ROCK ANCTIRS ~ DESTON AND QUALITY CONTROL, ANCRAGES EN ROGIER = LE CALCUL BP LE CONTROLE DE QUALITY FELSUUER ~ PIMP WH UALS KOMIMOLLE 4G. S. Littiesomn, D. A. Bruce Geotechnice Research Group ‘University of Abardoen ‘Sootland, usTRACT ‘the paper reviews gone design rules and quality controls assoclated with prostroszad, conent grouted rock lanchota, 'Besign data, relating to uplite capacity, rock/grout bond, grout/tendon bond, and tenon, are Sppraiaed with special roferonce to the choice of safety factors. or comparison, the remlts of relevant theoretical and experimental investigations are presented, which tend to contradict the fundanental assumytions of uniform interfacial stress disteibution coamomly nade by on site quatity control measures are strongly recommended, and guidance 1 provided on permissible ‘oriiiing tolerancen, waterproofing, geouting afi final stressing. asTeacriCn ce papier uiyen des rhs do cole ot, en contStey Je atalité gsnsctés aut anrayeo pronto on SM rocier, du scellemont a Lacier, ct de 1s edble, sont Gvaluges articulidranent on co qui concerne te choix Pour comparer, es rosultats des investigations applicables, ehéoretiques ot oxperimentales, sont présentés qui cenblent contratire Los suppositions fondanentaler de L'sniformiee des scellononts, qénéralewent faites jue Tes inanieurs:, Dow mesures de a contcOle de qualité 3 pied docuvee, sont foreman reconnannées et des Conuella sont doméa au oujee dos tolrances peesiacn de pecforation, dew ayatimoa dhydratuye, e& ue 1s mise fn tension Finale. DISA ASSING Die seheie zeigt eine Ubersicht iiber Entwicte und qualities Kontrollen 1n Zusamenhangait vorgespannten injoxtionssnter im Feiss, Die Ausfuheumedaten besiehen sich auf die Abhebungtinigheit, auf die Fels-Metel Grenson, die Birtel-Staht Grenton, und die auggLinde, welche abgechGtze werden, unter betondere Berucksich- Cigung ta dor Wahl der Sicherheitetaktoren. tum Vergieich worden die Resultate von mutreiffenden thoorischen uni experimentalen Untersuchungen angepoten die datu acigeny. in Cegenoatt zu den fundanentalen Anmalmen der ciahel lichen Spannungeverte ilu Mikehen, welche ia allgeseinen bel Entwirfen genache worden. ks wird besonders enpfohlen die Qualstit dos Baup onrungstolerans, die Masserdichtung, das horteln und cawerkes #9 Kontrollieren. Fir die sutSssige fe die engultige Seanspruchnalme wird eine Anteituny nrequeri“ Although rock anchors have boon used successfully iffieulty, oven when installed in relatively poor for many yeare in connection with the prostroasing of quality, weathered, of laminated, rock. In addition, Gene, toof strata control, and slope stabilisation, In there is a tren! eovards higher load capacities for focent years the range of applications has widened Vndividual ant concentrated groupe of anchors. For Considerably. This is due in part to tho succes the higher dans in vogue tolay, peestressing of the Sehieved by aoi1 anchors in eying buek retaining onder of 2 a per notre may be required, necessitating olis, holding down dock floors, and pile testing Ghdlvidual anchors of capacity well in excess af 10 #8 Now, rock anchore aca expected to porfors without In the fold of mispossion bridyea concentrated qroups ned DESIGN METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS Sieendy belng seriously considered, and design Loads Ge 50 mt are anticipates in the future. Bven in Strong competent rocks, ehese high prostress levels Ere densnding engineering Juigenents. in areas where Bearing these pointe in mint, the authors thd cuptoy reliable design formulae vith realistic SSnecots should be agreed, amd stressing procedures ‘Rantardice since Je 42 the tensioning operation hich finally teste the anchor aed demonstrates: its current practices in relation to £ock anchors by roving on the experience gained in various countstes ‘Geer the past-20 years. It is intended chat the Paper should fore « basis for discussion since the Satlaity ef the Basic design assumptions is peational, and ehe lack of Xrowleige of full scale Shor perfomance 4s highlighted. oesion 1 grouted rock anchor may fai in one or nore of tne “following modes: (e) By failure within the rock mass, (0) By failure of the roek/grout bond, (C) by failure of the geout/tendon bond, or (a) by failure of the eteol tondan, er top sechorage safety factor for the anchor, each of the above Phenonera mast be considered in turn. tn reviewing the enin design concepts, 1 should be emphasised that these coneepts relace peinarily to prestressed Senent grout injection anchors, which have bees. Constructed in a vertical, of otocply inclined upliee capactey ‘the assesenent of the overall stability, of uplift capacityy of an anchor fr carried out in order We onsure that failure of the rock mass suerounding the anchor doce not occur. In the cage of single anchors, moat engineers asmue that at failure an verted cone of rock iz pulled out of the rock mass ig. D. ‘The uptite