CANNABIS

Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)

Adjustment/
Region Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method
notes
Africa East Africa Kenya 1.20 2.10 0.30 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Kenya 2.10 0.30 4.00 2007 15-65 Govt HHS b, e
Kenya 7.10 2004 15-64 ARQ, NGO, Council of Europe SS, A c, d, e, f
Madagascar 9.10 2004 15-64 ARQ SS, A d, e
Mauritius 1.08 2009 15-54 Government source a
Mauritius 3.90 2004 15-54 ARQ
North Africa Algeria 0.52 1.06 0.03 2010 12+ ARQ HHS
Egypt 5.31 2016 15-64 MedSPAD/UNODC estimate SS d
Egypt 6.24 2.90 9.58 2006 15-64 Govt; Academic Research HHS, SS a, d
Morocco 10.47 2017 15-64 MedSPAD/UNODC estimate SS d
Morocco 4.22 2004 15-64 ARQ HHS
Tunisia 5.35 2017 15-64 MedSPAD/UNODC estimate SS d
Tunisia 2.60 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Southern Africa South Africa 3.65 2.88 4.42 2011 15-64 ARQ SS d, e
South Africa 4.26 3.52 6.18 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS a, e
Zambia 9.50 4.00 15.60 2004 15-64 Govt; Academic Research SS d, e
Zambia 17.70 2003 UNODC Estimate
West and Central Africa Burkina Faso 2.90 2006 15-64 UNODC Estimate d, e
Cabo Verde 2.40 2012 15-64 UNODC/Govt. HHS
Cabo Verde 8.10 2004 15-64 UNODC Estimate d, e
Côte d'Ivoire 3.24 1.99 4.30 2017 15-64 Government/UNODC Estimate SS d
Liberia 7.52 2017 15-64 WHO GSHS/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Liberia 3.18 1.53 4.83 2008 15-64 UNODC Estimate a, b, e
Nigeria 10.76 10.26 11.26 18.80 2.60 2017 15-64 Government/UNODC HHS/I
Nigeria 14.30 11.76 16.84 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS a, b, e
Sierra Leone 6.48 2017 15-64 WHO GSHS/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Sierra Leone 5.42 3.52 7.32 2010 15-64 UNODC Estimate a, b, e
Togo 1.00 0.20 3.10 2009 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Togo 2.73 2006 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Americas Caribbean Bahamas 3.10 5.00 1.00 2017 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bahamas 5.54 3.20 7.89 2008 15-64 ARQ SS d, e
Bahamas 4.70 2003 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Barbados 8.30 2006 15-64 CICAD HHS
Dominican Republic 0.68 1.40 0.22 2010 12-65 CICAD HHS
Dominican Republic 0.31 0.25 1.41 2008 15-64 ARQ SS d, e
Haiti 2.50 2.30 2.70 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Haiti 1.51 0.26 2.75 2010 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Haiti 1.41 0.43 2.15 2005 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Jamaica 18.00 28.50 7.80 2016 12-65 Government source HHS
Jamaica 7.21 4.25 10.17 2010 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Jamaica 9.86 7.52 12.20 2006 15-64 Government source SS d, e
Jamaica 10.70 2001 12-55 UNODC Estimate e
Puerto Rico 4.88 3.10 6.65 2005 15-64 Government source SS d, e
Saint Lucia 8.87 5.64 12.10 2010 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Saint Lucia 9.00 2006 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Trinidad and Tobago 4.79 1.40 8.18 2017 15-64 WHO GSHS/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Trinidad and Tobago 4.03 1.55 6.52 2010 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Trinidad and Tobago 4.66 2.91 6.42 2006 15-64 Government source SS d, e
Trinidad and Tobago 3.70 2002 UNODC Estimate e
Central America Belize 8.45 2005 12-65 CICAD HHS
Costa Rica 5.18 7.84 2.49 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Costa Rica 2.76 4.40 1.07 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Costa Rica 1.02 2006 12-70 ARQ HHS
El Salvador 2.03 1.12 3.67 3.93 0.62 2014 12-65 Government source HHS
El Salvador 0.39 0.35 0.43 2005 12-65 CICAD HHS
Guatemala 3.48 0.44 6.52 2014 15-64 Government source/UNODC Estimate SS d
Guatemala 4.80 2005 12-65 UNODC Estimate HHS, SS c, d
Honduras 0.83 0.41 1.59 2005 12-65 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Honduras 1.50 2004 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Nicaragua 1.07 1.06 1.07 2006 12-65 UNODC Estimate HHS c
Nicaragua 2.20 2002 12-65 UNODC Estimate HHS
Panama 0.77 1.52 0.14 2015 12-65 ARQ HHS
Panama 3.55 3.40 3.70 2003 12-65 UNODC Estimate HHS d, e
North America Bermuda 10.90 10.70 11.20 2009 16-65 Government source HHS
Canada 20.70 19.40 22.00 22.80 18.60 2019 15+ ARQ/Government source HHS
Canada 14.80 18.70 11.10 2017 15+ ARQ HHS
Canada 14.73 17.64 11.83 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 12.70 16.40 9.00 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 12.20 15.90 8.50 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 10.90 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 12.65 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Mexico 2.10 1.90 2.30 3.50 0.90 2016 12-65 ARQ/Government HHS
Mexico 1.20 0.96 1.46 2.20 0.30 2011 12-65 Government Source HHS
Mexico 1.00 2008 12-65 Government source HHS
United States of America 22.88 2021 15-64 Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS a
United States of America 21.90 23.80 20.10 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 19.40 22.20 16.80 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 18.40 21.40 15.50 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 17.00 19.90 14.10 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 16.50 19.40 13.60 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 16.20 19.90 12.70 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 15.40 18.70 12.20 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 14.80 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 14.00 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 14.00 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
South America Argentina 8.13 11.10 5.46 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Argentina 3.20 4.70 1.70 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Argentina 3.70 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2.19 3.29 1.24 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1.42 1.27 1.57 2.11 0.86 2014 12-65 ARQ/UNODC Estimate HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1.27 1.86 0.81 2013 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 4.50 8.90 1.10 2007 12-65 ARQ HHS
Brazil 2.81 5.10 0.66 2012 15-64 Government source HHS
Brazil 2.60 2005 12-65 Government source HHS c
Chile 12.05 17.05 7.17 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 13.33 18.98 7.76 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 15.10 19.11 11.07 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 11.83 15.37 8.38 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 7.47 10.52 4.52 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 4.88 2010 15-64 ARQ
Chile 6.70 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Colombia 2.68 2.46 2.90 4.21 1.26 2019 12-65 Government source HHS
Colombia 3.27 2.94 3.60 5.36 1.30 2013 12-65 ARQ HHS
Colombia 2.27 1.93 2.61 3.79 0.93 2008 12-65 ARQ
Colombia 1.90 2003 18-65 ARQ
Ecuador 0.67 0.84 0.53 2013 12-65 ARQ HHS
Ecuador 0.70 2007 12-65 ARQ HHS
Guyana 4.60 2016 12-65 Government source HHS
Guyana 4.04 1.56 6.53 2010 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Guyana 3.50 0.97 5.95 2008 15-64 UNODC Estimate
Guyana 2.60 2002 UNODC Estimate
Paraguay 1.60 2005 12-65 UNODC Estimate
Peru 1.62 1.24 2.01 2017 15-64 Government source/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Peru 1.03 1.98 0.22 2010 12-65 ARQ HHS
Peru 0.70 2006 15-64 Government source HHS
Suriname 3.40 6.60 0.40 2013 12-65 ARQ HHS
Suriname 4.25 3.80 4.70 2007 12-65 Government source HHS
Suriname 2.00 2002 15-64 UNODC Estimate
Uruguay 14.60 17.80 11.50 2018 15-65 ARQ HHS
Uruguay 9.30 12.50 6.40 2014 15-65 ARQ HHS
Uruguay 8.30 11.50 5.40 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Uruguay 5.60 2006 15-64 ARQ HHS
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1.56 2011 12-65 Government source HHS
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.85 2005 15-64 Government source HHS a, e
Asia Central Asia and Transcaucasia Armenia 3.50 2003 15-64 UNODC Estimate
Azerbaijan 3.50 2004 15-65 UNODC Estimate
Georgia 3.40 6.60 0.50 2015 18-64 ARQ HHS
Georgia 2.70 1.20 4.30 2009 15-64 Government source/ NGO/Academic research SS b, d, e
Georgia 1.10 2005 15-64 ARQ SS a, d, e
Kazakhstan 2.40 0.60 4.30 2012 15-64 ARQ SS d
Kazakhstan 4.20 2003 15-64 INCSR
Uzbekistan 4.20 2003 15-64 UNODC Estimate e
East and South-East Asia Cambodia 3.50 2003 15-64 UNODC Estimate
China, Taiwan Province of China 0.30 2005 12-64 AMCEWG
Indonesia 1.44 1.41 1.46 2019 15-64 ARQ/UNODC Estimate HHS
Indonesia 0.91 2015 10-59 Government source HHS
Indonesia 0.18 0.33 0.04 2015 10-60 ARQ HHS
Indonesia 0.50 2010 10-60 ARQ HHS a
Indonesia 0.44 2008 10-59 ARQ HHS
Japan 0.10 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Japan 0.03 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Japan 0.30 2011 15-64 UNODC Estimate HHS e
Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.88 0.69 1.07 2008 15-64 UNODC report SS c, d
Malaysia 1.60 2003 15-64 UNODC Estimate
Myanmar 0.94 2005 15-64 UNODC Estimate d, e
Philippines 1.64 2016 10-69 ARQ HHS
Philippines 0.61 2012 10-69 ARQ HHS
Philippines 0.74 2008 10-64 ARQ HHS
Republic of Korea 0.29 0.07 0.55 2004 15-64 ARQ HHS c, e
Thailand 1.33 1.81 0.86 2019 12-65 Government source HHS
 Thailand 1.20 2007 12-65 ARQ HHS
Near and Middle East/South-West Asia Afghanistan 3.80 6.10 1.50 2015 15+ INL HHS
Afghanistan 4.28 3.37 5.18 8.10 0.20 2009 15-64 UNODC/ Govt. Source HHS
Afghanistan 3.59 2005 15-64 UNODC Study (ICMP)
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.58 2015 15-64 Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.61 0.54 0.70 2013 18+ Academic/UNODC Estimate NSUM a
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.17 2011 15-64 Government source
Israel 14.00 15.30 12.30 2020 18-86 ARQ HHS
Israel 27.00 32.20 21.80 2016 18-65 ARQ HHS
Israel 8.88 8.90 8.90 12.30 5.50 2009 18-40 ARQ HHS
Israel 8.50 2005 18-40 ARQ
Kuwait 3.10 2005 15-64 UNODC Estimate
Lebanon 2.00 0.50 3.50 2009 15-64 Government source/MEDSPAD SS d, e
Lebanon 6.40 2001 15-64 ARQ d
Pakistan 3.60 3.10 4.00 6.70 0.20 2012 15-64 Government/UNODC
Pakistan 3.90 2000 15-64 INCSR
Saudi Arabia 0.30 2006 15-64 Government source/ NGO/Academic research R
United Arab Emirates 5.35 2006 15-64 UNODC Estimate
South Asia Bangladesh 3.10 1.24 4.95 2018 7+ Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS e
Bangladesh 3.30 2004 15-54 Academic research HHS a, e,f
Bhutan 4.20 1.80 6.50 2009 15-64 UNODC Estimate
India 2.83 5.05 0.60 2018 10-75 Government source HHS
Maldives 2.55 2012 15-64 Government source
Nepal 0.71 2019 15-50 Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS e
Sri Lanka 1.98 4.07 0.02 2021 15+ ARQ HHS
Sri Lanka 1.90 2018 14+ Government source HHS
Sri Lanka 1.42 1.26 1.58 2016 15-64 Government source I g,h
Sri Lanka 1.31 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Sri Lanka 1.43 1.43 1.43 2010 15-64 UNODC Estimate h
Europe Eastern Europe Belarus 1.07 0.90 1.30 2007 15-64 ESPAD SS c, d, e
Republic of Moldova 0.70 2010 15-64 Government source HHS
Republic of Moldova 0.90 2008 15-64 Government source HHS
Russian Federation 3.49 3.46 3.51 2007 15-64 ESPAD/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Ukraine 2.13 1.29 2.98 2015 15-64 ESPAD/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Ukraine 2.90 1.20 4.60 2011 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d
Ukraine 2.50 2.40 2.59 2007 15-64 ESPAD SS d, e
South-Eastern Europe Albania 5.60 2014 15-64 HHS
Albania 5.60 10.20 1.00 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Albania 1.80 2006 15-64 Government source SS d, e
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.60 0.32 2.89 2011 15-64 ESPAD SS d
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.80 2.75 4.63 2007 15-64 ESPAD SS c, d, e
Bulgaria 2.40 2.60 2.20 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 4.20 5.90 2.30 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 3.50 5.10 1.90 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 2.50 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 2.20 2007 15-64 ARQ HHS c, d, e
Croatia 10.20 14.20 6.20 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Croatia 7.90 11.50 4.30 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Croatia 5.00 2012 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Croatia 5.18 5.10 5.30 2007 15-64 ESPAD SS d, e
Kosovo under UNSCR 1244 1.30 2019 15-64 ESPAD/UNODC Estimate SS d
Montenegro 4.60 4.90 4.30 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Montenegro 1.82 1.10 2.54 2015 15-64 ESPAD/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
