Sru¡r¡.

OnTENTAT¡rÂ
En¡urr [lotrET¡.s O¡rD¡ITÄr¡rs ï'purrcrr
Xf¡III:6

THE LITERATURE AND STUDY

OF
THE JAIMINIYA SÃ,MAVEDA
IN RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

BY
ASKO PARPOLA

HELSINKI I979
 IStsN 951-95073-5-3

Suornalaiscn Kirjallisuuden Kirjapaino Oy Helsinki 1973

 Preface
This paperl reproduces in much revised form a lecbure "On the study of
the Jairniniya Sãmavcda" delivcred on the 27th ol lVlarch, 1971, at the Silver
Jubilee of the l(uppusn'ami Sastri Research lnstitute at Madras. It seems
useful to make available in print a fresh and fairly comprehensive survey of
the present state of.Iairniniya studies, because recent reseârch has considerably
enlarged our knowledge. l\fy intcntion is not to replace but to supplernent the
admirable synthesis by Louis Renou (1947).2 In outlining the work done,
I have taken the opportunity to make a ferv critical remarks, suggcstions
and additions. The main purpose, however, is to direct attention to the
many texts - and new materials on previously knorvn texts -. attd other
aspects of thc Jaiminiya studies that have recently been brought to light,
and to indicate n'hat sort of publications can be expected in the ncar future.
It is hoped that the paper will provoke interest in tìris field which gives,
as rvill be seen, scope for further reseatch.
I should like to thank also here all those persons ancl institutions from
rvhom I received help, snpport and hospitality during my .Jaiminiya stu-
dies in India, which rvere made possible by the Scandinavian Institute
of Asian Studies sponsoring the project. I rvant particularly express my
gratitude to Thiru À. Subbiah, Thiru V. S. Tyagaraja Muclaliar, Thiru R.
Ra¡nakrishna¡r, 'l'hiru I. l\{ahadcvan a¡rd Dr. R. Panneerselvam; Professor
Lokcsh Chandra, Professor V. Raghavan, Professor E. R. Sreekrishna Sarnta,
Thiru R. Nagaswamy, and Professor J. F. Staal; Dr. K. Raghavan Pillai,
Dr. Parameshvara U¡r¡ri, Professor B. J. Sandesara, Dr. flmakant Shah,
Thiru N. I{anclaswamy Pillai, and Professor R. K. Parthasarathi. Of all the
.Iaimiuiyas, who *'ere most cooperative, I want to ¡nentio¡r particularly Sri
l[. Itl.i Ravi Narnbudiri, Sri N. Nilakanthan Akl<itiri, Sri P. Tuppan Nam-
budiri,'l'hiru'l'. lìajagopala Aiyangar, Thin¡ R. Ramanuja Achariyar, Thiru
R, Narasin¡han, Thiru S. Nambi Rajan, Sri K. N. Sahasranama Aiyar, Sri
I{.S. Srinivasa Aiyar, and Sri K. R. 'liruvenkatanatha Vadhyar. Thcy all
have ¡nade important contributions. N{y best thanl<s are due also to Mr.
Waync Horvard fol his help specified below.
¡ The paper rvas rvritten in the auturnn of 1972 ("last .year" below refers to t97l)
but while conecting the galley proofs in February 1973 I could make a few atlditions
and take into regard the latest developments.
2Mention nray also be made of the earlier or partial surveys by Caland (1905, 1907,
1922), \¡cda Vyasa (1930), Tsuji (1948), Lokesh Chandra (1950), Frcnz (f966) and
Parpola (f968Ì)).
 Contents
Prefa,ce 3

I. The study of the Jaiminfya Sãmaveda b

1. Introductory: the acute need lor the rescue of traditions 5

2, Brâhmapa texts 6
3. G¡hya texts . t2
4. Éraute texts . 74
5. Sa4hitã texts t6
6. History of the JaiminlYa áâkhã 22
II. Synopsis of the oxtent Jaiminiya literature traced by 1972 25
III. Bibliographical references 29
 I. THE STUDY OF THE .IAIÌVTINIYA SÃil{AVBDA
1. Introductory: the acute need for the rescue of traditions
'Ihe history of the studies in the Jairniniya Sãmaveda illustrates, firstly'
the possibilities that Inttia still offers for finding u¡rknown cultural treasures,
and, secondly, the conditions that threaten the continuity of the ancient
traditions. It is stiìl possible to make such revolutionary finds in I¡rdia as
were those of thc Kautiliya AlthaÓãstra and Bhása's dramas some fifty years
ago, but they must be made very soon. on my part, I here wish to emphasize
the acute nced for a systematic a¡rtl cxtensive collecting of ancient traditions
in lttdia, and to appeal to all institutions and individttals rvho could change
the present situatio¡r.
During the last century and so¡netime aftcrrvards, Iluropean and Indian
scholars as civil servants travelled in villages for the purpose of purchasing
ancl copying manuscripts. As a result, libraries such as those in Poo¡ra and
I,Iadras could regularly, at few years intervals, issue catalogues o[ new acces-
sions, and enor¡notls a¡nounts ol nranuscLipts rvere collected' An idea is
pr.ovided by the bulky volumes of the New Cttlnlogus cutalogonrm by v. Ra-
gtr"uun which is norv in the process of publication, and yet this rvork deals
ãnly rvith Sanskrit tcxts. However, much rcmains to be found, and parti-
culàrly in suclt neglectetl fields as, for i¡rstance, the Tamil manuscripts that
have hartlly been cared for siuce U.V. Slvanrinatha Aiyar's pioneering efforts
which saved much of the a¡rcient Caùkam litcrature from clestruction' Bttt
even in the domain of Sanskrit, irnportant texts can still be recovercd.
For a long time there has scarcely been any sttch systematic collecting of
rnanuscripts as previonsly, although the need for it in the present age of
drastic social changc is more acute than ever before. Àlreatly too lnany
private libraries, after the death of their owners, have been thrown into
rivers by the widows and the uerv generatio¡r that has lost intcrest in the
old traditions whiclt no more guarântee social respect or livelihood' It is
(iovern-
difficult for an outsider to criticize thc allottnent of money thab bhe
ment of India is spencling on the promotion of Sanskrit sttldies - described
in detail in S¿nskril in lndiq, a 500-page publication released by the l[inistry
of Education and Social Wetfare in 1972. Howevel', it seems to me, thaL at
the present moment the collecling of Inanuscripts deserves a lllllch higher
 8 .{sxo P.nnpo¡-¡

