Memory

Reference
Instructions

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 Welcome To
Computer Science Hub
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Basic Computer Organization and Design

Memory Reference
Instructions

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 Memory Reference Instructions
➢Memory reference instructions performs operations with memory
operand 15I 14Opcode12 11 Address 0
Opcode =000 through 110

➢Execution of memory reference instructions starts with timing

signal T4
➢There are 7 Memory reference instructions
Operation
Symbol Symbolic Description
Decoder

AND D0 AC  AC  M[AR]
ADD D1 AC  AC + M[AR], E  Cout
LDA D2 AC  M[AR]
STA D3 M[AR]  AC
BUN D4 PC  AR
BSA D5 M[AR]  PC, PC  AR + 1
ISZ D6 M[AR]  M[AR] + 1, if M[AR] + 1 = 0 then PC  PC+1

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 AND to AC

➢Performs AND logic operation on pairs of bits in AC and the

memory word specified by effective address.
➢The result of operation is transferred to AC
➢Microoperations that execute this instructions are
D0T4: DR ←M[AR]
D0T5: AC← AC ˄ DR,SC← 0

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 Add to AC

➢Adds the content of the memory word specified by the effective

address to the value of AC
➢Sum is transferred to AC and output carry Cout is transferred into
E(Extended accumulator flipflop)
D1T4:DR← M[AR]
D1T5: AC ←AC+DR,E← Cout,SC← 0

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 LDA :Load to AC

➢Instruction transfers the memory word specified by the effective

address to AC
D2T4: DR←M[AR]
D2T5: AC←DR,SC←0

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 STA : Store AC

➢Stores the content of AC into the memory word specified by the

effective address
➢D3T4::M[AR]←AC,SC←0
BUN: Branch Unconditionally
➢ Transfers the program to the instruction specified by the
effective address
➢ D3T4:PC←AR,SC←0

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 BSA: Branch and save return address
➢Used for branching a portion of
program called subroutine or procedure.
Memory, PC, AR at time T4 Memory, PC after execution
➢It stores next instruction in sequence 20 0 BSA 135 20 0 BSA 135

in to memory location specified by Return address: PC = 21 Next instruction 21 Next instruction

effective address.
➢Effective address plus one is AR = 135 135 21
136 Subroutine Subroutine
transferred to PC serve as address of PC = 136

first instruction in the subroutine

D5T4:M[AR]← PC,AR ←AR+1 1 BUN 135 1 BUN 135
Memory Memory

D5T5:PC← AR,SC← 0

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ISZ: Increment and Skip if Zero

➢Increment the word specified by the effective address and if the

incremented value is zero PC is incremented by 1 in order to skip
the next instruction in the program.
D6T4:DR← M[AR]
D6T5:DR← DR+1
D6T6:M[AR] ←DR, if(DR=0) then (PC← PC+1),SC← 0

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