Montenegro 1.90 0.43 3.30 2011 15-64 ESPAD SS d
Montenegro 0.23 2008 15-64 ESPAD SS d, e
North Macedonia 6.60 8.30 4.00 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
North Macedonia 1.13 0.68 1.58 2015 15-64 ESPAD/UNODC Estimate SS d, e
North Macedonia 0.63 0.46 2.38 2008 15-64 ESPAD SS d, e
Romania 3.50 4.80 2.10 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 3.20 4.30 2.00 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 2.00 2.30 1.80 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 0.30 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 0.40 2007 15-64 ARQ HHS
Serbia 2.00 2.80 1.20 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Serbia 1.60 2.50 0.60 2014 18-64 Government source HHS
Serbia 4.07 2.75 5.39 2006 15-64 Government source HHS a, d, e
Türkiye 1.11 2.22 0.09 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Türkiye 1.11 2.22 0.09 2017 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Türkiye 0.30 0.50 0.10 2011 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Türkiye 1.90 2003 15-64 UNODC Estimate
Western and Central Europe Austria 6.30 5.62 7.04 2020 15-64 Government source HHS
Austria 6.40 5.50 7.20 7.20 5.60 2015 15-64 Government source HHS
Austria 3.50 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Austria 7.50 2004 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Belgium 7.00 10.40 3.70 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Belgium 4.60 6.30 2.90 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Belgium 5.10 7.20 3.20 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Belgium 5.00 6.90 3.20 2004 15-64 EMCDDA/Government source HHS
Cyprus 4.00 6.40 1.70 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Cyprus 2.20 3.50 0.90 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Cyprus 2.20 3.50 1.00 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Cyprus 4.40 7.30 1.50 2009 15-64 ARQ HHS
Cyprus 2.10 3.70 0.60 2006 15-65 ARQ
Czechia 11.10 15.90 6.20 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 9.40 14.60 4.20 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 7.90 10.00 5.80 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 8.90 11.90 5.90 2017 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Czechia 9.50 14.20 5.00 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 9.40 13.40 5.30 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 11.40 15.40 7.30 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 8.90 13.20 5.30 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 9.20 13.10 5.30 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 9.70 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 15.20 2008 15-64 Government source HHS
Denmark 6.30 8.30 4.30 2021 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Denmark 6.40 8.70 4.60 2017 16-64 ARQ HHS
Denmark 6.90 9.20 5.10 2013 16-64 ARQ HHS
Denmark 5.40 2010 16-64 ARQ HHS
Denmark 5.50 2008 16-64 ARQ HHS
Estonia 6.59 9.20 4.81 2018 16-64 ARQ HHS
Estonia 6.00 8.30 3.80 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Estonia 4.60 2003 15-64 ARQ HHS
Finland 8.20 11.20 5.20 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Finland 6.80 9.20 4.30 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Finland 4.60 5.80 3.30 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Finland 3.60 2006 15-64 ARQ HHS
France 11.00 15.10 7.10 2017 18-64 EMCDDA HHS
France 11.10 15.20 7.10 2016 18-64 EMCDDA HHS
France 11.10 15.00 7.40 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
France 8.40 11.80 5.20 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
France 8.60 2005 15-64 ARQ
Germany 7.09 8.87 5.25 2018 18-64 ARQ HHS
Germany 6.10 5.60 6.70 7.40 4.90 2015 18-64 ARQ/Academic HHS
Germany 4.50 6.00 3.00 2012 18-64 ARQ HHS
Germany 4.80 6.40 3.10 2009 18-64 ARQ HHS
Germany 4.70 2007 18-64 Government source HHS
Greece 2.80 4.10 1.60 2015 18-64 ARQ HHS
Greece 1.70 2.50 0.90 2004 15-64 EMCDDA
Hungary 1.30 2.00 0.60 2019 18-64 ARQ HHS
Hungary 1.53 2.46 0.81 2015 18-64 ARQ HHS
Hungary 2.30 1.70 2.90 2007 18-64 ARQ HHS
Iceland 5.80 7.40 4.20 2017 18-64 ARQ HHS
Iceland 6.60 2012 18-67 ARQ/Government HHS
Iceland 3.40 1.67 5.16 2011 15-64 ESPAD SS d
Iceland 3.37 3.21 3.53 2007 15-64 ESPAD SS d, e
Ireland 7.10 9.90 4.40 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Ireland 7.70 11.20 4.30 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Ireland 6.00 9.10 2.90 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Ireland 6.30 2007 15-64 Government source HHS
Italy 10.21 12.60 7.83 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Italy 9.20 11.90 6.60 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Italy 4.00 5.19 3.00 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Italy 14.60 2008 15-64 Government source HHS
Italy 11.20 2005 15-65 EMCDDA HHS
Latvia 3.90 6.10 1.80 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Latvia 4.20 6.90 1.70 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Latvia 4.00 5.70 2.40 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Latvia 4.90 2007 15-64 ARQ
Lithuania 4.30 6.70 1.90 2021 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 2.70 4.60 1.00 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 2.30 3.60 1.00 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 5.60 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 2.20 2004 15-64 ARQ
Luxembourg 5.40 7.00 4.00 2019 15-64 ARQ/EMCDDA HHS
Luxembourg 4.80 6.50 3.50 2014 15-64 ARQ/EMCDDA HHS
Malta 0.90 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Malta 3.10 1.39 4.82 2011 15-64 ESPAD SS d
Malta 4.51 4.42 4.60 2007 15-64 ESPAD SS d, e
Monaco 10.47 2017 18-64 ESPAD/UNODC Estimate SS d
Netherlands 10.40 13.50 7.20 2021 15-64 ARQ HHS
Netherlands 10.10 12.90 7.30 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Netherlands 9.30 12.10 6.40 2019 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Netherlands 9.60 13.90 6.30 2018 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Netherlands 9.20 8.50 9.90 12.30 6.20 2017 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Netherlands 8.40 11.00 5.70 2016 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
 Netherlands 8.70 11.60 5.70 2015 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Netherlands 8.00 10.50 5.40 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Netherlands 7.00 2009 15-64 ARQ
Netherlands 5.40 2005 15-64 ARQ
Norway 4.40 6.70 1.90 2021 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 4.30 5.80 2.80 2020 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 5.10 7.10 3.00 2019 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 5.40 7.00 3.70 2018 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 5.30 7.00 3.40 2017 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 3.90 5.10 2.60 2016 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 4.20 5.50 2.90 2015 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 4.20 6.00 2.30 2014 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 5.10 7.20 2.80 2013 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 3.80 2009 15-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 4.60 2004 15-64 ARQ
Poland 3.80 5.00 2.60 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 2.40 3.20 1.70 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 4.60 7.80 1.70 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 3.80 6.00 1.70 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 9.60 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 2.70 2006 15-64 ARQ HHS
Portugal 5.10 7.30 3.10 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Portugal 2.70 4.10 1.30 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Portugal 3.60 2007 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovakia 3.80 5.90 1.70 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovakia 4.30 7.00 1.70 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovakia 3.63 2010 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Slovakia 6.90 2006 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovenia 5.90 5.40 6.40 7.80 3.80 2018 15-64 EMCDDA HHS a, b
Slovenia 4.40 5.90 2.80 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovenia 3.10 2007 15-64 EMCDDA HHS e
Spain 10.50 14.60 6.30 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 11.00 10.60 11.40 15.40 6.60 2017 15-64 EMCDDA HHS
Spain 9.50 13.30 5.60 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 9.20 12.90 5.40 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 9.60 13.60 5.50 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 10.60 14.80 6.20 2009 15-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 4.00 5.00 2.90 2021 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 3.80 5.00 2.50 2020 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 3.90 5.20 2.40 2018 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 3.40 4.10 2.60 2016 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 3.20 4.10 2.30 2015 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 2.88 4.10 1.63 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 3.16 4.35 1.86 2013 17-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 3.00 2012 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 2.61 2011 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 2.80 2010 16-64 ARQ HHS
Switzerland 7.70 10.30 5.10 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Switzerland 9.09 2016 15-64 Government source HHS a
Switzerland 8.09 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Switzerland 6.70 9.30 4.20 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Switzerland 5.70 7.80 3.70 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Switzerland 6.30 2012 15+ ARQ HHS
Switzerland 5.10 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Switzerland 3.40 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 7.40 9.59 5.25 2021 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 7.15 9.07 5.26 2019 16-64 ARQ HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 7.60 10.28 5.00 2018 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 7.18 9.55 4.82 2017 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 6.60 8.99 4.23 2016 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 6.47 9.14 3.85 2015 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 6.69 9.43 4.02 2014 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 6.59 9.11 4.10 2013 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 6.29 8.51 4.08 2012 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 6.80 9.53 4.10 2011 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 6.70 9.15 4.29 2010 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 4.60 2014 15-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 5.10 2011 15-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 7.20 2006 15-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Scotland) 2021 16-75 Government source /UNODC Estimates HHS
United Kingdom (Scotland) 6.29 9.00 3.68 2014 16-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Scotland) 6.50 9.50 3.60 2013 16-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Scotland) 7.00 2011 16-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Scotland) 7.60 2010 16-64 Government source HHS
Oceania Australia and New Zealand Australia 11.60 14.70 8.60 2019 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 10.40 13.10 7.90 2016 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 10.20 12.80 7.60 2013 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 10.30 2010 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 10.60 2007 15-64 Government source HHS
New Zealand 15.30 2021 15-64 ARQ HHS
New Zealand 15.00 19.00 11.00 2020 18+ ARQ HHS
New Zealand 15.00 19.90 10.30 2019 15+ ARQ HHS
New Zealand 11.90 15.70 8.40 2018 15+ Government source HHS
New Zealand 14.03 18.55 9.61 2017 15-64 Government source HHS a
New Zealand 13.73 17.90 9.66 2016 15-64 Government source HHS a
New Zealand 11.00 10.30 11.70 14.30 7.90 2013 15+ Government source HHS
New Zealand 14.60 13.40 15.70 18.20 11.30 2008 16-64 Government source HHS
New Zealand 14.60 2007 16-64 Government source HHS
New Zealand 13.25 2006 15-64 ARQ HHS a
Melanesia Fiji 5.08 3.04 7.12 2004 15-64 Government source SS d, e
Except where the prevalence values are taken from household surveys, changes between years need to be interpreted with caution as they might reflect a change in the methodology or the data source from which the estimate was derived and therefore should not be considered as a change in prevalence.