Avery, Hopkins, Bloomfield and perry prepared a transcribed copy of the

grantha manuscripts. Whitney excerpted the grammatical material of the
text, which was incorporated in his later publications, but made only a short
direct report on the Brãhmala in 1883. whitney here emphasized the in-
sufficiency of the manuscripts for a critical edition, adding a¡rother sample
in the form of a translatio¡r of the cyavana legend [8,120-12g1, some com-
parisons with the other Brãh¡na{ras, and linguistic notes.
on the basis of whitney's transcript, Ha¡rns oertel undertook ettiting the
least corrupt passages. The most extensive portion published by oertel, rvith
an English translation and notes, is the entire Jaiminiya upanisad-Brâhmana,
rvhich appeared in 1894. 'l'he only interest of the devanãgari transcript of
oertel's edition published in Lahorc in lg2l by Räma Deva lies in the in-
troduction on the sãmavedic literaturc by Bhagavad Datta. I'he .IUB, too,
has come out in a recent edition by B. R, sharma in 1967, wiilr new manu-
scripts, an introduction and an index. Sharma has on purpose o¡nitted the
Kena upaniçad [:4,18-21], but has by mistake also reft out the trvo
furt'her anuvãkas dealing rvith the prãr]as antl the sãvitrir [-.tr,22-2gJ,
which do not belong to the Kena [Ipanigad, yet the JUB has undoubteclly
originally ended at 4,77, which closes rvith the rvords sail,ã ídtyãganl gã.yatra-
syopaníçad2 euern upãsitaugã.. Even i¡r this portion, there appears to be trvo
layers, since the third adhyãya ends with a vam$a (8,,r0-'r2), which is paral-
lclled by another vaméa at the end (4,16-17).
In seven series of "contributions from the .Iãiminiya Brãhrnar¡a to the
Itistory of the Brãhrnala literature" and other papers, mainly published in
tlre ..Iournal of Anterican oríenlal socíety beLn'een l8gll and lg0g, oertel
edited, translated and discnssed at great lengilr also nurnerous passages of
the Brãhma+a proper. His cornparisons of the legends rvere not confined to
parallels elsewhere i¡r the Indian literature but extended also abroad. Dven
in a later paper, "Volkstümliche Erzählungsmotive im Jairniniyabrâhrnana",
he returned to the theme. The lcgend of cyavana, translated by whitney,
was subjected to a very extensive comparative stucly by E. w. Hopkins in
his paper "The Fountain of Youth" in lg0l-1, and i¡r tg4g it was newly edi-
ted by Lokesh Chandra. Oertel also used the JB ¡naterial in his researche.s
on the sanskrit grammar, of r¡'hich particular mention may be made of rl¡e

r rhe Jaiminiyaprayogavivarana (see below, p. ts) on p. 310 f. partly reproduces

l,he sãvitri anuvãka calling il aupanþadabrãhmanam.
3
The name gõyatrusgopo,n¿sad is used of the JUB (besi<les asmad, upanigadgrantha)
even by Bhavatrãta, who also refers to rhe ødhyãya division a,s it is known to us 1.1É^s-
v¡tti, p. 4t,84l.. cf. caland 191¡r: p.74: JUR. .. "dessen erstcrTeil (I-Iv. t7), beilåufig
bemerkt, den Namen gãyabasyopanr¡ød tragt (vgl. IV. 15. B und IV. 17. 2)".
éätgãyaní, cf. below, p. g f. - On
 Thc literaturc and study of the Jaiminiya Sãnraveda

Syn/a:u of lhe Narratíue and Descriptiae Prcse of lhe Brdhmaryus (1926).

Cases in
Oertel published in 1934-l-l a separate paper on "Roots and verb-fornìs from
the unpublished parts of the Jaiminiya-Brãhmana"' The mantra ¡¡raterial of
the JB was excerpted by Oertel (very incompletely, as Lokesh Chandra showed
in 191-10) for Bloomfield's vedic concordance that appeared in 1906.
Mea¡rwhile, Caland prepared his orvn transcripb of the Burnell l\{ss. of the
.IB. In 1914 he pubìished e¡nendatio¡rs to Oertel's publications. A year later
came out â longer, very important study in Dutch, entitled, "over en uit het
Jaiminiya-brãhmaqa". Caland publishcd here a number of new extracts with
Dutch translations and comments. In the first part of the work, he dealt
with the contents, thc language, and the relative position of the Jts in the
Vedic literature. The .IB is closely related with the Satapatha-Brãhma+a,
nunìerous parallel passages having been pointed out already by Oertel. The
reìatio¡r between these trvo texts, as rvell as that betrvcen the JB and the
other great Brâhurana of the Sãmaveda, the Tãntlya or PaítcavimSa or lllahã-
Brãhma4a, are ¡raturally in the focus. In his translation of the last mentioned
text, Caland in 1931 returned to its relation with the.IB, rvhile Keith's reviervs
(1920, 1932) contribute valuable criticism particularly on this point.
Oertel had also enlarged the collection of quotations fro¡¡r thc Sãtyayana-
kam, to wltich Burnell hacl calle{ attention. Caland now added many more,
and from nìore anciellt sources, showing that many of them ca¡r be traced
as such or almost litcrally in the JB, rvhile others are paraphrases or have
no ¡rarallel. À still more conìprelrensive (but still incornplete) collection rvas
supplierl in 1935 by Oertel's pupil Batakrisltna Ghosh i¡r his thesis Colleclíon
of ttrc Þ'ragments of Lost ßrähma4a.r, 'ivhich consists mainly of Sãtyãyanaka
quotations. One ca¡rnot atLach too great an importance to quotations (for
these can be sholl'n to be inexact in cases rvhere they refer to known Brir-
hmar¡as) and the variants are here of mi¡ror itn¡rorl,atrce (Renou' 1947: $ 95).
Hou'ever, as Re¡rou (194?) has shorvn, the Vedic literatttre offers many paral-
lels to such slightly tlifferent duplicate versiotts. In any casc, it is certain
that the text and the school was i¡r rnost ancient times named according to
Sãtyayani, the most prominent teacher in the JB. At the beginning of the
Jaiminiya-Srautasútra, Setyayani is quoted side by side with Tir4dya, the
authority Ì,hose name is connected rvith the Great Brãh¡na¡ra of the rivalling
school of the Kautltu¡nas. The title oI the JUB as prescrved in the text
itself, Sãtyiryani Gãyatrasyopanigad, is also convincing cvidence to this effect.
In eontratlistinction to Satyayanakatn, Satyãryaninãrn (scil. Sruti), etc., the
name of Jaimini, or ltis epithet Talavakãra 'musician' in the teacher list of
.IGS 1,14, is never found in the ancient texts, bttt only itì later commentaries,
prayogas and ¡nanuscripts (see Lokesh Chandra, 1950: p. viii-ix). This clearly
shows that Jaimini's name became associated with the Sãkhã only at a later
10 Asxo Pln¡'o¡,¡

date; this association, which poses its own problems, is dealt by me separately
in a forthcoming paper entitled, "Mîmâmsã, Jaimini, and Sãmaveda". The
manuscript "stated to be Satyayana Brãhmar.ra in the first leaf of the manu-
script rvhich contains a list of the several rvorks that are contained i¡r the
big volume" and described as such in 1931 by T. R. Chintamani, is in fact
only a portion of the PañcavirySa BrãhmaÎa (Parpola 1968a: p. 91 n. 1).
In this connection mention may also be ¡nade of the unpublished Éatyayana-
sútra rvhich deals rvith the expiations of the domcstic ritual. Caland (1920)
was the first to draw attention to the text. As he remarks, it must be fairly
old as the (likewise unpublished) GrhyapariSista (ascribed to Drâhyãyana)
apparently refers to it, confirming its attribution to Satyayanâ.l However,
as Caland (Ms.) has also noticed, the text is often identical to the very letter
with the Bhãradvãja-G¡hyasútra, whcre for instance, the first chapter is
found entire in 3,18 with only trivial variae lectiones. Is it possible that
the text was already early attributed to Satyayani only on account of the
quotation from the Saçyayani-tsrãhma4a occurring right at the beginning
(cf. BhãrGS 3,18X In texts of one's own school it is customary not to mention
tlre Brãh¡nar.ra by name, but to refer to it simply witlt i/i, íti hi (brãhma4am)
bhaaati, ítg äha, iti ßruteh, etc.
- On the Salyayana-Brãhmana and -Sutra see
now also Bodewitz 1973: p. llf.
In 1919 Caland published 212 selections from the .IB, which make roughly
a third of the whole, most, being accompanied by a German translation,
besides critical and exegetical notes; of the indexes, that of proper names
takes the entire text i¡rto consideration. This book, I)as Jaíminîga-Brãhma4a
ím Ausuah/, remained the standard reference work for a long time. The
Brãhmala section of the indispensable Vedic Word Concordance, Vaidika-
Pad.ã.nukrama-Ko;a, rvhich came out in 1935-1936, records the rvords occur-
ring in this selection only. But it is hoped that the revised eclition of this
second part of the great rvork rvhich has recently been announced will in-
corporate the rest of the material as rvell.
Like Whitney, Caland considered the manuscript material insufficient for
a critical edition of the entire text. In the 1920'ies Veda Vyâsa of the Punjab
University took pains in finding more Jaiminiya manuscripts. He was suc-
cessful in his efforts, and planned to edite thc whole JB, sending a sample
of the firsb chapters out in 1928. florvever, a short paper printed in 1930,
where he communicated the discovery of the nerv .Iaiminiya manuscripts

r Supplementing Caland, I give here the exact references from the manuscripts acces-
sible to me: l,tl éãçyãyaníproktã.ní prdyaécittã.ni; 2,1,7 édgydyanaproktãní g¡hyaprãgaé-
cittãní;2,35 éãlyãyaniprohto^søruãrirslu{ãntí; cf. also 1,76 éd.lyãyanisamírítãh, and 1,11.18
bhagaeãn éãlyãyunih,
 'l'hc literaturc and study of the Jaiminiya Sãntaveda 11