capacity is normally equated to the weight * rock is used. ‘The depth of anchor calculated én this way mays of course, be reduced shere it can be Stmonatratad by tert anchors that the applied Prostscss can be otherwise restated safely. The Cefect in groups of anchors i= the production of Flat vertical plane at the interface of adjoining Cones (Pig. a): Ag the spacing for a single Line Stanchors ratuces further, a siapie continous wedge Easlure in the eock 16 assumed. However, although the shape of the failure ‘volume in widely agreed, its position with respect Wo the grouted Fixe anchor Length (aocket) varies CSneiderably in practice. Tho aspect is Gitstratet by rable 1, which contains examples drawn feature vhich although widely recognised receives Lftie consideration: i that a solid, homogeneous tock mass ia seldom encountered, Thorefore, in the Vast najority of cares, modification to the sinple Tone apnecach should be made by experienced rock Imcchanies engineers, Lieele data are available Cn the safety factors employed vhen analysing the Signe of rock in the sanmed palivout zone, but it Te known that values of 3-0 (Setedt, 1956), 2.0 (fawtinge, 1962) ad 1-6 (Littlejohn and Triman-Davies, 1974) have been enployed in practice, im current practice the factor of safety is reduced to unity on many occasions on the bazis that Eqreain rock parancters, eg. shear steenth, other Wise ignored in the design, vill give rise co a “utticienely Inege factor of safety as a matter of Course. thie bonus of shear strength is, however, Tsurat "loose" rock masses, especially in those Proasuve, in this connection it is notewrthy that Klopp (1970) found, in typical Rhine slat thet elevated hydcostatic an! seepage pressures could Fetuce the aheot strength of nylonitic tones t0 about Joe of the "ideal" leboratory dry value, and Gecastonafly to as low ae sh of this Figure, generally conteibites a major component of the Ueinate puli-out resistance and suggest the use Gureace ec), 0.034 Avant (galinan € Schaefer, 1968) nd 0-28 W/am™ (HLLE, 1973) In general, there ig a dearth of data on anchor faitures tnluced Inthe rock mass. However, Suliman land schacfer (1968) 3i4 obtain sone valuable {nformation, on thie overall stability aspect, by testing te failure grouted bars in connection with the Trinity Clear Creck tranonission Line. Four Eests wore carried out on deformed reintoccenent bare grouted into 70 nm dianoter Poles to a depth Of Los2'm in andinents, largely shale. tn all cases, tt; the propayation of cracking to the rock surface Gave Sn indication of the cone of influence (Fig- 2)ws ee aon ¥ ROCK ANCHORS UME 2 POKSOLE FAIRE MODES BASED OW TEST RESTS A Tooladed]| Position oF cae 1360 wo fee wine 973) 90° | mare of Anchor [tanks (1955) so fe Parker (1958), on fobee (1965) so fst Mole et a1 (1965), se fs ot own (2970) se ft Tomvoren 9721 sr fs ot tang (19721 ge fe entee 11973) 90 | saso of anchor | Stocker (19731 (were eed t= transferred by ond plated 90t | midaie of esxea | stocker (19731 Gnchor (wnere ferred by bond gor | miaaie of anchor |woreis 6 Garret: (19561 jor |S wr [rao L968) oof + | Bieenarde « vettzop (1965) 90° | top of Fixed | Rawings (1968) 30 * Rescher (19601 50° : Golder Brewer (19731 +0090" | widae of fixed [titelejone (19721 ferred by bond where loed 12 transferred by ond plate) 9° | sep of Fixed | pustrailan stamiara Seehor, or [ea 35” (1973) Aseuning a bulk donsity of 2 Mg/n? for the rock, back oad betwoon Pet and 22-3" if the aper of the 20" Solomite in which Brova (1970) installed shallow test ‘observed, although the extensive area over which the [roggerted failure alonj a horizontal bedding plane Glavinar failure). Rock failures of thiz mode Seow thought to be restricted to shallow anchors, but in current practice, fear of Laminar failure, oF excessive fixed anchor ovenent duriog service, has Yer to the adoption of staggered anchor lengths, even At great depths, for closely spaced anchorss in Sneavourable conditions, fof example, where « major Fock discontinity occurs normal to the anchor atisy the purpose of staggered Lengths is to reguce the the level of the fixed anchor. Be Se thus evident that vALLSE a major factor in the choice of anchor depth is the size of rock cone of vadge to be engaged, the possibility of Laminar failure may also influence the designer's choice of lengths in closely spaced anchor groups. Tho Sith Aérican Recommendations (1972) suggest chat in the hse of “concentrated” groupe, shore the fixed anchors Gre spaced at lees than 0.5 x the fixed anchor length gare, the stagger between alternate anchors should 4S stagger of 0.25 x the fixed anchor length used at fhe Devonport ticlear Complex by Littlejohn and Teuan bevies (1974), where 2 MM anchors im slate where spiced at Im centres. Another method to dissipate Yead within the rock mass ia ainply to install anchors at diferent inclinations, a2 in the design by ith regard to uplift capacity