskrulebze~,
`ontologiur saxeobebze~, `gansxvavebul leqsikonebze~, `alternatul aRwerebze~; moixsneba moralis
sferoSi unayofo kvlevebi, rom TiTqosda SeuZlebelia moraluri fenomenebis ganmarteba. cnobierebis
fsevdo problemebis moxsna gamoiwvevs imgvar Terapevtul efeqts, rom is gavrceldeba sxva
mecnierebebzec. es procesi gansakuTrebulad sagrZnobi iqneba fsiqologiis sferoSi. xelovnuri
inteleqtis problema gaTavisufldeba iseTi fuWi SekiTxvebisagan rogoricaa: `fiqroben manqanebi?~
`aqvT manqanebs SegrZnebis unari?~ xolo yvelaze mZlavri Terapevtuli efeqti gamovlindeba
filosofiis `mavne~ SekiTxvebisagan gamowveuli infeqciebisgan gamojanmrTelebiT. `erT-erTi
amgvari SekiTxvaa: `ra gvaria adamianis adgili bunebaSi?~ Tu es SekiTxva niSnavs, `rogori xati
unda gvqondes Cven adamianebs sakuTari Tavis mimarT?~ maSin es sxva araferia, Tu ara mokle
versia kantis sami klasikuri SekiTxvisa: `ra viciT? ra unda vakeToT? risi imedi SeiZleba gvqondes?
~ (Rorty:1982.324). adamiani saRad unda uyurebdes sakuTar Tavs. igi unda mixvdes, rom sxva
araferia, Tu ara poeturi arseba, romelic sakuTar samyaros qmnis metaforebis saSualebiT da aranairi
transcendentaluri Zalebi am procesSi ar monawileoben.
rortisTvis miuRebelia filosofiis privilegirebuli statusi. igi aqtiurad ibrZvis amerikul
universitetebSi analitikuri filosofiis institucionalizaciisa da profesionalizaciis winaaRmdeg.
“profesiuli filosofosobis” hermetizaciaSi rorti xedavs rTulad gadasalaxi disciplinaTSorisi
sazRvrebis dawesebis saSiS tendencias. am tendencias “kulturis stagnaciisa da “gayinvisaken”
mivyavarT”, ambobs rorti ( Rorty 1995:197).
rorts swams, rom filosofiisadmi axali midgoma, romelic gulisxmobs arainstitucionalizebul
kulturul-kritikul saqmianobas, SesZlebs am siZnelis gadalaxvas ( Rorty 1995:197). filosofias
momavali eqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi ubralod uars ityvis Zvel Jargonul filosofiur
leqsikonze, SecdomaSi Semyvan ganmasxvaveblebze: ”realuri-ararealuri, “obieqturi-subieqturi”,
”bunebrivi-xelovnuri”; Jargonze, romelmac amoswura Sinagani resursebi da vecdebiT mis Secvlas
ufro Tanamedrove da efeqturi axali leqsikoniT. igi agvacilebs Tavidan efemeruli “fsevdo
problemebis” uwindeli saxiT formulirebas, iqneba moxerxebuli da praqtikulad advilad
gamoyenebadi (Rorty .1979: 11).