(now in Hoshiarpur?) and some new quotations of Jaiminiya texts, remained

his main r contribution. The new manuscripts were utilized by Raghu Vira lor
an edition of Lhe entire first book, which appeared in 1937, rvhile those of
bhe Burnell collection and one belonging to the Oriental Insl.itute in Baroda
were used by his son Lokesh Chandra in his partial edition of the second
book (2,1-80) from 1950. The last mentioned edition, a thesis in the utrech
flniversity, was accompanied by a survey of the previous work on the text'
a number of emendations, notes and indexes, In 1954 came oub the complete
text ol the JB editerl by Raghu Vira and Lokesh Chandra (reprinting part
of the latter's earlier introduction), who in 1955 published together also a
separate paper on the textual criticis¡n of the first book.
The Jaiminiya-Brähmana has not ceased to interest indologists. It is im-
rvhere it has been
¡lossible to be exhaustive here with regard to all lvorks
taken into account, for many scholars havc drawn from its rich contents'
In the following I shall mention a few publications more rlirectly dealing rvith
it; tfre forthcoming third volume of R. N. Dandekar's Vedic Bibliographg
may contain a fetv more references that have escaped my attention.z The
entire JB was taken into account by Wilhclm Ratl in his important mono-
graplr Sfaaf ¡ln¿l Gesellschaft ím alten Indien nach den Btãhmana-Teúen dar-
geslelll (1957). 'l'hc sa¡ne scholar has translated a numþer of passages from
the .IB (suggesting also emendations) in his paper "Fünfzelt¡r Indra-Geschich-
ten" (1966). Rau has also supervised trvo theses on the .IB, that by Albrecht
F'renz on the verbs in the Jts (1966), antl another by Dieter Schrapcl (1970a),
dcaling with a short passage of Lhe text (2,371-373) and its syntax; a stray
note on a detail was published elsewhere (1970b). I(arl Hoffmann has taken
the text into regard in several linguistic studies, and rvritten four papers
specificly o¡t the textual criticism of the Jts (1960-1970). I have studied
the division of the.Its (1968a: p. 48-49). Flenk Bodervitz, who in 1969
published a paper on "Der Vers vicaksanãd ¡tavo . . .('IB l,l8; 1,i-r0; KauçUp
1,2)", is preparing a thesis of the agnihotra section (1,1 -65). - This important
contribution by Bodewitz came out in .Iantlary 1973. ßesides an English
translation an<ì very detailecl antl comprehensive exegesis it comprises a
tengthy study (pp. 2l I -343) of the "Agnihotra and Prâ4ãgnihotla"'
A translation of tht .IB is a task of primary importance. The recent studies

r On the basis of thc evidence adduced by llodervitz (1973: p. 3 and 8 f.) Ragltu
\¡ira's l9B7 edition appeanr to be essentially based on the collalion sheets of Veda Vyasa,
who had com¡rleted the entiro first book.
¡Frenz (t9i6: p. xix) mentions Johanna Narten's studies in the verb forms, and
Bodewitz (1973: p. xv) notes translations of stray passag€s of the agnihotra section
by s. Lévi, K. F. Geldner, J. Ilertel, and À. Frenz. Älso oertel 1951b and l{uiper 1957
deal with the .lB.
t2 Asxo Penpol¡

have made it clear that a new critical edition is also desirable,r and this is
all the rnore justified as new manuscript material has been found.¿ l-okesh
Chandra possesses trvo bundles of previonsly unused palm leaf manuscripts.s
Last year I [raced in PãññãI, in l{erala, five bundles of JB lVtss. (all in }Ia-
layãlam script and on palm leaves), apparently comprising the entire text.
Bodewitz (1973: p. 8) makes mention of "Lwo transliterated copies of .IB.
mss. made by E. Krishna Warries 13.12. 'lllì; 15.1. '34; 12.3. '34) which were
acquired by tltrecht University Library some years ago", comprising "por-
tions of the second book (2,1-340;2,1-333; '7-37' :2,334-370)".
In the textual criticism of the .IB, and for Vedic studies in general, a context
concordance to the JB would be very helpful. This is obviously a task for the
computer; the text of the agnihotra section has already been put in machi¡re-
readable forrn by the writer and IV[rs. Sctsuko Bergholtlt of the Scandinavia¡r
Institube of Asia¡t Studies. The purpose is to make also a statistical-gram-
matical analysis.a
3. Grhya texts
I¡r the Grhyasirtra of the Jaiminiya $ãkhã with
1905, Cala¡rd published
extracts frorn Srinivãsa Adhvarin's commentary called Subodhini, and a
mantra i¡rdcx. 1'he introduction (in Dutch) dealt rvith the Sãmavedic schools
and the .Iainrinîya literature, the ma¡ruscripts of the JGS, the value of the
comrnentary (listing also its .IB quotations), and the relation of the .IGS to
the other Jaiminiya texts as rvell as to the Sã¡navedic Grhyasutras oi Gobhila
and l(hãdira. Caland also pointed out significant ties rvith the tsaudhãya-
nagrhyapari$ista. I have tried to establish the relation to Gobìrila and Kh¡i-
rida more precisely by showing that the .IGS is the oldest (1968a: p. 70).
Caland's edition, rvhich was based on two Burnell l\'lss. and two others subse-
quently procured for the Government Oriental Mss. Library in ùfadras,
appearecl i¡r a second edition i¡r Lahore in 1922, rvith its introduction translated

r See especially Lloffrnann 1960.

I The identity of the manuscripts used by Raghu Vira and Lokesh Chandra has
been discussed especially by Rau (1953), (iampert (1958), !-renz (1966: ¡r. xv l.), Schrapel
(1970a: p. (f 973: p. Íl and I f.; cf. also the loose sheot with the dis-
xiii) and llodewitz
sertation "Stellingen"). In 1971 I traced onc ¡rcviousl.v unkorvn JB manuscript in
the villagc of l(otuntirappulli; mentioning this to J. F. S[aal, I was infor¡ned by hirn
that this is probably l,he same manuscri¡rt that was bomorved for the t954 edition
from this villago through the mediation of Sreekrishna Sarma.
¡1. xvii. Botlewitz has norv cxamined a microfilm ol one of tho
a Cf. Frenz 1966:

Mss.l "It almo.st completely agrees with the Burnell mss . . . In the new Indian rnanu-
script even the same omissions and evident mistakes are found" (f973: p. 8).
I Such analysis is needed also for the purpose of fixing tho external and internal
cluonology of the JB; cf. also Bodervitz 1973: ¡r. 10.
 13
Thc literalure an<l study of the Jainriniya Sãmavoda

into English, and with the addition of an English translation of the text'
Though caland in 1905 knerv that the .IGS was quoted in 1893 by
R. G'
Bhandarkar through the mediation of Kasturi Rangacharya in Madras,
he

did not come to know that the latter had actually published the JGS and
the Subodhi¡ri commentary as early as 1898 in Madras'
lllore information about the grhya ritual of the .Iairniniyas was made
available in the very dctailed .Iaiminiya-Prayogavivara4a (in Tamil
and