Method: HHS=Household survey, SS=School survey, A=Adjusted from other sources, I=Indirect estimates, R=Registry.

UNODC Adjustments: a=adjusted for age (15-64), b=population-based/household-type study/survey, c=adjusted from a limited geographic population-based study/survey, d=adjusted from school/youth survey, e=adjusted from lifetime/monthly prevalence adjusted to annual prevalence, f=adjusted from specialized population surveys (including Rapid Assessments), g=adjusted f
h=adjusted from drug registries, i=adjusted from HIV, problematic drug users (only for heroin), j=lifetime prevalence reported, x=figure may include non-medical use of prescription opioids, z=figures may also include other non-ATS stimulants, z*= figures include the use of prescription stimulants, (non-prescription/non-therapeutic use).

The 'Method' and 'Adjustment/notes' columns have been completed only for more recent data included in previous and present issues of the World Drug Report.
 Specific notes

Cannabis herb

Urban areas. Cannabis herb.

Cannabis herb

Cannabis herb
Cannabis herb
Cannabis herb
Cannabis herb

Cannabis herb

Marihuana (cannabis herb)

Cannabis herb and resin

Includes marijuana and hashish

Includes marijuana and hashish
Cannabis herb and resin

Cannabis herb

Herb

Cannabis herb
Cannabis herb

Cannabis herb and resin

Estimate for 13 provinces
20 of 34 provinces.

Cannabis herb. Data for 2015/16.

Grass, hashish, marijuana and Gol
Hashish
Cannabis resin

Herb, resin and leaf

Cannabis herb

Approximate adjustment

Public health research

Cannabis herb

Data refers to 2014-15.

Data refers to 2013-14

 Cannabis herb, resin and other types of cannabis
Includes herb and hashish

Data refers to 2018-2019

Data refers to 2014-2015

Data refers to 2016-2017

Survey conducted between February and March 2020.

Data refers to 2021/22. Crime Survey for England and Wales.

Data refers to 2019/20. Office for National Statistics (ONS)
Data refers to 2018/19. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2017/18. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2016/17. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2015/16. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2014/15. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2013/14. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2012/13. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2011/12. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2010/11. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2014/15
Data refers to 2010/11

Data refers to 2014/15

Data refers to 2012/13
Data refers to 2010/11
Data refers to 2009/10

Data for 2020-21.

Data for 2019-20.
Data for 2018-19.
Data for 2017-18.
Data for 2016-17.
Data for 2015-16.
2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey: Drug Module
2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey

onsidered as a change in prevalence.

nce, f=adjusted from specialized population surveys (including Rapid Assessments), g=adjusted from treatment data,
ption stimulants, (non-prescription/non-therapeutic use).
 COCAINE
(includes cocaine salt, "crack" cocaine and other types such as coca paste, cocaine base, basuco, paco and merla)
Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Adjustment/
Region Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method Specific notes
notes
Africa East Africa Kenya 0.10 0.20 0.00 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS Crack
North Africa Algeria 0.01 0.02 2010 12+ ARQ HHS
Southern Africa South Africa 1.02 0.29 1.10 2011 15-64 ARQ SS d, e
West and Central Africa Cabo Verde 0.20 2012 15-64 UNODC/Government source HHS
 AMPHETAMINES
(includes both amphetamine and methamphetamine)
Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Adjustment/
Region Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method Specific notes
notes
Africa North Africa Algeria 0.03 0.06 0.01 2010 12+ ARQ HHS
Southern Africa South Africa 1.02 0.75 1.37 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS a, e
West and Central Africa Côte d'Ivoire 0.61 0.31 0.90 2017 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d Methamphetamine
 "ECSTASY"-TYPE SUBSTANCES
Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Adjustment/
Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method Specific notes
notes
East Africa Kenya 0.25 0.20 0.30 2007 15-65 Government source HHS b, e
North Africa Algeria 0.02 0.02 0.01 2010 12+ ARQ HHS
Southern Africa South Africa 0.31 0.24 0.38 2011 15-64 ARQ SS b, d, e
West and Central Africa Cabo Verde 0.06 2004 15-64 UNODC Estimate d
 PRESCRIPTION STIMULANTS
Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Adjustment/
Region Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method
notes
Africa West and Central Africa Nigeria 0.16 0.00 0.48 2017 15-64 Government/UNODC HHS/I
Americas Central America Costa Rica 1.71 1.80 1.62 2015 12-64 OAS HHS
Costa Rica 1.10 1.30 0.90 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS z**
Costa Rica 1.30 2006 12-70 ARQ z**
El Salvador 0.36 0.24 0.54 0.54 0.23 2014 12-65 Government source HHS z**
Panama 0.05 0.06 0.04 2015 12-65 ARQ HHS
North America Canada 0.35 0.60 0.10 2017 15+ ARQ HHS
Canada 0.28 0.33 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 0.70 0.70 2012 15-64 ARQ z**
United States of America 1.52 2021 15-64 Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS a
United States of America 2.10 2.20 1.90 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 2.40 2.60 2.10 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 2.70 3.30 2.20 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 2.60 2.80 2.40 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 2.50 2.90 2.10 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 1.60 1.80 1.50 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS z**
United States of America 1.60 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS z**
United States of America 1.30 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS z**
South America Argentina 0.09 0.16 0.04 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Argentina 0.10 0.10 0.10 2011 16-65 Government source z**
Argentina 0.20 2008 12-65 Government source HHS z
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.38 0.47 0.31 2018 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.26 0.42 0.12 2014 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.26 0.42 0.12 2013 12-65 ARQ HHS z**
Brazil 0.70 2005 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 0.18 0.10 0.25 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 0.19 0.17 0.22 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 0.25 0.35 0.15 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 0.14 0.17 0.12 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS z**
Chile 0.25 0.10 0.40 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS z**
Chile 0.14 2010 15-64 ARQ z**
Colombia 0.11 0.16 0.07 2019 12-65 Government source HHS
Colombia 0.04 0.07 0.01 2013 12-65 ARQ HHS z**
Colombia 0.06 0.06 0.05 2008 12-65 ARQ/Government source HHS
Ecuador 0.10 2007 12-65 ARQ z**
Peru 0.11 2010 12-65 ARQ z**
Peru 0.20 2006 12-65 ARQ HHS z**
Uruguay 0.20 0.20 0.10 2018 15-65 ARQ HHS
Uruguay 0.03 0.04 0.02 2014 15-65 ARQ HHS z**
Uruguay 0.30 2006 15-64 ARQ z**
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.37 2011 12-65 ARQ z**
Asia Near and Middle East/South-West Asia Pakistan 0.10 0.10 0.13 2012 15-64 Government source/UNODC HHS
South Asia Sri Lanka 0.76 1.51 0.05 2019 15-64 ARQ I
Oceania Australia and New Zealand New Zealand 0.50 0.30 0.70 0.70 0.40 2008 16-64 Government source HHS z**
Except where the prevalence values are taken from household surveys, changes between years need to be interpreted with caution as they might reflect a change in the methodology or the data source from which the estimate was derived and therefore should not be considered as a change in prevalence .