no experinental Currently used (Table 1) to calculate the uitinate Fesistance to pull-out of individual, or groups of ost designs are Likely to be consetvative in adopting [fone method in which no allovance for the shear Zeength of the rock mass has beon made. Novertheless zone standardisation on safoty actors for temporary and permanent anchors is desisable, together with agrement on what allowances overburden, and the effect of upper layers of +60" eaployed primarily in oott, heavily fissured nehor Which Tave Bean Prployat in Practice ‘the straignt shaft anchor relies mainly on the development of bond, oF shear steeds, alot the £Ock/ equivalent uniform distribution of bord stress over tho fixed anchor surface. Thus the anchor force, Fy sate ---01DESIGN METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS where f= fixed anchor Length = attective anchor diameter 1 = vorkieg bond stress ‘This epprosch 1s usod in many countries e.g. canada (Coates, 1970), Britain (Littlejohn, 1975, France (Pargeot, 1972), Ttaly (Wascacdi, 1973), tnt USNS (white, 1973) representative sanples of the Fock massy the manioen average working bond ators at tho rock/gtout inter face should not exceod the minimum shear steengeh divider by the relevant safety factor {rornally rot ess than 2.” “this approach applies primarily eo ‘soft rocks where the Uniaxial compressive stteegth (0.6.5.) fs less than 7/m*, and in which ehe toles have been drilled using a rotary percussive technlqae In the absence of shear strengeh data, or fheld pulls out tests, Littlejohn (1972) states that the ultioate bond stress is often taken as 10% of the oniaeial compressive strength of massive rocks (1000 sere recovery) upto # maximim value of of ‘altinate 4.2 wmn?, ascining that the crushing stcength of the conent grout is equal to or greater than 42 Wma? ‘Awplying an apparent safety factor of 3 of wore = Which £8 Conservative bearing in mind the. lack of Folevant data ~ the working bond stress f= therefore Limited to 1.4 W/m* In sone rocks, and particularly granulaz, wenthered vat ietiog with a Felatively low ¢ value, the asmmption E53 Terermgee ‘equals 10% rock U.C.5. may lead to an artiftelaiiy low estinace of shear strength (Pign, 48 5) 1 1 sos ues Tun stucs/atontse-g/2) ‘POURE £ RELATIONSHIP GETWEEN SHEAR stRESS AND UMARAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 1m such cases the assumption that 1, = 20-350 ‘attinate U.C.5. may bo justified. Az a guide to specialist, Yond values vhich have been weed throughout: the wortd for a wide cane of Igneous, netanarphie and Sedinentary rocks, are presented in Table 2. Where Sneluded, the factor of safety relates to the vitiaste and working bond values, calctlated assuming uniform Bond distribution. Usually the reconmented aatecy factor ranjex from 2 to 3, but ia frequently lover sn very. competent rocks and highce in'woakes, Hesured, oF weathered typea. ‘The degree of weathering of the rock is a major factod which affects not only the magnitude of the leinare Yond int also the Load/dcelect ion Tanrucs OURES. EFFECT OF @ ow TuL/ucS maT Figure 6 shows tho results obtained fron test anchors sn'hyolite tuft, of Hoth sound ant weathered varieties. Tt is rigniticant that the equivalent uinitorn bond stzege ~ at narimum Jack capsciey 2 is scarcely Orl /aa? os) . wearco) q Jorn] (weaTenen soem 0 a8 ass DeFLECTON (0s) POURE «EFFECT OF WEATHERING AT cuRREcANT ower TRaNSuSON Le AFTER ‘Sauna 4 SOMAEFFER tah For design in soft or weatnerad rocks there are signs That the standard peneteation test is beiny further exploite. For example, Suzuki et al (1972) state ‘can be detormines fron the equation. Tyreinate "9-007 N+ 0.12 (want) = = = Gay whore Sim{larly, Littlejohn (1970) shove for stift/nard = musber of blove per 0.2 = 0.01 w ciymm) ---o ‘edaate Although it would appear trem evidence prasentat in subsequent sections that tho assumptions fade: teROCK ANCHORS Rock THe working pond | uitinate,tond | Factor of source (want Satety teneous Medium hard basal, 2-8 fedia = Rao 1968) Weathered granite Sayan > Susuki et a2 (1972) acatt hat = 138 20+ 3.2 | Britain * yeiitee sone (1974) Granite 130 = 1155 3123's * “ee Granite 6 basalt arzl3a0 | 152s | usa, =P... (1974) METAMORPHIC Namhatean schist 0.70 2.80 40 visa. - waite (1973) Slave « hard shate oer rise [asc2s | visa: = Pct. 97a (LOAREOLS SD WENTS Linestone 1.00 2.00 20 Seitzerlant ~ tosinger 119661 Chath = Grades 1-111 o.a2-a.07 | a.s23.0 | aritain ~ Litelejoms 1970) Tertiary Limestone | 0.03 - 0.97 76 2192313 | fettain — ~ yeldteerdones (1974) Soft Limestone “| aost ase | as-25 | usa. = Pct. 1974) Dolomitic timestone ite laler | 1s 22's * cele mawciOS SOMETS — ~ ard, coarse-grained 2a, 17s canada ~ Coates (1970) andetone Weathered sandstone 0.69 = 0.05 2.0 ow Zealand = tevin (1972) Bonter sandstone 0.40 “.0 | aedtain > Lieetejohn (19731 ‘W.c.8. > 2.0 N/mm?) ard tind sandstone | | 0.69 - 0.03 2.7- 3.2 | peiesin —- wyetttte-sones 11974) Sandatone oartia [is22's | usa” oper. 97 ‘ARGILLACEOUS SEDIMENTS Kooper mart 0.17 = 0.25 2.0 estain ~ Litelejoba (2970) Weak shale nas Camda” > Golder Beawner (1973) Solt sandstone & shale | 0.10 = 0.14 oT 27-37 | Britain ~ wyelitte Jones (1978) soft shale oases: | ils23's | usa. omer. usr oA competent rock (yhere | v.c.s.