Sanskrit)byA.Rangasvã¡niAiyarigãr,rvhiclrappearedineightfasciclesin
Kumbhakonarn in 1923. The cortrpiler, as I catne to know in India last
year,
was an authority in his owrr right ânìong the .Iairniniyas, and lre appearu
to have used all available soufces for his unfortunately unfinished rvork'
Since the publication is hardly k¡town morc than by name, it may
be ttseful
to reproduce here il,s headings:
Pagelsandhyã'vandana.prayogalt[inthefol|owingthewordprayogaltwillbeindi-
catedï¡ttr the liyphen onlyl, i ,ìpokra"oh, l0 mãdhyãhnikam' 12 sõyamsand'hydoanda'
nrami l4 yainopivitadharor¡oio, t6 20 upãkarar¡øm' 20 mahãsañ'
'É,a"o'¡àkalanirqayah, ll0 sodakunùhädi-
kalp'am, S' ai¿rvArtah; 53 pãi'a4aóraddia-, 103 sarykalpaérãddha-,
Érã,itdha-, lÍJ| bhuktasã^aii, t}i abhiéra¡,aqasãmäni, 162 bhokt¡sãmãni, 752 ¡tuéântí',
l?2 185 payahpuPyãhasdmãní' 187 pu|suvanø-' 192
166 ãÅirçãdah, ¡ruóãntísr1ktãni,
nãndímukhãbhgudayatírdd.dha-, 195 pratísarabandha-, 196
símantonnøyana-,202 udahø'
éõtnisãmãni, l¡r, ¡atoko,no-, 225 prastitikãg¡hapmyãhat'dcana-, 228 pur¡yãhasãmãni
233 nãmakararpa-,238 upaniçkrãma4a-,2h0 annaprãéanø-,2L2 ahkuryrlna',24?
caula',
269.brahmacãríd'harmãl¡,
252 upanayana-, 263'patasayaga-, 266 upanayanã.íirvãilal¡, gau'
Zla uæargã-, Zlil açak¡r¡litrala-, 28O gaudãnikavrata', 28L çrãtikãdíçrata-, 295
308 aupani'
dãnikavratasãnñni, 298 vrãtikaçriatasãmãní, 302 ã.d'itya+'rdtikauratasãmãni,
çadavralasãmand, 310 aupaníçadabrãhmør¡am [cf' above, p' 8 n' 7'l' 311 mahõnõ'mníka
ú, 312 éãkoarapan'asdrnãnri [ends abruptly]'
Four other, much smaller prayogas have been recently published by the
Jaiminiya pa4rlits T. Rãjagopãla Aiyarigãr (1970), R. Narasir.nhan
(1970)'
and K. S. Srinivãsa Aiyar (1964 and n'd')'
In the preface (in Tamil) to his.IainrinÎya-Prayogavivara4am, Rarigasvãmi
Aiyaúgãr mentions as his sources "all the texts, like the Jaiminiyagrhyasútra
*iih tiru bhâçyas of Bhavatrãta and Srlnivãsãdhvarin, the Taru4ãgnihotri-
kãrikã, and the Anukramaçikã", In addition comes' of course, the tradition
of the actual Performance.
In 1968 I pointed out a reference to Ír comlìlentary by Bhavatrãta on the
JGS in Jayanta's verses at the e¡rd of Bhavatrãta's .IsS-vrtti; last
year
brought to light not only Raúgasvãmi's confirmation but cven nanuscripts'
If tt; quautt of this commentary is of the sarne standard as that of Bha-
vatrãtais vrtti on the Érautashtra, there is every reason to publish it' In
fact, the amount of other nerv material now available on the .IGS would
call
for a new editio¡r of the text, for it also comprises not only nerv ]\{ss' of the
 l4 Asro Pen¡'or.,r

text and Sri¡rivãsa's corÌrmentâry, but even other previously unknown

ancillary treatises: the Taru¡ãgnihotrikãrikã (mentionecl by Rangasvãmi
Aiyaúgãr, and extant in Mss.), the Jaiminiyagrhyasrrtrakãrikir by Bãlãgni-
hotrin (differenù from the preceding), and the .Iaiminiyagrhya(prayoga)-
l<ãrikä by vinatãnanda or vainateyakãrikã, as rvell as Jairninigrhyaprayoga
and Prayogasãra by the last ¡nentioned author
- I have not yet, been able
to make out whether these three are different works, nor whether the Jai-
minigrhyaprayogaratnamãlã (in the Madras Government oriental Mss. Li-
brary) is identical rvith any of thern (on a 'fly leaf' the last mentioned text
bears the title Srr-nivãsakãrikai); furlher, there is an anonymous Jaiminiya-
grhyarnantravrtti, and a collection of palm-leaf manuscripts rvith prayogas
on all tlre saryskãras, with titles such as (Jaimuni [t]) sa-ma upanø'uanam,-
uíudlurm, ekãrktíe'huní uidhi, aparam, e.tc.
-
4. Srauta texts
caland's pupil Dicuke Gaastra published as her thesis in 1g06 the Srauta-
s[rtra of [he Jaiminiyas [JÉS], as it rvas availabìe in trvo IVIss. of the Burnell
collection. This text, rvhich she also translated into Dutch and furnished
with a¡r introduction and a rvord index, has an archaic character. But strange-
ly it 'rvas much shorter than the other sãmavedic Srautasútras, dealing
mainly with the agnistoma sacrifice only; indeed, it was callecl in one of
the l![ss. agni;(omasga iuiminisùbam. l\ short kãrikã on the a€¡nistoma ac-
cording to the .Iaiminiya $ãkhã that was also available in the Burnell col-
lection, and printed by Gaastra as an appendix, rvas practically the only
accessory material that she could use. In addition came only
the other Jaiminiya and parallel texts of the other schools
- a¡rart from
- a few quotations,
rnainly in Dhanvin's commentary on thc Drãhyãya4a-Srautasútra.
Gaastra pointcd out that the text forms a rounded rvhole, and that the
repetition of the last rvord at the cnd shows it, to be no fragrnent only. yet,
"it is quitc possible that more texts have existed on the Srauta ritual of the
Jaiminiyas"' she concluded, referring also to the mention of a Jaiminisl¡tra-
parióega in Dhanvi¡r on DÉS 8,4,14,
 commentâry on the Jairniniya-Srautasutra, by Bhavatrirta, was first
nrentioned in public by vcda vyasa in his paper read at the Fifth All-India
Oriental Conference in 1928. The text of this comrnentary was ¡nade accessible
in print by Premr.ridhi Sestri only in lg66. Although several manuscripts o[
the work had turned out in the nreanrvhile, the edition is, unfortunately,
based on one single manuscript and leaves a great deal to be desired. Bha-
vatrãta's Vrtti, completed by Jayanta (who was his pupil, nephew, and son-
in-larv), is an excellent piece of worl<, abounding in detailed information,
 'l'hc literature and study of tlrc Jaimlnlya Sãmaveda 15