b) filosofosobis oTxi Janri

 rorti Tvlis, rom nebismier istoriul-filosofiur meTodologias skeptikurad unda mivudgeT.
vercerTi miRebuli kanoni ver uzrunvelyofs warsulis azris obieqtur reprezentacias. istorikosisaTvis
yvelaze gamarTlebulia yvela kanonis ukugdeba. am gzas irCevs, magaliTad, kontinenturi
postmodernizmis erTerTi metri miSel fuko. rortis pozicia kompromisulia. igi gvTavazobs yvelaze
gavrcelebul istoriul-filosofiur kanonebze – doqsografia, racionaluri rekonstruqcia, istoriul
rekonstruqcia, gonis istoria- damyarebul Sesabamis oTx Janrs filosofosobisa. am sakiTxis kvlevas
igi uZRvnis 1985 wels gamosul naSroms “filosofiis istoriografia: oTxi Janri” ( Historiography of
Philosophy: Four Genres).
kvleva iwyeba rortis mier apriorulad miRebuli debulebiT, რომ Cveulebriv filosofiis istoria
miiCneva filosofiis `fundamentur~ problemaTa standartul nakrebad da ამასთან კიდევ im
ადამიანებად (რორტი იყენებს ტერმინს“figurebი“) , romlebic am problemaTa kvleviT iyvnen
dakavebulni. am stiliTaa dawerili vindelbandisa da raselis naSromebi ფილოსოფიაში. am Janrs
rorti uwodebs `doqsografias~ (Zv. berZn. – “doxa” – azri, msjeloba). `doqsografia aris kanonis
miyeneba im problemebisadmi, romelnic am kanonTan mimarTebis gareSea Seqmnili~ (Rorty:
1985. 19). es Janri gulisxmobs, rom Cvens Soreul winaprebsac saqme hqondaT igive `bunebriv
saxeobasTan~, romelTanac dRes - filosofias. is figurebi – samRvdeloebis pirebi, literatorebi,
politikuri moRvaweebi – romlebic kanonSi ver etevian, istoriidan iricxebian. es Janri yvelaze metad
popularuli da gavrcelebulia, magram yvelaze naklebadaa Rirebuli, radganac antiistoriulia. am JanrSi
xdeba warsulis mumificireba da misi ganTavseba samuzeumo katalogebis principiT. profesorebs
hgoniaT, rom studentTa Tvalwin aSiSvleben istoriul qsovils, sinamdvileSi dakavebulni arian misi
etiketirebiT. rorti, am JanriT dakavebulebs, sTavazobs Sewyviton muSaoba `filosofiis istoriaSi~.
rorti Semdeg Janrs uwodebs- `racionaluri rekonstruqcias~. igi dRes farTod inergeba praqtikaSi
analizuri filosofiis mier. am Janris arsi vlindeba imaSi, rom warsulis didi filosofosebis
Semoqmedeba wakiTxul iqnas rogorc Cveni Tanamedroveebis, kolegebis, `Cveni kaTedris
TanamSromlebis naazrevi, imgvarad rom SesaZlebel iqnes maTTan uSualo urTierToba, partnioruli
saubrebi, debatebi~. (Rorty: 1985. 39-40). magaliTad, aristoteles, an kants epatiJebian meta-enisa
da enis filosofiis disputebze sakamaTod, ama Tu im poziciis dasacavad.
racionaluri rekonstruqciis avtorebs naklebad ainteresebT istoriuli simarTle. maTi mizania
warsulsa da awmyos Soris imgvari xidebis gadeba, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis warsulSi moRvawe
kolegebis genialuri mignebebis maT TematikasTan TanxmovanebaSi moyvanas. rekonstruqtorebma
unda daasabuTon, rom maTma mignebebma, profesiulad formulirebuli problemebis saxiT,
adeqvaturi asaxva hpoves analizur filosofiaSi. rorts miaCnia, rom am Janris filosofosebs akliaT
damoukideblobis gancda. am Janris mTavar xarvezad, igi Tvlis winare istoriis kulminaciad sakuTari
moRvaweobis dasaxvas. araistoriuli meTodis gamoyeneba maT saSualebas aZlevs survilisamebr
airCion is problemebi da personaliebi, romelnic maT suliskveTebas Seefardeba. yuradRebis gareSe
rCeba magaliTad okamsa da dekartes, kantsa da freges Soris arsebuli figurebi, rom araferi vTqvaT
Tanamedroveobis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebze – religiur moazrovneebze, literaturis, politikisa
Tu sazogadoebriv moRvaweebze, romlebic Cveni epoqisaTvis sruliad relevantur filosofiur
sakiTxebs svaven da cdiloben maT gadawyvetas.
racionaluri rekonstruqciis Janris anti istoricizmi gamoixateba imaSi, rom am Janris
warmomadgenlebs ar surT filosofiis `qolgis~ qveS SemouSvan is, vinc ar moiazreba analizuri
filosofiis farglebSi. rorti aRiarebs am Janris garkveul Rirsebebs, magram Tvlis, rom umjobesia
daviviwyoT istoriiT Jonglioroba da warsuli epoqis moazrovneTa naazrevi movaTavsoT maTive
droiT konteqstSi, maTive `epoqis suliskveTebis~ ganaserSi. mxolod amis Semdgom iqneba
SesaZlebeli warsulis moazrovneTa ganxilva Tanamedroveobis TvalTaxedvidan. rorti ar eTanxmeba
im avtorebs, romelnic miiCneven, rom or midgomas Soris arsebobs gadauwyveteli dilemis xarisxSi
ayvanili konfrontacia. rorti Tvlis, rom maTi SeTavseba SesaZlebelia, garkveuli monacvleobiT xan
erTis, xan meoris gamoyenebis gziT. `ori unari (racionaluri da istoriuli rekonstruqciisa) verasodes
SesZleben iarsebon damoukideblad. bevrs veras gaigebT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqrobdnen mkvdari
filosofosebi odesRac, Tu ar SevafasebT imas, Tu ra icodnen maT WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb. es ori
Tema unda iqnes ganxiluli xangrZlivad mbrunavi hermenevtikuli wris momentebad; amis Semdeg
iqneba SesaZlebeli ama Tu im tipis rekonstruqcias mivyoT xeli~ (Rorty: 1985.53).
istoriul-filosofiuri narativi, anu Geistesgeschichte- kargad cnobili da ukve tradiciad
Camoyalibebuli Janri gaxlavT. misi paradigmatuli warmomadgenelia hegeli. Cvens droSi misken
garkveul simpatiebs avlenen haidegeri, raihenbaxi, fuko, makkintairi, blumbergi. am Janris
damaxasiaTebelia: a) aqcentis dasma problemis dayenebaze da ara mis `gadawyvetaze~, rac
racionaluri rekonstruqciisaTvisaa tipiuri. b) kiTxvis `ratom~ prioritetuloba; ratom wamoiwia win
ama Tu im problemam da gaxda `filosofiuri~, ratom aRmoCnda yuradRebis centrSi esa Tu is figura
da a.S.
am tradiciis mimdevrebi cdiloben moazrovnis Semoqmedebis sruli suraTis mocvas, misi
azrovnebis logikis gadmocemas. isini qmnian qolistur `saxes~, zogad `suraTs~. rorti verafers cuds
ver xedavs imaSi, rom am stilis mimdevarni mourideblad iyeneben racionaluri da istoriuli
rekonstruqciis meTodologiebs, maTi xarvezi isaa, rom isini sakuTar Tavze iReben `msajulis~
misias, axarisxeben `seriozul~ da `araseriozul~ problemebs, sakuTari gemovnebiT aniWeben
filosofoss `udidesis~ tituls. rorti samwuxarod miiCnevs im faqts, rom am procesSi isini upiratesad
xelmZRvaneloben epistemologiuri kriteriumebiT, gacnobierebulad, Tu gaucnobiereblad miiCneven
filosofias `bunebis sarked~.
rortis mixedviT inteleqtualuri warsulis prezentaciisa da masTan gasaubrebis optimaluri
variantia istoriul-konteqstualuri rekonstruqciis Serwyma Geistesgeschichtes-Tan, erTi pirobiT, rom
orive meTodi ganTavisuflebuli iqneba `epistemologiuri~ safenelisagan.
Grand Narrative-Si ar unda aisaxos `WeSmaritebisaken hegelianuri, imanenturi, arsobrivi
svla”. rortis mixedviT igi metaforebis, saxeebis, poeturi xedvebis, `gonSi moxelTebuli cnebis~
Tanadrouli simbolikis cvalebadobaTa aRweras warmoadgens.
poetur aRweraSi gamoiricxeba mecnierebis imitacia, fsevdo-mecnieruli saSualebebisa Tu
iaraRebis gamoyeneba. zustad iseve, rogorc lirikos-poetebTan gamoricxulia fizikuri bunebis
imitacia. `epoqaTa miRma~ mkvdar filosofosebTan saubrisagan gansxvavebiT, `epoqaSi~
moiazreba cocxal TanamedroveebTan saubari, disputi-kontrargumentaciaTa wamoweva, maTi
gabaTileba, optimalur variantSi urTierTkoreqtireba. rorti am viTarebas sxvagvarad uyurebs: kritika,
romelic gulisxmobs argumentTa CarTvas ar aris im mniSvnelobis mqone, rasac mas Cveulebriv
miaweren. Teoretizebis winapirobebi: erTiani epistemologiuri aTvlis wertili, dapirispirebis
erTmniSvnelovani kriteriumebi, reduqcionalistuli produqtebi, Tanxmoba konsensusis miRwevasa da
codnis safuZvlebis saerTo xedva, rortis azriT, adamianis inteleqtis farglebs scildeba da utopiuria.
rortis mier SemoTavazebuli liberalizebuli istoriografia istorikos srul Tavisuflebas sTavazobs.
racionaluri meTodisagan gansxvavebiT istoricistuli meTodi SeuzRudavi TavisuflebiT ajildovebs
mkvlevars: saxiaobis esTetikidan gamomdinare mas SeuZlia amoirCios erTi da ukuagdos meore.
gamoxatvis es stili iZleva azris uCveulo brunvaTa saSualebas; msgavsi ram Teoriuli kvlevisas
blokirebulia. metaforulad orientirebuli istoriografia SesaZleblobas aZlevs istorikoss ufro naTlad
gamoavlinos `epoqis suli~.
samwuxarod, rortis mcdeloba: gamoexata saubari `epoqaTa miRma~ da `epoqaSi~,
gasworeboda Teoriul meTods, ver aRwevs mizans. mis mimarT pretenziebs gamoxataven misi
kolegebic. magaliTad, quaini am mcdelobas è`epistemologiur anarqizms~ uwodebs, deneti
sayvedurobs, rom cnobierebis problemis prezentaciisas mas aSkarad aklia obieqturoba. analizuri
filosofiis kritika Teoriuli argumentebis gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