#30 | v.c.s. 10 20 britain ~ Liettejoha (1972) vies. > 20 Wan) jee | ups Value of, | value of Teeny’) | 2 nvm!) 0.35 - 0.70 austealia ~ Kock (2972) Los 2.0 Australia ~ standard 435 (1973), netanorphie rocks ‘ock/ccout Bond Values Which Have B60n Recoumendted in PracticeDESIGN METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS accurate, it is noteworthy that fev failures aro encountered at the rock/grout interface, and new designs are often based on the succenstil completion fof former projects) that Sa, former "working" bond Walues are Fe-esployed ox slightly modified depending fn the Judgement of the designer. Fixed Anchor Dinensions Most fixed anchor lengths which have been lenployed in practice are in the ranje 3 to 10m. A minim Length of 3'm te gonerally teconmented, aithough 5 m haz boon Suggested by the Bares Securitas (1972) and White (1919), whilst the South, Acican Code stipulates 4 and 6m, for very hard fnd soft rock, respectively. Under certain conditions, it is recognised that such shorts lemhe would suffice, even after the application ‘of generous factor of safety. However, «sudden ‘cop in rock quality along the anchorage Zone, ana (of constructional inefficiencies, would seriously Inpair the efticiency of short fixed anchors. With rogard to the choice of anchor dianoter A. type and size of tendon, (of fixed anchor and hence to the anchor capacity. Ratio of steel area to cross-sections! aren of borehole for efficient bon! distrinution and 4. Drilling mothod and rig to bo used. 5. Nature of rock in the anchorage tone and Presence of unconsolidatal overburden, if any. ‘The authors find from a survey of several hundred comercial anchor reports that no direct, Felationship may be observed bearing in mind the Fange of anchor types, but that most anchors conform to the folloving trend (see Table 3) ‘capacity (ka) Diameter (em) 200 - 1200 50 = 100 i600 = 4000 90 = 150 3000 = 4500 150 = 200, ‘500 214000 200 = 400 Teble 2 Appeoxinate Relationship Between Fixed Rnshor _Diaseter and working Capscity hers corrosion protection is iagortant, the South Atrican Code (1972) stipulates that tho fixed Anchor diameter should be equal to the outside Gianeter of the tendon plus at least 12 mm. This Spprosch has also been discussed by F.i-P. (1973) io recomend a grout cover to the tendon of § ty Ecspoctively. With regard to’ the amount of steel whieh nay bo placed {nan anchor borehole, there 18 2 scarcity of iafornation, although Littlejohn and Teuman-Davies (1974) suggest that the steel should not exceed 150 of the borshole cross-sectional are ‘Teoretical Bridence Studies of the stresa distribution around cylindrical anchorage in a triaxial strees field oa have boon carried out by Costes ant Yu (1970) using a Finite elenent method. The authors show that the Shoar stress (Ive. bond distribution, ie dependent fon the ratio of the elastic soulit of the anchor baterial (Eq) and the Fock (Ey). Fig. Tahows the vatlation of the shear stress’ along the Interface of Sn anchor of Length equal to 6 tines itz ragiva for Bgfee tatios of Onl, 1 and 10. the smaller this ratio the larger ie’ the stress calculated at the proximal (or losded) ‘end of the anchor higher values f the ratio are associated with more ven stress, Sistrnationa”” 3e'fe also Senueane fr Baer Gfetefinted along the anchor, snd that the anchor fesign nay be based accurately and directly on the shear strength of the weaker medsun eee Te Sa Likely thae the majority of rock anchors for the ratio Ea/tr of between 0.1 and 1, and for nich according to Pig. 7, the bond distribution fs markedly non-unifora. "Indeed, for anchors. in rocks of compressive strength in excess of T N/an, ‘my, strore concentrations at the proxinal end are sont Likely, having a magnitade possibly 5 = 10 tines he average stress Level Although lesa satisfactory fron a theoretical point of view, anchors in strong rocks at present Fopresont lest of a problen in practice, since a Significantly increasing the cost. Hovever, for the accueate design of hgh capacity anchors, Enmufficient attention har been paid eo the high stresses at the proxinal end, ani in particular to the effect of debonding on stress distribution 4m tealy much valuable experinental research as ‘pally by Sererdi, nto the ses along the fixed anchor and ‘in 196) he concluded from teats on {nto the rock. active portion of the anchor is independent of the total fixed anchor Length but dependent on 1tsROCK ANCHORS: Glasticity. Figs. + an! bare typleal diagrams calovlatea from strain gauge readings. Those anchor Vinestone (B= 3 x 10%i/nty Users. = 