besides beingvery old. tshavatÉta and his father Mãtrdatta (authors of

commentaries on even Kaugitakin and Hiranyakeóin texts) are praised
by Dandin in Avantisundarikathã. It was interesting, last year' to visit the
pi*.". in Kerala rvhere Bhavatrãta and his relatives lived, and to record
many legends and traditions concerning them, still well remembered by the
Nambudiris.
The tshavatrãtÎyam, as the commentary also is called, explains not only
the Agnigl.omasirtra, but also two other lengthy and previously unknown
texts, called l{alpa and Paryadhyãya, both ascribed to Jaimini. The latter
is also called Parisega, antl is the text quoted by Dhanvin (cf. above) witlt
the words tuiltã ca sûtrapariÉe;e iuiminínoklam. The actual sÍttras of these
texts are, however, not included in Bhavatrãta's rvork, who cites their initial
and final syllables only. shortly before Bhavatrãta's commentary was pub-
lished in 1966, I detected an old and totally unknown Jaiminiya text in the
descriptive catalogue of the T.M.S.S.M. Library in'Ihanjavur, wltere it had
been miscatalogued as Masaka's Kalpa and thus avoided earlier attention.
I was now able to identify this as the missing sútra text o1 the Kalpa and
Paryadhyãya portions. A Prayogavrtti by candrasekhara Bha[[ãrya, which
has been preserved in the same codex together rvith this rather fragmentary
and old manuscript, quotes passages from these texts and is very helpful in
restoring parts of the missing ten folia that unlortunately are lacking in the
beginning of the text manuscript. A papcr on this discovery' on Bhavatrãta's
vriti, and on other ancillary Srauta texts of the Jaiminiyas was published
in 1968. In another publication from the salne year (1968a), I have dealt
with the relation of the JÉS to the other Srautasútras of the Sãmaveda.
Lãlyãyana seems to have had access to it while composing his orvn stttras,
which rvere later slightly modiiied by Drãhyãyala' many of his changes
betraying adoption of the .Iaiminiya practice. Also in the JSS there seems
to be evidence for close ties rvith the Baudhãyana school (Parpola 1968a' b)'
Nerv ma¡¡rscripts of the agnistomasútra as well as other material having
become available, I have undertaken a critical edition of the entire 'ISS'
In spite ol rny intensive searches, no more manuscripts of the previously
unknown sätra portions have turned out, but of the important commentary
of Bhavatrãta, rvhich of course must be assessed in detail, there are norv
three new manuscripts in addition to those mentioned in 1968.
other unpublished Jaiminiya srauta texts, of which there are now manu-
scripts, are I(urarigarãja's I{ratudipikä, Srinivãsa Adhvarindra's Ä'dhãna-
purvãgni¡tomaprayogar and sarvänukrama4i (dealing with the darßapär-
r.ramãsa, âd¡ãna, and içtiprãyaÉcittas), and the anonymous Ãdhã-
"gnihotr",
1 Partly publishcd in SrautakoÉa If, cf. belorv, p' 18'
 16 Asro PÂRPor.A

nãgnislornasâmãni, Agnis{omasãma, and Atirãtrasãma. The Ms. Burnell 4ggb

(Keith 1935: no. 4722) oI the India office Library motivates its giving flre
liturgy of the prãya4iya atirãtra by stating that it has not been established
in the Srinivãsiya-Prayogadipikã nor in the Kerala-Kãrikâ: the latter ap-
parently refers to tìre kãrikã at the end of Bhavaträta's vrtti on the Agni-
gtomasutra. Finally, the Srautâdhãnakriyãkrama by Kumãraguru$isya might
be a Jaiminiya text, as it follows immediately after the Jaiminiya Agniçto-
masûtra in a codex i¡r Trivandmm (11784).
As the l{alpa portion of the prcviously unknorvn sútra text is the Jairniniya
counterpart of the lvlaÉakakalpa of the Kauthurna-Rânâyaniyas, and as the
Paryadhyãya portion includes âmong other things a Pratihãrasütra, ascribed
to Ã,bhiérenya (instead oÍ Jairnini), it is clear that a comprehensive know-
ledge of the Jairniniya Gãnas is a necessary requirement in the editing of
the Srautasùtra.
5. Samhitã texts
After a prelirninary report i¡r Dutch in 1906, Calancl published in lg07 a¡r
account of the Jaiminiya Samhitã, as it was known to him from Bur¡rell's
manuscripts. This book included an abbreviated edition of the Ãrcikas
(recording the text of the songs), which gave the first and last words oI the
verses and their deviations from the corresponding Kauthuma texts. The
full text was printed in devanãgari characters by Raghu Vira in 1gB8 with
the title, Sãntq Veda of the Jaiminiyas. There are now many new rnânu-
scripts of the Jaiminiya Ãrcikas available, both in public librarics and in
private possession. A padapâlha and a catalogue of the stobhas are still mis-
sing; the Stobhapadam in the Trivandrum library (Ms. 1.3753) may,however,
be a Jaiminiya text.l
Caland's Jaimíniga Sa4rñifã, however, contains a great deal more tha¡r an
edition and detailed analysis of the Ãrcikas. After an important exposition
of the texts of all the Sãmavedic schooìs (which he published in somewhat
reviscd form again in 19.31), Caland also deals with the Jaiminiya Gãnas,
their extent, divisions and the names of the särnans, and the relation of the
Gãnas to the Ã.rcikas and the Kauthuma-Rã4ãyaniya Gãnas. The Jaiminiya
Grãmegeya-Gãna and Ãra4yaka-Gãna (making together the Púrva- or Prakrti-
Gãna), of which there are three ma¡ruscripts in the Burnell collection, had
been transcribed by Caland, who now published corrections and variant
readings from the JGrG to Burnell's edition of the Jaiminîya Ãrseya-Brãh-
mana, and gave a handy index to the JhrG. Furthcr control of the Gãnas

t This conjecture is based on the fact that the ms. is written in Malayãlam letters,
for all Kerala Sãmavedins are Jaiminiyas.
 The literature and study of the Jaiminiya Sümaveda t7

is provided by a late Jaiminiya text also found in the Burnell collection,

the Dhãraqralaksat¡am by Sabhãpati. In one passage Sabhãpati enumerates
the narnes of the Gãna divisions and the numbers of sãmans they comprise.
This short list, reproclttced by Caland (p. 20), ìras be.en our only source rcgard-
ing the Uttara-Gãna u¡rtil recently.
Caland did not rvant to publish the Gãnas, bccause the available manu-
scripts showed trro different kinds of musical notatiotr, i¡r the form of syllables,
nhich he u'as unable to understand. Iìichard Simotr, who in 19liÌ pttblished
an irnportant paper on the musical ¡rotations of thc Sãmaveda, explaining
for the first time the syllabic notation of the Rã4ãyaniyas, could only state
that the .Iaiminiya notation is entirely differe¡rt from that of thc Rånâyaniyas,
and gave a ferv specimens of it in addition to that published by Burnell in
1869. Veda Vyãsa in 1928 pointed out that there arc ll[ss. of the Prak¡ti-
Gãna also in Baroda and l-ahore, with the remark, "bnlky volumc the exact
significance of rvhich depends upon the key to its ¡rotation" (p. 297).
Ilven Burnell hacl observed the modern practice of Jaiminiya chanting
(1S77). Some sample recordings of the JGrG and JÃrG were made in the
thirties by Arnold Bake, rvho in a short report (1935) noted that the text
was in accordance rvith Caland's transcript, and that the Nambudiri rvay of
singing is entirely different from the Sãrnavedic practise elservltere, and makes
a very archaic irnpression.r Jaiminiya chant was next time recorded by
J. A. B. van Buitenen in 1956 (Staal 1961: p. 07) and J. F'. Staal in 1957.
Staal s sttrdy Nambutliri Veda Recilatiott, rvhich appeared in 19til, contains
an analysis of all these recordittgs and confirms Bal<e's observations con-
cerning the Nambudiri chant of l(erala. Staal proposes two chief varialio¡rs
in Ta¡nil¡radu, one in the'l'hanjavur [and firuchil district[s], and another
¡tearer to the I{erala frontier in Pãlghñt and in the 'I'irunelveli district, cven
if thcse trvo last mentioned places are widely separate. Besides previously
unknorv¡r technical terms used by the .Iairniniya Nambutliris, Staal also gives
a list of their existing families, and the first exte¡rsit'e sa¡nples of the Jai-
miniya Gânas, as rvell as an irnportant bibliography. The examplcs include
seven sárnans of the previously unknown Jairniniya Uttara-Gãna, transcribed
from the Nambudiri chant, giving thus an idea of its relation to the Kau-
thuma-lìã¡ãyaniya Uttara-Gãna. Staat made lurther recordings in 1962, de-
scribing this field tour of his in a report published in 19ô3, and included
sampfes of the Jaiminiya chant in the plate on The Four Vedus, lvhich he
prrblished, rvith an introduction, togetlter with John Levy in ASCH X'Iankintl
Series (Album No. AHM 4126).

