VITREOUS (SUBVITREOUS) (EARTHY) LUSTRE Hardness > 5.5 (Knife will not seratch) Green to black colour = no cleavage = olivine (Mg.Fe):Si0, (Grit) 1. crystal aggregates, above average SG, not magnetic Green to black colour => 2 cleavages = hornblende (Na,K)Cas(Mg,Fe.Al)4Si,AlO>(OHLF)> {Double chains seat) Amphibole! 2. prismatic elongate crystals above average SG, 2 cleavages not at 90°, not magnetic Green to black colour => 2 cleavages => pyroxene (augite) Ca(Na,Mg,Fe,Mn,Al,Ti)a(Si,Al):05 (Single chained silicate) 3. prismatic more equant crystals, above average SG, 2 cleavages at 90°, not magnetic None or light colour = no cleavage = quartz Si0; 4 massive or hexagonal crystals, average SG, not acid reactive None or light colour => no cleavage = chalcedony SiO, '5. massive cryptocrystalline,colloform or banded, average SG, not acid reactive None or light colour => 2 cleavages => plagioclase NaAISi,O,-CaAl:Si:O, (Stations) 6 white to grey colour, massive or tabular crystals, 2 cleavages at 90%, average SG, lamellar twinning, not acid reactive, ‘None of light colour => 2 cleavages => K-feldspar KAISi/O, 7. eream to pink colour, massive or tabular rystals, 2 cleavages at 90°, average SG, prthite structure, not acid reactive Hardness < 5.5 > 2.5 (Knife scratches) Green to black colour => I cleavage => biotite KxMe,Fe)..(Fe,Al-Ti (Sis 1 cleavage => muscovite K:ALSisALOn(OH.F)s (Formed at high temperature and pressure) 9, lamellar masses orcleavaze flakes, average SG, not acid reactive None of light colour = 3 cleavages = calcite CaCOs (Varieyof abi, can exhbictiningh0. massive or crystalline, 3 cleavages not at 90°, average SG, highly acid reactive None or light colour => 3 cleavages => dolomite CaMe(COs): (Usually small rhombohedral crystal) 11. massive or erystaline, 3 cleavages not at 90°, average SG, acid reactive if powdered None or light colour => 3 cleavages = barite BaSO, 12, massive or erystlline, 3 cleavages, 2 not at 90°, high SG, not acid reactive None or light colour => 4 cleavages = fluorite CaF (Common cubichabita 13. Commonly green or purple, massive oF crystalline, average SG, not acid reactive Hardness < 2.5 (Knife and fingernail scratch) Green to black colour => I cleavage => chlorite (Mg.ALFe) 4 lamellar masses or clea White or light colour => 1 cleavage = gypsum CaSO,.2H,0 15. tabular or swallow tail crystals, earthy or fibrous forms, below average SG, not acid reactive White or light colour => massive => kaolinite AL,Sis0,(O1. FForedinweatherngenvrnmend 16. massive earthy form, below average SG, not acid reactive Twinning Pare to ceaage edge Perthiie-Cutebiqul acess deaage aloe operon only one eave sift Seenon bah enoge suaces Aina sagt oncparael Nexperoct sigh “compote grains ding goth sets exe fom Kedar aa onen Si, ADSOMOH)i« fakes, average SG, not acd reactive (Coase Grane High energy. Fine Grnnad-Wethering Evironment Pool Sorted Energy a TM dropped Rounded Grains: Tanepoted from fat METALLIC (SUBMETALLIC) (RESINOUS) (EARTHY) LUSTRE Hardness > 5.5 (Knife will not scratch) Streak => black => magnetic—> magnetite FesOx ‘Source ofron or) 17. black colour, massive or ocahedral erystals, no cleavage Streak => black => not magnetic => ilmenite (FeTiO2) (Source ofan and tranium) 18. black colour, usually massive, no cleavage, may be si magnetic Streak => black => not magnetic => pyrite (FeS:) (treaksmeli of uur) 18. brassy yellow colour, often shows cubic form, no cleavage Streak = red-brown =>not magnetic = haematite (Fe:03) ‘Sour of ron) 20. grey to red-brown colour, massive or crystalline , no cleavage Hardness <5.3> 2.5 (Knife seratches) Streak = black = magnetic => pyrrhotite FeS 21, bronze colour, tamishes rapidly, massive form, no cleavage Streak => black => not magnetic => chalcopyrite CuFeSp (aye some green in steak source of copper) 22. yellow colour, usually massive, no cleavage Streak => brown => not magnetic => sphalerite (ZnFe)S (Maybe shiny or dull 23. yellow to red-brown colour, typically resinous, crystalline, 6 ‘leavages nor at 90° Streak => red-brown => not magnetic => haematite Fe.03 20, red-brown earthy form appears softer than erysalline varieties Streak = yellow-brown >not magnetic > limonite (goethite) FeO.OH (Hyerated roi oxie) (Source of ton ate) 24. yellow-brown colour, massive or earthy habit, variable appearance Hardness < 2.5 (Knife and fingernail scratch) Streak => grey => not magnetic => — galena PbS (Source oflea) 25, silver-erey, high SG, crystalline, cubic cleavage Streak => yellow-brown =snot magnetic = limonite (goethite) FeO.OH 24, yellow-brown earthy form may appear softer, variable appearance oe * a fal ph‘Sedimentary Rocks ‘© Formed by transport of pre-existing rocks — Chemical and physical breakdown ‘© Greater kinetic energy ~the larger the size of the rock ‘= Well sortedif particles are more or less the same size ‘+ Sorts determined by nature of currents and environment of deposition ‘© Unconsolidated sediment > Consolidated sedimentary rack = Lithification ‘= Diagenests ~ Collective term for changes to sedimentary rock ‘+ Minerals that have formed in igneous rocks inside the earth are unstable at the earth's surface. They react with water and the atmospheric gases. Dissolution ~ Minerals pass directly into solution (Calcite, Dolomite) ~Leads to karst topography and development of sinkholes and caves Oxidation ~ Mineral + Oxygen -> Oxide/Hydroxide + New Mineral Hydrolysis: Mineral + Water -> New Mineral with H” or OFF ‘Three main chemical effects ~ Leaching/Dissolution, hydrogen, neutralization Cross Bedding ~ Ripple marks/dunes ~ formed by water or wind Graded Bedding — Fine material over coarse material - deep marine environments Classified on texture and on mineral composition Mature = well sorted, fine grained, rounded grains ‘Chemical Sedimentary Small grainsize, crystallin texture Clastic Sedimentary Composed of fragments or particles Carbonates (Calcite, Dolomite) Quartz Sica (Microcrystalline quartz, Ooal) Feldspars Salts (Halite, Gyosum) Clays (Kaolinite) ‘Organic Material (Coal) Magnetite, Haematite, Limonite '* Chemical classes based on anions present Bonded by ations + oxygen Isolated tetrahedra A Olivine Rings of tetrahedra Beryl Single chain Bonded by cations Pyroxene Double chain aempiboie ‘Sheet (Phyllsilcates) tach tetrahedron linked to three others by shared 2 Layer— Kaolinite 3 Layer~ Montmorillonite 4 Layer -Chlorite Framework Each tetrahedron shares all its ‘oxygens ~ Strong bonds in all directions van der Waals oe # Felspar Quartz Montmorillonite - Absorbs Water ‘* Silicon-Oxygen Layer = Alu Metamorphic Rocks ‘© Form in subsurface from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks ‘© _ Responds to change in: pressure, temperature, stress state, fluid composition Regional Metamorphism ‘+ Takes place over large scale ~ ie. Plate margins ‘+ Often have well developed foliation ‘+ Driven by heat, deformation and pressure Contact Metamorphism Local~smaller scale Localised around heat sources Only driven by heat Non-foliated Foliation ~ Planar structure ~ Plane of weakness ~ Tectonic stresses usually applied in one direction Lineation ~ Parallel arrangement of rod:-ike minerals on foliation surface Folated | ~ Non-Foliated Loree Grain Size ‘uartate Gress Marble Granuite schist SmallGrainsie | hylite slate Hornfels inium-Iron-Magnesium-Hydroxyl Layer ‘+ Silicon-Oxygen Layer Igneous Rocks — When molten magma cools and crystallizes Plutonic ~ Formed deep ~ Coarse grained (phaneritic) ~ Slow Cooling Extrusive - Formed near surface ~ Fine grained (microcrystalline, aphaitic) and amorphous texture Felsic~ High in SiO; ~ Lighter in color ~ k- Feldspar, Biotte/Hornblende, Quartz Mafic—Low in SiO, ~ Darker in color ~ Plagioclase ~ Pyroxene - Olivine ‘Two Stage Cooling ~ Two sizes rock ~ microcrystalline groundmass and crystalline phenocrysts, phaneritic texture Pyroclastic textures result from combination of explosive gragmentation and rapid cooling ‘© Partial melting of upper mantle and lower crust responsible for variety of igneous rocks because rocks are comprised of more than one material and thus magma does not have a specific melting point ‘Stability of Common Minerals under Weathering Conditions at the Earth's Surface = Reverse of Bowen's Reaction Ser 1. Fe oxides 7. Biotite 2. Aloxides 8. Na-Feldspar 3, Quartz 9. Amphibole 4. Clay minerals 10. Pyroxene 5, Muscovite LL. Cafeldspar 6 KeFeldspar 12. Olivine