100 s/n? approximately). “other results show that the bond distribution 1s more uniterm for high values of Fsrout/Eroen’ end nonuniform for tow values of this ratio L.e. for rock of high elastic malulus. these Femulte thus confirm the conclusions drawn by Coates Mutter (1966) produces interesting resuite in Switzerland on the Gistrimueion of shear stress ‘slong the 8 m fixed anchor of a 2200 RY anchor (Pig tunitormly over the proxinal 5.55 metres. Ae 1050 AM ‘oeoreral and eaisure anchor clonations sgested that al the load was resisted by the foot of the sma en design rules for the various categories of rock and. of rock anchor design, principally because ensiioors Usually consider that the fixed anchor Lenth chosen ith respect to the roek/grout honl, ensures move chan SMdequete’ tendon eabelment Lengths 1m fixed anchor design it ix comon in practice to find enbedsont Longene for bare, wires and strards quoted as equivalent to a certain timber of diameters Se this method ensues s maximun value of apparent average bond stress for each type of tenions The Esanmission length ts the length required vo transmit the Initial prostressing force in a tendon ta the surrounding grout. Ie shovid be borne in windy however Uhat the transaiselon Length varies wich Grout strength as well az eizo and type of tendon Snd ic io aeill advisable on eccusions to measure 4m Britain a minima anchor length of 100 Gianeters for plain vire (grout U.ce8. > 35 n/ma?) is spocitiedjwhiise for mall dianoter strand (3) ~ 18.0'0m diameter) the transmission length varies fron 19's 31 ianeters, based on grout strength range of 24 = 48 want. For conpact strand 0-9. Oytorm, ae is accopted that transmission lengths ave generally Aomeh and-an additional 254 is reccmmenied fn Rumania ‘The Australian Cote (1973) stipulates a maximum value of 1.05 Wan’ for the Bond stress for a clean ire tendon, ant 2.10 W/an! for a clean strand tenion. and deforned bars Table ¢ illustrates the values stipulated by the British Code cP 110 far difterent Grades of concrete. These values are eppiied to heat conent grouts on occasions. (ay Neem) 20 25 20 Plain 12 Mathematical, laboratory and Cield evidence indicate that the distribution of the bond, mabiised at the rock/grout Interface, te unlikely to be Unttorm unless the rock ie ‘eaten the cs ff high capacity anchors, evidence exiote that partial eventing in the fixed anchor occurs, and the \lebonding progresses covards the end of tho anchor a the load 4s Inereazed. Information te searce however concerning the conditions where debonding 18, settous 8 Teble 4 provided on the mininun spacing where reluction ‘spacers and centalisers which could lead to Secoupling With reference to minimun embadaent Lengths uset in practice, Morris and Garrett (1980) have calculated from stresting tests on 5 am diameter wives that the wminimun necessary onbednent is just over 1m: colder Seawner (1973) found thae although the qrout/strandDESIGN METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS wires due to “spiral interlock", tho value drops Fapidly if the enbeinent Length te leas than 0-6 Distribution of Bont ‘The assumption of unitorm bond distribution at ‘the tendon Interface is seldon true in practice, Invariably, as the load Ancreaces, progteasive. sikp ‘maximum intensity of bond atreases moves towards the Gistal end. Hawkes and Evanz’ (1951) were able to orelude from palt-out testa thit the disteibution ‘of bont obeys an exponential Law of the fora =ne = 2 whore 1, = bond stress at a distance x bond stress at the prowinal end of the bar, 4 = diameter of the bar ‘Constant relating axial stress in the bar 0 bond stress in the ‘The greater tho value of A, the Larger the stress anchor." The snaller the value of the wore evenly the tresses are distributed along the length of the anchor. Insufficient information exists at present fon the behaviour of cement grout anchors in rock to provide meaningful values for A'bue. it f2 reassuring to find that the theoretical trends are Very similar to those in Fig. 7 (Coates & Yu), with, "a/Ex proportional to 1/a. This indicates that at applicable to rock anchors. Some designers consider the question of grout/ tendon bond in anchor syotens to present no. problens, fas the design at the roek/grout interface is nore critical. "A factor of safety of st least 2 ayatnet Yendon pull-out is stipulated by other designers. Little work has been dona on multi-unit tendons with respect to bond distritution. The use of pacers and centralisers, and the problem of decoupling also vareant investigation. In general, recommendations pertaining to grost/eendon bond values used in eueeent rock anchor practice, commonly take no account of the Length and type of Centon, Stull advisante to menoure experimentally the (bedment Lenjth for known Field conditions. rendon Accurate information on the strength and elastic properties of tendon components 4a readily avatlabler but