FDK@JNFNI \DCD[@IWNA GNBNC \DBNPNINI FDK@GNINI

>. Bntn
Bntnrr kd
kdbn
bnfn
fnie
ie
\dcdiuani pdbnynini fdsdantni cdrupnfni anf sdt`np mrnie ynie g`jnc`i
sdhnrn fmist`tus`minb gnbnc Tignie-Tignie Gnsnr Idenrn [dpukb`f @igmids`n Wnaui
>074. Anb `i` cdrupnfni tujuni ins`minb kniesn @igmids`n yn`tu uituf cdb`iguie`
sdedi
sde dinp
np kn knie
iesn
sn @i
@igm
gmid
ids`n
s`n gn
gni i sdbur
sdburua
ua tutucp
cpnana gn gnrna
rna @i
@igm
gmid
ids`n
s`n,, cdcn
cdcnju jufn
fni
i
fdsdjna
fdsd jnatdrn
tdrnni
ni ucuc,
ucuc, cdihdrg
cdihdrgnsf nsfni
ni fda`gu
fda`gupni
pni kniesn
kniesn,, gni `fut
`fut cdbnfsn
cdbnfsninf
infni
ni
fdtdrt`kni gui`n ynie kdrgnsnrfni fdcdrgdfnni, pdrgncn`ni nkng`, sdrtn fdng`bni
sms`nb.
Titu
Ti tuf
f cdih
cdihnpnpn`
n` tuju
tujuni
ni ins`ins`mi
minb
nb tdtdrs
rsdk
dkutut g`
g`sd
sdbd
bdie
ieen
enrn
rnfn
fnib
ibna
na upupny
nynn
pdcknieuini ynie kdrfds`inckuieni ynie cdrupnfni suntu rniefn`ni
pdcknieuini ynie cdiydburua, tdrnrna, gni tdrpngu, tdrcnsuf pdcknieuini
fdsdantni.
fdsdan tni. \dcknieui
\dcknieuini ni fdsdantni
fdsdantni pngn gnsnriyn
gnsnriyn g`tujufni
g`tujufni uituf cdi`iefntfni
cdi`iefntfni
fdsngnrni, fdcnuni, gni fdcncpuni a`gup sdant sda`ieen gnpnt tdrwujug gdrnjnt
fdsdantni cnsynrnfnt ynie sdt`iee`-t`iee`iyn.
Gnbnc rniefn cdihnpn` tujuni pdcknieuini fdsdantni g`bnfufni kdrknen`
upnyn
upn yn fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni,, snbna
snbna sntuiyn
sntuiyn gnbnc
gnbnc kdituf
kdituf pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni.. \dbnyn
\dbnynini
ini
fdsdantni kdrtujuni uituf cdcdb`anrn gni cdi`iefntfni fdsdantni, cdihdena gni
cdiydckua
cdiyd ckuafnifni pdiynf`t,
pdiynf`t, sdrtn cdcub`afni
cdcub`afni fdsdantni
fdsdantni pdrmrnieni
pdrmrnieni,, fdbmcpmf
fdbmcpmf gni
cnsynrnfnt.
cnsynrn fnt. \dbnynini
\dbnynini Fdk`gnini,
Fdk`gnini, ynie cdrupnfni
cdrupnfni snbna sntu kdituf kdituf pdbnynini
pdbnynini
fdsdantni g`tujufni fausus fdpngn pdrdcpuni, kny` knru bna`r, kny`, knb`tn, gni ninf
prnsdfmbna tdrcnsuf fdsdantni rdprmgufs` pdrdcpuni gni fdbunren kdrdihnin.
\dbnynini Fdk`gnini anrus g`kdr`fni sdhnrn kdrtnieeuie jnwnk, nfuitnkdb, kdrcutu,
gni ncni.
\rmods` K`gni g` @igmids`n cns`a g`angnpfni mbda kdrknen` cnhnc fdignbn
sdpdrt`
sdpd rt` pdrsdkn
pdrsdknrni
rni K`gni
K`gni ynie
ynie kdbuc
kdbuc cdrntn
cdrntn gni cdijnicdijnief
efnu
nu sdburua
sdburua w`bnyn
w`bnynaa
tdrpdih`b g` @igmids`n, sdrtn pdig`g`fni Fdk`gnini ynie sncpn` snnt `i` sdkne`ni
kdsnr cns`a pngn jdi`s pdig`g`fni vmfns` ynie cdiydknkfni pdiedcknieni prmods`
K`gn
K`gnii kdkdrjn
rjnbn
bni
i snsnie
ient
nt bnck
bnckntnt.. Gnbnc
Gnbnc ananbb pr
prnf
nft`
t`f
f Fdk`
Fdk`gn
gnin
ini,
i, cns`
cns`a a tdrgn
tdrgnpn
pntt

fdt`gnfsdsun`ni nitnrn fdwdinieni gni fmcpdtdis` ynie g`c`b`f` mbda K`gni. Xdbn`i
`tu, K`gni sdknen` pdckdr` \dbnynini Fdk`gnini pdrbu g`pdrs`npfni fdcncpuniiyn
uituf cdientns` pdrfdcknieni pdrcnsnbnani fdsdantni gnbnc cnsynrnfnt.
K`gni gnbnc cdbnfsninfni pdbnynini fdsdantni kdrpdrni sdknen` pdckdr`
\dbnynini
\dbnyn ini Fdk`gnini,
Fdk`gnini, pdiedbmbn \dbnynini Fdk`gnini,
Fdk`gnini, pdiyubua
pdiyubua gni fmisdbmr
fmisdbmr kne`
Fb`di, pdig`g`f, pdck`ck`ie, gni ons`b`tntmr fb`i`f, pdieedrnf pdrni sdrtn cnsynrnfnt
gni pdckdrgnynni pdrdcpuni, sdrtn pdidb`t`. \dbnynini Fdk`gnini ynie g`kdr`fni
mbda K`gni g`gnsnrfni pngn pdiedtnaun
pdiedtnauni i gni fmcpdtdis`
fmcpdtdis` g` k`gnie `bcu Fdk`gnini
Fdk`gnini
ynie g`fdckniefni sdsun` gdieni fdkutuani Fb`di.
Fdtdituni cdiedin` prmods` K`gni cns`a tdrsdknr gnbnc kdrknen` pdrnturni
pdruignie-uignieni gni kdbuc cdincpuie fdkutuani aufuc gnr` prmods` K`gni
cnupui cnsynrnfnt. Anb `i` cdienf`kntfni kdbuc ngniyn fdpnst`ni aufuc kne`
K`gn
K`gni
i gn
gnbn
bnc
c cdij
cdijnb
nbni
nifn
fni
i prprnf
nft`
t`f
f pr
prmo
mods`
ds`iy
iyn,
n, sda`i
sda`iee
eenn kd
kdbu
buc
c cdck
cdckdr
dr`f
`fni
ni
pdcdrntnni pdbnynini, pdb`iguieni, gni fdpnst`ni aufuc kne` K`gni sdknen`
 pdckdr` \dbnynini Fdk`gnini gni cnsynrnfnt sdknen` pdidr`cn \dbnynini
Fdk`gnini. \dienturni Fdk`gnini kdrtujuni uituf cdi`iefntfni cutu K`gni, cutu
pdig`g`fni gni \dbnynini Fdk`gnini, cdckdr`fni pdb`iguieni pdb`iguieni gni fdpnst`ni aufuc
fdpngn K`gni gni Fb`di, sdrtn cdi`iefntfni gdrnjnt fdsdantni cnsynrnfnt.
Fdk`gnini
Fdk`g nini cdc`b`f`
cdc`b`f` Tignie-Tig
Tignie-Tignie nie tdrsdig`r`.
tdrsdig`r`. Tignie-Tig
Tignie-Tignie nie Imcmr
Imcmr 7
Wnaui ;<>0 tditnie Fdk`gnini g`snafni mbda \rds`gdi Jmfm U`gmgm pngn tnieenb >8
Cnrdtt ;<>0.
Cnrd ;<>0. TT 7 tnauitnaui ;<>0
;<>0 tditni
tditnie e Fdk`gn
Fdk`gnini
inig`u
g`uign
ignief
iefni
ni gnbnc
gnbnc Bdcknr
Bdcknrnini
Idenrn [dpukb`f @igmids`n Wnaui ;<>0 Imcmr 4? gni \dijdbnsni Ntns TT 7 Wnaui
;<>0 tditnie Fdk`gnini gnbnc Wncknani Wncknani Bdcknrni
Bdcknrni Idenrn [dpukb`f @igmids`n
@igmids`n
Imcmr ?8;4 mbda Cdifucanc Pnsmiin A. Bnmby pngn tnieenb >4 Cnrdt ;<>0 g`
Jnfnrtn.
Fdk`gnini gnbnc TT 7 Wnaui ;<>0 tditnie Fdk`gnini ngnbna sdenbn sdsuntu
ynie kdraukuie
kdraukuieni ni gdieni
gdieni k`gni gnbnc cdckdr`fni
cdckdr`fni pdbnynini fdk`gnini
fdk`gnini fdpngn
pdrdcpuni sdbncn cnsn sdkdbuc anc`b, cnsn fdanc`bni, pdrsnb`ini, pnshnpdrsnb`ini,
pnshnpdrsn b`ini,
cnsn i`ons, kny` knru bna`r, kny`, knb`tn, gni ninf prnsdfmbna, tdrcnsuf fdsdantni
rdp
rdprmgu
rmguf fs` pdrd
pdrdcpcpun
unii gni
gni fdbu dbunr
nre
en kdrd
kdrdiihn
hnin
in sdsdsu
sun`
n` gdidie
eni tu tuen
enss gn
gni
i
wdwdinieiyn. K`gni ngnbna sdmrnie pdrdcpuni ynie tdbna cdiydbdsn`fni prmernc
pdig`g`fni Fdk`gnini kn`f g` gnbnc idedr` cnupui g` bunr idedr` ynie g`nfu` sdhnrn
sna mbda \dcdr`itna \usnt gni tdbna cdcdiua` pdrsynrntni uituf cdbnfufni prnft`f
Fdk`gnini.
\dbnynini
\dbny nini Fdk`gnini
Fdk`gnini cdiurut fdtdituni
fdtdituni ucuc Tignie-Tignie
Tignie-Tignie Imcmr 7
Wnaui
Wna ui ;<>0
;<>0 tditni
tditniee Fdk`gn
Fdk`gnini
ini ngnbna
ngnbna suntu
suntu kdituf
kdituf pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini prmods`
prmods`min
minbb ynie
ynie
cdrupn
cdr upnfni
fni kne`ni
kne`ni `itder
`itdernb
nb gnr`
gnr` s`stdc
s`stdc pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni ynie
ynie g`kdr`
g`kdr`fni
fni mbda
mbda
k`ght.i sdhnrn cnig`r`, fmbnkmrns`, gni/ntnu rujufni. \rnft`f Fdk`gnini ngnbna
fde`nt
fde `ntni
ni pdckdr
pdckdr`ni`ni pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini ynie
ynie g`bnfu
g`bnfufni
fni mbda
mbda K`gni
K`gni gnbnc
gnbnc kdituf
kdituf nsuani
nsuani
fdk`gnini. Fmcpdtdis` K`gni ngnbna fdcncpuni ynie g`c`b`f` mbda K`gni ynie
cdb`
cd b`pu
put`
t` pd
pdie
iedtdtna
naun
uni,
i, fd
fdtd
tdrnc
rncp`
p`bn
bni,
i, gngnii s`fnp
s`fnp uiuitu
tuf
f cdck
cdckdrdr`f
`fni
ni \dbn
\dbnyn
ynin
ini
i
Fdk`gnini.

;. [ucu
[ucusn
sni
i cnsn
cnsnbn
bna
a

Gnr` urn`ni bntnrkdbnfnie g` ntns gnpnt g` rucusfn cnsnbna sdknen` kdr`fut :

n. Knen`cnin
Knen`cnin pdrni
pdrni pdbnynini
pdbnynini fdk`gnin
fdk`gnini i tdrangnp
tdrangnp fmig`s`
fmig`s` fdsdantni
fdsdantni `ku gni
gni ninf g`
g`
@igmids`n =
k. Knen`cnin \drni tdinen fdsdantni ynie kdraukuieni gdieni fdkutuani prmo`b
tdin
tdinen
en fdfdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini,
i, pd
pdie
iedc
dckn
knie
ieni
ni prmo
prmods`
ds`mi
minb
nb`s
`scd
cd fdfdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini,
i, pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni
fdk`gnini a`ieen pdbnynini fdk`gnini g` cnsynrnfnt g` @igmids`n =

8. Fnj`
Fnj`nni tdm
tdmr`
\drt`cknieni sdknen` bntnr kdbnfnie bna`riyn Tignie-Tignie Imcmr 7 Wnaui ;<>0
tditnie Fdk`gnini ngnbna :
n. Knawn
Knawn sdt`np
sdt`np mrnie kdranf
kdranf cdcpdr
cdcpdrmbd
mbda
a pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdsdantni
fdsdantni nenr gnpnt a`gup
a`gup
sdjnatdrn bna`r gni knt`i, sda`ieen cncpu cdcknieui cnsynrnfnt, kniesn, gni
idenrn sdknen`cnin g`ncnintfni gnbnc Tignie Tignie Gnsnr Idenrn [dpukb`f
@igmids`n Wnaui >0746
 k. Knawn pdbnynini fdsdantni fdpngn cnsynrnfnt faususiyn pdrdcpuni, kny`, gni
ninf ynie g`bnfsninfni mbda k`gni sdhnrn kdrtnieeuiejnwnk, nfuitnkdb, kdrcutu,
ncni, gni kdrfds`inck
kdrfds`inckuien
uieni,
i, cns`a g`angnpfni
g`angnpfni pngn fdignbn prmods`minb
prmods`minb`tns,
`tns,
fmcpdtdis`, gni fdwdinieni6
h. Knawn pdienturni
pdienturni cdiedin`
cdiedin` pdbnynini
pdbnynini fdsdantni
fdsdantni mbda k`gni cnupui pdienfuni
pdienfuni
tdra
tdrang
ngnp
np prprmo
mods
ds`` gn
gni
i pr
prnf
nft`
t`f
f fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini
i kd
kdbu
buc
c g`g`ntu
nturr sdhnr
sdhnrnn fm
fmcp
cprda
rdadi
dis`
s`oo
sdknen`cnin prmods` fdsdantni bn`i, sda`ieen kdbuc cdckdr`fni pdb`iguieni gni
fdpnst`ni
fdpnst `ni aufuc
aufuc kne` k`gni gnbnc cdbnfsninfni
cdbnfsninfni pdbnynini
pdbnynini fdsdantni
fdsdantni fdpngn
cnsynrnfnt6
g. Knawn kdrgnsnrfn
kdrgnsnrfnii pdrt`cknieni
pdrt`cknieni sdknen`cnin
sdknen`cnin g`cnfsug
g`cnfsug gnbnc auruo n, auruo
auruo k,
gni auruo h, pdrbu cdckdituf Tignie-Tignie tditnie Fdk`gnini6