g) riCard rortis utopiuri samyaro

 rorti Tavisi naSromis “filosofia da bunebis sarke” meore Tavs- “gonebis gareSe STenili
pirovnebani”(Persons without minds) iwyebs paragrafiT, romelsac qvia “antipodebi” -The
Antipodeans (Rorty:1979.70). paragrafSi aRwerili utopiuri samyaros postmodernuli suraTi
gansxvavdeba oldos haqslis “saocari, axali samyaroSi”aRwerilisgan da metad avlens msgavsebas
frensis fukuiamas mier nawinaswarmetyveleb post adamianur momavalTan.

rortis utopiuri samyaro galaktikis ukidures nawilSi, Soreul kosmosur sivrceebSi Cakarguli
planetaa, romelsac qvia antipodelTa planeta (the planet Antipodes). rortis aRweriT igi Tavisi
klimaturi-geografiuli parametrebiT planeta dedamiwis aslia. am mikargul planetaze mosaxle xalxic
dedamiwis mosaxle adamianebis aslebi arian-maTi civilizaciac zustad iseTivea rogorc
dedamiwelebis-isini aSeneben saxlebs, weren leqsebsa da romanebs, qmnian kompiuterul
programebsa da samxedro SeiaraRebac aqvs-ageben bombebs. isini erTi ramiT ar gvanan
dedamiwelebs- “maT ar ician rom aqvT cobiereba.” (Rorty:1979. 71.) am planetis filosofosebs ar
aqvT formulirebuli subieqtisa da obieqtis, arc arsisa da ararsis problema; aq pironis skepticizmis
tradiciaa gamefebuli, magram maTTvis ucnobia iseTi cnebebi rogoricaa- “idea”(Idea),
“aRqma;”(perception), “mentaluri reprezentacia” (mental representation). es maT enobriv
leqsikonSi aisaxeba; maTvis ucnobia im tipis gamonaTqvamebi, rogoricaa: saSinlad vgrZnob
Tavs, raRacas vapireb, raRacis mwams- isini personul mentalur sferos ganekuTvnebian da
garkveul mdgomareobebs aRniSnaven. maT leqsikonSi arsebobs sityva “pirovneba” , magram
terminebTan: “cnobiereba”, “suli” bmis gareSe. mas iyeneben mxolod imisaTvis rom miuTiTon
koleqtiuri ”Cven” –is gansxvaveba sxva cocxali arsebebisagan. antipodeli filosofosebi arasodes
axdendnen iseTi problemebis formulirebas rogoricaa-materia-cnobiereba, idealuri-materialuri,
intuiciuri-intersubieqturi (Rorty:1979. 72-73).
aq dedamiwerebisagan kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli ram arsebobs; es
gansxvaveba gamowveulia maT utopiur planetaze scientizmis upirobo prioritetiT. planetaze
gansakuTrebulad ganviTarebulia bunebis mecnierebebi -nevrologia, fiziologia da bioqimia; amis
gamo, nebismieri gamonaTqvami korelirebulia organizmSi mimdinare fiziologiur-nevrologiur-
bioqimiuri mdgomareobasTan. rorti ironiis meTodis gamoyenebiT aRwers antipodelTa ojaxSi
gaTamaSebul situacias: Tu rogor miiwevs bavSvi gaxurebuli qurisaken, da rogor aCerebs mas deda
wamoZaxiliT- “ar miekaro magas, is Seni C-fibrebis stimulacias gamoiwvevs!.” ( Rorty :1979.82.)
am planetaze moismen amgvar gamonaTqvamsac: ”me mqonda CG- 42 F-11 –Tan erTad, ramac
saboloo jamSi gamoiwviaFS -14; Sesabamisad mivxvdi, rom damemarTa mastodonti”
( Rorty :1979.79).
 rorti gatacebiTa da ironiiT aRwers 21-e saukunis 50-ian wlebSi planetaze dedamiwelTa
eqspediciis Casvlas; gansakuTrebuli sarkazmiTaa aRwerili platonis, dekartesa da kantis filosofiaze
aRzrdil dedamiwel filosofosTa jgufis gancvifreba. maT verafriT gaegoT Tu rogor SeiZleba, rom
filosofosTa enobriv leqsikonSi ar arsebobdes ”cnobiereba”?! ( Rorty : 1979. 82).
Semdegi epizodi aRwers eqsperiments, romelic Catarda dedamiwelTa da antipodelTa
tvinebze. “gaRizianebis yovel stimulze dedamiweli ambobda-mtkiva! antipodeli ki- CemSi
amuSavda C- fibrebi da maTi korelireba moxda F –Tan” (Rorty :1979. 89-90).
rortis mier aRwerili utopiuri planeta Cveni scientisturi momavlis xatia. kacobriobis
momavali rortiseul winaswarmetyvelebaSi pragmatul-nominalisturia. igive modeli adamianuri
samyaros momavalisa, mxatvruli eniT, oruelisa da haqslis romanebSi jer kidev meoce saukunis 30-
ian wlebSia aRwrili. filosofiaSi ki igive mcdeloba ganxorcielda frensis fukuiamasa da elvin tofleris
futurologiur utopiebSi.2
rortis mier aRweril utopiaSi fizikis/ mecnierebis ena “ontologiurad ufro adeqvaturadaa “
miCneuli- aq ideali “mecnierebis erTobaa”. es ki sxva araferia Tu ara elementaruli materializmi.
migvaCnia, rom rortiseuli utopiuri antipodelTa planetis versia metaforaa. igi sainteresoa da
yuradsaRebia, rogorc gafrTxileba scientizmisken mibrunebis msurvelTaTvis.