the choice of the type of tendon and the safety assesment and Judgement by the designers expecially {in countries not covered by a code relating to anctors. ‘Tonions may be fornad of bars, wire ot strand. ‘The latter ts have distinct aivancajos vith compost to tonsile steanjth, ease of storage, teansporestion and fabrication. pars, however, are nore readily Protected against corrosion ani in the case of ahallow to install. In strong competent rocks where the amount of fixed anchor crech is neyligibies an Sustained loading. “Under these circumstances, 9 low outa belo ese than 2.54, Fig. 10 compares cataxation losses or bers, vires and strands under sinllar conditions. tt should, of course, be rutenberod that the anount of Jose depents history, and the ambient teaperature, URE 10. RELAXATON OF BATES TONOONE A OKC FROM TL terms of the specified characteristics strength which 19 the guaranteed Linit below vhich not nore than St test Fesulte fall, and none of these are lees than 950 characteristic atremth: For Fecomenlations are susaarised in Tablet [ ‘Anchor category aoa ‘Temporary Pereanent (ites 3 years) Design force 62.58 fp 500 tru Moasured safety | 1.25 Ls Recomended Satety Factors for Tendon Testing to 1.5 tinos the working strase scens at ‘conmonly contract anchors are over stressed by an fount thought equivalent to long term load losses ~ ‘current trend in European countries is tovards higher Coty factora aul mare riyorousROCK ANCHORS Mnilst tendons are produced to a high standard wien relishle minimum breaking loads, few Load/ (10-30 metros) which are comparable in size £0 the reo anchor lengths used in practice. Since Interpretation of anchor load/ieplacenent characteristics can be problematical in practice, particularly for strand anchore, At would be of valve {0 "taow it hong stsand conta give Hvala stich are hort gauge Lengths of 0.6 m. QUALITY contro, va cus Sgemotony of aettLiog a town ngmy complex ethol cf drilling tx chowon primarily for optimn Production and in most rocks percussive equipment 1s Soman for depths dovn to 60 m ant diancters up to Yoo ma. In weathered rocks care should be taken to adopt a Elushing medium vhich will not adversely aftect rock strength properties (arker, 1988), 1° 10" (Bberhard & Veltrop, 1965) and GFE" iuittlejohn and teuma-Deviess 1878) sppene by the South Afeican code (1972)- Borehole deviations are within acceptable Limits. ts cecacded by the gritier, im odition to notes on als connection the recent addition of torque and Materprooting tested for "watertightness™, by measuring the water Peegrouting of the hole Le necessary.” Besting in ‘ind thie loss of grout from around the tendon in the fixed anchor zone is of prime iaportance in corrosion protection, the mlninn videh of Cisaure Valen wilt! permit flow of canent at lov pressure fost bo aszessed- Littlejohn (2915) reviewed (2) wacorprooting is required if Leakage exceeds 3 litres/min/atmoaghere, moascred over 3 poriod (2) For a measured outflow (or gain under artesian Condiciones), a cbsckpressuce" is required dieing the grouting stage. IC the flow cannot be Moning 8s Eenporary anchors, noreal rusting ia acceptable since Le inproves the greut/tonton bond, but strands with flaky, loose rust must be thoroughly wiped to certain situations the efficiency of the contealiser spacer units may be judjed by carefally Sithitawing the tendon to observe damages distortion, OF presence of spear. In this connection tendons fn a controlled maaner with the aid of # mechanically atways bo kopt t0 a miniain,and, ae 2 policy. ono the sane day. The use of grout cubes for strength control; snd flow meters or virconeters. to monitor Fumpebility in relation to. tletie grouting should be Ss required, this is often Limited t9 50-700 over= burden pressure, although on occasions 150% over= pressures Leading possibly to hydrofracture and fisface heave stovld be avoided. Heat cement. grout ‘strength of 42 N/ma® and anchor stressing is not permitted in many countries until a steenath of Ba t/a? haa boon attained, normally 7-10 day after grouting. 1 najor advantage of prestressed over “passive” Sooning Toad automatically checks the security and Sttictency of the anchor.” “This, if errors have been ide in either the design or construction stages, Gangerous and expensive consequences avoided. obtained by overloading every contract anchor for 3 Shore ported (ave Table €)- ‘ectonsion curve be plotted for each anchor tested. {in Burope, about 10\ of the. designed vorking lost fate thereafter measured at a ninimin of four equal oad increments up to the working load similarity to that calculated by theory. In Germany Ge'is stipulated thae the plotted results should Le between the Lines corresponding tor (2) the extension of a tenon of Lemgen equivatent, (2) The oxtension of 9 tenon of Length equivalent to the free length plow SOV Cixed (aocket) (2) but tend to curve (2)y a5 load increases ant dotonding