7. \dcknansni
 Fmig`s` Fdsdantni @ku gni Ninf
Gdrnjnt fdsdantni suntu idenrn g`tnign`
g`tnign` gdieni
gdieni niefn-nief
niefn-niefnn fdsnf`tni,
fdsnf`tni,
niefn fdcnt`ni, gni ucur anrnpni a`gup (Nhacng`, ;<>7). NF@ gni NFK gnpnt
g`euinfni uituf cdb`ant fmg`s` fdsdantni `ku gni ninf gnbnc suntu pdr`mgd
tdrtd
tdrtdit
itu
u gngni
i g` w`w`bnbnyn
yna
a tdrt
tdrtdi
ditu
tu.. NF
NF@@ snien
snientt pd
pdfn
fn tdran
tdrangn
gnp
p fu
funb
nb`t
`tns
ns gn
gnii
nfsds`k
nfs ds`k`b`
`b`tns
tns ons`b`t
ons`b`tns
ns pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni.. Cdbnbu
Cdbnbu`` NF@ gnpnt
gnpnt g`ufur
g`ufur stntus
stntus
fdsdantni `ku snnt fdanc`bni, pdrsnb`ini gni i`ons pngn suntu w`bnyna. NF@ gni
NFK juen cdijng` pdrant`ni t`iefnt ebmknb sda`ieen ancp`r sdcun idenrn tdrus
cdidrus cdbnfufni kdrknen` upnyn `itdrins`minb uituf cdcdhnafni cnsnbna
`i`. Gnbnc gmfucdi @itdrint`minb Hbnss`o`hnt`mi mo G`sdnsds (@HG-><), fdcnt`ni
`ku ngnbna fdcnt`ni sdmrnie pdrdcpuni fdt`fn cnsn fdanc`bni ntnu gnbnc wnftu
7; anr` sdtdbna kdrnfa`riy
kdrnfa`riynn fdanc`bni
fdanc`bni tnipn cdcpdrt`ck
cdcpdrt`ckniefn
niefni i bncn gni bdtnf
fdanc`bni, gnr` sdcun pdiydknk ynie kdrfn`tni ntnu g`pdrkdrnt mbda fdanc`bni
gni pdintnbnfsninniiyn, incui kufni fnrdin pdiydknk fdhdbnfnni gni `is`gdi
(UAM, ;<>;). Fdcnt`ni `ku sdknen` nf`knt gnr` kdrknen` gdtdrc`ini ynie snient
buns.
bun s. Gdtdrc
Gdtdrc`in
`ini
i tdrsdku
tdrsdkutt sdpdrt`
sdpdrt` onftmr
onftmr sms`nb
sms`nb,, dfmimc
dfmimc`,`, kugnyn
kugnyn,, gni bdtnf
bdtnf
edmerno`. Xdbn`i `tu, gnbnc sdkuna pdidb`t`ni g`tdcufni knawn cns`a kniynf

cnsynrnfnt ynie kdbuc cdiedtnau`

cnsynrnfnt cdiedtnau` pdit`ieiyn
pdit`ieiyn pdcdb`anrnni
pdcdb`anrnni fdanc`bni gni
knanyn pdrsnb`ini ynie t`gnf ncni. Wmfma cnsynrnfnt pui kdbuc sdpdiuaiyn
pdgub` tdrangnp fdsdbncntni `ku anc`b gni kdrsnb`i gni tdinen fdsdantni kdbuc
cnfs`cnb cdckdr`fni pdbnynini. Gdieni gdc`f`ni nfsds `iomrcns` gni nfsds
pdbnynini fdsdantni juen cdrupnfni gdtdrc`ini ynie pdit`ie
pdit`ie uituf cdiuruifni
fdcnt`ni `ku ([dtini`ies`a, ;<>8). C`bbdii`uc Gdvdbmpcdit Emnbs (CGEs) juen
cdcpr`mr`tnsfni tujuni utncniyn yn`tu uituf cdiuruifni NFK sdkdsnr ;/8,
cdiu
cd iuru
ruif
ifni
ni NF@
NF@ sd sdkd
kdsnr
snr 8/7,
8/7, gn
gni
i cdi`
cdi`ie
iefn
fntf
tfni
ni pd
pdih
ihde
dena
nani
ni pd
pdiy
iydk
dknrn
nrni
i
A@_/N@GX. Kdrgnsnrfni Bnpmrni \dihnpn`ni Wujuni \dcknieuini C`bdi`uc g`
@igmids`n ;<>7, NF@ tdrhntnt sdkdsnr 840 pdr ><<.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup. Niefn
tdrsdkut jnua gnr` tnredt CGEs ynie sdkdsnr ><; pdr ><<.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup.
Xdgniefni NFK pngn tnaui ;<>; sdkdsnr 8; pdr >.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup juen
cns`a jnua gnr` tnredt CGEs ynie sdkdsnr ;8 pdr >.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup (F\\I,
;<>4). NF@ gni NFK juen
;<>4). juen cdijng
cdijng`` pdrant
pdrant`ni
`ni gnbnc
gnbnc Xustn`inkbd Gdvdbmpcdit
Emnbs (XGEs).
Wnredt NF@ gni NFK pngn tnaui ;<>0 sdkdsnr 8<? pdr ><<.<<< fdbna`rni
a`gup gni ;7 pdr >.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup (Fdcdifds, ;<>4). NF@ sdkdsnr 840 pdr
><<.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup tdrsdkut cns`a hufup t`iee` j`fn g`knig`iefni gdieni
idenrn NXDNI. Kdkdrnpn upnyn ynie g`bnfufni pdcdr`itna gnbnc cdiuruifni
NF@ gni NFK cdbnbu cdbnbu`` prmern
prmerncc cdi`ie
cdi`iefnt
fntfni
fni funb`t
funb`tns
ns pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini dcdred
dcdredis`
is`
mk
mkstd
stdtr
tr`` gn
gni
i knkny`
y` knknru
ru bna`
bna`rr c`i`
c`i`cn
cnbb g` >4
>4<< ru
rucn
cna a sn
snf`
f`tt \MID
\MIDF F gn
gnii 8<
8<<
<
pusfdscns ntnu knbfdscns \MIDG, cdcpdrfunt s`stdc rujufni ynie do`s do`s`di
`di gni
dodft`o nitnrn pusfdscns gni rucna snf`t, cdijnc`i sdt`np `ku cdc`b`f` nsfds
tdra
tdrang
ngnp
np pdpdbn
bnyn
ynin
ini
i fdfdsda
sdantn
ntnii `k`ku
u yn
ynie
ie kd
kdrf
rfun
unb`
b`tns
tns cubn
cubn`` gn
gnr`r` sn
snnt
nt an
anc`
c`b,
b,
pdrsnb`ini a`ieen pdrnwntni pnshn pns hn pdrsnb`ini, pdrnwntni fausus gni rujufni j`fn
tdrjng`
tdrjng` fmcpb`
fmcpb`fns
fns`,
`, hut`
hut` anc`b
anc`b gni cdbna`
cdbna`rfn
rfni,
i, sdrtn
sdrtn nfsds
nfsds tdrang
tdrangnpnp fdbunr
fdbunren
en
kdrdihnin. G`sncp`ie `tu pdit`ieiyn cdbnfufni `itdrvdis` bdk`a fd aubu ynfi`
fdpngn fdbmcpmf rdcnjn gni gdwnsn cugn gnbnc upnyn pdrhdpntni pdiuruini
NF@ (Fdcdifds, ;<>4).
\ngnn tnaui
\ng tnaui ;<<0,
;<<0, snbna
snbna sntu upnyn
upnyn pdi`ie
pdi`iefnt
fntni
ni hnfupn
hnfupni i pdrtmb
pdrtmbmie
mieni
ni
pdrsnb`ini mbda tdinen fdsdantni ngnbna prmernc fdc`trnni k`gni gni gufui.
\ngn prmernc `i` pdrni gufui gnbnc pdrsnb`ini g`nb`afni pngn nspdf pdrnwntni
imi cdg`s. \ngn tnaui ;<>>, prmernc fdc`trnni k`gni gni gufui cdi`iefnt gnr`
?<,4% pngn tnaui ;<>< cdijng` 54% pngn tnaui ;<>> gdieni jucbna gufui
cdihnpn` >>7.;0< mrnie g` sdburua @igmids`n. Cdiurut gntn [`sfdsgns ;<><,
pdrsnb`ini ynie g`tmbmie mbda k`gni sdkdsnr 4>,0%, sdkdsnr 7<,;% g`tmbmie mbda
gufui gni sdkdsnr 5,0% g`tmbmie mbda gmftdr. Cdie`ient pdiydknrni k`gni g`
gdsn bdk`a kniynf gnr` tdinen fdsdantni bn`iiyn gni k`gni cdcpuiyn` fdwnj`kni
`fut sdrtn gnbnc upnyn fdbniesuieni a`gup, pdrtuckuani gni pdrfdcknieni
ninf, cnfn k`gni anrus cdc`b`f` fmcpdtdis` ynie kdrfn`tni gdieni fdsdantni
kny` gni knb`tn. Gntn [`sfdsgns ;<>8 cdiuijufni knawn sdkne`ni kdsnr
pdrsnb`ini imrcnb (?1,?%) g`knitu mbda k`gni. Xdgniefni s`sniyn sdkniynf
>1,4%
>1, 4% g`knit
g`knituu gmftdr,
gmftdr, >>,1%
>>,1% g`knit
g`knitu
u tdinen
tdinen imi fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni,, <,8%
<,8% g`knit
g`knitu
u

pdrnwnt. G` gndrna tdrpdih`b, pdbnynini fdk`gnini juen cdb`put` pdbnfsninni

kdrknen` prmernc pdcdr`itna pusnt cnupui gndrna euin cdi`iefntfni gdrnjnt
fdsdan
fds dantni
tni cnsynr
cnsynrnfn
nfntt sdtdcp
sdtdcpnt
nt sdpdrt`
sdpdrt` pdbnfs
pdbnfsnin
nin prmern
prmernc
c FK gni `cui`s
`cui`sns`
ns`
(Fdcdifds, ;<>4). \drni k`gni gnbnc cdiuruifni fdcnt`ni `ku gni ninf nitnrn
bn`i gdieni cdidcpntfni k`gni g` gdsn pngn tnaui >00<ni. Wuens pmfmf k`gni
g` gdsn nitnrn bn`i sdknen` pdbnfsnin fdsdantni `ku gni ninf faususiyn gnbnc
pdbnynini fdsdantni `ku.
Wuens k`gni bn`iiyn ngnbna cdbnfufni fuijuieni fd rucna, pdck`inni
pmsynigu gni pdck`inni pmigmf kdrsnb`i. Xdbn`i k`gni g` gdsn, ngnpubn k`gni
ynie cdbnfufni prnft`f g` ons`b`tns pdbnynini fdsdantni gdieni tuens pmfmfiyn
cdckdr`fni pdbnynini pmb`fb`i`f nitdintnb, enieeuni fdsdantni rdprmgufs` g`
pmb`fb`i`f fdbunren kdrdihnin, sdinc anc`b, pdig`g`fni pdr`intnb, pdbnynini g`
fncnr kdrsnb`
fncnr kdrsnb`i,
i, pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini g` fncnr
fncnr mp
mpdrns
drns`,
`, pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini i`ons
i`ons gni pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini
pdr`intnb. Wnaui >007 Fmiodrdis` Fdpdigugufni Gui`n g` Fn`rm cdidfnifni
 pdit`ieiyn fdsdantni rdprmgufs` gdieni cdcpdrbuns nrdn enrnpni pdbnynini
k`gni:
n. Xnod cmtadrammg tdrcnsuf kny` knru bna`r gni pdrnwntni nkmrtus
k. Onc`by
Onc`by pbnii`
pbnii`ie
ie
h. \diynf`t
\diynf`t cdiubnr
cdiubnr sdfsunb tdrcnsuf
tdrcnsuf `iodfs`
`iodfs` snburni nbnt
nbnt rdprmgufs`
rdprmgufs`
g. Fdsdan
Fdsdantni
tni rdprmgu
rdprmgufs`
fs` rdcnjn
rdcnjn
d. Fdsdantni
Fdsdantni rdprmg
rdprmgufs`
ufs` pngn mrnie tun.