am monaTxrobiT rorti adamianTa sazogadoebis mimavalze mianiSnebs.

rorti eTanxmeba fizikalistebs, rom cnobiereba unda vikvlioT empiriulad da intersubieqturad,
magram am kvlevis safuZveli unda iyos nominalisturi biheviorizmi, anu mTlianad unda iqnes
ukugdebuli `metafizikurad sulierisa~ da `metafizikurad pirovnulis~ postulatebi. fizikalizmSi rorts ar
awyobs erTi ram – esaa scientizmi, mecnieruli realobis rwmena, rwmena imisa, rom fizikas aqvs
ontologiurad adeqvaturi ena. neopozitivistTa ideali, romelic mecnierebaTa erTobaSi gamoixateba,
rortis TvalsazrisiT utopiaa. rorts miaCnia, rom iluzorulia irwmuno rom mecnierul enas ZaluZs
gaxsnas realoba da `WeSmariteba~, iseve, rogorc irwmuno filosofiis unari, rom igi bunebis sarkea.
arc erT Teorias, miT ufro mecnieruls, ar ZaluZs epistemologiur WrilSi realobis reprezentacia da
`WeSmaritebis~ gaxsna. mecniereba realobis metaforulad gamoxatvis erT-erTi saSualebaa. mas ar

2
elvin tofleris “momavlis Soki”(Toffler,Alvin. (1970) Future Shock Bantam Books) futurologTa manifestad iqca, mas
mogvianebiT moyva f.fukuiamas “istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani” (Fukuyama. Francis. (1992). The End of
History and the Last Man. Free Press) da misive ”Cveni postadamianuri momavali” Our Posthuman Future:
Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2002). meoce saukunis 80 –
90 wlebSi dasavluri futurologia 2000 wlis dadgomis molodinSi Zalze mZime prognozebs gvTavazobda. politikuri da
socialuri perspeqtivebis kvlevam warmoSva da gaaZliera teqnofobia. mravali prognozi araswori aRmoCnda da
futurologiis avtoriteti Seirya, magram es ar misula futurologiuri kvlevis aucileblobis uaryofamde, aq mivuTiTebT
amerikel sociologebis: jon gelbreiTi, torstain vebleni, luis mamfordi da sxv. mier SemuSavebul Teoriaze teqnikuri
kompleqsebis primati industrial sazogadoebaSi, romelsac moyveba teqnokratuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba.
aqvs privilegirebuli midgoma aranairi arsis gaxsnisas. scientizmi rorts miaCnia droSi dagvianebul
kulturul fenomenad.
rorts mohyavs quainis Tvalsazrisi imis Taobaze, rom radganac mecnierebasa da filosofias
Soris dRes aRar arsebobs mkveTrad dasazRvruli sferoebi. SesaZlebelia am ukanasknelis
gadabargeba mecnierebis sivrceSi. rortisTvis gaugebaria, ra amocanas usaxavs quaini mecnierebas
da ratom ar SeiZleba, rom vakanturi adgili daikavos xelovnebam, politikam da religiam da ara
bunebismetyvelebam..
`bunebis mecnierebaTa enebis miRma arsebobs Cveni moraluri da politikuri cxovrebis
leqsikonebi, xelovnebis saSualebebis, adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva formaTa enebi... romlebic
sakuTar saxeebs gvawvdian, imas, rac marTlac Rirebulia kacobriobisaTvis~. adamianis ena Tavisi
bunebiT metaforulia, mecnieruli ena misi erT-erTi saxeobaa.
rorts miaCnia, rom diskusia mudmivad Ria unda iyos, da rom dialogi dausrulebelia; diskusiis
Riaoba rortis mixedviT niSnavs imas, rom axloblebs miviCnevT axali diskursiuli formebis
Semqmnelebad. tradiciulma filosofiam gaakeTa Tavisi saqme, magram filosofia kvlav arsebobs,
rogorc `xma kacobriobis usasrulo dialogSi~. Cven ganvagrZobT platonis dialogebiT tkbobas da
Cveni obieqti sulac ar aris filosofiuri argumentacia. diego markonim da jani vatimom filosofias
marTebulad uwodes nebismieri saxis problemebis ganxilvaSi Sesvlis specifikuri saSualeba. saubris
xasiaTi ganpirobebulia teqstis Seswavlis tradiciiT da mkvlevarTa daxelovnebiT, magram iluzia, rom
romeliRac xmas SeiZleba upiratesoba mieniWos unda gandevnil iqnes, fiqrobs rorti
.