Where a country has reported a combined prevalence for amphetamines and other stimulants these have been reported under "Amphetamines" and a flag included to state if this includes prescription stimulants. Where a combined prevalence has not been reported by the Member State and the prescription stimulant prevalence is known, this has been reported under "Prescription stimulants".

Method: HHS=Household survey, SS=School survey, A=Adjusted from other sources, I=Indirect estimates, R=Registry.

UNODC Adjustments: a=adjusted for age (15-64), b=population-based/household-type study/survey, c=adjusted from a limited geographic population-based study/survey, d=adjusted from school/youth survey, e=adjusted from lifetime/monthly prevalence adjusted to annual prevalence, f=adjusted from specialized population surveys (including Rapid Assessments), g=adjusted from treatment
data, h=adjusted from drug registries, i=adjusted from HIV, problematic drug users (only for heroin), j=lifetime prevalence reported, x=figure may include non-medical use of prescription opioids, z=figures may also include other non-ATS stimulants, z*= figures include the use of prescription stimulants (non-prescription/non-therapeutic use), z**= figures only include prescription stimulants.

The 'Method' and 'Adjustment/notes' columns have been completed only for more recent data included in previous and present issues of the World Drug Report.
 Specific notes
Prescription amphetamines

Urban areas

Non-medical use of pharmaceutical products containing amphetamine-type stimulants

Data not directly comparable to previous years.

Amphetamine

Only includes prescription stimulants

Problem prescription stimulants users

2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey
be considered as a change in prevalence .

State and the prescription stimulant prevalence is known, this has been reported under "Prescription stimulants".

valence, f=adjusted from specialized population surveys (including Rapid Assessments), g=adjusted from treatment
of prescription stimulants (non-prescription/non-therapeutic use), z**= figures only include prescription stimulants.
 OPIOIDS
(includes opiates, other illicit opioids and prescription opioids)
Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Adjustment/
Region Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method Specific notes
notes
Africa East Africa Mauritius 1.29 2009 15-64 Government source I a,x Opioids, includes prescription opioids
Southern Africa South Africa 0.50 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS x Includes prescription opioids
West and Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.17 2004 15-64 Cure Research estimate Includes heroin and prescription opioids
 OPIATES
(also includes problem opiate users)
Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Adjustment/
Region Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method Specific notes
notes
Africa East Africa Opiates 0.22 2012 15-64 Government report I Problem opiate users
North Africa Algeria 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.01 2010 12+ ARQ HHS Opium and heroin
Southern Africa Eswatini 0.17 2004 15-64 Cure Research estimate Opiates
West and Central Africa Cabo Verde 0.18 2004 15-64 UNODC Estimate Opiates
Tipos de drgoas presente en la subregion sudafricana
droga Country/Territory
Algeria
Eswatini
Cabo Verde
Mauritius
South Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kenya
Côte d'Ivoire
Opiates Opioids Ecstasy AmphetamineCocaine
1 1 1 1 4
1 1
1 1 1 3
0
1 1 1 1 4
1 1
1 1 2
1 1
 PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS
Annual Prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Adjustment/
Region Sub-region Country/Territory Best Low High Male Female Year Age Source Method Specific notes
notes
Africa East Africa Mauritius 1.04 2007 15-54 ARQ I
North Africa Tunisia 0.13 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Southern Africa South Africa 0.09 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
West and Central Africa Nigeria 4.66 4.21 5.11 6.00 3.30 2017 15-64 Government/UNODC HHS/I Includes Tramadol
Egypt 3.00 2016 15-64 Government source HHS Tramadol
Americas Caribbean Barbados 0.16 0.12 0.21 2006 15-64 UNODC Estimate
Dominican Republic 0.03 2008 15-64 UNODC Estimate SS d
Haiti 0.13 2006 15-64 ARQ SS a, d, e
Central America Costa Rica 0.75 0.77 0.74 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Costa Rica 0.71 0.72 0.71 2015 12-70 ARQ HHS
Costa Rica 0.63 1.37 0.59 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS x
Costa Rica 2.80 2.80 2.90 2006 12-70 ARQ HHS x
El Salvador 0.06 2005 15-64 UNODC Estimate HHS e
North America Canada 0.50 2017 15+ ARQ HHS
Canada 0.36 0.46 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 1.00 1.30 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS *
Canada 0.30 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 0.50 2009 15-64 ARQ HHS, I x
Mexico 0.10 0.10 0.10 2016 12-65 ARQ HHS
Mexico 0.06 2008 12-65 ARQ HHS
United States of America 3.66 2021 15-64 Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS a Misuse of prescription pain relievers
United States of America 3.90 3.50 4.20 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS Non-medical use of pharmaceutical opioids
United States of America 4.30 4.30 4.10 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 4.80 5.40 4.20 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 5.10 5.60 4.60 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 5.50 6.30 4.80 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS Data not directly comparable to previous years.
United States of America 4.80 2014 15-64 UNODC Estimate HHS
United States of America 5.00 2013 15-64 UNODC Estimate
United States of America 5.70 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 5.20 2011 15-64 ARQ/UNODC Estimate HHS
United States of America 5.70 2010 15-64 ARQ/ UNODC Estimate HHS a
South America Argentina 0.06 0.08 0.04 2011 16-65 ARQ/Government HHS
Argentina 0.11 0.10 0.13 2007 15-64 UNODC Etimate e
Brazil 0.57 0.45 0.69 2012 15-64 Government source HHS
Brazil 0.40 2005 12-65 ARQ HHS e
Chile 1.22 1.41 1.04 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS Non-medical use of pharmaceutical opioids
Chile 1.14 1.21 1.08 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 1.22 0.94 1.50 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 0.56 0.50 0.62 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 0.28 0.24 0.32 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS x
Chile 0.27 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 0.40 2008 15-64 HHS HHS
Colombia 0.28 0.20 0.35 2019 12-65 Government source HHS
Uruguay 0.12 0.03 0.20 2011 15-64 UNODC Estimate HHS e
Asia Central Asia and Transcaucasia Armenia 0.08 2007 15-64 Government source
Georgia 0.27 2010 15-64 SCAD/Report - Academic Research I
Kazakhstan 0.11 2006 15-64 UNODC (GAP survey) I
Kyrgyzstan 0.06 2006 15-64 UNODC (GAP survey) I
Uzbekistan 0.02 2006 15-64 UNODC (GAP survey) I
East and South-East Asia Indonesia 0.26 2017 10-59 Government HHS Estimate for 13 provinces. Tramadol only.
Indonesia 0.05 0.10 0.01 2015 10-60 ARQ HHS 20 of 34 provinces. Tramadol.
Republic of Korea 0.08 0.06 0.10 2004 15-64 ARQ HHS a, e, x
Near and Middle East/South-West Asia Afghanistan 0.55 0.46 0.63 0.80 0.30 2009 15-64 UNODC/ Govt. source HHS
Israel 0.90 0.90 1.00 2016 18-65 ARQ HHS
Israel 0.21 0.39 0.04 2009 18-40 ARQ HHS Methadone
Pakistan 1.50 1.30 1.60 1.60 1.40 2012 15-64 Government/UNODC HHS and indirect
Pakistan 0.13 2006 15-64 UNODC (GAP survey)
South Asia Bangladesh 0.03 2003 15-64 ARQ HHS a, e
India 0.96 2018 10-75 Government source HHS/I Pharmaceutical opioids
Europe Eastern Europe Belarus 0.04 0.01 0.07 2007 15-64 UNODC Estimate R h,g
South-Eastern Europe Bulgaria 0.20 0.20 0.10 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS Pharmaceutical opioids
Bulgaria 0.20 0.20 0.20 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 0.10 0.10 0.10 2012 15-64 ARQ I
Serbia 5.10 4.10 6.10 2014 18-64 Government sources HHS
Western and Central Europe Czechia 0.70 1.00 0.50 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS Pharmaceutical opioids
Czechia 0.10 0.20 0.00 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 2.60 2.20 2.90 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Estonia 0.13 0.22 0.08 2018 16-64 ARQ HHS Fentanyl
Estonia 0.71 2008 15-64 ARQ I
Finland 0.90 0.90 0.80 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Finland 0.70 1.00 0.30 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Germany 0.30 0.40 0.30 2012 18-64 HHS Unspecified opiates other than heroin
Italy 0.45 0.60 0.31 2017 15-64 Government source HHS
Italy 0.70 0.90 0.40 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS Data refers to 2013/14
Lithuania 0.40 0.40 0.50 2021 15-64 ARQ HHS Non-medical use of pharmaceutical opioids
Poland 0.10 0.30 0.00 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS Data refers to 2018/19
Poland 0.10 0.10 0.00 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 0.60 0.60 0.70 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS Pharmaceutical opioids. Survey conducted between February and March 2020.
Sweden 2.70 2.70 2.60 2021 16-64 ARQ HHS Non-medical use of pharmaceutical opioids
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.04 0.06 0.02 2019 16-64 ARQ HHS Data refers to 2019/20 and to heroin use. Office for National Statistics (ONS)
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.06 0.07 0.04 2018 16-59 Government source HHS Data refers to 2018/19. Methadone. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.06 2017 16-59 Government source HHS Data refers to 2017/18. Methadone. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.04 0.07 0.01 2016 16-59 Government source HHS Data refers to 2016/17. Methadone. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.08 0.12 0.03 2015 16-59 Government source HHS Data refers to 2015/16. Methadone.
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.10 0.10 0.00 2014 16-59 ARQ HHS Data refers to 2014/15. Crime Survey for England and Wales
United Kingdom (Scotland) 0.19 0.28 0.10 2014 16-64 Government source HHS Data refers to 2014/15. Methadone/Physeptone.
Oceania Australia and New Zealand Australia 4.20 2019 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 3.60 2016 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 3.28 3.33 3.23 2013 14+ Government source HHS
Australia 3.10 2010 15-64 Government source HHS a
New Zealand 1.00 0.70 1.30 1.50 1.00 2008 15-64 Government source HHS 2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey

Except where the prevalence values are taken from household surveys, changes between years need to be interpreted with caution as they might reflect a change in the methodology or the data source from which the estimate was derived and therefore should not be considered as a change in prevalence.
Opioids include prescription opioids and opiates (opiates include opium and heroin).

Method: HHS=Household survey, SS=School survey, A=Adjusted from other sources, I=Indirect estimates, R=Registry.

* According to the Government of Canada, while opioid use in Canada is reportable, other opioid use was not reportable in 2011, 2012 and 2013; data on heroin and opium use based on the household survey is not reportable and the Government of Canada does not report an estimate based on indirect methods.

UNODC Adjustments: a=adjusted for age (15-64), b=population-based/household-type study/survey, c=adjusted from a limited geographic population-based study/survey, d=adjusted from school/youth survey, e=adjusted from lifetime/monthly prevalence adjusted to annual prevalence, f=adjusted from specialized population surveys (including Rapid Assessments), g=adjusted from treatment data,
h=adjusted from drug registries, i=adjusted from HIV, problematic drug users (only for heroin), j=lifetime prevalence reported, x=figure may include non-medical use of prescription opioids, z=figures may also include other non-ATS stimulants, z*= figures include the use of prescription stimulants (non-prescription/non-therapeutic use).

The 'Method' and 'Adjustment/notes' columns have been completed only for more recent data included in previous and present issues of the World Drug Report.
 TRANQUILLIZERS and SEDATIVES
(includes barbiturates and benzodiazepines)
Annual prevalence of Use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise stated)

Region Sub-region Country/Territory Total Male Female Year Age Source Method
Africa East Africa Kenya 0.00 0.00 0.00 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
North Africa Algeria 0.59 0.54 0.63 2010 12+ ARQ HHS
Morocco 0.18 2004 15+ ARQ/Government HHS
Tunisia 0.52 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
West and Central Africa Nigeria 0.49 2017 15-64 Government/UNODC HHS/I
Americas Caribbean Haiti 11.70 11.60 11.80 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Jamaica 0.10 0.20 2001 12-55 ARQ HHS
Central America Costa Rica 2.01 1.92 2.10 2015 12-64 ARQ HHS
Costa Rica 0.74 0.73 0.74 2015 12-70 ARQ HHS
Costa Rica 1.15 1.00 1.31 2010 12-70 ARQ HHS
El Salvador 1.76 1.52 1.94 2014 12-65 ARQ HHS
El Salvador 1.42 1.42 2006 12-70 ARQ HHS
Guatemala 2.90 3.16 2005 15-64 ARQ HHS
Panama 0.75 0.67 0.82 2015 12-65 ARQ HHS
North America Canada 0.20 0.20 2017 15+ ARQ HHS
Canada 0.35 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Canada 0.20 0.20 2009 15-64 ARQ HHS
Mexico 0.30 0.30 0.30 2016 12-65 ARQ HHS
Mexico 0.30 0.30 0.20 2011 12-65 ARQ HHS
Mexico 6.80 2008 12-65 ARQ HHS
United States of America 2.09 2021 15-64 Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS
United States of America 2.70 2.50 2.90 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 2.90 3.00 2.70 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 3.00 3.10 2.90 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 3.10 3.00 3.20 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 3.10 3.20 3.10 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
United States of America 2.60 2.70 2.50 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
South America Argentina 0.75 0.60 0.89 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Argentina 1.30 1.20 1.40 2011 16-65 ARQ HHS
Argentina 1.30 1.00 1.60 2010 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2.02 1.92 2.12 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1.87 2.07 1.71 2014 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1.87 2.07 1.71 2013 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2.05 1.97 2.11 2018 12-65 ARQ HHS
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2.60 2.00 3.10 2007 12-65 ARQ HHS
Brazil 5.68 3.18 8.03 2012 15-64 Government source HHS
Brazil 2.10 2005 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 2.06 2.36 1.77 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 1.44 1.18 1.69 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 1.77 1.54 2.01 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 1.20 0.97 1.43 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Chile 1.53 1.33 1.71 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Colombia 0.61 0.64 0.58 2019 12-65 Government source HHS
Colombia 0.53 0.55 0.51 2013 12-65 Government source HHS
Colombia 0.52 0.52 0.52 2008 12-65 ARQ/Government HHS
Colombia 1.20 1.70 0.90 2003 18-65 ARQ/UNODC HHS
Ecuador 1.50 2007 12-65 ARQ HHS
Peru 1.29 1.08 1.46 2010 12-65 ARQ HHS
Peru 2.98 2.44 3.40 2006 15-74 ARQ HHS
Suriname 1.35 2013 12-65 UNODC Estimate/ARQ HHS
Uruguay 2.70 2.30 3.10 2018 15-65 ARQ HHS
Uruguay 2.20 2.00 2.50 2014 15-65 ARQ HHS
Uruguay 1.30 1.20 1.03 2011 15-65 ARQ HHS
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 2.13 1.76 2.50 2011 12-65 ARQ HHS
Asia East and South-East Asia Indonesia 0.31 2019 15-64 ARQ/UNODC Estimates HHS
Indonesia 0.19 0.35 0.05 2015 10-60 ARQ HHS
Indonesia 0.84 0.76 1.15 2012 15-60 ARQ HHS
Japan 5.60 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Japan 5.60 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Myanmar 0.13 2002 15-64 ARQ HHS
Near and Middle East/South-West Asia Afghanistan 1.40 1.40 1.40 2015 15+ INL HHS
Afghanistan 0.80 0.10 2003 15-64 UNODC/ Govt. Source HHS
Israel 1.00 1.00 0.90 2016 18-65 ARQ HHS
Israel 2.79 3.10 2.67 2009 18-40 ARQ HHS
Israel 1.90 2005 18-40 ARQ HHS
Pakistan 1.40 1.30 1.50 2012 15-64 Government/UNODC HHS/I
Pakistan 2.00 2001 18-40 ARQ HHS
South Asia India 1.08 2.07 0.09 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Nepal 0.63 2019 15-50 Government source/UNODC Estimate HHS
Europe Eastern Europe Republic of Moldova 0.50 0.49 0.01 2011 15-55 ARQ HHS
South-Eastern Europe Albania 8.50 7.70 9.20 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 7.70 10.60 5.00 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 4.80 3.00 6.70 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Bulgaria 5.20 3.20 7.20 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Croatia 17.30 13.10 21.50 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Croatia 16.20 11.40 20.90 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Montenegro 11.60 12.50 10.60 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
North Macedonia 10.00 70.00 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 0.70 0.80 0.60 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 1.90 1.60 2.20 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 0.70 1.10 0.40 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Romania 2.10 1.20 3.00 2010 ARQ HHS
Türkiye 5.10 3.00 7.20 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Western and Central Europe Austria 8.90 8.10 9.80 2015 15-64 Government source HHS
Cyprus 3.90 2.80 5.00 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Cyprus 4.00 2.90 4.90 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Cyprus 4.20 3.00 5.30 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 12.50 10.10 14.90 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 12.80 10.80 14.80 2018 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 19.50 17.30 21.90 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 18.30 15.50 21.20 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Czechia 12.30 12.60 12.10 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
Estonia 0.49 0.88 0.23 2018 16-64 ARQ HHS
Finland 1.80 2.20 1.40 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Finland 2.30 2.20 2.40 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Germany 5.40 4.60 6.20 2012 18-64 ARQ HHS
Germany 4.30 3.70 4.90 2009 18-64 ARQ HHS
Greece 0.70 1.00 2004 15-64 ARQ HHS
Greece 0.30 0.10 1998 15-64 ARQ HHS
Hungary 7.50 4.80 9.80 2019 18-64 ARQ HHS
Hungary 9.52 6.07 12.29 2015 18-64 Government source HHS
Hungary 13.10 19.00 2007 18-64 ARQ HHS
Ireland 4.90 5.00 4.80 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Ireland 6.10 4.40 7.70 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Italy 13.80 10.40 17.10 2013 15-64 Government source HHS
Italy 3.85 2.94 4.63 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Latvia 4.90 3.40 6.40 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Latvia 7.20 4.30 10.00 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Latvia 6.50 5.10 7.80 2007 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 1.40 1.00 1.70 2021 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 13.40 7.70 18.70 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 11.10 6.50 15.50 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 11.85 7.50 15.60 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Lithuania 11.20 7.30 14.80 2004 15-64 ARQ HHS
Malta 0.90 1.00 2008 15-64 ARQ HHS
Netherlands 3.50 2.90 4.10 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Netherlands 10.20 7.00 13.30 2018 18+ ARQ HHS
Netherlands 10.50 7.50 13.40 2016 18+ ARQ HHS
Netherlands 0.50 0.20 0.80 2015 18+ ARQ HHS
Netherlands 0.50 0.20 0.80 2014 15-64 ARQ HHS
Netherlands 10.10 7.20 13.10 2009 15-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 0.10 0.00 0.20 2021 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 4.30 3.10 5.50 2015 16-64 ARQ HHS
Norway 4.50 3.90 5.20 2014 16-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 3.40 2.50 4.30 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 1.90 1.40 2.40 2016 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 2.20 1.40 3.00 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Poland 3.30 2.20 4.30 2010 15-64 ARQ HHS
Portugal 0.60 0.50 0.60 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Portugal 0.60 0.60 0.60 2012 15-64 ARQ HHS
Portugal 12.00 6.30 17.50 2007 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovakia 8.50 4.90 12.20 2019 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovakia 4.00 4.20 2006 15-64 ARQ HHS
Slovakia 6.10 6.40 2004 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 1.30 1.30 1.20 2020 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 1.30 1.20 1.40 2017 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 2.30 1.60 2.90 2015 15-64 ARQ HHS
Spain 1.20 1.10 1.30 2013 15-64 ARQ HHS
 Spain 1.20 1.10 1.20 2011 15-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 2.30 1.90 2.60 2021 16-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 2.78 2.70 2.86 2013 17-64 ARQ HHS
Sweden 2.00 2.00 2003 16-24 ARQ HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.39 2021 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.47 0.53 0.42 2019 16-64 ARQ HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.40 0.57 0.23 2018 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.60 0.75 0.46 2017 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.40 0.50 0.40 2016 16-59 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.40 0.50 0.30 2015 16-59 ARQ HHS
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 0.50 0.70 0.40 2014 16-59 ARQ HHS
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) 10.30 9.60 10.90 2014 15-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Scotland) 0.60 0.93 0.28 2014 16-64 Government source HHS
United Kingdom (Scotland) 0.80 1.40 0.20 2012 16-64 Government source HHS
Oceania Australia and New Zealand Australia 1.80 2019 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 1.60 2016 14+ ARQ HHS
Australia 1.60 1.80 1.50 2014 14+ Government source HHS
Australia 1.50 1.40 1.50 2010 14+ ARQ HHS
New Zealand 1.70 2.40 1.10 2008 16-64 Government source HHS
Except where the prevalence values are taken from household surveys, changes between years need to be interpreted with caution as they might reflect a change in the methodology or the data source from which the estimate was derived and therefore should not be considered as a change in prevalence.