progr esses:DESIGN METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS Production anchors, t obtain an indication of the fixed anchor novanent. This is obtained by ‘subtracting tron the otal permanent displavenent (weasurod by 4 einple losd-anload cycle) the top anchorage plate novenent. (monitored by iniepentent survey) or anchors in competent rock, both these leplacenents are mall with respect to total meaaured enon extension. "However, if they are found to af lock off, ‘then allowance must be made in the” comparison Of the theoretical and actual extensions. be expected in the steel madulus of elasticity, hua Providing another cause of theoretical and measured fextension discrepancy. The twisting and cubbiny Keown to occur in lon flexible tendene may also contribute tovards apparently ancmolous extensions. Sources of Load Loss én Prestressed Anchors toss, both inodiate and long terms afflict for expected losses in the form of an initial anchor. Unless a loed cell {a tavorporated in the anchor, a correction factor mist be applied to the Jack 1608. "This factor will be minimised Lf jecks Fejularly serviced on site, Frictional Loose gecurring within the anchor ~ especially in the free length Of Long multi-strand anchors ant particularly just under the head~ can only be conpenssted for by The act allovance can be obtained from a load ‘cell, Shh Sse ending satya” wrequantty wp to ‘occasionally as auch as 30¥ (Hennequin & canbefort, 1966). lock off losses occur in strand anchors die to veige "pull-int at the heed, end are proportionally higher for shorter tendons. Te allow fer this an ‘overstress by a nominated anount = ovatly 108 ie Frequently recomended. However, @ note sceurste setiod is! to observe on test anchors, the seta! snount of wedge "pull-inm and thereafter to stipulate fn overload of nagnitude sutticlent to produce on Sluitional tendon extension of this size, Yong term losses are due to a combination of stecl relaxation and anchor exeop, The Felasation characteristics of peestressing steel are well Krown, ad readily available from maniCactarerts "Depening fon the initial prestrens Tevelyrostressing after, 1000 hours may reduce ultimate prestrese loss due to relaxation by up €0 four tia Less Ls known about creep in rock anchor aystens largely because information regarding tho nagnitese and distribution of stresses around the fixed anchor 4 very scarce. In heavily fissured weatheral rock, of fractured rock with clay infill, exesp losses may be significant ant an eatiaation of the amount to Be expected can be gaujed from test anchors. installed well tn advance of the contract. Unfortunately H Toad 10:8 of Up to Stror 4 creep diaplacenent ot Limm, moasurod after 24 hours, has been specitied on feccasions in soil, but no reliance should be placed fon these arbitrary figures.” only vhen execp losses are monitored over long periots for a variety of fnchor loads and systema, ani for a wide rane of rock types, vill an accurate predictive capacity be available, “Until then, se Ls recomend that 1, Tho Load in all anchors should be checked 24 hours after stressing, to provide en carly warning of load loss, if any. This check On a large contract, the first 10 anchors should bbe checked weekly for 1 month, then monthly for ‘Subject to satisfactory results fron the 4 months testing progran, 54 of all anchors should be between loss at 24 hours or l'weck, and lon tern behaviour, whieh may eventually result ine more reliable allovance oF short tera loss being specttid 1m practice, if the anctor fails or creeps significantly duting stressing, then the anchor should be unloaded to the lovel at which no creep occur ‘The Fevised working loed will then be that level Good sito supervision aml the provision of ‘qdoquate quality conteols are the exception rather that procautionary measures save more tine and money in the lony run compared with remedial measures In edition records covering the drilling, grouting and stressing stages, can be invaluable eo che sogineer azkod to provide an explanation for possible ‘There is a growing neal to stanlardize the stressing and monitoring procedures which guarantee he safety and satisfactory performance of anchors uring service. Ef€ort should now be expended in the form of field testing in a wide range of rock maver als ‘and sasses which have been carefully classitied in ecomodate single anchors and groups teated over, « ezign in relation to overall stability be aptiniocd doth technically ant economically. Since the validity of the uniform distribution of bend vhich 2 commonly asmune! by designees ia clearly in question, it 12 recomented thasROCK ANCHORS wide range of rock masses whose engineer ing and Geological properties can be fully classiéied, in Seder to ascertain whlch paranetors significantly be possible in due course to provide more reliable spt economic deviga eriteria. lnilst there ts an apprectabte amount of intoraation