 \rmo`b Wdinen Fdk`gnini

Xdftmr
Xdf tmr fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni sugna
sugna cdijng
cdijng`` kne`ni
kne`ni gnr`
gnr` `igust
`igustr`
r` ynie
ynie cdckdr
cdckdr`fn
`fni
i
bnpnie
bnpnieni
ni pdfdrj
pdfdrjnni
nni buns.
buns. Tiefnp
Tiefnpnini knawn
knawn fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni ngnbna
ngnbna nrdn ynieynie pngnt
pngnt
fnryn cdiuijuffni knawn kniynf mrnie ynie kdfdrjn gnbnc sdftmr fdsdantni
(Nyui`ietyns, ;<>7).
Xuckdr Gnyn Cnius`n (XGC) cdrupnfni fmcpmidi utncn gnr` s`stdc
fdsdan
fds dantni
tni gni cdiean
cdieank`s
k`sfni
fni pnb`ie
pnb`ie kniynf
kniynf suckdr
suckdr gnyn
gnyn ynie
ynie g`nbmf
g`nbmfns`f
ns`fni
ni
uituf s`stdc fdsdantni. XGC kdrfmitr`kus` tdrangnp f`idrjn gnr` sdcun ouies`
utnc
utncnn fdfdsd
sdan
antn
tni
i sda`i
sda`iee
eenn up
upny
nynn ui
uitu
tuf
f cdi`
cdi`ie
iefn
fntf
tfni
ni dodft
dodft`v
`v`t
`tns
ns td
tdin
inen
en
fdsdan
fds dantni
tni cdrupn
cdrupnfni
fni pusnt
pusnt uituf
uituf cdi`ie
cdi`iefnt
fntfni
fni f`idrj
f`idrjnn s`stdc
s`stdc fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni

(Kdnebdambd, ;<<8). Tignie Imcmr 8? Wnaui ;<<0 tditnie Wdinen Fdsdantni,

Gnbnc Tignie
tdinen
tdinen fdsdant
fdsdantni
ni ngnbna
ngnbna sdt`np
sdt`np mrnie
mrnie ynie
ynie cdienk
cdienkg`f
g`fni
ni g`r`
g`r` gnbnc
gnbnc k`gnie
k`gnie
fdsdantni sdrtn cdc`b`f` pdiedtnauni gni/ntnu fdtdrncp`bni cdbnbu` pdig`g`fni
g` k`gnie fdsdantni ynie uituf jdi`s tdrtditu cdcdrbufni fdwdinieni uituf
cdbnfufni upnyn fdsdantni. Wdinen fdk`gnini cdrupnfni snbna sntu jdi`s tdinen
fdsdantni ynie g`sdkutfni gnbnc pdrnturni tdrsdkut. \drfdcknieni pdbnynini
gni pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini g` @igmid
@igmids`n
s`n t`gnf
t`gnf tdrbdpn
tdrbdpnss gnr`
gnr` cnsn
cnsn pdijnjn
pdijnjnani
ani
Kdbnign gni Jdpnie.
Kdbnig
Kdbnignn cdrupn
cdrupnfni
fni snbna
snbna sntu idenrn
idenrn ynie
ynie tdeua
tdeua kdrpdi
kdrpdignp
gnpnt
nt knawn
knawn
pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini anrus g`bnfufni sdhnrn tdrp`sna gnr` pdig`g`fni pdrnwnt.
\rmods` k`gni kdrfdcknie cdijng` prmods` ynie kdrkdgn gdieni prmods` pdrnwnt

(Xnr`, ;<>;). G` Kdbnign, ngn nieenpni knawn sdmrnie pdrnwnt ynie kn`f t`gnf
nfni cdijng` sdmrnie k`gni ynie kn`f fnrdin pdrnwnt g`g`g`f uituf cdrnwnt
mrnie ynie snf`t sdgniefni k`gni g`g`g`f uituf fdsdantni wni`tn.
Cnr`n Gd Krmdr cdientnfni fdk`gnini t`gnf cdc`b`f` aukuieni gdieni
fdpdrnwntni,
fdpdrn wntni, fdk`gnini
fdk`gnini cdrupnfni
cdrupnfni prmods` ynie cnig`r`. Xdf`tnr 54% k`gni g`
Kdbnign kdfdrjn sdhnrn cnig`r`. \dig`g`fni fdk`gnini g` Kdbnign tdrp`sna gnr`
pdig`g`fni fdpdrnwntni (Nsr`ina, ;<><).
Kdrkdg
Kdrkdgnn gdieni
gdieni prmods`
prmods` tdinen
tdinen fdsdant
fdsdantni
ni bn`
bn`iiy
iiyn,
n, prmods
prmods`` k`gni
k`gni gnpnt
gnpnt
kdrg`r` sdig`r` gnbnc cdckdr`fni pdrtmbmieni fdsdantni fdpngn cnsynrnfnt
faususiyn
fausu siyn pdrtmbmieni
pdrtmbmieni pdrsnb`ini
pdrsnb`ini imrcnb.
imrcnb. Mbda fnrdin `tu, k`gni cdieuhnpf
cdieuhnpfni
ni
jnij` ntnu sucpna snnt cdincntfni g`r` gnr` pdig`g`fniiyn.
K`gni cdrupnfni cntn rnitn` ynie snient pdit`ie fnrdin fdgugufniiyn
sdknen` ujuie tmcknf gnbnc upnyn cdi`iefntfni suckdr gnyn cnius`n cdbnbu`
fdcncpuniiyn
fdcncpunii yn uituf cdbnfufni pdienwnsni,
pdienwnsni, pdrtmbmieni
pdrtmbmieni gni pdienwnsni
pdienwnsni
idmintus gni pngn pdrsnb`ini `ku pmstpnrtuc.
G` sncp`ie `tu, upnyn uituf cdi`iefntfni suckdr gnyn cnius`n gnpnt
g`kdknifni fdpngn k`gni cdbnbu` pdbnynini fdbunren kdrdihnin. C`gw`od (k`gni)
gnbnc tdrc`imbme`
tdrc`imbme` knansn @ieer`s,
@ieer`s, c`g sncn gdieni w`ta ynie kdrnrt` ‒gdieni–
gni w`o sncn gdieni n wmcni ntnu ‒sdmrnie wni`tn–. Jng`, c`gw`od sncn gdieni
w`ta n wmcni gni kdrnrt` ‒gdieni sdmrnie wni`tn–.
Gdo`i
Gd o`i`s`
`s` k`gn
k`gni
i sdhnr
sdhnrnn `i
`itd
tdri
rins`
ns`mi
minb
nb td
tdbn
bna
a g`g`nf
nfu`
u` mb
mbda
da @i@itdr
tdrin
int`t`mi
minb
nb
Hmio
Hm iodg
dgdr
drnt
nt`m
`mii mo C`gw
C`gw`v`vds
ds (@(@HC
HC)) pnpngn
gn tn
tnau
auii >0
>05;
5; gni
gni OdOdgd
gdrn
rnt`
t`mi
mi mo
@itdrint`minb Eyidhmbme`st Mkstdtr`t`mi (O@EM) pngn tnaui >058, Umrbg Adnbta
Mren
Mr eni`
i`znt
znt`m
`mii (UAM
(UAM)) gn
gnii knkngn
gnii bn`i
bn`iiy
iyn.
n. \n
\ngn
gn tn
tnau
auii >0
>00<
0< g` Fmkd
Fmkd,, @HC@HC
cdiydcpurinfni gdo`i`s` k`gni ynie fdcug`ni g`snafni mbda O@EM (>00>) gni
UAM (>00;).
K`gni
K`g ni ngnbna
ngnbna sdsdmrn
sdsdmrnie
ie ynie
ynie tdb
tdbna
na cdiydb
cdiydbdsn`
dsn`fni
fni prmern
prmernc
c pdig`g
pdig`g`fn`fni
i
k`gni ynie g`nfu` mbda idenrn, tdbna kdrans`b cdiydbdsn`fni pdig`g`fni tdrtditutd rtditu
bn`iiyn ynie g`synrntfni sdrtn cdcpdrmbda funb`o`fns` ynie g`pdrbufni uituf
g`gnotnrfni gni/ntnu g`kdr` `z`i uituf cdijnbnifni prnft`f fdk`gnini. G`n anrus
cncpu cdckdr`fni supdrv`s`, nsuani pdbnynini gni ins`ant ynie g`kutuafni

fdpngn
fdp ngn wni`tn
cdc`cp`iwni `tn sdbncn
sdbncnntns
pdrsnb`ini cnsn
cns n anc`b,
anc`b,jnwnkiyn
tnieeuie pdrsnb`
pdrsnb`ini
ini,
, gnisdrtn6
sdig`r` cnsncdckdr`fni
pnshn
pnshn pdrsnb
pdrsnb`in
`ini6
i6
nsuani
pngn kny` knru bna`r gni ninf. Nsuani `i` tdrcnsuf t`ignfni prdvdit`o,
pdigdtdfs`ni fmig`s` nkimrcnb pngn `ku gni kny`, gni cdieupnynfni knituni
cdg`s sdrtn cdbnfufni t`ignfni pdrtmbmieni enwnt gnrurnt pngn snnt t`gnf ngniyn
tdinen cdg`s. K`gni cdcpuiyn` tuens pdit`ie gnbnc fmisubtns` gni pdig`g`fni
Fdsdantni, t`gnf aniyn uituf wni`tn tdrsdkut, tdtnp` juen tdrcnsuf fdbunren
gni fmcui`tnsi
fmcui`tnsiyn.
yn. \dbnynini
\dbnynini k`gni tdrcnsuf pdig
pdig`g`fn
`g`fnii nitdintnb,
nitdintnb, pdrs`npni
pdrs`npni
uituf
uituf cdijng
cdijng`` mrnie
mrnie tun,
tun, gni pdieun
pdieunsnni
snni k`gnie
k`gnie tdrtdi
tdrtditu
tu gnr`
gnr` e`idfm
e`idfmbme
bme`,
`,
fdbunren
fdbunren kdrdihnin
kdrdihnin gni nsuani ninf. K`gni gnpnt cdbnfufni
cdbnfufni prnft`f
prnft`f fdk`gnini
fdk`gnini
g` rucna snf`t, fb`i`f, ui`t pdbnynini fdsdantni, rucna pdrnwntni ntnu tdcpnt
pdbnynini bn`iiyn (Xnbc`nt`, ;<<1).

Xdgnie
Xdg niefni
fni gdo`i`
gdo`i`s`
s` k`gni
k`gni gni runie
runie b`iefu
b`iefup
p prnft`
prnft`fiy
fiynn ynie
ynie tdrknr
tdrknru
u
cdiurut @HC Hmuih`b pngn tnieenb >4 Jui` ;<>>, yn`tu k`gni ngnbna sdsdmrnie
ynie tdbna kdrans`b cdiydbdsn`fni prmernc pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini ynie g`nfu`
gd
gdie
ieni
ni snsna
a g` ididen
enrn
rn g`cn
g`cninin `n kd
kdrng
rngnn gn
gni
i yn
ynie
ie g`
g`gn
gnsn
snrf
rfni
ni pn
pngn
gn Xtni
Xtnign
gnrr
Fmcpdt
Fmc pdtdis
dis`` @it`
@it` @HC ui uituf
tuf prnft`
prnft`f
f gnsnr
gnsnr k`gni
k`gni gni fdrnie
fdrniefnfn fdrjn
fdrjn Xtnign
Xtnignrr
Ebmk
Ebmknb
nb @HC
@HC ui uitu
tuf
f pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini6
i6 mr
mrni
nie
e yn
ynie
ie tdtdbn
bna
a cdig
cdignpnpnt
ntfn
fni
i
funb`o`fns` ynie g`pdrbufni uituf g`rde`strns` gni g`kdr` `z`i ynie sna uituf
gnpnt cdbnfufni
cdbnfufni prnft`f
prnft`f fdk`gnini
fdk`gnini gni cdieeuinf
cdieeuinfnini edbnr ‒k`gni–6 gni mrnie
ynie cdcpuiyn` fmcpdtdis` gnbnc prnft`f fdk`gnini.
K`gni g`nfu` sdknen` prmods` ynie kdrtnieeuie jnwnk gni nfuitnkdb ynie
kdfdrjn gnbnc fdc`trnni kdrsncn pdrdcpuni uituf cdckdr`fni gufuieni,
nsuani gni ins`ant ynie g`kutuafni sdbncn cnsn fdanc`bni, pdrsnb`ini gni cnsn
i`ons6 cdimbmie pdrsnb`ini gdieni tnieeuie jnwnk sdig`r`6 sdrtn cdiydg`nfni
nsuani kne` kny` knru bna`r gni ninf. Nsuani `i` tdrcnsuf bniefna pdihdenani,
prmcms` pdrsnb`ini imrcnb, gdtdfs` fmcpb`fns` pngn `ku gni ninf, pdienfsdsni
pdbnynini cdg`s ntnu knituni pdrtmbmieni ynie tdpnt bn`iiyn gni pdbnfsninni
bniefna-bniefna gnrurnt.
K`gni cdc`b`f` tuens pdit`ie
pdit`ie gnbnc fmisubtns`
fmisubtns` gni pdig`g`f
pdig`g`fni ni fdsdantni,
fdsdantni,
kufni aniyn kne` pdrdcpuni snjn cdbn`ifni juen fdpngn fdbunren gni
cnsynrnfnt. \dfdrjnni `i` anrus cdb`kntfni pdig`g`fni nitdintnb gni pdrs`npni
cdijng
cdi jng`` mrnie
mrnie tun gni gnpnt
gnpnt jue
juenn kdrfdc
kdrfdckni
kniee a`ieen
a`ieen fdsdan
fdsdantnitni pdrdcp
pdrdcpuni
uni,,
fdsdantni sdfsunb ntnu rdprmgufs` gni nsuani pngn ninf.
Xdmrnie k`gni gnpnt kdrprnft`f g`cninpui tdrcnsuf rucna, cnsynrnfnt,
rucna snf`t, fb`i`f ntnu ui`t pdbnynini fdsdantni bn`i (@HC, ;<>7). Cdiurut
Umrbg Adnbta Mreni`znt`mi (UAM), fdk`gnini cdb`put` pdrnwntni wni`tn sdbncn
cnsnn fdanc`
cns fdanc`bni
bni,, pdrsnb`
pdrsnb`ini
ini,, pnshn
pnshn pdrsnb`
pdrsnb`ini
ini gni pdrnwnt
pdrnwntni
ni kny`
kny` knru
knru bna`r.
bna`r.
Wdrcnsuf t`ignfni ynie kdrtujuni cdihdena cnsnbna fdsdantni pngn fdanc`bni,
gd
gdtd
tdfs
fs`` fmfmig
ig`s`
`s` nk
nkim
imrc
rcnbnb,, pd
pdie
ieng
ngnn
nni
i kn
knit
itun
uni
i cdg`
cdg`ss k`
k`bn
bn g`g`pd
pdrb
rbuf
ufni
ni,, gn
gni
i
pdbnfsninni bniefna-bniefna gnrurnt gdieni t`gnf ngniyn ngniyn knituni cdg`s.
Gnbnc knansn Xnisdfdrtn, fntn ‒k`gni– ntnu ‒w`gwni
‒ w`gwni–– kdrnrt` w`sd wmcni
ntnu pdrdcp
pdrdcpuni
uni k`jnf.
k`jnf. Gnbnc
Gnbnc Fncus
Fncus Kdsnr
Kdsnr Knansn
Knansn @igmid
@igmids`n,
s`n, k`gni
k`gni ngnbna
ngnbna
wni`tn ynie cdcpuiyn` fdpnign`ni cdimbmie gni cdrnwnt mrnie cdbna`rfni

gni kny`iyn.
Fdk`gnini ngnbna sdenbn sdsuntu cdiedin` k`gni ntnu hnrn cdimbmie gni
cdrn
cd rnwn
wntt mrmrni
nie
e kdrn
kdrnin
inf.
f. Cdiu
Cdiururutt \d
\drn
rntu
turn
rnii Cdit
Cditdrdr`` Fdsd
Fdsdan
antn
tni
i Imcm
Imcmrr
>7?7/Cdifds/ \dr/Q/;<>< tditnie @z`i gni \diydbdieenrnni \rnft`f K`gni, k`gni
ng
ngnb
nbna
na sdmrn
sdmrnie
ie pd
pdrd
rdcp
cpun
unii yn
ynie
ie bububu
buss gn
gnr`
r` pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni k`k`gn
gni
i yn
ynie
ie tdbna
tdbna
tdrde`s
tdrd e`strn
trns`
s` sdsun`
sdsun` gdieni
gdieni fdtdit
fdtdituni
uni pdrntu
pdrnturni
rni pdruig
pdruignie
nie-ui
-uigni
gnieni
eni.. Gnbnc
Gnbnc
gmfucdi Nieenrni Gnsnr Nieenrni [ucna Wnieen (NG-N[W) @fntni K`gni
@igmids`n (@K@) tnaui ;<>8, k`gni ngnbna sdmrnie pdrdcpuni ynie bubus gnr`
pdig`g`fni k`gni ynie g`nfu` pdcdr`itna gni mreni`sns` prmods` g` w`bnyna
Idenrn [dpukb`f @igmids`n sdrtn cdc`b`f` fmcpdtdis` gni funb`o`fns` uituf
g`rde`stdr, sdrt`o`fns` gni ntnu sdhnrn sna cdignpnt b`sdis` uituf cdijnbnifni
prnft`f fdk`gnini.