Method: HHS=Household survey, I=Indirect estimates

wise stated)

Specific notes

Urban areas

Benzodiazepines

Includes benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Not directly comparable to previous years.

Tranquillizers

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines

Includes Benzodiazepines and barbiturates.

Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates

20 of 34 provinces. Includes benzodiazepines and barbiturates.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines

Data for 2014/15.

Data refers to 2013/14

Benzodiazepines

GHB/GBL
Benzodiazepines

Data refers to 2018/19

Data refers to 2016/17.

Includes medical and non-medical use. Not comparable with data for later years

Survey conducted between February and March 2020.

 Non-medical use of pharmaceutical sedatives and tranquillizers

Data refers to 2021/22. Crime Survey for England and Wales.

Data refers to 2019/20. Office for National Statistics (ONS)
Data refers to 2018/19. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2017/18.
Data refers to 2016/17.
Data refers to 2015/16.
Data refers to 2014/15. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2014/15. All Ireland Drug Prevalence Survey 2014/15.
Data refers to 2014/15
Data refers to 2012/13

Includes prescription sedatives, kava, and GHB

ate was derived and therefore should not be considered as a change in prevalence.
NPS Type Region
Africa
Americas
Synthetic cannabinoids

Asia
Europe
Oceania

Americas
Ketamine

Asia

Europe
Oceania

Americas

Asia

Europe
Miscellaneous NPS
 Oceania

Africa
Americas
Plant-based substances

Asia

Europe
 Sub-region Country/Territory
North Africa Egypt
North America Mexico
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
Central America Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
South America Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Central Asia and Transcaucasia Kazakhstan
South-Eastern Europe Bulgaria
Croatia
Türkiye
Western and Central Europe Estonia
France
France
Germany
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Latvia
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovakia
Spain
Spain
 Spain
Spain
Spain
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
Australia and New Zealand Australia
Australia
New Zealand
North America United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
Central America Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
El Salvador
South America Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Chile
Chile
Chile
 Chile
Colombia
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Peru
Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay
East and South-East Asia China
Indonesia
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Near and Middle East/South-West Asia Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
South-Eastern Europe Croatia
Romania
Romania
Romania
Romania
Western and Central Europe Czechia
Czechia
Denmark
France
Malta
Netherlands
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
 United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England)
United Kingdom (England)
United Kingdom (Scotland)
United Kingdom
Australia and New Zealand Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
New Zealand
North America United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
Central America El Salvador
El Salvador
Central Asia and Transcaucasia Kazakhstan
East and South-East Asia Japan
Japan
Near and Middle East/South-West Asia Israel
Israel
South-Eastern Europe Bulgaria
Croatia
Croatia
Croatia
Montenegro
Romania
Romania
Western and Central Europe Austria
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Cyprus
Czechia
Czechia
Czechia
Finland
Germany
Germany
Hungary
Hungary
Ireland
Ireland
Ireland
Ireland and Northern Ireland
Ireland and Northern Ireland
Italy
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
Poland
Poland
Portugal
Portugal
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovakia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
United Kingdom
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)

Australia and New Zealand
East Africa
North America
East and South-East Asia
Near and Middle East/South-West Asia
Western and Central Europe
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
Australia
Australia
New Zealand
Kenya
Canada
Canada
Mexico
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
United States of America
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Israel
Lebanon
Yemen
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
United Kingdom (England and Wales)
 NEW PSYCHOAC

Prevalence of Use as a percentage of th

Lifetime
Substance
Total
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.20
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.30
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.00
Synthetic cannabinoids 1.97
Synthetic cannabinoids 3.64
Synthetic cannabinoids 2.50
Synthetic cannabinoids 1.59
Synthetic cannabinoids 1.80
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.60
Synthetic cannabinoids. Following their international control in 2015, the synth 1.10
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.42
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids 1.30
Synthetic cannabinoids 1.70
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.60
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.80
Synthetic cannabinoids 2.10
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids 2.80
Synthetic cannabinoids 2.50
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.50
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.70
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.40
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.60
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.40
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.80
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.50
Synthetic cannabinoids 0.80
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids 2.80
Synthetic cannabinoids 1.30
Synthetic cannabinoids
Ketamine 1.80
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine
Ketamine 0.15
Ketamine 0.14
Ketamine 0.14
Ketamine 0.14
Ketamine 0.50
Ketamine 0.80
Ketamine 0.79
Ketamine 0.80
Ketamine 0.30
Ketamine 0.30
Ketamine 0.40
Ketamine 0.30
Ketamine 1.00
Ketamine 0.30
Ketamine 0.50
Ketamine 0.11
Ketamine
Ketamine 0.20
Ketamine 0.01
Ketamine 0.04
Ketamine 0.02
Ketamine 0.16
Ketamine 0.18
Ketamine 0.01
Ketamine 0.01
Ketamine 0.01
Ketamine 0.70
Ketamine 0.60
Ketamine 0.60
Ketamine 0.30
Ketamine
Ketamine 0.02
Ketamine 0.45
Ketamine 0.45
Ketamine 0.70
Ketamine
Ketamine 0.30
Ketamine 0.90
Ketamine 0.40
Ketamine 0.40
Ketamine 1.10
Ketamine 0.30
Ketamine 0.40
Ketamine 0.10
Ketamine 0.60
Ketamine 0.20
Ketamine 1.10
Ketamine
Ketamine 0.80
Ketamine 2.50
Ketamine 0.90
Ketamine 0.50
Ketamine 0.70
Ketamine 0.80
Ketamine 1.00
Ketamine 4.12
Ketamine 2.79
Ketamine 3.10
Ketamine 3.10
Ketamine 2.78
Ketamine 2.32
Ketamine 2.37
Ketamine 2.58
Ketamine 2.68
Ketamine 2.25
Ketamine 2.50
Ketamine 2.20
Ketamine 2.03
Ketamine 1.80
Ketamine 1.40
Ketamine 4.00
Ketamine 1.80
Ketamine 1.35
Ketamine 1.30
Ketamine 3.10
Ketamine 1.90
Ketamine 1.70
Ketamine 1.40
Ketamine 1.30
Ketamine 1.20
Synthetic cathinones
Synthetic cathinones
Synthetic cathinones
Synthetic cathinones
Synthetic cathinones
Synthetic cathinones
Synthetic cathinones
Mephedrone 0.02
NPS 0.02
NPS 3.90
NPS 0.20
NPS 0.30
NPS
NPS 3.30
NPS 0.60
NPS 1.70
Galaxy 1.50
Mephedrone 0.30
Other NPS 2.50
NPS 6.30
NPS 2.50
NPS 7.00
NPS
NPS