I Bake's comparison of the Nambudiri Sã¡naveda with the songs of the Todas was
critisized in 1942-43 by V. It[. Apte.
18 Asxo P,rnpor-,r

Another fruit of Staal's researches in 1962 rvas his publication in 1968 of

"The twelve ritual chants of the Narnbudiri agnistonra". An introduction
deals rvith the present-day performances of the Vedic sacrifices in South
India, and some previously known technical aspects. 'l'he stotras, rvhose
text is quoted also in their Ãrcika form with references, are reproduced
(rvithout notation) in the form i¡r which they are chanted at the sacrificial
performances, with indication of the bhakti divisions, the stobhas, and the
aniruktagãna. Also the vi.stutis, modes of constructing the required number
of stotra verses lrom a single tristich and the rnethods of indicating them
u'ith wooden sticks, have been explained rvith reference to the Kauthuma-
Rã¡âyaniya practice and the Nambudiri tradition, illustrated with photo-
graphs. Staal's informant Itti Ravi Nambudiri has afterrvards discovered
sorne errors in his information concerning the vi¡{tttis, and given me his
corrections. Also the old .Iaiminîya sources explaining the vigfutis have in
the meantime become accessible in the previously unknown last portion of
the Srautasütra. 'l'he agnig[oma chants according to the .Iaiminiya Sãmaveda
lrave been published, with notation, also in lhe second volume of the ßruulu-
koia in 1970 by the Vaidika Salnéodhana I\{andala. The sources utilized here
comprise the text of the sãmans rvritten dorvn from his own chant by ltti
Ravi, said wholly to agree rvith Staal's text, a manuscript of the Jaiminiya agni-
slomaprayoga kept at the Oriental Institute, Baroda [: Srinivãsa Adltva-
rin's Ädhãnapirrvãgniptomaprayogal, and Caland's transcript of the Pärva-
Gãna, which was used to check the notation ol the prayoga.
'lhe Jaiminiya notation has remained a mystery to most scholars. The
l<ey to it has, however, existed all the time, and \ras even known to Burnell
and Caland, namely, the Dhãranalaksanam by Sabhãpati. Also a text called
Sãmalaksanam, which belongs to the Burnell collection and has been de-
scribed by l{eith (1935: p. 44) as "a brief treatise explaining in Sa¡rskrit and
'l'amil the notation used in the gãnas oi the Jaiminiya school of the Sãma-
veda", lvas referred to, but no[ studied, by Caland and Staal. It is a modern
gloss on the corresponding passage of the Dhãra4alakfa+am. In tlte intro-
duction to his JÃrsB edition (p. xiv), Burnell actually gave the Sanskrit
names of four notational syllables that had been orally explained to him,
mentioning also that there are 16 simple signs. In 1962, V. Raghavan dealt
in some detail rvith the 32 svarabhedas and the accompanying hand move-
¡nents rvhich rverc shorvn to him by a .Iairniniya Sirrnavedin fro¡n Pãlghat
(Koluntirappulli), s'ho also gave him a copy of the Dhãranalal<ga4am. On
rny visit to ltoluntirappulli last year, the notation was explained to me by
I(. N. Sahasranãma Aiyar and K. R. Tiruvenkalan:ltha Vâdhyär, and in
Srirangam I photographed the corresponding hand movements as shown by
Iì. Narasiryhan. J'hese photographs. that will be published in due course, do
 The literature and study of the Jaimlnlya Sãmaveda 19

not however adequately reproduce the complicated movements, and one of

the most important tasks of the immediate future is to make a movie film
of the movements with accompanying sound recording. I have also traced
new manuscripts of the Dhâraqralakçalam. In the Burnell collection there
are also a few stray passages in addition to the above mentioned Sâmala-
kga4am relating to the svarabhedas. Pending the publication of the Dhãra-
4alakça4am and a more detailed study, it may be useful to present here the
traditional list of the svarabhedas and their names:
k¡ - aoarohaþ, açarohana¡n kht : ançahgulimard.a(nantl, ønvañgu-
oo : ud,gama4 li.gam
{e - yãnam cha: u¿cai.r upakrantga ut!ãnan¿
ts : ãçartah, ãct¡ttah tha:ní¿aír o o

ps : kçeparlorn tha : (keoalam) c

yO : marêanant. Ph¡ :
pla : anãntikã-avarohaþ
gA : avaruhAa kgepanant i¡o kanígghikã-udgamah
ja : t maréanam +o anãmíltã-udgamah
ùa : udgatga kçepøq.am ña: kønþ1hãgãs santud.galgø-ancuñguli-
da : t maréønant mardanam
ba : yã,tuã, (sarylkgepa4am na y dtv ã- an o añ gul ima rdanam
la utaruhga gãnam
gha : r (-oihi)maréanant va: r ãvarløl¡
iha.: ãeart!ø kçcpanam ha: udgatya ydnam
4h": t marÉanant la t ã,vartah
dha : kfipana-maríanayor øikyant kr¡ : kru¡¡øh
bh¡ : mardah, mard.anant 8ll tarj aní- ( abhí ) ma r8 anam
trs : ka n i ç ¡hi k ã- ( abhi ) m ar ô an ant

'I'he order is the traditional, and the 16 basic svarabhedas have been printed
in bold face. 'I'he
list comprises 33 notes, though Sabhãpati makes mention
of the number 32, a¡rd speaks of 16 'unyoked' and 16 'yoked' svaras. The
note ñø was actually not cxplained in Ko[untirappulli, but is included in
the Sãmalakgaïâm and in Sabhãpati, and it would indeed bc strange if this
ak_sara was left unused when new ones had to be created from ligatures (kra,
etc.). Some consonants of the alphabet are reserved to indicate divisions etc.:
,sa is used before and ir¿ after a svara to mark its end (auasr7na) for noteless
syllables (uarnuÍe;a), while ra marks the end of. a pad.a (i.e., paraan; the
vowel, if a is not used throughout, indicates the number of notational syl-
lables occurring in it), and ma the end of â sãman or a stolriyã verse.'Ihe
vowels are used to indicate numbers (a : l, ã. : 2, i : 3, l: 4, u : 5,
etc.)l, which in their turn indicate the nurnber of text syllables to rvhich
l A,ccording to Wayne Howard's information the long i is excluded, and lhe anusvãra
and the visarga preceded by the short ø are added at the end, rvhich makes altogether
13 vowels.
20 Asro P¡rnpor.e

the respective note belongs. The Dhãranalak.saqram actually records in this

\ilay the entire notation of the Prakrtigãna, without citing the text (only
the name and the first parvan of each sãman is given): this hitherto unknown
main portion of the work - the short text that has so far been known is only
the introduction - forms thus a very valuable complement to the Gãna
mss., where particularly the musical notation has presented difficulties' The
latter give the notation either separately after each parvan' or place the
notes under the respective text syllables. Following the latter system, I give
below as a specimen r the first sãman (gautamasga parkah) of the JGrG2:
o gnã ilã yã hrvatl t

ta ta sa 1L lhga cd .ía ri
(cga)

f,a yã I tãyãilgI {la no ha vyã dâl

lga li src rí cva rft ci ri
(cd)

ta yã tã yã i I na ihotãl
lya t¡. ia ri ki ca ¡ã

sã tsã i bã auhovâI hisilltll

ta la khga ií rí kha Ja rä ma
({ya) (k/'ã)

