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Os Chapter 11
Os Chapter 11
• Intro
• 11.0 Objectives
◦ Describe the physical structure of various secondary storage devices and the effect of a device's
structure on its uses.
◦ Explain the performance characteristics of mass-storage devices
◦ Evaluate I/O scheduling algorithms
◦ Discuss operating-system services provided for mass storage, including RAID
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◦ Magnetic Tapes
▪ Non-Volatile
▪ Capacious
▪ Slow Access Time
▪ Mainly for backup, storage, and transfer
▪ Once positioned, can read/write at speeds comparable to disk
▪ "Never underestimate the bandwidth of a station wagon full of tapes hurtling down the
highway." -- Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1989). Computer Networks. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p.
57. ISBN 0-13-166836-6.
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▪ Busses tend to be a bottleneck for NVMs so there is an NVM express (NVMe) bus technology.
▪ There are host controllers on the computer end of the bus, and device controllers built into each
storage device.
▪ To perform I/O, operating system drivers place commands into host controllers, and host
controllers communicate with device controllers.
▪ Data transfer commonly happens between the storage media and a cache in the device
controller.
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▪ Sometimes partitions are used "raw" - without any file system structure.
Figure 11.9: Windows 7 Disk Management tool showing devices, partitions, volumes,
and file systems
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▪ Sector slipping
▪ Soft Error
▪ Hard Error
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• 11.8 Raid Structure(This will not be covered on tests, unless I explicitly say otherwise.)
◦ Redundant arrays of independent (formerly: inexpensive) disks (RAID) can provide higher data
reliability and data-rate transfer.
◦ 11.8.1 Improvement of Reliability via Redundancy
◦ 11.8.2 Improvement in Performance via Parallelism
▪ data striping, bit-level striping, block-level striping
▪ Striping provides high data-transfer rates.
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◦ RAID level 0
◦ RAID level 1
◦ RAID level 4
◦ RAID level 5
◦ RAID level 6
◦ Multidimensional RAID level 6
◦ RAID levels 0 + 1 and 1 + 0
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• 11.8.5 Extensions
◦ Arrays of tapes
◦ Data broadcasts over wireless systems
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Figure 11.18: Traditional volumes and file systems compared with the ZFS model
• 11.9 Summary
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