NPS 0.60
NPS
NPS 3.20
NPS 4.50
MDPV 0.10
NPS 2.59
NPS 2.80
Synthetic cathinones and other stimulant NPS 1.40
Mephedrone 0.67
NPS 2.50
NPS 3.50
NPS 6.00
Mephedrone 2.00
Mephedrone 4.30
NPS
Synthetic cathinones 0.40
NPS 0.30
NPS 1.40
NPS 0.60
NPS 0.20
NPS 0.50
4-FA 2.10
NPS 0.50
NPS 0.20
NPS 0.50
NPS 0.20
NPS 1.10
NPS 0.60
NPS 3.90
NPS 1.20
NPS 0.30
NPS 0.40
NPS 0.90
Synthetic cathinones 0.30
NPS 0.60
Mephedrone 0.00
NPS
NPS 1.70
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC) 0.10
NPS 1.10
Mephedrone 0.20
Mephedrone 0.10
Piperazines 0.00
Mephedrone 0.10
Piperazines 0.10
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC) 1.86
NPS 3.06
Mephedrone 1.43
Mephedrone 1.70
Mephedrone 1.70
NPS 2.50
Mephedrone
NPS 2.50
Mephedrone 1.80
NPS 2.40
Mephedrone 2.00
NPS 2.70
Mephedrone 2.20
NPS 2.80
Mephedrone 2.29
Mephedrone 1.90
Mephedrone
BZP
BZP
NPS 1.00
NPS 0.40
BZP 13.50
Khat 8.70
Salvia Divinorum 2.71
Salvia Divinorum 1.60
Salvia Divinorum 0.62
Salvia Divinorum
Salvia Divinorum
Salvia Divinorum
Salvia Divinorum
Salvia Divinorum 2.71
Salvia Divinorum
Khat
Mitragyna speciosa (kratom)-leaves 31.01
Mitragyna speciosa (kratom)-leaves 3.19
Mitragyna speciosa (kratom)-liquid 10.19
Mitragyna speciosa (kratom)-liquid 1.02
Khat
Salvia Divinorum
Khat
Salvia Divinorum 0.20
Salvia Divinorum 0.50
Salvia Divinorum 0.90
Salvia Divinorum 0.50
Khat
Khat
Khat
Salvia Divinorum
Salvia Divinorum
 NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES (NPS)

e as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise stated)

Lifetime Past year Past Month
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male

0.50 0.10
1.10 1.50 0.90
1.60
0.90
1.00
1.50
3.20
5.30
6.50 9.60 4.50
7.40
1.60
1.40 1.40 1.30
0.90 0.80 0.90 0.30 0.70
0.90 1.30 1.90 0.40 0.60
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.34 1.60 0.60 0.85 0.36 0.37 0.54
4.90 2.39 1.14 1.75 0.53 0.76 1.17
3.40 1.60 1.08 1.40 0.64 0.70 0.90
1.82 1.37 0.56 0.75 0.37 0.30 0.40
2.90 0.80 0.50 0.80 0.20
0.50 0.60 0.10 0.20
1.10
0.84 0.03 0.16 0.34 0.14 0.29
0.00 0.00
1.70 0.80
2.30 1.20
0.90 0.30 0.20 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.10
1.10 0.40 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.00 0.00
3.70 0.70 1.20 2.00 0.40 0.30 0.50
0.50 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.10
4.50 1.20 0.70 1.10 0.30 0.60 0.90
3.70 1.40
1.00 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.00
0.10 0.20 0.01
1.20 0.20 0.30 0.60 0.00
0.70 0.10 0.20 0.30
0.90 0.30
0.70 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.10
1.10 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.10
0.90 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00
1.20 0.30 0.10 0.30 0.00 0.10 0.10
0.14
0.16
0.30

1.70
2.50 1.20 0.30 0.40 0.30 0.10 0.10
1.10 2.20 0.40
1.20
0.90
0.80 0.40 0.10
0.40 0.90 0.90
0.70 0.60 0.80
0.50 1.10 0.20
0.50
0.80
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.90
1.20
0.23 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.00 0.03 0.00
0.21 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.03
0.21 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.03
0.21 0.07

0.90 0.70
0.92 0.69

0.30 0.30
0.40 0.20
0.50 0.30
0.40 0.20
1.80 0.40
0.50 0.10
0.60 0.40
0.18 0.01
0.30 0.30 0.30
0.40 0.11 0.23 0.04 0.08
0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.22 0.10

0.00 0.00
0.02 0.00
0.02 0.00
1.10 0.20
0.90 0.30
0.80 0.50
0.40 0.20
4.30
0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
0.61 0.30 0.25 0.31 0.19 0.15 0.17
0.25 0.15

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20

0.50 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.20
0.00 0.00 0.12 0.22 0.03 0.05 0.00
0.10 0.05
0.60 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.10
1.30 1.00 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.40 0.40
0.30 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00
0.50 0.20
0.10 0.10
1.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.10
0.20 0.10
0.30 0.20
1.10 0.40
3.80 1.30 1.20 1.70 0.60 0.30 0.40
1.40 0.40
0.90 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00
1.10 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
1.40 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.50 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.00 0.10
0.91
3.82 1.78 0.76 1.06 0.47 0.25 0.24
4.43 1.79 0.80 1.10 0.40 0.30 0.40
4.43 1.79 0.77 1.12 0.43 0.34 0.44
4.17 1.39 0.78 1.25 0.31 0.30 0.43
3.35 1.30 0.35 0.47 0.23 0.15 0.19
3.62 1.14 0.29 0.48 0.10 0.06 0.11
3.70 1.50 0.49 0.69 0.30 0.08 0.10
0.60 0.89 0.31
0.37 0.55 0.18
0.59 0.91 0.27 0.17
 0.64 0.83 0.44 0.30
0.49 0.79 0.19 0.24
0.60 0.20
0.40 0.20
0.00 0.00 0.50 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.00
0.70 0.60 0.25 0.20
2.22 0.54 0.16 0.30 0.03
0.30 0.10
0.90
0.40
2.30 1.20 0.30 0.40 0.20
1.80 0.90 0.21 0.30 0.20
0.70 0.20 0.10
1.70 0.70 0.30 0.40 0.10
0.30
0.40
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.30 2.60 1.10 1.90 0.50
0.00
0.10
0.20 0.00 0.30
5.50 1.00 0.90 1.70 0.10 0.60 1.10
0.50 0.60 0.10 0.20
2.60 0.70 0.60 0.80 0.30
2.40 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.00
1.50
3.40 1.60 0.90 1.30 0.60 0.30 0.50
8.60 3.80 3.10 4.20 2.00 2.50 3.40
3.40 1.60 0.90 1.30 0.60 0.30 0.50
2.00 0.00
0.30 0.40 0.20
0.20
0.10
0.90 0.30 0.20 0.40 0.10
0.10 0.10
4.10 2.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.10 0.20
6.40 2.70 1.20 1.70 0.70 0.40 0.20

3.12 2.04 0.93 1.10 0.80 0.07 0.12

3.10 2.50 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.00
2.50 0.40 0.70 1.20 0.30 0.30 0.50
1.15 0.27 0.15 0.33 0.00 0.07 0.16
3.70 1.20 0.80 1.20 0.40 0.30 0.40
4.70 2.30 0.80 1.20 0.50 0.10 0.10
1.60 0.10
3.10 0.90 1.10 1.90 0.30 0.10 0.10
2.20 0.10
0.70 0.80 0.50
0.70 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.00
0.60 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
2.20 0.60 0.50 1.10 0.00 0.10 0.10
1.20 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.10
0.40 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.60 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.10
2.70 1.40 0.30 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.10
0.70 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
0.50 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00
0.60 0.40 0.10 0.20 0.00
0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.70 0.40 0.10 0.20 0.00
0.90 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.00
5.30 2.60 1.00 1.30 0.70 0.20 0.30
1.40 1.10 0.80 0.90 0.70 0.30 0.50
0.40 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.02 0.04

0.50 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.00 0.30 0.50

0.90 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.10
0.10 0.00
0.10 0.00 0.10
2.50 0.80
0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.70 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.20
0.20 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.20 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.63 1.08 0.09 0.15 0.03 0.01 0.01
3.88 2.24 0.39 0.51 0.27

2.42 0.98
0.00
3.10 1.80 0.50 0.60 0.30
0.00 0.10 0.00
3.30 1.70 0.40 0.50 0.20
 2.50 1.20 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.01 0.00
3.20 1.60 0.40 0.60 0.30
2.90 1.10 0.30 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.20
3.70 1.70 0.70 1.00 0.40
3.20 1.30 0.50 0.70 0.30 0.20 0.20
3.80 1.90 0.90 1.30 0.40
3.20 1.40 0.65 0.91 0.39
0.50
1.00 1.50 0.70
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.40
15.70 11.40 5.60 6.40 4.90
14.60 3.00 4.80 8.50 1.20 5.50 7.60
4.17 1.25
2.20 1.10