d) komunikaciis axal tipis postmoderuli Zieba

rorti ambobs, rom cnobiereba SesaZlebelia da saWirocaa vikvlioT empiriulad da

intersubieqturad, magram es unda moxdes nominalisturi biheviorizmis daxmarebiT, anu rorti sruliad
ukuagdebs “metafizikurad sulierisa” da “metafizikurad personulis” postulatebs. cnobierebis
kvlevisas filosofosebi, iseve unda iqceodnen rogorc fizikosebi, rodesac ikvleven moZraobas. fizikas
ar ainteresebs aristotele-bergsoniseuli midgoma- ra aris moZraoba, rogorc aseTi, “absoluturi
moZraoba”, anu ar ainteresebT metafizikuri sazrisi; maTi interesia operaciuli taqtika da amisaTvis
igoneben Jargons, romelic pragmatulad imuSavebs. rorti Tvlis, rom neopozitiuri ideali
“mecnierebaTa erTobisa” aris utopia. iseve rogorc adamians ar SeiZlebaQqondes da arc aqvs
ontologiurad adeqvaturi ena; da fizikis enas aRiareben aseTad. es midgoma wminda wylis
konvenciaa, es niSnavs, rom paradigmis SecvlasTan erTad SesaZlebelia Seicvalos Cveni/
filosofosTa rwmena; rom mecnierulma enam SesaZlebelia gaxsnas “WeSmariti sinamdvile” da
Caswvdesa da gaxsnas Tavad “WeSmaritebis” raoba. es iseTive iluzoruli ramaa, rogorc imis
dajereba, rom filosofia aris bunebis sarke.
mecnierebis ena yvelaze warmatebulia pragmatuli ideebis winaswrmetyvelebisa da
kontrolisaTvis. “nebismieri leqsikoni, romelic aRwers raRacas, mag. fizikur nawilakebs, an
individebs, bevridan erTerTia, romelic raRaca erTi miznisTvisaa sasargeblo, sxvisTvis- ara. axali
miznis miRwevisaTvis es leqsikoni gauqmdeba da gamocxaddeba fiqciad.” yvela axali miznis
misaRwevad saWiroa axali leqsikoni. amgvarad rorts miaCnia, rom codnis fundamenturi dafuZneba
Tanamedrove kognituri kulturis mier SuZlebelia. arcerTi Teoria, maT Soris mecnierulic, ar axdens
realobis reprezentacias epistemologiuri mimarTebiT, da ver xsnis “WeSmaritebas”. mecniereba
realobis asaxvis erT-erTi istoriuli saSualebaa. da igi ver iZleva veranair privilegirebul midgomas
arsisadmi.

rortis kritikis mTavari obieqti Tavad filosofiaa, rogorc codnis sistema, rogorc mecnierebis
damoukidebeli da fundamenturi statusis mqone disciplina, Teoriuli safuZveli da gulisguli
Tanamedrove kulturisa. filosofiis sociokulturuli misiis amgvari gageba evropaSi mravali saukune
kultivirdeboda da farTo gavrceleba pova axal dros. am dros gaformda filosofiis, rogorc sistemuri da
“mkacri” mecnierebis saxe, romelic yvela sxva disciplinas uzrunvelyofs aucilebeli epistemologiuri
safuZvlebiT. rorti cdilobs filosofiis rogorc “mecnierebaTa mecnierebis” kanonikuri imiji
daamsxvrios. evropuli esencialuri tradiciis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi rortis mixedviT Semdegia:

1) fundamentalizmi da universalizmi -ontologiuri da gnoseologiuri safuZvlebis, myari

”WeSmaritebebis”, diuis terminologiiT“the quest for certainty” Zieba; metafizikur
arsebebTan-“atomebTan”, “idealur formebTan”, “monadebTan” sinamdvilis reduqcia, aseve codnis
logikuri Sinaarsisa zogierT “absolutur” sawyisebTan -grZnobad mocemulobebTan an racionalur
ideebTan;

2) reprezentacionizmi ( WeSmaritebis korespondentuli Teoria, obieqturi realobis “sarkiseburad”

zusti” asaxva);

3) dualizmi (ontologiur da epistemologiur gansxvavebulobaTa asimetriuli modeli) (aq

igulisxmeba“subieqt-“obieqtis”, “Sinaganisa da gareganis”, “realurisa-moCvenebiTis”, “sqema-
Sinaarsis” da sxv. tipisa)-modeli, romelSic erTerTi termini prioritetul pozicias ikavebs, meore ki
ganixileba rogorc meoradi da warmoebuli);

4) logocentrizmi- (kvlevis racionalisturad orientirebuli strategia, romelic emyareba warmodgenas,

rom reprezentirebuli samyaro da ena, rogorc reprezentaciis saSualeba gonivrulad mowesrigebulia
dasabamidan).

rorti, nicSesa da haidegeris msgavsad, metafizikis ufro farTo gagebas emxroba; igi mas aigivebs
mTels istoriul epoqasTan, qristianul, “ontologiur”epoqasTan (Bernstein: 1995. 54-67). biblia,
“metafizika”, “wminda gonebis kritika”, “logikis mecniereba”Tanabrad arian am epoqis
“produqtebi”3. metafizikuri paradigmis diskursi, anu narativi, iSleba im miTologemebis garSemo,
romelnic filosofiaSi tradiciulad “transcendentulad arian niSandebulni”; aseTebia: absoluturi
WeSmariteba, RmerTi, yofiereba, buneba da sxv. zebunebrivi RmerTis Sesaxeb warmodgenas
ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi enacvleba kvaziRvTaebriv “gonebaze” warmodgena, RvTismsaxuris
adgils ikavebs mecnieri, magram es transformacia ar exeba dasavleT evropis kulturis arsobriv
safuZvlebs, ambobs rorti. (Rorty :1989. 52). ganmanaTleblobis scientizmi kvlav rCeba samyaros
mimarT religiuri mimarTebis reJimSi. rwmena mecnierebis progresis mimarT, filosofiuri
optimizmi, mecnieruli WeSmaritebis mimarT “sekularizebul inteleqtualTa” piiteti, me-19
saukuneSi. qristianuli siyvarulisa da RmerTis rwmenis moralur eqvivalentad
gadaiqca”( Rorty :1982. 228.). religiur-scientisturi midgomis rezultati ontologiuri dualizmia. mas
aucileblobiT moyveba adamianis “cxovebiseuli samyaros” xelovnuri gaxleCa or polarul sferod:
yofierebad-sakuTar TavSi da sakuTari-TavisTvis-yofierebad, transcendentalurad da empiriulad;
Sesabamisad, Semecnebac gansxvavebuli kognituri statusebis Sesabamisad or formad ixliCeba:
“maRal” da “dabal”, “aucilebel” da “SemTxveviT”, “WeSmarit” da “SesaZlebel”, “obieqturad” da
“subieqturad”(Rorty :1991. 35-37, 99). rorts miaCnia, rom yvela es distinqcia ontologiuri
filosofiuri tradiciis maxasiaTebelia. metafizikuri xafangisagan TavisdasaRwevad upirvelesad,
swored misi gadalaxvaa saWiro. farTod aRebul metafizikur planSi rortis kritika mimarTulia
filosofiis fundamentalisturi koncefciis winaaRmdeg. amerikeli filosofosis SexedulebiT platonidan
dekartesa da kantamde mimaval epistemologiur tradicias analitikur skolamde mivyavarT. es
ukanaskneli rortis kritikuli Tavdasxmebis samiznea.