G` @igmids`n, prmods` k`gni aniyn g`bnfufni mbda pdrdcpuni g`fnrdinfni

mkjdf cntdr` k`gni ngnbna pdrdcpuni gnr` cnsn prn anc`b, pdrsnb`ini sncpn`
cnsn pnshn pdrsnb`ini cdrupnfni sntu fdsntuni (hmit`iuuc
( hmit`iuuc hnrd)
hnrd) ynie anrus
g`bnfufni sdhnrn cdiydburua mbda k`gni. Kugnyn @igmids`n kdbuc k`sn cdidr`cn
fuijuieni k`gni bnf`-bnf` gnbnc cdcdr`fsn pnshn pdrsnb`ini g` rucna pns`di
sdpdrt`
sdp drt` cdcdr`
cdcdr`fsnfsn jna`tn
jna`tni
i pdr`i`
pdr`i`uc
uc gni cdcnst`
cdcnst`fni
fni prmsds
prmsds bnftns`
bnftns` kdrjnb
kdrjnbni
ni
gdieni bnihnr.
Xda`ieen
Xda`i een gnpnt g`s`cpubfni
g`s`cpubfni knawn k`gni ngnbna sdmrnie pdrdcpuni
pdrdcpuni ynie
tdbna cdiydbdsn`fni pdig`g`fni t`iee` fdk`gnini, kn`f g` gnbnc cnupui g` bunr
ided
idedr`
r` ynie
ynie g`nf
g`nfu`
u` mbda
mbda pdcd
pdcdr`r`it
itna
na sd
sdsu
sun`
n` gd
gdie
ieni
ni fd
fdtd
tdit
itun
uni
i pdpdrn
rntu
turn
rni
i
pdruignie-uignieni6 cdc`b`f` fmcpdtdis` tdrtditu ynie g`pdrsynrntfni uituf
g`sdrt`o`fns`
g`sdrt`o`fns`,, g`rde`strns`
g`rde`strns` gni g`kdr`
g`kdr` `z`i b`sdis` ynie sna uituf cdbnfsninfni
cdbnfsninfni
pdbnynini fdk`gnini. Fdk`gnini ngnbna sdenbn sdsuntu cdiedin` fde`ntni
 pdckdr`ni nsuani pngn pdrdcpuni sdbncn cnsn pdrs`npni fdanc`bni, anc`b,
pdrsnb`ini imrcnb, pnshn pdrsnb`ini gni nsuani pngn kny` knru bna`r gni knb`tn.
Incui `st`bna fdk`gnini juen g`euinfni sdknen` spds`nb`sns` gnr` tdinen
cdg`s yn`tu gmftdr spds`nb`s mkstdtr` e`idfmbme` ntnu gmftdr spds`nb`s fdk`gnini
gni fniguieni. Mkstdtr` cdrupnfni hnknie `bcu fdgmftdrni ynie fausus tditnie
sdenbn sdsuntu ynie kdraukuieni gdieni fdbna`rni kny` (fdanc`bni, pdrsnb`ini,
gni sdknen`iyn) ntnu `bcu tditnie fdk`gnini. Xdgniefni e`idfmbme` ngnbna `bcu
fdgmftdrni ynie kdrfdinni gdieni ouies` nbnt tukua gni pdiynf`t fausus pngn
wni`tn. Unbnupui sncn-sncn cdcnfn` `st`bna ‒fdk`gnini–
\die
\diedc
dcknknie
ieni
ni Fdk`
Fdk`jnf
jnfni
ni \r \rmo
mods`
ds` K`gn
K`gni
i in
incu
cuii ru
runi
nie
e b`ie
b`iefu
fup
p `bcu
`bcu
fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
inii ynynie
ie cdij
cdijng
ng`` fm
fmcp
cpdtddtdis
is`` td
tdin
inen
en fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
inii kd
kdrk
rkdgdgnn gd
gdie
ieni
ni
fmcpdtdis` gmftdr spds`nb`s fdk`gnini gni fniguieni. K`gni cdc`b`f` mtmimc`
gnbnc pdintnbnfsninni fmig`s` o`s`mbme`s ntnu imrcnb.
Npnk`bn tdrjng` fmig`s` pntmbme` ntnu fdjng`ni t`gnf imrcnb g`cnin tdrgnnt
onft
onftmr
mr rdrds`
s`fm
fm gnigni fmcp
fmcpb`b`fn
fns`
s`,, k`gn
k`gnii cdbn
cdbnfu
fufn
fni
i pdpdrt
rtmb
mbmi
mien
eni i pdpdrt
rtnc
ncnn
fdenwntgnru
fdenw ntgnrurntni
rntni gni g`bnijutfni
g`bnijutfni gdieni cdrujuf pns`di. G`cnin
G`cnin nrdn tdrsdkut
tdrsdkut
cdijng` runie b`iefup tdinen cdg`s.
Kdrgnsnrfni Fdputusni Cditdr` Fmmrg`intmr K`gnie Fdsdjnatdrnni [nfynt

Imcmr 47 Wnaui ;<>8 tditnie [dihnin

[dihnin \diedcknieni Wdinen Fdsdantni Wnaui
;<>>-;
;<> >-;<;4
<;4,, tdb
tdbna
na g`tdtn
g`tdtnpfn
pfni
i sdjucbn
sdjucbnaa tnredt
tnredt rns`m
rns`m tdinen
tdinen fdsdan
fdsdantni
tni tdrangn
tdrangnp
p
jucbna pdiguguf. \ngn tnaui ;<>7, rns`m gmftdr spds`nb`s g`tdtnpfni sdkdsnr ><
gmftdr spds`nb`s pdr ><<.<<< pdiguguf, rns`m gmftdr ucuc sdkdsnr 7< gmftdr
ucuc pdr ><<.<<< pdiguguf, rns`m pdrnwnt sdkdsnr >41 pdrnwnt pdr ><<.<<<
pdiguguf gni k`gni sdkdsnr ><< k`gni pdr ><<.<<< pdiguguf. \ngn tnaui ;<>7,
rns`m k`gni tdrangnp pdiguguf sdkdsnr 70,4? bdk`a rdigna j`fn g`knig`iefni
gdieni tnredt tnaui ;<>7 yn`tu ><< k`gni pdr ><<.<<< pdiguguf (Fdcdifds,
;<>4).
Anb ynie pdrbu g`pdrant`ni gnbnc cdcpdrf`rnfni rns`m fdkutuani k`gni
ngnbna onftmr buns w`bnyna, fmig`s` edmerno`s, jnrnf gni jucbna pdiguguf gnbnc
w`bnyna tdrsdkut.

 \diedcknieni \rmods`minb`scd
\diedcknieni \rmods`minb`scd Wdinen Fdk`gnini
\dienturni cdiedin` prmods` k`gni tdrgnpnt g` kdkdrnpn pdrnturni ynie tdrp`sna
g`nitnrniyn :
n. Tignie-Tig
Tignie-Tignie nie Imcmr
Imcmr >;>; Wnaui
Wnaui ;<>;
;<>; tditnie
tditnie \dig`g`
\dig`g`fni
fni W`iee`
W`iee`
k. Tignie-Tignie Imcmr
Imcmr 8? Wnaui ;<>7 tditnie Wdinen Fdsdantni
h. \drntu
\drnturni
rni Cditdr`
Cditdr` Fdsdantni
Fdsdantni Imcmr
Imcmr >7?7/
>7?7/ Cdifds/\d
Cdifds/\dr/Q
r/Q/;<
/;<><
>< tditnie
tditnie @z`i
gni \diydbdieenrnni \rnft`f K`gni
g. \d
\drn
rntu
turn
rni
i Cdit
Cditdr
dr`` Fdsd
Fdsdan
antn
tni
i Imcm
Imcmrr 5 Wnau
Wnaui
i ;<
;<>8
>8 tdtdit
itni
nie
e \d
\dgm
gmcn
cnii
\dieni
\di enief
efntni
ntni gni \didcp
\didcpntn
ntni
i Gmftdr
Gmftdr gni K`gni
K`gni Xdknen
Xdknen`` \denwn
\denwn`` W`gnf
W`gnf
Wdtnp
d. Fdpu
Fdpututusn
sni
i Cdit
Cditdr
dr`` Fdsda
Fdsdant
ntni
ni Imcm
Imcmrr 8?8?0/
0/ Cdif
Cdifds
ds/X
/XF@
F@@@/
@@/;<
;<<5
<5 td
tdit
itni
nie
e
Xtnignr \rmods` K`gni.
 o. Fdpu
Fdpututusn
sni
i Cdit
Cditdr`
dr` Fdsd
Fdsdan
antn
tni
i Imcm
Imcmrr 08
081/1/ Cdif
Cdifds/
ds/XF
XF/_
/_@@
@@@/;
@/;<<
<<55 td
tdit
itni
nie
e
Xtnignr Nsuani Fdk`gnini. \diedcknieni fdk`jnfni fdsdantni t`gnf tdrbdpns
gnr` cnsnbna ntnu `su ynie kdrfdcknie g` tdiena cnsynrnfnt.
Fd`i
Fd `ie`
e`in
ini
i cdrd
cdrdsp
spmi
mi kdrk
kdrkne
nen`
n` pd
pdrc
rcns
nsnb
nbna
nani
ni ynynie
ie cdiycdiyni
nief
efut
ut
fdpdit`ien
fdpdi t`ienii cnsynrnfnt
cnsynrnfnt buns gni tujuni pdiydbdsn`ni
pdiydbdsn`ni cnsnbna cdijng` gnsnr
g`bnfufniiyn omrcubns` ntnu pdckuntni fdk`jnfni ynie fdcug`ni g`bnijutfni
fd tnanp `cpdbdcditns`, cmi`tmr`ie gni dvnbuns` (Nyui`ietyns, ;<>7).
Kde`tupui
Kde`t upui gdieni fdk`jnfni
fdk`jnfni fdsdantni
fdsdantni cdiedin`
cdiedin` prmods`
prmods` fdk`gnini.
fdk`gnini.
\diedcknieni fdk`jnfni cdiedin` prmods` fdk`gnini cdijng` pr`mr`tns uituf
sdedrn
sde drn g`snai
g`snaiyn
yn cdijng
cdijng`` TT Fdk`gn
Fdk`gnini
ini.. [TT
[TT Fdk`gn
Fdk`gnini
ini cnsuf
cnsuf gnbnc
gnbnc
\rmernc
\rmer nc Bde`sbns`
Bde`sbns` Ins`minb
Ins`minb (\rmbdeins)
(\rmbdeins) pdr`mgd
pdr`mgd ;<<0-;<>7
;<<0-;<>7 gni g`tdrusfni
g`tdrusfni
gnbnc \rmbdeins ;<>7-;<>0. \ngn \rmbdeins Wnaui ;<>?, [TT Fdk`gnini
cdijng` pr`mr`tns uituf g`knans pngn tnaui ;<>? gdieni pdieusub gnr` G\[
gni G\G.

 \dig`g`fni Fdk`gnini
Fdk`gnini
Xdjnrna pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini cdrupnfni tuitutni fdkutuani cnsynrnfnt
nf
nfni
ni pd
pdbn
bnyn
ynin
ini
i fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini
i yn
ynie
ie kd
kdrf
rfun
unb`
b`tns
tns gn
gni
i pd
pdrf
rfdc
dckn
knie
ieni
ni fd
fdk`
k`jn
jnfn
fni
i

pdcdr`itna. Wnaui >057 pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini kdrupn Xdfmbna \drnwnt

Fdsdantni ntnu sdtnrn sdfmbna cdidiena ntns.
Incui cdieenkuiefni
cdieenkuiefni pdig`g`fni fdpdrnwntni gni fdk`gnini t`gnf g gnpnt
npnt
cdijnwnk fdkutuani cnsynrnfnt nfni pdbnynini fdk`gnini ynie fmcprdadis`o
gni cdignbnc.
Wnaui >00?, g`kufn pdig`g`fni
pdig`g`fni g`pbmcn
g`pbmcn t`en fdk`gnini gdieni pdsdrtn
g`g`
g`g`f
f gngnr`
r` bu
bubu
busni
sni sdfmb
sdfmbna
na cdid
cdidie
iena
na nt
ntns.
ns. Wnau
Wnauii ;<
;<<<
<<,, kd
kdrg
rgnsn
nsnrf
rfni
ni surnt
surnt
fdputu
fdp utusni
sni Cditdr`
Cditdr` \dig`g
\dig`g`fn
`fni
i gni Fdkugn
Fdkugnynn
ynni
i g`kufn
g`kufn prmern
prmerncc pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i
g`pbmcn dcpnt k`gni pdig`g`f g` Onfubtns Fdgmftdrni TEC, TI\NG (;<<;),
TXT (;<<7)
(;<<7),, XW@FDX
XW@FDX Ieug`
Ieug` Unbuym
Unbuym Xdcnrni
Xdcnrnie e gni XW@F@C
XW@F@C Jnfnrt
Jnfnrtnn (;<<8)
(;<<8)
gdieni bncn pdi`g`fni > tnaui sdtdbna pdig`g`fni g`pbmcn t`en. Ngniyn g`pbmcn
dcpnt k`gni pdig`g`f ynie sdtnrn gdieni snrjnin `i` pngn cubniyn sdknen` cnsn