0.50 0.80 0.20

0.60 0.70 0.60
0.60
0.70 1.00 0.50
4.17 1.25
2.30 3.50 1.50
0.50
53.16 11.30 9.76 16.14 3.56 6.07 10.27
0.98 0.61
16.99 3.59 4.40 7.75 7.15 3.32 5.74
0.44 0.33
1.84
2.40
52.30 72.00 32.60
0.30 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.80 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.10 0.10
1.30 0.40 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.20
0.80 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.10
0.06
0.04
0.20
0.49
0.30
st Month
Year Age
Female
2020 15-64
2016 12-65
2019 19-30
2018 19-28
2017 19-28
2016 19-28
2015 19-28
2013 19-28
2012 19-28
2011 19-30
2011 19-28
2018 19-28
2018 19-30
0.10 2016 19-30
1.00 2015 19-30
0.00 2015 15-64
0.21 2020 15-64
0.35 2018 15-64
0.50 2016 12-64
0.10 2014 12-64
2021 15-64
2020 15-64
2010-11
2018 15-64
0.01 2020 15-64
2017 15-64
2014 15-64
0.00 2012 18-64
0.00 2009 18-64
0.10 2019 18-64
0.10 2017 15-64
0.30 2015 15-64
2011 15-64
2021 15-64
2017 15-64
2016 15-64
2015 15-64
2020 15-64
0.00 2017 15-64
0.00 2015 15-64
0.00 2013 15-64
0.00 2011 15-64
2011-12 16-59
2010-11 16-59
2016 14+
2013 14+
2013 15+
0.10 2020 15-64
2019 19-30
2019 19-28
2018 19-28
2018 19-30
2017 19-30
2016 19-30
2015 19-30
2011 19-28
2010 19-28
2009 19-28
2008 19-28
2007 19-28
2006 19-28
2005 19-28
2004 19-28
2003 19-28
2002 19-28
0.02 2015 15-64
0.00 2015 12-70
0.00 2012 12-70
2010 15-64
2014 12-65
2017 12-65
2017 15-64
2016 15-64
2014 15-64
2011 16-65
2010 16-65
2010 12-65
2009
2008 16-65
2006 16-65
2016 15-64
2014 15-64
2020 15-64
0.00 2018 15-64
0.01 2016 15-64
0.00 2014 15-64
2019 12-65
2013 12-65
2009
2010 12-65
2006
2018 15-64
2014 15-65
2011 15-65
2006 15-64
2016 15-64
2015 10-60
0.13 2019 15-64
2019 12-65
2007 12-65
0.00 2020 18-86
0.10 2016 18-65
0.00 2008 18-40
2005 18-40
0.00 2019 15-64
0.40 2019 15-64
0.00 2016 15-64
2013 15-64
2010
0.00 2017 15-64
0.00 2016 15-64
2013 16-44
2003
2009
0.20 2020 15-64
2020 15-64
0.00 2017 15-64
0.00 2015 15-64
0.00 2013 15-64
0.00 2011 15-64
2021 16-59
0.24 2019 16-64
0.20 2019 16-59
0.25 2018-19 16-59
0.18 2017-18 16-59
0.11 2016-17 16-59
0.02 2015-16 16-59
0.00 2014-15 16-59
2013-14 16-59
2012-13 16-59
2011-12 16-59
 2010-11 16-59
2009-10 16-59
2008-09 16-59
2007-08 16-59
0.00 2009-10 15-64
2008-09 16-59
2014-15 16+
2006-07 16-59
2019 14+
2016 14+
2013 15-65
2010 14+
2007 15-64
2008 16-64
2018 19-28
2017 19-28
2016 19-28
2015 19-28
2014 19-28
2013 19-28
2012 19-28
0.00 2018 15-64
0.00 2016 15-64
2021 15-64
2017 15-64
2016 15-64
2020 18-86
0.10 2016 18-65
2020 15-64
2019 15-64
2019 15-64
2010-11
0.20 2016 15-64
1.60 2019 15-64
0.20 2016 15-64
2014 15-64
2018 15-64
2013 15-34
2013 15-64
2019 15-64
0.10 2020 15-64
0.00 2019 15-64
0.50 2015 15-64
2010 15-69
0.02 2018 18-64
0.00 2015 18-64
0.10 2019 18-64
0.00 2015 18-64
0.00 2019 15-64
0.10 2014-15 15-64
2014-15 15-34
0.00 2010-11 15-64
2010-11 15-34
2017 15-64
2015 15-64
0.10 2020 15-64
0.00 2021 15-64
2016 15-64
0.00 2019 15-64
0.10 2014 15-64
0.00 2021 15-64
2021 16-64
2020 16-64
2019 16-64
2018 16-64
2017 16-64
2016 16-64
0.20 2019 15-64
0.20 2016 15-64
0.00 2017 15-64
2012 15-64
2012 15-34
0.00 2015 15-64
0.10 2011-12 15-64
2010 15-64
2018 15-64
2020 15-64
0.00 2017 15-64
0.00 2017 15-64
0.00 2015 15-64
0.00 2013 15-64
0.00 2013 15-64
0.00 2011 15-64
0.00 2011 15-64
0.01 2018 16-59
2021 16-59
2021 16-59
2019 16-59
2018-19 16-59
2018-19 16-59
2017-18 16-59
2017-18 16-59
0.00 2017 16-59
2016-17 16-59
0.00 2015-16 16-59
2015-16 16-59
0.10 2014-15 16-59
2014-15 15-69
2013-14 16-59
2012-13 16-59
2011-12 16-59
2011-12 16-59
2010-11 16-59
2016 14+
2013 14+
2008 16-64
0.70 2017 15-64
2015 15-64
2011 15-64
2016 12-65
2019 19-30
2018 19-30
2018 19-28
2016 19-30
2015 15-64
2011 19-30
2015 19-30
2.00 2019 15-64
2019 12-65
0.96 2019 15-64
2019 12-65
2008 18-40
2017 15-64
2006 12+
0.00 2017 15-64
0.00 2015 15-64
0.10 2011 15-64
0.00 2013 15-64
2015-16 16-59
2015 16-59
2010-11 16-59
2013-14 16-59
2012-13 16-59
 Source
ARQ
ARQ/Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco, 2016
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2018
Monitoring the Future 2018
Monitoring the Future 2016
Monitoring the Future 2015
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ / Décimo Tercer Estudio Nacional de Drogasen Población General de Chile, 2018
ARQ / Décimo Segundo Estudio Nacional de Drogas en Población General de Chile, 2016 and 2018
ARQ / Décimo Primer Estudio Nacional de Drogas en Población General de Chile, 2014 and 2018
ARQ
ARQ
2012 National Report to the EMCDDA
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ**. Data refer to use of "spice"
ARQ/Gov.
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
2013 National Report to the EMCDDA
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
Government source
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2011/2012 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2010/2011 British Crime Survey England and Wales
2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey
ARQ
2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey: Drug Module
ARQ
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2018
Monitoring the Future 2018
Monitoring the Future 2017
Monitoring the Future 2016
Monitoring the Future 2015
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2011
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
Estudio Nacional sobre Consumo de Drogas en Población Estudiantil Universitaria de El Salvador, 2014
ARQ
ARQ
CICAD/Gov.
ARQ
ARQ
Psicoactivas en Argentina 2004 - 2010
ARQ
ARQ
Psicoactivas en Argentina 2004 - 2010
Psicoactivas en Argentina 2004 - 2010
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ/Gov.
ARQ / Décimo Primer Estudio Nacional de Drogas en Población General 2016
ARQ / Décimo Primer Estudio Nacional de Drogas en Población General 2014
ARQ/Government source
Estudio Nacional de Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas en Colombia 2013
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ/Government source
Gov.
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
Studiul naţional în populaţia generală privind consumul de tutun, alcool şi droguri GPS – 2013
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
2014 National Report to the EMCDDA
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ/Government source. General Population Survey on Alcohol and Drugs in Spain (EDADES) 2017
ARQ
ARQ
Government
Data refers to 2021/22. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
ARQ/Office for National Statistics (ONS)
ARQ
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/2017 Crime Survey for England and Wales/Gov.
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/2017 Crime Survey for England and Wales/Gov.
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/2017 Crime Survey for England and Wales/Gov.
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/2017 Crime Survey for England and Wales/Gov.
ARQ/Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2014/2015 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2013/2014 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2012/2013 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2011/2012 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2010/2011 British Crime Survey England and Wales
Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2010/11 British Crime Survey England and Wales
Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2010/11 British Crime Survey England and Wales
Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2010/11 British Crime Survey England and Wales
ARQ
National report to EMCDDA
Scottish Crime and Justice Survey 2014-15
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2019
ARQ/Government source
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
2012 National Report to the EMCDDA
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
2014 National Report to the EMCDDA
Gov./ Health Interview Survey Belgium, 2018
Gov./ Health Interview Survey Belgium, 2013
Gov./ Health Interview Survey Belgium, 2013
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ/Gov./ Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/2017 Crime Survey for England and Wales
ARQ
ARQ
Drug Prevalence Survey 2014/15: Regional Drug Task Force (Ireland) and Health & Social Care Trust (Northern
Drug Prevalence Survey 2010/11: Regional Drug Task Force (Ireland) and Health & Social Care Trust (Northern
Drug Prevalence Survey 2010/11: Regional Drug Task Force (Ireland) and Health & Social Care Trust (Northern
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ/EMCDDA
ARQ/EMCDDA
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ/Norwegian Institute of Public Health
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
Portugal Country Drug Report 2017, ECMDDA
Portugal Country Drug Report 2017, EMCDDA
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
EMCDDA
ARQ
ARQ/Government source. General Population Survey on Alcohol and Drugs in Spain (EDADES) 2017
Govenment source/Estadísticas 2019: Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España
Gov./Estadísticas 2017: Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España
Gov./Informe 2015: Alcohol, Tabaco y drogas ilegales en España
Government
Government
Government
ARQ
Data refers to 2021/22. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
Data refers to 2021/22. Crime Survey for England and Wales.
ARQ
Gov.
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2018/2019 Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2017/2018 Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2017/2018 Crime Survey for England and Wales
ARQ/Gov./ Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/2017 Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016/2017 Crime Survey for England and Wales
ARQ
Gov./Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2015/2016 Crime Survey for England and Wales
ARQ
Gov.
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2013/2014 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2012/2013 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2011/2012 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2011/2012 British Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2010/2011 British Crime Survey England and Wales
2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey not relayed in the latest ARQ.
2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey not relayed in the latest ARQ.
2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ/Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco, 2016
Monitoring the Future 2019
Monitoring the Future 2018
Monitoring the Future 2018
Monitoring the Future 2016
Monitoring the Future 2015
Monitoring the Future 2011
Monitoring the Future 2015
ARQ
Gov.
ARQ
Gov.
Illegal use of drugs and alcohol in Israel 2009: Seventh national epidemiological survey
ARQ
Towards Qat Demand Reduction (World Bank)
Govenment source/Estadísticas 2019: Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España
Gov./Estadísticas 2017: Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España
Government
Government
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2015/2016 Crime Survey for England and Wales
ARQ
Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2010/2011 British Crime Survey England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2013/2014 Crime Survey for England and Wales
Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2012/2013 Crime Survey for England and Wales