rorti Tvlis rom scientizmi droSi dagvianebuli kulturuli fenomenia. adreuli huserlis, raselis da
venis wris damsaxurebiT dabadebulma scientizmma xmamaRla ganacxada sakuTari arsebobis
3
deridas terminologiiT esaa “didi epoqis”/ la grande epoque wignebi.
Sesaxeb, maSin rodesac mis mZlavr mowinaaRmdeges ukve gacxadebuli qonda sakuTar ufro
adeqvaturi gzis Sesaxeb. esaa filosofiis is tipi, romelic diuim, vitgenStainma, haidegerma,
postmodernizmma danerga. da axali kultura, romelic literaturulma da politikurma inteleqtualebma
ganaviTares sakuTar poemebSi, novelebSi, politikur traqtatebSi. rortis kritikis obieqtebi arian quaini
da selari-gaugebaria ra amocana dgas mecnierebis winaSe da ratom unda daikavos mecnierebam da
ara xelovnebam, politikam, an religiam vakanturi sfero (Rorty :1982.199). am filosofosebs
fsiqologiuri winaaRmdegoba aqvT realobis miRebis mimarT, rom filosofoss ar aqvs sakuTari,
bunebrivad arsebuli sagani, rom filosofia aris saubari kulturaze, komunikatoruli Semoqmedebis
interpretatoruli mekavSire.
es sulac ar warmoadgens safuZvels pesimizmisaTvis. filosofias araferi daukargavs amiT. am
axal viTarebis miRebiT, filosofiuri diskursis winaSe farTo asparezi gaiSleba da filosofosTa
Zalisxmevac gacilebiT produqtuli gaxdeba. rorti gvTavazobs saubarebs pirovnebebze, rogor xdeba
maTi TviTreprezentacia, TviT aRwera enaSi, literaturaSi, mecnierebasa da politikaSi, moralur
normebSi da sxv. “bunebismecnierebaTa enebis garda arsebobs Cveni moraluri da politikuri
cxovrebis leqsikonebi, adamianis Semoqmedebis sxva formebis leqsikonebic, romlebic gvaZleven
kacobriobisaTvis mniSvnelovansa da Rirebul saxeebs sakuTari Tavisa”(Rorty:1991. 91-92).
adamianis ena Tavisi bunebiT metaforulia da mecnieruli ena-misi erTerTi saxeobaa.
filosofosma SesaZlebelia idealad daisaxos mecniereba, sakuTari Tavi miiCnios Teoretikosad, xolo
mis mier mogonili teqnikuri enis TamaSi, gamogonili dilemebi, SeTxzuli raRaca idumalebiT moculi
ambebi-seriozul ramed dasaxos, magram es TamaSi interess mxolod maT sakuTar akademiur wreSi
iqneba saintereso da gasagebi. adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis, mecnierebisaTvis,
religiisaTvis mas didi sazrisi ar aqvs.
rortis postmodernuli dekostruqtivisturi strategia winaaRmdegobrivia. 4 is versia, romelsac igi
gvTavazobs, empiriulad statikuria. neopozitivistebisa da analizuri filosofiis safuZvlian kritikas,
rortim gadaayola maTi xedvis pozitiuri marcvlebic. rorti msjelobs ukiduresobebiT: an-an-is
principiT, an mkacri empirizmi da scientizmi, an metaforizmis garda araferia misaRebi
empirizmisa da scientizmisagan. gonebis gnoseologiur SesaZleblobebSi imedgacruebam rortSi
gamoiwvia empirizmisa da verifikaciis sruli miuRebloba.
rorts miaCnia, rom `arsebobs ori principulad gansxvavebuli saSualeba, romlis saSualebiTac
refleqsiis unaris mqone adamiani sakuTar sicocxles aniWebs sazriss, da ganixilavs mas ufro vrcel

4
rortis postmodernul Teorias araerTi kritikuli Sefaseba xvda wilad. ix. mag. suzan haaki, romelic pragmatizmis
vulgarizaciaSi sdebs brals rortis ( Haack(1993): 126-147.) telma levini diuis imenenturi realisturi intuiciebis
ignorirebaze miuTiTebs (Lavine (1995):37-49 ), xolo hilari patnems miaCnia, rom rortis Teoria meTodologiur
relativizmia ( Putnam. (1995): 295-312).
konteqstSi. pirveli saSualebaa – sazogadoebaSi sakuTari Rvawlisa da wvlilis Sesaxeb ambis
Txroba, meore – sakuTari Tavis aRwera im realobasTan mimarTebaSi, sadac adamiani ar
figurirebs~ (Rorty: 1985. 3). istorikosebi, romelnic pirvel tips irCeven, sazogadoeba esmiT rogorc –
realuri, an warmosaxviTi: literaturuli gmirebisagan Semdgari, Txrobis dros maT amoZravebT
solidaroba. meore midgomas amoZravebs obieqturobisaken swrafva: is mogviTxrobs imgvarad, rom
Txrobis obieqti transistoriulisa da transkulturisaken iyos mimarTuli. Txrobis obieqti SesaZlebelia
iyos: `RmerTi~, `absoluti~, `yofiereba~, `bunebis kanonebi~, `WeSmariteba~, `TviTkmarobis
principi~ da a.S. evropuli inteleqtualuri da socialuri tradicia da ganmanaTleblobis kultura aRweris
obieqtur saSualebebzea damyarebuli. mas Semdeg, rac nicSem gviCvena, rom WeSmariteba
`metaforebis mobilizebuli droa~, froidma, vitgenStainma, haidegerma dainaxes sazogadoebaSi
istoriul SemTxveviTobaTa Tanmimdevroba. metafizikurma TviTsaxeobam amowura Tavi. zogadi
obieqtivisturi tradiciis kraxis sxvadasxva simboloebad warmoCndnen: `RmerTis sikvdili~,
`pozitivizmi~, `yofierebis daviwyeba~, `dekonstruqcia” da amavdroulad filosofiis sekularizaciis
epoqis dasawyisi.
solidarobis momxreebs ar aSinebT kraxi. pragmatistebisaTvis xom WeSmariteba isaa, rac
sasargebloa Cveni rwmenisaTvis, xolo cneba- `WeSmariti codna~ zedmetobaTa rangs
ganekuTvneba. maT saerTod aRar sWirdebaTa metafizika. mTavari maTTvis sazogadoebasTan
Tanaziarobaa, TviTigiveobis mopoveba, anu maTi saqmianoba gacnobierebulad egocentrulia.