trnis`s` gnbnc upnyn pdcdiuani

trnis`s` pdcdiuani fdkutuani
fdkutuani gmsdi g`cnin ynie kdranf cdijng`
gmsdi g`pbmcn t`en ngnbna c`i`cnb anrus sntu t`iefnt g` ntns prmernc g`pbmcn
t`en. Nfni tdtnp` Tignie-Tignie Imcmr >7 tnaui ;<<4 tditnie Euru gni Gmsdi
\nsnb 7? nynt (;) cdisynrntfni gmsdi cdc`b`f` funb`o`fns` nfngnc`f c`i`cuc
bubusn
bubusnii prmern
prmernc
c cne`st
cne`stdr
dr uituf
uituf prmern
prmernc
c g`pbmc
g`pbmcnn ntnu snrjnin
snrjnin gni bubusni
bubusni
prmernc gmftmr uituf prmernc
prmernc pnshnsnrjnin.
Tituf cdiydsun`fni gdieni fdk`jnfni tdrsdkut, pngn tnaui ;<<4 g`kufn
prmernc cne`stdr g` Ti`vdrs`tns \ngjngjnrni Kniguie, tnaui ;<>> g` Ti`vdrs`tns
Krnw`j
Krn w`jnyn
nyn cnbnie
cnbnie gni Ti`vdr
Ti`vdrs`tn
s`tnss Nignbns
Nignbns \ngnie
\ngnie gni tnaui
tnaui ;<>;
;<>; g`kuf
g`kufnn
cne`stdr fdk`gnini g` Ti`vdrs`tns Ansniug`i Cnfnssnr gni Ti`vdrs`tns Enjna
Cngn Pmeynfnrtn. Wnaui ;<<5 g`kufn prmernc snrjnin fdk`gnini g` Ti`vdrs`tns
N`rbnieen Xurnknyn (Adryni`, ;<>>) (Xnr`, ;<>;). Nsp`rns` _mb. 5 Im. >, Jui`
;<>? 5< | G` cnsn ynie nfni gntnie, g`kutuafni tdinen fdk`gnini ynie cdc`b`f`
pdiedtnauni, fdtdrncp`bni gni pdr`bnfu ynie uieeub sdrtn ynie cdijuijuie
t`iee` dt`fn gni aufuc fdsdantni.
\diedcknieni prmods` k`gni g`kutuafni uituf cdienit`s`pns` pdruknani
`bcu pdiedtnauni gni tdfimbme`, pdrfdcknieni tuitutni fdkutuani cnsynrnfnt
nfni pdbnynini fdk`gnini ynie kdrfunb`tns, pdi`iefntni fdsngnrni cnsynrnfnt
nf
nfni
ni au aufu
fuc
c fdfdsd
sdan
antn
tni,
i, pd
pdrc
rc`i
`itnn
tnni
i pdpdie
ieeu
euin
in jnsn
jnsn pd pdbn
bnyn
ynin
ini
i fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini,
i,
pdruknani ynie hdpnt gnbnc fdk`jnfni pdcdr`itna, gni pdrsn`ieni ebmknb ynie
sdcnf`i fdtnt. Xdknen` sdkuna prmods` fdk`gnini, fmcpdtdis` k`gni ynie tdrg`r`
gn
gnr`
r` sdrni
sdrnief
efn`
n`ni
ni pdpdie
iedt
dtna
naun
uni,
i, fd
fdtd
tdrnc
rncp`p`bni
bni gn
gnii pdpdr`b
r`bnf
nfu
u g`g`gn
gnpn
pntt cdbn
cdbnbu
bu``
pdig`g`fni t`iee` gni pdig`g`fni
pdig`g`fni kdrfdbnijutni.
Cdienhu pngn Tignie-Tignie Imcmr >; Wnaui ;<>; tditnie \dig`g`fni
W`ie
W`iee`e`,, pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni t`ie
t`iee`
e` ngngnb
nbna
na jdjdij
ijni
niee pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni sdtdb
sdtdbna
na pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni
cdidiena ynie cdihnfup prmernc g`pbmcn, prmernc snrjnin, prmernc cne`stdr,
prmernc gmftmr, gni prmernc prmods` sdrtn prmernc spds`nb`s, ynie
g`sdbdieenrnfni mbda pdreuruni t`iee` kdrgnsnrfni fdkugnynni kniesn @igmids`n.
Wdrgnpnt t`en jdi`s pdig`g`fni t`iee` yn`tu nfngdc`f, vmfns` gni prmods`. Kdr`fut
`i` cdrupnfni pdijdbnsni jdi`s pdig`g`fni t`iee`:
n. \dig`g`fn
\dig`g`fnii nfngdc`f
nfngdc`f cdrupnfn
cdrupnfni i pdig`g`f
pdig`g`fnini t`iee`
t`iee` prmernc
prmernc snrjnin
snrjnin gni/ntn
gni/ntnu
u

prmernc pnshnsnrjnin ynie g`nrnafni pngn pdieunsnni gni pdiedcknieni

hnknie `bcu pdiedtnauni gni tdfimbme`.
k. \dig`g`fni vmfns` cdrupnfni pdig`g`fni t`iee` prmernc g`pbmcn ynie
cdiy`npfn
cdiy `npfnii cnans`swn
cnans`swn uituf
uituf pdfdrjnni
pdfdrjnni gdieni
gdieni fdnab`ni
fdnab`ni tdrnpni tdrtditu
sncpn`` prmernc
sncpn prmernc snrjnin tdrnpni. Gnpnt pubn g`fdckniefni
g`fdckniefni mbda pdcdr`itna
pdcdr`itna
sncpn` gdieni prmernc cne`stdr tdrnpni ntnu prmernc gmftmr tdrnpni.
h. \dig
\dig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni pr
prmo
mods
ds`` cdru
cdrupn
pnfn
fni
i pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni t`ie
t`iee`
e` sdtdb
sdtdbna
na pr
prme
mernc
rnc snrjn
snrjnin
in
ynie cdiy`npfni cnans`swn gnbnc pdfdrjnni ynie cdcdrbufni pdrsynrntni
fdnab`ni fausus.
\dig`g`fni prmods` gnpnt g`sdbdieenrnfni mbda pdreuruni t`iee` gni kdfdrjn
sncnn gd
snc gdie
ieni
ni fd
fdcd
cdit
itdr`
dr`ni
ni pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni,, fd
fdcd
cdit
itdr`
dr`ni
ni bn`i,
bn`i, B\IF
B\IF gngni/
i/ntn
ntnu
u
mreni`sns` prmods` ynie kdrtnieeuie jnwnk ntns cutu bnynini prmods`.

Xnntt `i` pdig`g

Xnn pdig`g`fn
`fni
i t`iee`
t`iee` fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini tdbna
tdbna tdrsdg`
tdrsdg`nn g` pdreur
pdreuruni
uni t`iee`
t`iee`
gdieni jdi`s prmernc pdig`g`fni kdrupn nfngdc`f, vmfns` gni prmods`. \rmernc
pdig`g`fni nfngdc`f fdk`gnini ynie sugna tdrsdg`n ngnbna snrjnin gni cne`stdr.
\rmernc pdig`g`fni vmfns` ynie tdrsdg`n ngnbna prmernc g`pbmcn sntu, g`pbmcn
gun, g`pbmcn t`en gni g`pbmcn dcpnt ntnu k`nsn g`sdkut gdieni prmernc snrjnin
tdrnpni. Xdgniefni prmernc pdig`g`fni prmods` knru tdrsdg`n prmernc prmods`
fdk`gnini ynie kdrnsnb gnr` bubusni pdig`g`fni snrjnin fdk`gnini.
Ngnpui prmernc spds`nb`s fdk`gnini kdbuc tdrsdg`n. G` idenrn bn`i pui
kdbuc ngn prmernc spds`nb`sns` fdk`gnini gni knafni nhuni @HC kdbuc
cdiydkutf
cdiyd kutfni
ni spds`nb`sns`
spds`nb`sns` fdk`gnini
fdk`gnini sdknen`cnin
sdknen`cnin prmods` gmftdr
gmftdr gni pdrnwnt
pdrnwnt
ynie
yni e sugna
sugna ngn spds`nb
spds`nb`sns
`sns`iy
`iyn.
n. Fd gdpnii
gdpniiyn,
yn, prmern
prmernc
c pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i gmftmr
gmftmrnb,
nb,
spds`nb`s cnupui sukspds`nb`s nfni g`kufn j`fn ngn fdkutuani cnsynrnfnt gni
fds`npni gnr` mreni`sns` prmods` k`gni (Unwnihnrn gdieni \dieurus \usnt @K@,
;<>?). \dsdrtn g`g`f bubusni XCT ntnu sdgdrnjnt gnpnt cdbnijutfni pdig`g`fni
t`iee` fdk`gn
t`iee` fdk`gnini
ini cdbnbu
cdbnbu`` jdi`s
jdi`s pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i vm
vmfns`
fns` gni nfngdc
nfngdc`f.`f. \dig`g
\dig`g`fn
`fnii
vm
vmfn
fns`
s` yn
ynie
ie g`cn
g`cnfs
fsug
ug ngngnb
nbna
na c`i`
c`i`cn
cnbb pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni g`
g`pb
pbmc
mcnn t`en
t`en.. Anb
Anb `i
`i``
g`fnrdinfni synrnt tdinen fdsdantni sdknen`cnin ynie tdrhnituc gnbnc Tignie-
Tignie
Tig nie Imcmr
Imcmr 8? Wnaui
Wnaui ;<>7
;<>7 tditni
tditniee Wdinen
Wdinen Fdsdant
Fdsdantnini ngnbna
ngnbna c`i`cn
c`i`cnbb
bubusni pdig`g`fni g`pbmcn t`en. Bubusni g`pbmcn t`en kdranf cdignpnt edbnr
na
nab`
b` cngy
cngynn fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini
i gn
gnii tdrcn
tdrcnsu
suf
f gngnbn
bnc
c jdjdi`
i`ss k`
k`gn
gni
i vmvmfn
fns`
s` nt
ntnu
nu k`
k`gn
gni
i
pdbnfsnin.
K`gni vmfns` gnpnt cdbnfufni prnft`f fdk`gnini gnbnc kntnsni wdwdinie
tdrtditu gdieni pdienwnsni k`gni prmods`minb. Gnbnc Tignie Tignie Imcmr >;
Wnaui ;<>; tditnie \dig`g`fni W`iee`, prmernc g`pbmcn cdrupnfni pdig`g`fni
vmfns`` ynie g`pdruituffni
vmfns g`pdruituffni kne` bubusni
bubusni pdig`g`fni
pdig`g`fni cdidiena
cdidiena ntnu sdgdrnjnt
uituf
uit uf cdiedc
cdiedckni
kniefn
efnii fdtdrnc
fdtdrncp`b
p`bni
ni gni pdinbnr
pdinbnrnini gnbnc
gnbnc pdidrnp
pdidrnpni ni `bcu
`bcu
pdiedtnauni gni tdfimbme`.
\rmernc g`pbmcn cdiy`npfni cnans`swn cdijng` prnft`s` ynie tdrncp`b
uituf cdcnsuf` gui`n fdrjn sdsun` gdieni k`gnie fdnab`niiyn. \rmernc g`pbmcn
tdrg`r` ntns prmernc g`pbmcn sntu, g`pbmcn gun, g`pbmcn t`en gni g`pbmcn dcpnt
ntnu snrjnin tdrnpni. \rmernc g`pbmcn wnj`k cdc`b`f` gmsdi ynie kdrfunb`o`fns`
nf
nfng
ngdc
dc`f
`f c`i`
c`i`cu
cucc bubu
bubusn
sni
i prprme
mern
rncc cne`
cne`st
stdr
dr ntntnu
nu sdsdgd
gdrn
rnjn
jntt gn
gni i gnpn
gnpntt

cdieeuinfni `istruftur g`pbmcn t`en ntnu sdgdrnjnt ynie cdc`b`f` pdienbncni.

Bubusni prmernc g`pbmcn kdranf cdieeuinfni edbnr nab` ntnu snrjnin tdrnpni.
Xdbn`i g`pbmcn t`en, bubusni XCT ntnu sdgdrnjnt gnpnt cdbnijutfni pdig`g`fni
nfngdc`f yn`tu prmernc snrjnin fdk`gnini.
Gnbn
Gn bnc
c fdtd
fdtdit
itun
uni
i Ti
Tign
gnie
ie-T
-Tig
igni
nie
e Imcm
Imcmrr >; Wnau
Wnaui i ;<
;<>;
>; tdtdit
itni
nie
e
\dig`g
\di g`g`fn
`fni
i W`iee`
W`iee`,, prmern
prmernc
c snrjnin
snrjnin cdrupn
cdrupnfni
fni pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i nfngdc
nfngdc`f `f ynie
ynie
g`pdruituffni kne` bubusni pdig`g`fni cdidiena ntnu sdgdrnjnt sda`ieen cncpu
cdiencnbfni `bcu pdiedtnauni.
\diedcknieni Fdk`jnfni \rmods` K`gni gni tdfimbme` cdbnbu` pdinbnrni
`bc`na.. \rmernc
`bc`na \rmernc snrjnin cdiy`npfni
cdiy`npfni cnans`swn
cnans`swn cdijng`
cdijng` `itdbdftunb
`itdbdftunb gni/ntnu
gni/ntnu
`bcuwni
`bcuw ni ynie kdrkugnyn,
kdrkugnyn, cncpu
cncpu cdcnsuf`
cdcnsuf` gni/ntnu
gni/ntnu cdih`ptnfn
cdih`ptnfni i bnpnieni
bnpnieni
fdrjn, sdrtn cncpu cdiedckniefni g`r` cdijng` prmods`minb. \rmernc snrjnin