Sabhãpati gives also indications of the number of 'trernblings' (calcf/a), pitch,

and length of the various svarabhedas. A detailed decipherment of the nota-
tion must be based on comparison of the Gâna notation with the oral tradition
in its Tamil variation. This notation and the hand movements were unknown
to Bhavatrãta, who only mentions the six tones (Icru,sla, pralhama, duilîga,
l¡tî¡¡o, caturtha and rnandro) and a simple way to indicate them with the fingers
(JSS Vrtti, p. 258). Bven today, the system of hand indications prevailing
in Kerala is much simpler than the one used by the Tamil Jaiminiyas, as
rvill appear from a description to be published elsewhere with photograph
illustrations: in Kerala the entire hand is swung up and down apparently
r Many sãmans with the musical notation have been printed in A. RaÍrgasvãmi
Aiyañgar's J aíminíga- P rayo gao ie;arapam, and in S rautakoé ø ll'
r Cf. Burnell i869: p. t9, and Staal 1961: p. 76 and 84. As regards the variae lectiones,
I am omitting here obvious blunders, but have recorded those showing that(thus the long
õ can also be written by ligaturing the consonant with ya: cã: cla, etc' also
orally explained to Howárd). For the vowelq of l,he rephas, I havenoauthoritybeyond
the iirst ihree recorded by Burnell Lc., and in the second parvan I am emonding thc
text by excluding eø before cä/cgø against all tho sources'
 The literature and study of the Jaiminiya Sånraveda 2l

to mark the pitch, and a finger code only marks the visarga and other textual
details about which there could be doubt.l Another means of understanding
the Tamil notation is a comparison with the l{authuma-Rânãyaniya notation,
provided that in the oral tradition the sãmans compared are approximately
alike.2
A plan to edite the Jaiminiya Gãnas brought J. F. Staal for the third time
in 1970-71 and me for the first time in 1971 to India. The main aim was
the recovery of material on the Uttara-Gãnas. It turned out that Sri ltti
Ravi Nambudiri, who had been the main Jaiminiya informant in Kerala of
both Bake and of Staal on his previous tours, knew only part of the text,
and that the man rvho knew the rest had died rccently. Flowever, with the
tape-recorder presented to him by Staal, Itti Ravi has subsequently recorded
the entire text that he has reconstructed with the help of his pupils. The
recordings of the tJttara-Gãna, comprising filty ltottts, have been bought
this year jointly by the Department of Philosophy of the University of Cali-
fornia at Berkeley and the Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studiesin Copen-
hagen. Even the Púrva-Gãna has recently been recorded in its entirely by
Itti Ravi and a pupil of his for E. R. Sreekrishna Sarma.
I\{anuscripts of the Gãnas, including the Uttara, are also available: Itti
Ravi and one of his pupils have written dorvn (without the svaras) the chant
from their memory. The Uttara-Gãna consists, according to ltti Ravi, of the
Úha-Gana comprising I palfas [: Skt. daiatisl divided into 77 r]llus and
making together 812 sãmans, 509 of which are on tristichs and 303 on single
verses, and of the Ûçãqi, the secret chants, in 16 ðffus comprising together
lÍ¡9 sãmans. If rn'e compare these figures rvith the information of the Dhãra-
4alakça¡am, we notice a great difference, for according to Sabhãpati the
Ùham comprises 1802 sämans and the Rahasyam 356 sâmans, which together
with the 1523 sãmans of the Prakrti make the grand total of 3681 sãmans.
The number of the sãmans of the Prakrti-Gãna is almost the same in Kerala'3

r The system rosembles that of tho \rãjasaneyins desuibed in the ßikças and by
J. E. B. Gray (1959: p. 510 f.).
t An illustration may bo useful. Without checking the oral tradition, I have com-
pared tlre notations of a few sãmans in the beginning of the Grãmegeyagãna: aearoha
corresponds with a 'descent' (from the pralhama lo lhe dvítíya tone) in the Kauthuma-
Rã¡ãyaniya notation, udgama with an 'ascent' (from the doitíga lo the prathamal;
ydnø could be 'going' forth on the same lon.e, õaø,rta''turning' from one tone to another
and back again several Lines lcaturlha and pañcama in my examples), while È.sepa4ø
seems to correspond to a temporary descent from a prak¡ti tone to a vik¡ti tone (2r2)
and ntarÉanø to a similar ascont (2r2), and anvahgulima¡da (in which the thumb glides
over the first joints of the pointer and the following fingers) is paralleled by tho sotira
(e.9., Snrno).
3 I cannot give here the details, but would like to point out in passing some interesting
22 Asro P.rnpor,,t

Howcver, if 509 is multiplied by three for the tristichs, as one should

according to Itti Ravi, the Ûha-Gana comprises in Kerala 1821 sãmans.
From the house of Itti Ravi's neighboul in Paírñãl I discovered a palm leaf
manuscript of an Úhaplastãva, which provides useful means of control. It is
most fortunate that two manuscripts of the Uttara-Gãna, with the syllabic
notation, have been preserved in Tamilnadu where the living tradition is
restricted to a small selection of sãmans. It may be hoped that these mallu-
scripts will soon become accessible. As there also are several new manu-
scripts of the Púrva-Gãna, too, itt the libraries ol Hoshiarpur, Baroda (three
Mss., one including also the beginning of the Ûha-Gãna¡, and Trivandrum,
as well as in the private libraries of thc Jaiminiyas in South lndia, there is
indeed a happy co¡rtrast betwcen the situation now ând Staal's statement in
l96l: "the only known manuscripts of the J GG and ÃrG are Burnell's R 497
and B 61-62 in the India office Library . . . No manuscripts of the J LIG
and RG are known to be available" (p. 74). In the edition of the Gãnas also
the laksanagranthas compiled in recent years by Itti Ravi would be useful,
while the information concerning the sãmans and the Gãnas which is com-
prised in the .Iaiminiya Brãhma¡a and thc $rauta tcxts is of the greatest
importance.
6. History of the JaiminiYa éãkhã
Burnell collected his manuscripts from the Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli and
Tirunelveli districts of the present 'l'amilnadu,l while Veda Vyãsa's agents
lvere active in Kerala. Bake recorded samples from Tirunelvcli and Kerala.
Raghavan (1957 and 1962) has given important i¡rformation on the geo-
graphical distribution oi the Jaiminiya school, including a traditional list of
villages, supplied to him by informants in Srirangam, and supplemented this
by his own observations on the textual evidence relating to their history.
K. Rãmavarma Rãja in 1910 noted that in I{erala "the sâmaveda is, indeed,
confined to a dozen or two households only, all of rvhich belong to the school
of the Jaiminiyas" (p. 630); Staal (1961) cornmunicâted details supplied by
Itti Iìavi (p. 86). Some epigraphic references to the Talavakãra school have
been collected by Veda Vyãsa (1930) and Renou (1947), rvho also deals with
variations in the division of the Ãrcikas. In Kerala the sixth and seventh khalçla of
the third kã¡{a (the b¡hati soction of the Âindram} comprise ninc and eleven verses
respectively. and not ten each, as in Calantl's edition, and similarly in two othen cases;
the kha¡{as are numbered consecutively l,hroughout, and in the latter part of the
Dvadaßãham and in the Uttaram thero are many cases where-a nr¡mber of khapQas
in Calan¿'s edition have been joined into one large kha$4a; the Ãra$yakarn is curiously
placod in the Uttara Rk, be[ween the Dvãda$ãham and the Uttaram portions.
1 Oppert (18S0-85i has in his lists of the manuscripts in lhc private libraries of South

India given also some valuable details: cf. Rau 1953.