rorti termins `solidaroba~ xmarobs sxvadasxva azriT – eTikur-personalisturi gagebiTac da

ideologiur-globaluriTac. sxvaTa Soris, igi filosofiuri sazogadoebis solidarobasac gulisxmobs. rorti
amtkicebs, rom inter-Teoriulma komunikaciam ar gaamarTla. igi eZebs komunikaciis axal tips, ufro
produqtuls, vidre inter-Teoriulia. mas miaCnia, rom Tuki Cven SevZlebT logikuri donidan
metaforulze da hermenevtulze avmaRldeT, Cven gveqneba SesaZlebloba gavamravloT enebi, axal –
axali interpretaciebi SemovitanoT, romelTa mizani ar iqneba WeSmaritebis mopoveba da sxvaTa
darwmuneba, rom swored maTi mignebaa ukanaskneli instancia WeSmaritebisa. mizani Tavad
saubaria da misi esTetikuri mxare. rorts miaCnia am miznis produqtulobaSi darwmunebisaTvis
sakmarisia sakuTari sazogadoebis `pragmatul rwmenebTan~ solidaroba. aq eWvs badebs, is Tu ra
unda moeqces sazogadoebis rwmenebis qveS? imis dadgena rTulia, Tu romel konceptualur karkasa,
Tu kulturul ontologias mivakuTvneT isini. sazogadoeba xom ar aris erTkarkasiani sistema. igi
rwmenaTa konglomerats warmoadgens. rortis mixedviT, dRes, filosofosebisaTvis sqolastikis,
avangardizmisa da Sovinizmis safrTxebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi gza arsebobs- filosofia unda
iqcnen Tavisuflebis msaxurad- demokratiisa da solidarobis “agitatorad”. “Cveni, filosofosebis,
amocanaa avaSenoT da xeli SevuwyoT kosmopolisis –utopiuri saxelmwifos- mSeneblobas”.
filosofiis momavalic esaa. misi saqmea adamianis sakuTari cxovrebis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiared
qceva. man unda daakavSiros politikis egalitaruli ena da gansxvavebuli kulturuli tradiciebis ara-
egilitaruli enebi, moTminebiT Caunergos adamianebs politikuri Tanasworuflebianobis idea. rortis
utopiuri modeli kulturulad aranaklebad mravalsaxeobrivi da heteronomulia. am utopiur momavalSi
kulturuli tradiciebi gauqmebulia. sazogadoeba imarTeba samarTlianobis principebiT
(Rorty.1995:203-04).

riCard rortis neopragmatizmi, rogorc klasikuri pragmatizmisa da analitikuri filosofiis alternativa,

naklebad mimzidvelia, e.w. “tradicionalistebisaTvis”- aSS akademiuri filosofiis
warmomadgenelTaTvis. amis damadasturebelia farelis, harTSornis, lavinis, bernsteinisa da sxvaTa
kritikuli statiebi. isini edavebian rortis, rom ar aris sakmarisi ideaTa mSrali deklaracia: rom ”axali”
interpretacia- Teoria, sityvis maragis struqtura, deskripcia- ”Zvelze” ukeTesia- araa efeqturi;
saWiroa msjelobis dasabuTeba Teoriulad, argumentirebulad. rortis mier jeimz-diui-pirsis
pragmatizmis postmodenuli wakiTxva metismetad radikaluri da ara/de/konstruqciulad miiCneva
(Bernstein 1995: 54-67; Farrell 16-29; Hartshorne 154-189; Lavine 37-49).

rorti, misTvis damaxasiTebeli ironiiT, nawilobriv iRebs oponentebis

SeniSvnebs. igi acxadebs, rom arasodes miiswrafoda misi winamorbedebis
ideebis ”zusti” da “adeqvaturi” gadmocemisaken. pragmatizmis Sesaxeb ise,
rogorc nebismier sxva filosofiur mimarTulebis Taobaze, SesaZlebelia movyveT
erTi, ori, an ramodenime alternatuli istoria, amasTan, sruliadac ar aris
aucilebeli, rom es paraleluri da araTanabarzomieri istoriebi erTmaneTTan
winaaRmdegobaSi movidnen (Rorty 1995: 169).

rorts unda daveTanxmoT imaSi, rom esencialurad da fundamentalurad WeSmaritebis dadgena

SeuZlebelia. Tanamedrove kognituri kultura aRWurvilia umal pragmatizmiTa da
instrumentalizmiT.
adamiani, romelic regulatur idead miiRebs `metaforas~, ar saWiroebs intersubieqturi
argumentebis sistemiT sakuTari Tvalsazrisis warmoCenas. igi sakuTar TavSia Caketili,
TviTkmaria. ritorikulad gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisi ar aris mimarTuli imisaken, rom dagvarwmunos,
dagvimtkicos sakuTari poziciis originaluroba, paradoqsuloba, mSveniereba. sakuTari Tvalsazrisis
mimarT ironiuli damokidebuleba gulisxmobs Sesabamis ironiul damokidebulebas sxvaTa
Tvalsazrisis mimarT. saubris winapirobad iTvleba meores arseboba, magram igi Tanaswor
partniorad ar moiazreba rTul da seriozul saqmianobaSi – produqtuli komunikaciis miRwevis
saqmeSi, igi umal TamaSSi mewyvilis rolze gamodgeba. saxezea fsevdopartnioroba, radganac
mosaubreTa urTierTobaSi ar aris CarTuli urTierTkoreqciis momenti. rortma xatovnad Seadara
analizuri filosofiis epistemologiuri producireba `sasamarTloSi saqmis garCevas~. marTlac, inglisuri
filosofiuri enisaTvis zogadad damaxasiaTebelia samarTlebrivi elferi.