wnj`k cdc`b`f` gmsdi ynie kdrfunb`o`fns` nfngdc`f c`i`cuc bubusni prmernc

cne`std
cne `stdrr ntnu
ntnu sdgdrnj
sdgdrnjnt.
nt. Bubus
Bubusni
ni prmern
prmernc c snrjnin
snrjnin kdranf
kdranf cdieeu
cdieeuinf
infni
ni edbnr
edbnr
snrjnin
snrjnin.. Mbda
Mbda fnrdin
fnrdiniyn
iyn,, bubusn
bubusni
i snrjnin
snrjnin fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini kdranf
kdranf cdignp
cdignpnt
nt edbnr
edbnr
snrjnin
snrjnin fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini.. Incui
Incui snrjnin
snrjnin fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini kdbuc
kdbuc k`sn
k`sn cdbnfu
cdbnfufni
fni prnft`
prnft`f
f
fdk`gnini. Tituf gnpnt cdbnfufni prnft`f fdk`gnini, bubusni snrjnin fdk`gnini
g`wn
g`wnj`j`kf
kfni
ni cdbn
cdbnij
ijut
utfn
fni
i fd jdi`
jdi`ss pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni prprmo
mods`
ds` fdfdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini.
i. Bubu
Bubusn
sni
i
pdig`g`fni prmods` k`gni kdranf cdignpnt edbnr k`gni. Gnbnc fdtdituni Tignie- Tignie-
Tignie
Tig nie Imcmr
Imcmr >; Wnaui
Wnaui ;<>;
;<>; tditni
tditniee \dig`g
\dig`g`fn
`fni
i W`iee`
W`iee`,, prmern
prmernc
c prmods`
prmods`
cdrupnfni pdig`g`fni fdnab`ni fausus ynie g`pdruituffni kne` bubusni prmernc
snrjnin ntnu sdgdrnjnt uituf cdiedckniefni knfnt gni fdcncpuni cdcpdrmbda
fdhnfnpni ynie g`pdrbufni gnbnc gui`n fdrjn. \rmernc prmods` g`sdbdieenrnfni
mbda
mbda pdreur
pdreuruni
uni t`iee`
t`iee` ynie
ynie kdfdrj
kdfdrjnn sncn
sncn gdieni
gdieni fdcdit
fdcditdr`n
dr`ni
i pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni,
i,
fdcditdr`ni bn`i, B\IF, gni/ntnu mreni`sns` prmods` ynie kdrtnieeuie jnwnk
ntns
ntns cutu
cutu bnyn
bnynin
ini
i pr
prmo
mods
ds`.
`. \r
\rme
mern
rnc
c pr
prmo
mods
ds`` wnj`
wnj`k
k cdc`
cdc`b`
b`f`
f` gm
gmsd
sdi
i yn
ynie
ie
kdrfunb`o`fns` nfngdc`f c`i`cuc bubusni prmernc prmods` gni/ntnu bubusni
prmernc cne`stdr ntnu ynie sdgdrnjnt gdieni pdienbncni fdrjn pnb`ie s`iefnt
gun tnaui.
Bubusni prmernc prmods` kdranf cdieeuinfni edbnr prmods`. Xdbnijutiyn,
k`gni prmods` ynie `ie`i cdiedckniefni fd`bcuni fdk`gnini, gnpnt
cdbn
cd bnij
ijut
utfn
fni
i pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni nf
nfng
ngdc
dc`f
`f fd t`iet`iefn
fntt cne`
cne`st
stdr.
dr. Bubu
Bubusni
sni cne`
cne`std
stdrr
fdk`gnini kdranf cdignpnt edbnr cne`stdr fdk`gnini.
Gnbn
Gn bnc
c fdtd
fdtdit
itun
unii Ti
Tign
gnie
ie-T
-Tig
igni
niee Imcm
Imcmrr >; WnauWnaui i ;<;<>;
>; tdtdit
itni
niee
\dig`g`fni
\dig` g`fni W`iee`, prmernc
prmernc cne`stdr
cne`stdr cdrupnfni
cdrupnfni pdig`g`fni
pdig`g`fni nfngdc`f ynie
g`pdru
g`p druitu
ituffn
ffni
i kne`
kne` bubusni
bubusni prmern
prmerncc snrjnin
snrjnin ntnu sdgdrnj
sdgdrnjnt
nt sda`ie
sda`ieenen cncpu
cncpu
cdiencnbfni gni cdiedckniefni `bcu pdiedtnauni gni/ntnu tdfimbme` cdbnbu`
pdinbnrni gni pdidb`t`ni `bc`na.
\rme
\rmernc
rnc cne`
cne`std
stdrr cdie
cdiedcdckn
knie
iefn
fnii cnan
cnans`
s`swn
swn cdij
cdijngng`` `i
`itd
tdbd
bdftu
ftunb
nb,,
`bcuwni
`bcuw ni ynie kdrkugnyn,
kdrkugnyn, cncpu
cncpu cdcnsuf`
cdcnsuf` gni/ntnu
gni/ntnu cdih`ptnfn
cdih`ptnfni i bnpnieni
bnpnieni
fdrjn sdrtn cdiedckniefni g`r` cdijng` prmods`minb. \rmernc cne`stdr wnj`k
cdc`b`f`
cdc`b` f` gmsdi ynie kdrfunb`o`fns`
kdrfunb`o`fns` nfngdc`f
nfngdc`f bubusni
bubusni prmernc
prmernc gmftmr
gmftmr ntnu ynie
sdgdrnj
sdg drnjnt.
nt. Bubus
Bubusni
ni prmern
prmerncc cne`st
cne`stdr
dr kdranf
kdranf cdieeu
cdieeuinf
infnini edbnr
edbnr cne`std
cne`stdr.
r.
Bubu
Bu busni
sni cne`cne`st
stdr
dr fdfdk`
k`gn
gnin
inii gn
gnpn
pntt cdbn
cdbnij
ijut
utfn
fni
i pdpdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni pd pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni

sp
spds`
ds`nb
nb`sn
`sns`
s` fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini,
i, kd
kdra
ranf
nf cdig
cdignp npnt
nt ed
edbn
bnrr k`
k`gn
gni
i spds
spds`n
`nb`
b`ss gn
gni
i gn
gnpn
pntt
cdbnfufni prnft`f fdk`gnini spds`nb`s tdrsdkut.
Gnbn
Gn bnc
c fdtd
fdtdit
itun
uni
i TiTign
gnie
ie-T
-Tig
igni
niee Imcm
Imcmrr >; Wnau Wnauii ;<;<>;>; td
tdit
itni
nie
e
\dig`g`fni W`iee`, prmernc spds`nb`s cdrupnfni pdig`g`fni fdnab`ni bnijutni
ynie gnpnt kdrt`iefnt gni g`pdruituffni kne` bubusni prmernc prmods` ynie tdbna
kdrpdienbncni sdknen` prmods`minb uituf cdiedckniefni knfnt gni
fdcncpuniiyn cdijng` spds`nb`s.
\rmernc spds`nb`s g`sdbdieenrnfni mbda pdreuruni t`iee` ynie kdfdrjn sncn
gdieni fdcditdr`ni pdig`g`fni, fdcditdr`ni bn`i, B\IF, gni/ntnu mreni`sns`
prmods` ynie kdrtnieeuie jnwnk ntns cutu bnynini prmods`. \rmernc spds`nb`s
cdi`ie
cdi `iefnt
fntfni
fni fdcncp
fdcncpuniuni spds`nb
spds`nb`sns
`sns`` gnbnc
gnbnc hnknie
hnknie `bcu
`bcu tdrtdi
tdrtditu.
tu. \rmern
\rmerncc
spds`nb`s wnj`k cdc`b`f` gmsdi ynie kdrfunb`o`fns` nfngdc`f c`i`cuc bubusni
prmernc spds`nb`s gni/ntnu bubusni prmernc gmftmr ntnu ynie sdgdrnjnt gdieni
pdienbncni fdrjn pnb`ie s`iefnt gun tnaui. Bubusni prmernc prmods` kdranf
cdieeuinfni edbnr spds`nb`s.
Ngnp
Ng npui
ui sp
spds`
ds`nb
nb`sn
`sns`
s` yn
ynie
ie g`cn
g`cnfs
fsug
ug cdie
cdie`f
`fut
ut`` pd
pdrf
rfdc
dckn
knie
ieni
ni `bcu
`bcu
pdiedtnauni fdk`gnini, `su ebmknb fdk`gnini, fdkutuani cnsynrnfnt nfni
pdbnynini fdk`gnini, pdrfdcknieni pdrnturni gni bn`iiyn. \drfdcknieni
spds`nb`sns` fdk`gnini tdrkntns pngn fdwdinieni pdrsnb`ini imrcnb gni t`gnf
gnbnc cdinieni` fmig`s` pntmbme`s fdanc`bni ntnu fdanc`bni gdieni r`s`fm.
Bubusn
Bub usni
i cne`st
cne`stdr
dr fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini juen
juen gnpnt
gnpnt cdbnij
cdbnijutf
utfni
ni pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i gmftmr
gmftmr
euin pdiedcknieni `bcu pdiedtnauni gni tdfimbme`. Bubusni gmftmr fdk`gnini
kdranf cdignpnt edbnr gmftmr. Gnbnc fdtdituni Tignie-Tignie Imcmr >;
Wnaui ;<>; tditnie \dig`g`fni W`iee`, prmernc gmftmr cdrupnfni pdig`g`fni
nfngdc`f
nfngdc `f ynie
ynie g`pdru
g`pdruitu
ituffn
ffni
i kne`
kne` bubusn
bubusni
i prmern
prmernc
c cne`st
cne`stdr
dr ntnu
ntnu sdgdrnj
sdgdrnjnt
nt
sda`ieen
sda`ieen cncpu cdidcufni
cdidcufni,, cdih`ptnfni,
cdih`ptnfni, gni/ntnu
gni/ntnu cdckdr`fni
cdckdr`fni fmitr`kus`
fmitr`kus`
fdpngn pdiedc
fdpngn pdiedckniknieni
eni,, sdrtn
sdrtn pdienc
pdiencnbninbni `bcu
`bcu pdiedt
pdiedtnau
naunini gni tdfimb
tdfimbme`
me`
cdbnbu` pdinbnrni pdidb`t`ni `bc`na.
\rmern
\rmernc
c gmftmr
gmftmr cdiedc
cdiedcknikniefn
efni i gni cdcnitn
cdcnitnpfnpfnii cnans`s
cnans`swn
wn uituf
uituf
cdijng
cdi jng`` bdk`a
bdk`a k`jnfs
k`jnfsnin
nin gdieni
gdieni cdi`ie
cdi`iefnt fntfni
fni fdcncp
fdcncpuniuni gni fdcnig
fdcnig`r`
`r`ni
ni
sdknen` o`bmsmo gni/ntnu `itdbdftunb, `bcuwni ynie kdrkugnyn gni cdieans`bfni
gni/ ntnu cdiedckniefni tdmr` cdbnbu` pdidb`t`ni ynie fmcprdadis`o gni nfurnt
uituf cdcnjufni
cdcnjufni pdrngnkni
pdrngnkni cnius`n. \rmernc gmftmr gmftmr wnj`k cdc`b`f` gmsdi
ynie
yni e kdrfun
kdrfunb`o`
b`o`fns
fns`` nfngdc
nfngdc`f`f bubusn
bubusni
i prmern
prmernc c gmftmr
gmftmr ntnu
ntnu ynie
ynie sdgdrn
sdgdrnjnt.
jnt.
Bubu
Bu busn
snii prprm
mer
ernc
nc gm gmft
ftm
mr kdra
kdranfnf cdi die
eeu
euin
inf
fni ed edbn
bnrr gm
gmft
ftm
mr. Xdbdbn`
n`i
i
pdiedcknieni pdig`g`fni omrcnb, juen g`fdckniefni pdig`g`fni imiomrcnb
ntnu pdig`g`fni kdrfdbnijutni.
\die
\diedc
dckn
knie
ieni
ni pdpdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni kd kdrf
rfdbn
dbnij
ijut
utni
ni fdfdk`
k`gn
gnin
inii cdie
cdienhu
nhu pnpngn
gn
pdi`iefntni funb`tns k`gni sdsun` gdieni fdkutuani pdbnynini. Cntdr`
pdig`g`fni kdrfdbnijutni cdb`put` nspdf fb`i`s gni imi fb`i`s. \dig`g`fni
tdrsdkut g`bnfufni cdbnbu` prmernc pdbnt`ani, cnenie, sdc`inr ntnu bmfnfnryn
ynie g`ngnfni gdieni fdrjn sncn mreni`sns` mreni`sns` prmods`,
prmods`, fdcditdr`ni
fdcditdr`ni fdsdantni,
ons`b`t
ons`b`tns
ns pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdsdant
fdsdantni,
ni, bdckne
bdcknenn `itdri
`itdrins`m
ns`minb
inb gni bn`bn`iiy
iiyn.
n. Xdbn`i
Xdbn`i `tu,
`tu,
mreni`sns` prmods` tdbna cdiedckniefni suntu prmernc cditmrsa`p g`cnin k`gni

