1 SECOND LESSON
1. The establishment of criteria of beauty is the
function of aesthetics. Which of the following
statements shows the importance of
aesthetics to us?
A. It helps us understand better the nature and
origin of knowledge
B. It brings us in touch with our culture and the
arts
C. It serves as a fool in unraveling the unknown
D. It enables us to make plausible arguments
2. Etymologically, it means a treatise on
matters pertaining to the human thought. As a
branch of Philosophy logic does not provide us
with knowledge directly. What then is the role
of logic in Philosophy?
A. Logic enhances appreciation of arguments
B. Logic 1s used in some disciphnes like
mathematics.
C. Logic offers opportunitics discovering new
knowledge.
D. Logie serves as tool concerning the validity of
our arguments
3. A fundamental and necessary drive in every
human being is knowing what is real. Which
among the branches of Philosophy accounts
for the unreal in terms of what we accept as
real?
A Logic
B. Aesthetics
C. Metaphysics
D. Ethics
4. Ethics is the branch of Philosophy that
explores the nature of moral virtue and
evaluates human actions. Which of the
following statements exemplifles the value of
ethics in Philosophy?
A. Women are not inferior to men and that both
must complement each other
B. All matters are composed of atoms
C. Ideas are forms of thought representing the
real objects
D. No man is an island
5. A branch of Philosophy focuses itself with
the non-observables. Another branch deals
with what is right or wrong. What does
epistemology deal with?
A. Epistemology deals with the other branches
of Philosophy
B. Epistemology concerns itself with how to
make arguments more valid and essential.
C. Epistemology deals with the nature, sources,
limitations and validity of knowledge
D. Epistemology focuses on discovering new
knowledge unknown to men..
6. Logic is not interested with what we know.
Rather, it concerns itself on the truth and
validity of our arguments. Who was the
philosopher who devised the first method of
logic?
A. Socrates
B. Plato
C. Zeno
D. Aristotle
1. Metaphysical philosophy
 accounts on investigating the unreal
entities in terms of the real world that
we experience through our senses.
 The well-known Philosopher, Plato,
enlightened the field of metaphysics by
contrasting reality and appearance. He
stated that our experience with the real
world is not real. Reality according to
him is how we perceive the world.
Therefore, what is real is just products
of our perception through the mind
 For example, we see a yellow chair
because we perceive it as yellow chair
But others may perceive a different
color when light affecting the
appearance of the chair is obstructed
2 SECOND LESSON

2. Ethics as another branch of Philosophy arrive at specific ideas Advocates of

deductive method are called
 deals with the evaluation of human
rationalists, Rene Descartes is well-
actions and the nature of moral virtue
known rationalist.
As such, ethical philosophy accounts for
 Another method used under
the nature of our moral judgements
Epistemology Is pragmatism. William
and it also attempts to investigate our
James and John Dewey are famous
fundamental ethical ideas.
pragmatists. They believe that value in
 From these contentions arise the idea
use is the real test of truth and
of right versus wrong and evil versus
meaning.
good. Discourses like feminism (equal
opportunities among genders) and law- 4. Logic is another branch of Philosophy
making become areas where ethical
 Unlike any other philosophical
philosophy is employed
perspectives, logic does not concern
 Socrates pointed out that knowledge is
itself in what we know regarding certain
not merely theoretical nor speculative
subjects. Thus, logic does not provide us
but also practical. It means that
knowledge of the world directly. It only
knowledge on rules of right living is not
serves as tool to guide one's arguments
sufficient when it is not actually being
or discourses so as to keep them valid
pracliced. One historical example that
and true.
exemplifies ethical philosophy is that
 Aristolle was the first philosopher who
issue laid down by Willam Du Bois. He
employed logical method. He claimed
argued that there must be equal rights
that truth exists when there is
between black and white Americans.
agreement between knowledge and
reality. This can only take place when
mental Ideas correspond to the
objective world. This Is where logical
3. Epistemology as philosophical perspective reasoning comes in
 Reasoning is very important in our
 concerns itself with the nature, sources, everyday lives. Decision making can
limitations and validity of knowledge. make or unmake us Thus the quality of
 Some of the basic questions raised by our logical capacity affects our well-
Epistemology are how do we know being
what we know, how do we know what  A person equipped with logic can
we want to know and do we distinguish reason far better than those who are
true from what is not true. not.
 Knowledge, according to this
perspective, can be acquired through 5. Aesthetics as philosophical perspective
Induction (empiricism) and deduction.
 concerns itself with the notion of
Induction is a process of knowledge-
beauty. Whenever we created a devise
forming by Investigating particulars
or equipment we consequently aim to
(also known as empirical evidences) in
improve (or beautify) it after some
order to arrive at general Idea.
time. It only goes to show that
 Conversely. deductive process employs
generally accepted ideas in order to
3 SECOND LESSON

aesthetics accounts for the criteria of

beauty
 Aesthetics can be used to explain
matters regarding culture and arts. It is
in these fields where beauty can best be
explained with the use of aesthetical
philosophy Embedded in our culture is
our capacity to distinguish beautiful
from what is not. Arts as part of our
cultural milieu manifests our ideas
regarding beauty.

What benefits can students get from

aesthetical knowledge?
As students, the importance of aesthetics are.

- it vitalizes our knowledge making the world

more useful and alive,

- it helps us live more deeply and richly for

appreclation of work of arts arises, and

- it keeps us in touch with our culture