available concerniny the mechanism of ond transfer in the field of reintorcel, an prestressed concrete, Jt {2 considered that mich ‘The pode of failure of a tenon ina rock anchor Eituation nay be dissinilar co that of the tenon pull-out test usod in concrete technology and. tom Case, the grout is usually in tension whereas during 2 standard bond ‘test, part, at Least, of the careful inspection and record keeping are the ey (success on site.” Tn this connection closer Haison is Fequired betwen drilling and grovt ing personnel, and the supervising engineer. ‘An agreed approach to tho testing and analysis ‘and long tern. RereRENES BAIS, J.A.» 1955, The employment of prestressed techniques cn Allt-nasLairige ban, sth Int. Cong. on Earge ang, Paris, 2) pp 241-357 BERARDI, G-» 1967, Sal comportamento degli ancorasss, [BRITISH STAIDARDS INSTITUTION, 1972, The structural Use of concrete, CxP. 110, Pare 1, BeSctey 2 Park ‘owns, 0.G., 1970, UpLife capacity of groutet rock favchots, Ontario tyro Research Quarterly, 22, (8), design, calculation, intalletion and inspection of Sound anchors, wiltsons eyzolies, 61 Boulevard Saint Germain, rariecve (Ref. FAI. corres, 0.P., 1970, Rock mechanics principles, Degarthent of Energy, Mines and Resources, Hines Nenograph No. 874, 0ttawa. ‘Contes, .P. and YU, ¥.5., 1970, threo dimensionat DEUTSCHE TMOUSTAIE-NOW, 1972, Verprebanker Cie ‘orubergohonde zwocke Im lockergesteins beresaong, Siefthron und prifung, DIN 4128, Blatt 1, SB oerace. Dives 90, (586) pp 129-108 FARGEOR, Mo, 1972, Roply to P.T.P. questionnaire 0 Fotstey 1972; Draft of the recommendations and Subcomitte:on Prestressed Ground Anchors, P.O. Box 2h, bathe, Soitceriand TOnpubiiahelh project Tits Use of artificial support for sack slope ‘citation Sonpany toore ~ Fates Det Sc Ines J. and EVANS, Rul. 1951, tond stresses in Englneees 29 (Libs ep Daneaar nn” Sesseeah OWOQUIN, He, and CHNGEFORT, H., 1966, Consolidation Gt rela deNatherbe, Revue generale” den chanine eter (ren) 9 Pp MILE, J.t 1973, Reply to Aberdeen questionnaire 1972, npabttshed. wonst, 1., 1965, viedpleaényer xshorsonvsiea, Winvgyitottenenyek, ty pp 475513 MUTI, Re, 1OTL, Reply to F.I.P. questionnaire 000P, m., 1970, vorventung vorgespannter felsanker In gekldfteten gebiege sun ingenieur genloylecher SHohty Dee oulngeniaue, 45, (9) Pp 220-331 OCH, Joy 1972, Reply to #-1.8. questionaie Eogs cooks 9 (he pp 25-29 ed Lirrissom, ¢.5., 1970, Soll anchors, symposium on ‘round Enginesr ing, insin. of civ. enjes’, London, exployed in Britain, Geotechnics Research Croup, Technical Hote, Oepartrent of Engineering, University 8¢ Abcedeon (Unpubli shat) - LATTLEJONN, G.5., 1973, Ground Anchors today ~ a foroword™ Ground Enpincering, 6 (6), pp 20-2 EITTLEIONN, 6.5. and TRUMAN-DAVIES, C., Ground anchors 4 Davonpte isclea Coop Seossd iginecring, 7 (6) pp 19-24. rock anchet grouting, Ground Enginecrimg, ® (3) UNGMORTH, C., 1971, The use of prestressed anchors An open excavations and surface structures, Australian Inst, Wining spd Retalluegy, (IilMarra Branch), Symposium on Rock Bolting, 17-19 Feb. y Paper LOSINGER Co., 1966, Prestressed VSL. rook and Switzerland (5 pe) “vv 1 london NORRIS, 5.5. and GARRETT, W.S., (2956) The raising ant rengthoning of the Stecnbras Dan, (and Discussion! Peed, Vols 5, Nov I pp 23-55, BBRY in fois ~ und lockergesteinen Sclweizerieche Bavzettung, 4, (4) pp 77-02.DESIGN METHODS IN ROCK MECHANICS PARKER, Por: 1950, the retaking of dame with particular reference to the use of atresaed cables, Proc. 6th Cong. on Large Dans, New York, Question FoI POST-TEISIONING CORLITTER, 1974, Tentative Feconmeniations for prestressed rock and 2oil HMO, Rae, 1964, the use of prestrossing technique in the construction of dans, Indian concrete Journal, Aegust, pp 297-308. RAWLINGS, Go, 1968, Stabiisation of potential Fockalides in folded quarteite in Northwestern ‘Tasmania, Engineoring Geology, 2 (5), pp 283-292. souténesent do 1a centrale en cavernes de Voytaue per tirants on rocher et Béton projeté, full. Pech de 1a Suisse Romande, 18 (7 Sept) pp 249-260 SSALINAN, fo, and SCHAEFER, R.» 1968, Anchored footings fos traneniosion towers, ASCR Anal Mecting & National Meeting on Seructaral Engineering, PLetabueg, Fa, Sepe. 30 Oet- 4, Preprint 753, 20 Bo SCIMIOT, A, 1956, Rock anchors hold #.V. tover on ne, Wilson, Civil Engineering, Sey pp 24-26 SOLETAICHE ENTREPRISE, 1965, 1a sureetevation dt barrage des Zardesan sur loved Sat-saly unpublished report, (@pp), Paris, France 00TH AFRICAN CODE CE PRACTICE, 1972, Lateral support fn surface excavations, the South Aftican Institution of Civil Enpineare, Johannesburg Prestressed concrete cote, CA3S, Section S ~ Ground Aectorages pp 30-53 STOCKER, HAE, 1973) Reply to Abordeon questionnaire, teanspore Tar du vapon, Cont, tnt. des Grande Héssaux Electriques 3 tavte Tension, Paper 21-01, WurTE, Rut, 1973, Roply to Aberdeen questionnaire WOLF, Wey ot al, 1964, Noreow Point Untergeount