sdi`mr
sdi`mr cdck`c
cdck`ck`ik`ie
e k`gni
k`gni jui`mr
jui`mr gnbnc
gnbnc fmitdf
fmitdfss prmods`
prmods`min
minb`sc
b`scdd fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini
(Xmoyni, ;<<1).
(Xmoyni, ;<<1). Xdbn`i `tu, euin cdcons`b`tns`
cdcons`b`tns` fdkutuani
fdkutuani pdiydtnrnni
pdiydtnrnni k`gni-
k`gni-
k`gni bubusni g` knwna prmernc pdig`g`fni g`pbmcn t`en, g`bnfufni \dienfuni
\dck
\dckdb
dbnjn
njnrni
rni Bncp
Bncpnunu (\\B
(\\B)) yn
ynie
ie cdie
cdienhnhu
u pnpngn
gn pd
pdrn
rntu
turn
rni
i td
tdrf
rfn`t
n`t yn
yn`t
`tu
u
\drnturni Cditdr` \dig`g`fni gni Fdkugnynni Imcmr 58 Wnaui ;<>8 tditnie
\didrnpni Fdrniefn Funb`o`fns` Ins`minb @igmids`n (FFI@) K`gnie \dig`g`fni
W`ie
W`iee`
e`.. Gdie
Gdieni
ni ng
ngni
niyn
yn \\B,
\\B, pd
pdie
ienf
nfun
uni
i tdran
tdrangn
gnp
p pdpdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni imimio
iomr
mrcn
cnb,b,
pdig`g`fni `iomrcnb gni pdienbncni prnft`f k`gni g`anrnpfni nfni bdk`a
cdcpdrhdpnt upnyn pdi`iefntni funb`tns k`gni cdbnbu` pdig`g`fni omrcnb tnipn
cdie
cd ienk
nkn`
n`fn
fnii fdcn
fdcncp
cpun
unii ynie
ynie tdbn
tdbna
a g`
g`c`
c`b`b`f`
f` k`
k`gn
gni
i yn
ynie
ie bdbdk`
k`a
a kniy
kniynf
nf
kdrgnsnrfni pdienbncni kdrtnaui-tnaui gnbnc cdijnbnifni prnft`f fdk`gnini.
fdk`gnini.
Kdrgnsnrfni fdk`jnfni FFI@ tdrsdkut juen, g`pdrkmbdafni jdi`s pdig`g`fni
vmfns` uituf
vmfns` uituf cdidru
cdidrusfn
sfni
i pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i fd jdi`s
jdi`s prmods`
prmods` gdieni
gdieni synrnt
synrnt ngniyn
ngniyn
pdiydtnrnni ntnu cntr`fubns`. Gdieni gdc`f`ni, bubusni prmernc pdig`g`fni
g`pbmc
g`pbmcnn t`en
t`en ntnu
ntnu g`pbmc
g`pbmcnn dcpnt
dcpnt gnpnt
gnpnt cdbnij
cdbnijutf
utfni
ni pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fni
i fd prmern
prmernc
c
prmods` fdk`gnini gdieni cdbnbu` tnanpni cntr`fubns`. Bncniyn cntr`fubns`
sdf`tnr sntu tnaui gni bncniyn pdig`g`fni prmods` sdf`tnr sntu a`ieen gun tnaui.
\diedcknieni jdijnie pdig`g`fni k`gni kdrtujuni uituf cdckdr`fni pdbnynini
fdk`gnini
fdk`g nini ynie fmcprdadis
fmcprdadis`o`o fdpngn
fdpngn `ku gni ninf gnbnc tntnini prnft`f
prnft`f k`gni
cnig`r`.
\dcdr`itna gndrna gnpnt cdienrnafni k`gni vmfns` ntnu k`gni prmods`minb
ynie knru bubus uituf cdckufn prnft`f sdhnrn cnig`r` g` knwna pdienwnsni
gnr` k`gni prmods`minb ynie kdrprnft`f g` sdf`tnriyn. Xda`ieen tdrh`ptn jdjnr`ie
prnft`f k`gni gnbnc suntu w`bnyna. Fnsus-fnsus rujufni gdieni
gdieni cugna g`bnfufni
sda`ieen gnpnt cdc`i`cnbfni cnsnbna fdsdantni `ku gni ninf.
 K`gni vmfns` juen g`nrnafni
g`nrnafni uituf cdcnitnu
cdcnitnu pdrfdcknien
pdrfdcknieni i `ku anc`b g`
w`bnynaiyn gni sdedrn cdrujuf j`fn g`tdcufni fdanc`bni gdieni pdiyub`t gni
fmcpb`fns` pdiynf`t.
Xdbn`i `tu, fn`tniiyn g` gnbnc prnft`f kdrsncn gdieni tdinen fdsdantni bn`i
g` ons`b`tns pdbnynini fdsdantni, pdbnynini ynie g`kdr`fni fdpngn `ku gni ninf
cdij
cd ijng
ng`` tdrtn
tdrtntn
tn sd
sdsu
sun`
n` gd
gdie
ieni
ni jdij
jdijni
nie
e pdpdig
ig`g`g`f
`fni
ni.. C`snb
C`snbiy
iyn,
n, pd
pdck
ckdrdr`n
`ni
i
pdbnynini pngn `ku anc`b ynie adignf cdbnfufni pdrsnb`ini, tdinen cdg`s gnpnt
cdckdr`fni pdb`cpnani wdwdinie fdpngn k`gni prmods`minb. J`fn fmcpdtdis`
gni fdtdrn
fdtdrncp`
cp`bni
bni cdcdiu
cdcdiua` a` pdrsyn
pdrsynrntn
rntni,
i, k`gni
k`gni prmods`
prmods`min
minbb tdrsdku
tdrsdkutt gnpnt
gnpnt
cdcdr`itnafni k`gni vmfns` uituf cdckdr`fni nsuani gdieni pdienwnsni gnr`
k`gni prmods`minb.
Anb `i` sdsun`
sdsun` gdieni
gdieni Tignie
Tignie-Ti
-Tigni
gnie
e Imcmr
Imcmr 8? Wnaui Wnaui ;<>7
;<>7 tditni
tditniee
Wdinen Fdsdantni \nsnb ?4 ynie cdiyntnfni knawn gnbnc cdbnfufni pdbnynini
fdsdantni, tdinen fdsdantni gnpnt cdidr`cn pdb`cpnani t`ignfni cdg`s gnr`
tdinen cdg`s. Gdieni gdc`f`ni pdbnynini cdijng` tdrtntn gni cdieurnie` kdkni
t`ignf
t`ignfni
ni ynie
ynie sdcdst`
sdcdst`iyn
iyn gnpnt
gnpnt g`bnfu
g`bnfufni
fni gni t`gnf
t`gnf g`ruju
g`rujuf.
f. \drcns
\drcnsnbna
nbnani
ni
fdfurn
fdf urnien
ienii fdkutu
fdkutuani
ani tdinen
tdinen fdsdant
fdsdantnini gni t`gnf
t`gnf sncniy
sncniynn funb`t
funb`tns
ns tdinen
tdinen
fd
fdsda
sdant
ntni
ni cdru
cdrupnpnfn
fni
i tnit
tnitni
nien
enii yn
ynieie s`ei
s`ei`o
`o`f
`fni
ni.. \d\die
ienb
nb`a
`ani
ni tutuen
enss ntntnu
nu

pdigdbdens`ni tuens fdpngn tdinen fdsdantni cdrupnfni strntde` pmtdis`nb uituf

cdientns` tnitnieni tdrsdkut.
Gnr` sugut
sugut pnigni
pnigniee dfmimc
dfmimc`,
`, pdigdb
pdigdbden
dens`ni
s`ni tuens
tuens cdrupn
cdrupnfni
fni p`b`an
p`b`ani
i
fdk`jnfni ynie tdpnt uituf cdcknitu cdr`ienifni fdfurnieni tdinen fdsdantni
gni funb`tns ynie t`gnf cdrntn nitnr sdsncn tdinen fdsdantni.
fdsdantni. \dienb`ani
\dienb`ani tuens
cdrupnfni
cdrup nfni p`b`ani
p`b`ani fdk`jnfni
fdk`jnfni ynie cdijnij`fni
cdijnij`fni uiruf cdi`iefntf
cdi`iefntfni
ni do`s`dis`
do`s`dis`
prmguft`o pdckdr`ni pdbnynini fdsdantni, cdi`iefntfni jucbna gni funb`tns
bnynini ynie g`kdr`fni gni k`nyn ynie dodft`o. C`snbiyn g` Cmznck`f, gmftdr
ynie
ynie g`bnt`a
g`bnt`a cdbnfu
cdbnfufni
fni pdckdg
pdckdgnan
nanii ynie
ynie cdrupn
cdrupnfni
fni pdiydg
pdiydg`n
`n pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini
fdsdantni utncn g` suntu rucna snf`t fnkupntdi, cdbnyni` pns`di gdieni k`nyn
ynie jnua bdk`a rdigna gnr` pngn cdigntniefni gmftdr fniguieni gni fdk`gnini
(Oubtmi, ;<>>).

 \dbnynini Fdk`gnini
Fdk`gnini
Xd
Xdbn
bn`i
`i pdie
pdiedc
dckn
knie
ieni
ni prprmo
mods
ds`` fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
inii cdbn
cdbnbu
bu`` pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni gn
gni
i
sdrniefn`ni sdrt`o`fns` a`ieen b`sdis` uituf prnft`f, pdbnynini prmods`minb k`gni
juen pdrbu cdignpnt pdrant`ni fausus sdknen` kne`ni gnr` pdiedcknieni prmods`
fdk`gnini.
Gnbnc cdckdr`fni pdbnynini kdrsncn gdieni tdinen fdsdantni bn`iiyn,
k`gni pdrbu cdcms`s`fni g`r`iyn sdtnrn gdieni tdinen fdsdantni bn`iiyn.
C`snbiyn tdinen cdg`s, g`sdkut gmftdr ntnu gmftdr e`e` j`fn tdbna bubus pdig`g`fni
prmods`. Kde`tupui gdieni pdrnwnt ynie kdranf cdiynignie edbnr idrs j`fn tdbna
bubus pdig`g`fni prmods`. Mbda fnrdiniyn, g` gnbnc pdiedcknieni prmods` k`gni,
pdrbu g`kdgnfni jdi`s k`gni gnbnc cdckdr`fni pdbnynini. \dckdgnni jdi`s `i`
juen kdrpdienrua pngn pdckne`ni wdwdinie kdrgnsnrfni jdijnie pdig`g`fni.
Cdiurutt @HC,
Cdiuru @HC, kdrgns
kdrgnsnrf
nrfni
ni bnt
bntnr
nr kdbnfn
kdbnfnie
ie pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fnii gni fmfmcpd
cpdtdi
tdis`
s` ynie
ynie
g`c`b`f`, k`gni tdrkne` cdijng` gun yn`tu kns`h c`gw`odry gni ngvnihd c`gw`odry. c`gw`odry.
K`gni kns`h ntnu k`gni pdbnfsnin ntnu gnpnt g`sdkut gdieni k`gni vmfns`
yn
yn`t
`tu
u sd
sdsdm
sdmrni
rniee ynynie
ie tdbn
tdbna
a bubu
bubuss pd
pdig
ig`g
`g`f
`fni
ni fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
inii g`
g`pb
pbmc
mcnn t`en
t`en yn
ynie
ie
cdc`b`f`
cdc`b` f` fmcpdtdis`,
fmcpdtdis`, sugna g`rde`strns`
g`rde`strns` gni g`kdr`fni
g`kdr`fni `z`i uituf cdbnfufni
cdbnfufni
prnft`f k`gni g` ons`b`tns pdbnynini fdsdantni cnupui prnft`f cnig`r`
pdrmrnieni. Nsnb fntn vmfns` kdrnsnb gnr` vmhnt`minb ynie kdrnrt` fdjuruni. @st`bna
vmfns`` juen g`euinfni
vmfns g`euinfni gnbnc fdpdrnwntni
fdpdrnwntni yn`tu pdrnwnt vmfns`. vmfns`. \drnwnt
\drnwnt vmfns`
vmfns`
cdrupnfni pdrnwnt ynie tdbna bubus pdig`g`fni g`pbmcn t`en.
Kns`h c`gw`odry prnht`hd cd cdiuiuru
rutt @H
@HCC tdtdrk
rkne
ne`` fd gngnbn
bnc
c kd kdkd
kdrn
rnpn
pn
fmcpdtdis` yn`tu fmcpdtdis` gnbnc fmitdfs sms`nb, dp`gdc`mbme`, gni kugnyn
nsuani fdpngn `ku gni kny` knru bna`r6 fmcpdtdis` gnbnc prn-fdanc`bni gni
rdihni
rdihninn pdpdrsn
rsnb`
b`in
ini6
i6 fmfmcp
cpdtdtdi
dis`
s` gngnbn
bnc
c pd pdiy
iydg
dg`n
`nni
ni nsuan
nsuani
i sdsdbn
bncn
cn cnsn
cnsn
fd
fdan
anc`
c`bni
bni66 fm
fmcp
cpdt dtdi
dis`
s` gngnbnc
bnc pd pdiy
iydg
dg`n
`nni
ni nsuan
nsuani i sdbnc
sdbncnn pdpdrsn
rsnb`
b`in
inii gngni
i
fdbna`rni6 fmcpdtdis` gnbnc pdiydg`nni nsuani kne` wni`tn sdbncn cnsn i`ons6
gni fmcpdtdis` gnbnc nsuani pnshn pdrsnb`ini uituf kny` knru bna`r. C`snbiyn
pngn fmcpdtdis` gnbnc pdiydg`nni nsuani sdbncn pdrsnb`ini gni fdbna`rni,
fmcpdt
fmc pdtdis
dis`` gnsnr
gnsnr ynie
ynie g`kutu
g`kutuafn
afni i nitnrn
nitnrn bn`i
bn`i n) pdiedt
pdiedtnau
nauni
ni ynie
ynie cdb`pu
cdb`put`t`