Faqtia, rom rortis mier SemoTavazebuli `filosofosTa sazogadoeba~ maRali wris salonia,
sadac daxvewil da warmatebul inteleqtualebs mihyavT enobrivi TamaSi, amasTan yoveli
moTamaSe TamaSobs Tavisi konceptualuri karkasis TamaSis wesebiT, an Tavisi sazogadoebis
pragmatuli rwmenebis Sesabamisad. misi mizania damswreTa moxiblva da datyveveba TamaSiT da
saintereso istoriebiT. rortis mier SemoTavazebuli postpragmatizmi amocanad isaxavs filosofiasa da
sxva mecnierebaTa Soris sazRvrebis moSlas, damijvna waiSleba mecnierebas, literaturis, politikasa
da adamianuri moRvaweobis sxva sferoebs Sorisac (Rorty. 1982:XLII).

rorts surs, rom misi filosofia `rekonsteqstualizaciisa da remetaforizaciis~ pragmatuli meTodiT

iqnes gakritikebuli. misi filosofiis mizania WeSmaritebaze orientirebuli racionalur – kritikuli
tradiciis dekonstruqcia da yvelas moqceva romantikulad orientirebul xedvaze. mas wams, rom
dekonstruqtivistuli proeqti xels Seuwyobs filosofiis humanizacias da demokratizacias,
dapirispirebulobidan solidarulobisken svlas.
rortis inovaciaSi advilad SeiZleba davinaxoT nicSes Semdgomi Taobis inteleqtualebis
`gonebis sasowarkveTa~ Serbilebis mcdeloba. amis gakeTebas igi cdilobs diuiseuli optimisturi
komunitarizmisa da meliorizmis SemotaniT filosofiur diskursSi. igi fiqrobs, rom cvladi lingvisturi
praqtika da kognituri kultura yvela im metafizikur konstruqcias ukuagdebs, romelsac efuZneboda
evropuli kultura. Tavad `TviTobis~ cnebac, romelic gansakuTrebulad Rirebulad iyo miCneuli,
instrument-talisturi da pragmatuli elferiT daitvirTa. metafizikis, TviTobisa da uRmerTod darCenili
adamianis martoobis kompensireba rorts surs sazogadoebis rwmenebis, solidarobis, Tanaziarobis
principebis win wamoweviT.
rortis gavlena Tanamedrove amerikuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaze didia. dRes, iseve
rogorc 15-20 wlis win, rortis filosofiuri xedva kvlav aqtualuria, igi yvelaze
citirebadi avtoria, mas yvelaze xSirad iwveven diskusiaSi-eTanxmebian, an
akritikeben; zog SemTxvevaSi misi teqstebi miiCneva anti/ fsevdo filosofiuri
teqstebad. Tumca, misi naSromebi praqtikulad yvela enazea Targmnili.
 dRevandel amerikul filosofiaSi radikaluri metafilosofiuris kritika
TandaTanobiT kargavs simwvaves. igi, ase vTqvaT, aRar aris moduri da gzas
uTmobs filosofiisadmi konstruqciul midgomas. faqtia, rom “konstruqciuli”
midgoma metad pasuxobs filosofiis amocanebs, vidre anarqiul-relatiuri; igi ufro
nayofieria da akmayofilebs Tanamedrove kulturis moTxovnebs. mas
adeqvaturad da obieqturad SeuZlia Seafasos Tanamedrove filosofiaSi deridas,
liotaris, Tavad rortisa da maTi mimdevrebis mier Setanili wvlili.
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18. Rorty, Richard (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press.
19. Rorty Richard (1981), Mind – Body Identity, Privacy and Categories. Englewood:
Cliffts.
 20. Rorty, Richard (1982).Consequences of Pragmatism. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
21. Rorty, Richard (1982), Contemporary Philosophy of Mind; in Synthese. vol 53. # 2:
33-348.
22. Rorty, Richard (1982). Dewey’s Metaphysics // Consequences of Pragmatism.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
23. Rorty, Richard (1982). Philosophy in America Today// Consequences of Pragmatism.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp.183-200. 211-230. Rorty, Richard
(1982), Philosophy in America Today; krebulSi: Consequences of Pragmatism:
Essays 1974-1980. Minneapolis. pp. 211-230.
24. Rorty, Richard (1982), Introduction: Pragmatism and Philosophy. krebulSi:
Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays 1974-1980. Minneapolis. pp.xiii-3
25. Rorty, Richard.(1983). Postmodernist Bourgeois Liberalism. The Journal of
Philosophy,Vol. 80, No. 10, Part 1: Eightieth Annual Meeting of the American
Philosophical Association, Eastern Division (Oct., 1983), pp. 583-589.
26. Rorty, Richard (1985), Solidarity or Objectivity? Post-Analytical Philosophy. N. Y.
27. Rorty Richard (1985), Historiography of Philosophy: Four Genres. Cambridge.
28. Rorty, Richard (1989). Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
29. Rorty, Richard (1991). Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth: Philosophical Papers,
Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Rorty, Richard (1991), Essays on Heidegger and Others: Philosophical Papers II.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Rorty, Richard. (1991) Wittgenstein, Heidegger, and the Reification of Language .
krebulSi: Essays on Heidegger and others. — II. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. pp.50-65.
32. Rorty, Richard (1995) Philosophy and Future krebulSi: Herman J. Saatkamp
(ed.), Rorty & Pragmatism: The Philosopher Responds to His Critics. Vanderbilt
University Press. gv. 197-205.
33. Rorty, Richard (1997). Truth, Politics and ‘Post-Modernism.’ The 1997 Spinoza
Lectures. Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1997.
34. Rorty, Richard (2005), The Future of Religion with Gianni Vattimo Ed. Santiago
Zabala. New York: Columbia University Press.
35. Rorty, Richard (2005) interview with Giancarlo Marchetti a magazine”Philosophy
Now” issue #43 November 23, 2005.
https://philosophynow.org/issues/43/Richard_Rorty.
36. Putnam, Hilary (1995). The Question of Realism // Words and Life. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University press. p. 295-31.

kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. eTanxmebiT mosazrebas, rom riCard rorti Tanamedrove filosofiaSi yvelaze popularuli
moazrovnea? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.
2. ras niSnavs rom rortis pozicia umal “Terapevtuli” xasiaTis matarebelia.?
3. ra misia ekisreba dRes filosofoss?
4. ra aris evropuli esencialuri tradiciis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi rortis mixedviT?
5. daaxasiaTeT filosofiis istoriografia: oTxi Janri
6. romel Janrs aniWebs upiratesobas rorti? ratom?
7. iziarebT rortis pozicias, rom adamiani, romelic regulatur idead miiRebs `metaforas~, ar
saWiroebs intersubieqturi argumentebiT agebuli sistemiT sakuTari Tvalsazrisis warmoCenas?
8. daaxasiaTeT antipodelTa planeTa. ra niSnebiT xasiTdeba misi utopizmi?
9. ra azriT xmarobs rorti termins `solidaroba~?
10. rogoria komunikaciis axali tipi, romelic ufro produqtulia, vidre inter-Teoriuli?
11. waikiTxeT rortis ese “filosofia da momavali” imsjeleT ZiriTad Temebze.