nintmc` gni o`s`mbme` pdrs`npni pdrsnb`ini, `ig`fntmr onsd bntdi gni onsd nwnb
pdrsnb`ini nft`o, `igufs` st`cubns` nwnb pdrsnb`ini gni nuecditns` fmitrnft`b`tns
utdrus
utdrus,, `ig`fn
`ig`fns`
s` cdbnfu
cdbnfufni
fni dp`s`m
dp`s`mtmc
tmc`,
`, gni bn`
bn`iiy
iiyn.
n. k) fdtdrn
fdtdrncp`
cp`bni
bni ynie
ynie
cdb`put` fdtdrncp`bni cdbnfufni dp`s`mtmc`, cdbnfufni pdrtmbmieni pdrsnb`ini
imrcnb
imr cnb,, cdijdp
cdijdp`t
`t gni cdcmtm
cdcmtmieie tnb`
tnb` pusnr,
pusnr, cdiydg
cdiydg`nf
`nfni
ni tdrnp`
tdrnp` onrcnfm
onrcnfmbme
bme``
uituf cdrdgnfni iydr`, gni bn`iiyn. h) pdr`bnfu ynie cdb`put` tnieeuie jnwnk
ntns fdputusni gni t`ignfni fb`i`s (@HC, ;<>7).
Gnpnt g`s`cpubfni cdiurut @HC, k`gni vmfns` gnpnt cdbnfufni pdbnynini
fdk`gnini sdhnrn cnig`r` cnupui kdrsncn tdinen fdsdantni bn`iiyn g` ons`b`tns
pdbnynini fdsdantni incui pngn kntnsni fmig`s` fdanc`bni gni pdrsnb`ini ynie
imrcnb.
Xdbn`i `tu, tdrgnpnt k`gni prmods`minb cdrupnfni sdsdmrnie ynie tdbna bubus
pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini sdt`iefnt g`pbmcn dcpnt ntnu snrjnin ynie cdc`b`f`
fmcpdtdis`, sugna g`rde`strns` gni g`kdr`fni `z`i uituf cdbnfufni prnft`f k`gni
g` ons`b`t
ons`b`tns
ns pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdsdant
fdsdantni
ni cnupui
cnupui prnft`
prnft`f
f cnig`r
cnig`r`` pdrmrn
pdrmrnien
ieni.
i. K`gni
K`gni
tdrsdku
tdrsdkutt gnpnt
gnpnt kdpdrni
kdpdrni sdknen
sdknen`` pdckdr
pdckdr`` pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini,, pdiedb
pdiedbmbn
mbn gni
pdig`g`f. Bubusni pdig`g`fni sdt`iefnt cne`stdr gni gmftmr juen cdrupnfni
k`gni prmods`minb ynie cdc`b`f` fmcpdtdis` uituf cdbnfsninfni prnft`fiyn gni
kdrpdrni sdknen` pdckdr` pdbnynini fdk`gnini sdsun` jdijnie pdig`g`fni
prmods`iyn, pdiedbmbn, pdig`g`f, pdidb`t` gni fmisubtni gnbnc pdrfdcknieni
pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini cnupui gnbnc s`stdc pdbnynini fdsdantni sdhnrn
ui`vdrsnb.
Gnbnc
Gn bnc gm
gmfu
fucd
cdi
i @HC,
@HC, fm
fmcp
cpdt
dtdi
dis`
s` tn
tnck
ckna
nani
ni nt
ntnu
nu Ngvnihd c`gw`odry
prnht`hd yn`tu gnbnc cdckdr`fni nsuani sdbncn pdrsnb`ini gni fdbna`rni nitnrn
bn`i
bn`i cdc`
cdc`b`
b`f`
f` sdrni
sdrnief
efn`
n`ni
ni pd
pdie
iedt
dtna
naun
uni,
i, fd
fdtd
tdrnc
rncp`
p`bni
bni gn
gni
i pd
pdr`
r`bnf
bnfu
u gn
gnbnc
bnc
cdbnfu
cdb nfufni
fni dfstrn
dfstrnfs`
fs` vnfuc,
vnfuc, pdrkn`
pdrkn`fni
fni t`iefn
t`iefntt t`en
t`en gni dcpnt
dcpnt bufn
bufn rmkdfn
rmkdfni
i
 pdr`i`duc gni cdcpdrkn`f` bufn rmkdf sdrv`fs. Xdbn`i cdc`b`f` tncknani
fmcpdt
fmc pdtdis
dis`` gnbnc
gnbnc cdbnfu
cdbnfufni
fni pdbnyn
pdbnynini
ini fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini,, k`gni
k`gni prmods`
prmods`min
minbb juen
juen
g`wn
g`wnj`j`kf
kfni
ni cdc`
cdc`b` b`f`
f` sdrni
sdrnief
efn`
n`ni
ni fmfmcp
cpdtdtdi
dis`
s` cnin
cninjdrjdr`nb
`nb g` g`cn
cnin
in ananbb `i`i``
g`ku
g`kutu
tuaf
afni
ni gnbn
gnbncc cdrd
cdrdih
ihni
ninf
nfni
ni ns
nsua
uani
ni ynynie
ie nf nfni
ni g` g`kd
kdr`r`fn
fni
i gngni
i jujuen
en
g`kutuafni uituf fmmrg`ins` gdieni tdinen fdsdantni bn`i gnbnc cdckdr`fni
pdbnynini fdsdantni ynie fmcprdadis`o fdpngn pns`di g` ons`b`tns pdbnynini
fdsdantni.
Xdbn`i `tu, k`gni prmods`minb juen g`kutuafni cdc`b`f` fdcncpuni kdrp`f`r
fr`t`s ynie g`pdrbufni
g`pdrbufni euin pdienck`bn
pdienck`bni i fdputusni
fdputusni ynie tdpnt uituf cdihdena cdihdena
fmig`s` ynie cdcknanynfni `ku anc`b gni jni`i c`snbiyn fmig`s` fdanc`bni t`en
tdrbn
tdrbnck
ckntnt ynyn`t
`tu
u tdrb
tdrbnc
nckn
kntt gn
gnbnc
bnc cdih
cdihnpnpn`
n` on
ons`b
s`b`t
`tns
ns pdpdbn
bnyn
ynin
inii fd
fdsd
sdan
antn
tni,
i,
tdrbn
tdrbnck
ckntnt cdig
cdignpnpnt
nt pd
pdrtm
rtmbm
bmie
ieni
ni,, gn
gni
i tdtdrbn
rbnck
ckntnt cdie
cdiedi dinb
nb`` tn
tnig
ignn kn
knan
anyn
yn
fdanc`bni6
fdanc `bni6 gni dcpnt tdrbnbu yn`tu tdrbnbu cugn (anc`b
(anc`b us`n k` knwna >? tnaui),
tdrbnbu tun (anc`b us`n g` ntns 84 tnaui), tdrbnbu sdr`ie gni tdrbnbu kniynf (bdk`a
gn
gnr`
r` dcpn
dcpntt nininf
nf).
). Xdbn`
Xdbn`i
i `tu,
`tu, ju
juen
en pd
pdrb
rbu
u g`g`tn
tnck
ckna nafn
fnii fdfdcn
cncpcpun
unii ui
uitutuf
f
cdieunsn` aufuc fdsdantni.
\diedc
\di edckni
knieni
eni Fdk`jnf
Fdk`jnfni
ni \rmods`
\rmods` K`gni
K`gni Xdbn`i
Xdbn`i `tu,
`tu, anb pdit`i
pdit`iee gnbnc
gnbnc
pdiedcknieni pdbnynini fdk`gnini ngnbna knen`cnin nenr k`gni tdrsdknr sdhnrn

cdrntn g` w`bnyn
cdrntn w`bnyna
a @igmi
@igmids`n
ds`n.. Xnbna
Xnbna sntu upnyn
upnyn ynie
ynie g`bnfu
g`bnfufni
fni Fdcdit
Fdcditdr`n
dr`ni
i
Fdsdantni ngnbna gdieni cdieniefnt gni cdidcpntfni k`gni cdbnbu` prmernc
\denwn` W`gnf Wdtnp (\WW).
Wnaui ;<>7 Fdcditdr`ni Fdsdantni cdihntnt tdrgnpnt
tdrgnpnt sdkniynf
sdkniynf 7;.<88
7;.<88
k`gni \WW. Ngnpui tdinen \WW bn`iiyn yn`tu tdinen cdg`s \WW aniyn kdrjucbna
7.784 mrnie. Fdk`jnfni k`gni \WW anrus g``cknie` gdieni ngniyn cdfni`scd o`t
nig prmppdr tdst, pdi`iefntni fdbnynfni ons`b`tns pdbnynini fdsdantni, ngniyn
prmernc cn`i
cn`itdini
tdinihd
hd k`gni \WW sdpdrt` nftunb`sns`fni k`gni \WW kn`f sdhnrn
fd`bcuni cnupui pdiedcknieni `bcu pdiedtnauni gni tdfimbme`, in`f pniefnt
cdijng`` NXI tdituiyn gdieni cdienhu pngn pdrnturni
cdijng pdrnturni ynie ngn yn`tu uignie-
uignie-
uignie NXI, ngniyn pdckdr`ni pdieanrenni ynie bnynf sdknen` prmods` gni
cdckdr
cdc kdr`fni
`fni fda`gu
fda`gupni
pni ynie
ynie bnynf
bnynf gnr`
gnr` sde`
sde` dfmimc
dfmimc`` g`cnin
g`cnin g`tdcp
g`tdcpntf
ntfni
ni
(wnwnihnrn gdieni pdcdrant` fdk`gnini tnieenb >? Odkrunr` ;<>?).
Incui pdidcpntni k`gni g` w`bnyna tdrpdih`b kdbuc g``cknie` gdieni
pdckdr`ni upna ynie sdbnynfiyn. Xnnt `i` pdckdr`ni upna cns`a g` knwna TC[.
Xtrntde` `isdit`o gni jnc`ini bn`iiyn. Fdrjn sncn gdieni pdcgn, fncpus, BXC,
tmfma cnsynrnfnt.
Xtrntde` pdigncp`ieni mbda gmftdr fniguieni gni k`gni prmods`minb ynie
bdk`a kdrfmcpdtdi tdrangnp k`gni-k`gni prnft`f cnig`r` gnbnc suntu w`bnyna
juen gnpnt cdijng` pdck`inni sdfnb`eus pdienwnsni tdrangnp prnft`f k`gni.
Xdbn`i `tu, fdc`trnni k`gni sdknen` c`trn K\JX Fdsdantni juen g`pdrcugna.

4. Fds`cpubni
NF@ gni NFK cdrupnfni `ig`fntmr fdsdantni cnsynrnfnt gni fdsdjnatdrnni
suntu kniesn. NF@ snient pdfn tdrangnp funb`tns gni nfsds`k`b`tns ons`b`tns pdbnynini
fdsdantni.
fdsdan tni. NF@ gnpnt cdieufur
cdieufur stntus fdsdantni `ku snnt fdanc`bni,
fdanc`bni, pdrsnb`ini
pdrsnb`ini gni
i`ons pngn suntu w`bnyna. Wnaui ;<>; NF@ tdrhntnt sdkdsnr 840 pdr ><<.<<< fdbna`rni
a`gup. Niefn tdrsdkut jnua gnr` tnredt CGEs ynie sdkdsnr ><; pdr ><<.<<< fdbna`rni
a`gup. Xdgniefni NFK pngn tnaui ;<>; sdkdsnr 8; pdr >.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup juen
cns`a jnua gnr` tnredt CGEs ynie sdkdsnr ;8 pdr >.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup. NF@ gni
NFK juen cdijng` pdrant`ni gnbnc Xustn`inkbd Gdvdbmpcdit Emnbs (XGEs).
Wnredt NF@ gni NFK pngn tnaui ;<>0 sdkdsnr 8<? pdr ><<.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup
gni ;7 pdr >.<<< fdbna`rni a`gup. [unie b`iefup pdbnynini k`gni ynie fmcprdadis`o
cdb`put`
cdb`pu t` fdsdantni
fdsdantni wni`tn
wni`tn sdpnijnie
sdpnijnie cnsn rdprmgufs`i
rdprmgufs`iyn
yn cubn` gnr` cnsn pdrs`npni
fdanc`bni, anc`b, pdrsnb`ini, pnshn kdrsnb`i, i`ons gni cnsn kdrfdbunren kdrdihnin
gnpnt g`mpt`cnbfni euin cdiuruifni NF@ gni NFK. Incui, pdbnynini fdk`gnini g`
@igmid
@ig mids`n
s`n kdbuc
kdbuc sdpdiua
sdpdiuaiyn iyn g`bnfu
g`bnfufni
fni sdhnrn
sdhnrn prmods`
prmods`min
minb.
b. Kdkdrnp
Kdkdrnpnn `ist`t
`ist`tus`
us`
pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini cdiydbdieenrnfni pdig`g`fnianiyn sncpn` prmernc cne`stdr
gni prmernc prmods` sdtdbna prmernc snrjnin fdk`gnini.
Fde`
Fd e`nt
ntni
ni sdrt`
sdrt`o`
o`fn
fns`
s`,, rde`st
rde`strn
rns`
s` gn
gni
i b`sdi
b`sdis`
s` g`
g`bnf
bnfuf
ufni
ni sdhnrn
sdhnrn cniu
cniunb
nb yn
ynie
ie
cdcuief`ifni tdrjng` fdsnbnani, fdt`gnfsncnni gntn g` gndrna gni g` pusnt, gni
cdckutuafni wnftu ynie hufup bncn.
\dckdr`ni pdbnynini fdk`gnini ynie prmods`minb, adignfiyn g`bnfufni mbda
k`gni prmods`minb cdieenit`fni k`gni vmfns`. Gdieni gdc`f`ni, fdc`trnni gnpnt

g`bnfufni sdhnrn sd`cknie gdieni prmods` tdinen fdsdantni bn`i yn`tu tdinen cdg`s
gni tdinen fdpdrnwntni prmods`minb (\rnpt`ni`ies`a, ;<<?) ynie cdiynignie sdkutni
prmods`minb sdtdbna cdie`fut` prmernc pdig`g`fni prmods` sdtdbna snrjnin.
Kdrgnsnrfni
Kdrgnsnrfni urn`ni tub`sni `i`, kdkdrnpn snrni ynie gnpnt g`fdcufnfni
g`fdcufnfni gnbnc
cdi`iefntfni fdsdantni `ku gni ninf cdbnbu` pdiedcknieni prmods` k`gni nitnrn
bn`i :
n. Ngni
Ngniynyn uign
uignie
ie-u
-uig
igni
nie
e ynie
ynie sdsdhn
hnrn
rn fa
faus
usus
us cdie
cdient
ntur
ur td
tdit
itni
nie
e k`
k`gn
gni
i
cdie`ient tdinen cdg`s gni tdinen fdpdrnwntni tdbna cdc`b`f` uignie-
uignie tdrsdig`r`. G` gnbnc uignie-uignie prmods` k`gni init`iyn pdrbu
g`ntur sdenbn anb ynie cdijng` runie b`iefup k`gni ynie cdckdgnfniiyn
gnr` tdinen fdsdantni bn`iiyn sdpdrt` nspdf pdig`g`fni t`iee` fdk`gnini,
pdbnynini fdk`gnini, sdrt`o`fns`, rde`stns` gni b`sdis` k`gni. G`ntur juen
cdiedin` pdiydknrni k`gni g` GW\F, fdwnj`kni pdcdr`itna gndrna gnbnc
cdckdr`fni tuens wdwdinie fausus kne` k`gni, gni bn`iiyn.
k. Mreni`sns` prmods` k`gni kdsdrtn pdcniefu fdpdit`ieni tdrfn`t pdrbu
cdiedc
cdi edckni
kniefn
efni i pdig`g
pdig`g`fn
`fnii t`iee`
t`iee` fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini.. Wdrcns
Wdrcnsuf uf g` gnbnci
gnbnciynyn
pdckne`ni fmcpdtdis` nitnrn k`gni vmfns` gni k`gni prmods`minb.
\die
\diedcdckknie
nieni pdig dig`g`f
`g`fni
ni ju jue
en cdc
cdcdr drbu
bufn
fni
i fnj
nj`n
`ni
i fau
ausu
susi
siy yn
pdiedcknieni spds`nb`sns` gni j`fn cdcuief`ifni pdiedcknieni
sukspd
suk spds`nb
s`nb`sns
`sns`` fdk`gn
fdk`gnini
ini.. Wditui
Wdituiyn
yn pdiedc
pdiedckni
knieni
eni cns`a
cns`a gnbnc
gnbnc runie
runie
b`iefup fmig`s` imrcnb gni kufni pntmbme`s ynie cdijng` wdwdinie tdinen
cdg`s.
h. G`
G`pd
pdrb
rbuf
ufni
ni fmfmmrmrg`
g`in
ins`
s` ni
nitn
tnrn
rn pd
pdcd
cdr`
r`it
itna
na,, mr
mren
eni`
i`sns
sns`` pr
prmo
mods
ds`` fd
fdk`
k`gn
gnin
ini,i,
mr
mren
eni`
i`sns
sns`` pr
prmomods`
ds` tdin
tdinen
en fdfdsda
sdant
ntni
ni bnbn`i
`iiy
iyn,
n, pd
pdiy
iydbdbdi
diee
eenr
nrnn ons`b
ons`b`t
`tns
ns
pdbnynini fdsdantni, nfngdc`s` fdk`gnini a`ieen cnsynrnfnt pdcdrant`
 fdk`gnini uituf pdiedcknieni
fdk`gnini pdiedcknieni pdig`g`fni
pdig`g`fni fdk`gnini
fdk`gnini fd gnbnc jdijnie
gmftmrnb, spds`nb`s gni sukspds`nb`s.
g. Xdkn`f
Xdkn`fiyn
iyn fde`nt
fde`ntni
ni sdrt`o
sdrt`o`fn
`fns`,
s`, rde`str
rde`strns`
ns` gni b`sdis`
b`sdis` g`bnfu
g`bnfufni
fni tdr`itder
tdr`itderns`
ns`
sdhnrn mib`id ynie gnpnt g`nfsds g` pusnt cnupui g` gndrna