 'l'hc literâturc and study of the Jalminiya Sãtnaveda 23

the Caraçavytrha and the Purãnic genealogies (cf. also Tsuji 1948). One of
my major objectives last year rilas, apart from tracing oral tradition and
manuscripts, the collection of whatever detailed information was available
on the distribution, histoly and practices of the Jaiminiya school. Many
names of individuals, their genealogies etc. covering the most recent time,
and place names and local legends were assembled, but this material should
be supplemented by an assessment of the sthalapurãlas and the inscriptions
of the places traced. Here I shall only state that the traditions of Kerala
and 'I'amilnadu represent two separate branches that have stayed apalt in
their nucleus areas well over a thousand years. In Tamilnadu this nucleus
area is the Cõla country (with the temples of Chidambaram, Thanjavur and
Srirangam as the great centres), the communities in Tirunetveli (attested
epigraphically in the 16th century) and in Pãlgh.1t representing emigrations
fro¡n this area. So far the Jaiminiyas have not been traced outside Kerala
and Tamilnadu (excepting very recent emigration); E. R. Sreekrishna Sarma
has, however, communicated to mc a reference to Mysore that arvaits checking.
This picture emerging from hisl.orical material agrees with and confirms
the ¡nusicological analyses so far done. 'l-he history of the Jaiminiya school,
the relations of the .Iairniniyas and their subgroups to the other branches
of the Sãmaveda, and particularly the musical notation of the 'I'amil Jai
rniniyas can soon be cxcepted to receive nerv light from this direction. Last
year cxtensive recordings of as many different .Iaiminiya singers as possible,
along with representatives of other Vedic scltools throughout India, werc
collected for a musicological analysis by Wayne Ilorvard of the Indiana
University rvho also made an independent study of the hand ¡novcl'tlents.
It is indeed a most forlunate thing to have a musicologist working on the
Sãmaveda. He wilt have much to do. - In F-ebruary 1973 Floward informs ¡rte
that he has over 250 pages of musical transcriptions of Sâ¡navedic chanting
ready. Hc has kindly placed aü my disposal his information on the hand
¡novements (kai-Iakça4a) as explained in Koluntirappulli, and sent me also
other ¡naterial: besides the list of his recordings (1972) and copies of all
Jaiminiya (and some othcr) recordings, I now have from him a transcription
oI Itti Ravi's recording of the guukunnsya parkah and an analysis of its
tonal patterns, as well as a collection of examples of the udgama svara. "It is
quite evident that more than one musical phrase nray be associated with
the syrnbol cc (or ca-, eí etc.). À{oreover', this is true of most or all of the
syrnbols", he writes. Yet with one exce¡rtion (the note rernains the same)
there is in all these examples an ascent from a lower note to a higher. Moreover,
a too accurate transcription may also be somewhat misleading. I have exam-
ined Howard's tonal patterns for the first parvan of Itti Ravi's gautamasgu
¡turkah, for my material on the- hand movements (cf . âbove, p. 20 f.) relates
24 Asro P,rnPor,,l

to this very bit and provides an external check, Howard has already noted
that the tonal patterns of gnâ resemble those of o, as indeed the corresponding
hand movements are identical. In fact both bear the notational syllable /a'
and my feeling is that rile can establish a full concord betrveen them and the
ìrand movements of this uacana, which according to Itti Ravi are subdivided
into 4 (dilisuara) + 12 + 12 units, if we simplify the notation and take into
account the variations of the several different recordings (reproduced by Staal
1961: p. 84). I would suggest the follorving scheme for this parvan' marking
the highest note with 1, the next lower note rvith 2, and a lownoteof broader
scale with 4, the length of the note lvith italics, and a wavering tone of op-
tional length rvith lower case numbers:
r42 ll42 tll 42 tv 42

v 14121¿12' . vr l4l2 vrr 142

VIII 14121212. . rX l4l2 x r42
xf l4lz:I¿.f... xll1412 xrrr t42
xIV 14121212.. XV 141¿ XVI (2) avasãna
xvII_xxvll : v__xvl
 II. SYNOPSIS OF THB EXTANT JAIMINIYA LITERATURE
TRACBD BY 1972
In the following systematic list an attempt is made to record the names
of the texts (and their main divisions) as they are found in the manuscripts
ot texts, or used by the present-day Jaiminiyas. Viewing the entire corpus'
it seems fairþ complete, there being at least some ancient text on all the
obligatory Sãmavedic topics. Future accessions of new titles of primary
impãrhnce can therefore hardly be anticipated. Yet for instance a pada-
pã{ha might turn out; all newly found prayogas and laksa{ragranthas have
not yet been examined, either.

1. Sary:.hitã lerts

Rk [ÄrcÍlta] Sa-ma [Gãna]

Pruk¡ti ¡cah Pr ak¡tis ãma, (Y oni-)Chandas fP ltrua-

uønal
lChønila drcíkal Grãmagega-Gdna
Ãgnegam Ãgnegam
Aindram Aindram
Taduo Taduo
B¡hali B¡hatî.
Asãuí Asãaí
lndrapttccha Inilrapuccha
Pauamãnam Paaamdnam

llra4am, Ãra4yakam Ãr a4am, Ã. r ang aka(-G ãnam),

Candrasãmãnir
Vrala-paraan
Arka-paraan
Duandua-paruan
Sukriga-paruan
l Could this name prevalent in Kerala (cf. Staal, !961: p. 85) be a conuption lrom
chøndasgãni (contrastãd wiltt û.lnsãmãnd in Bhavatrãta's JsS V¡üti, p. S3)? Itti Ravi
could not explain the name.
26 Asro P¡\nPo¡,À

.Rlc [.{rcika] Sdma lGdnal

(as pariJdpfas:) (as pariJislas:)

íakuargah or mahdnãmngah, Sãkuara-paruan
with purigøpadãni Aupaniçadam porua (incl
gãyatram)

Uttaru ¡k U ttar a-sãtna IU llar a-G dnal

lPrãkrtaml Liham, úha-Gãnatn
Gdgatram DuddaSãham
Agnislomah
Atirãlrah
Prathamam . . . daÉamam ahah L

lVaikrtaml Ekãham
Ahinam

l-t ç d n i, ((-l Iw-)R aha s y a m

Later texts:
analakf an a m by Sabhãpati
D hd r
lJhaprastduam
Recent lakgar.ragranthas: Sdmalakça4am etc. and those by Itti Havi Nambudiri

2. Llrdhmana le.tls

SA¡gAganakarn, J ai míní g a- B r ãhntar.tam, T uku akd ra-B rdhmantt m,

ßa!yagani-Brdhmaqant Sãma-ßrãhma4am
[quotations only]

Mahãbrãhmaryam
Agnihotri (1,1-65)
Ag níçto mam ( 1,66 *.364)
Daãdalãham (3,1 -386)
M ahãaralam (2,1 442)
-80.371 -
Ekãham (2,81-2.34)
Ahínam (2,235-333)
Safram (2,334-370)
r Instead of pañcamam (etc. up lo da.éamanl aåøå, Caland's edition records the titles
as pañcømo (etc.l' dhgdgah.
 The literature and study ol the Jalnriniya Såmaveda 27

(ßdtg ãgant Gãg atrasg a'¡ u paníçad(-Brãhmaryam'¡

includes: Kena- or Talauakãra-U paniçad

Ã.rçegam

Later texts: Jayanta's V¡tlí on the Ärseya-BrãhmaÌra

3. ¡Sra¡rla /et'ls

ßruutas u Ir a, Kal p as-ut r a, K alpabñhmu nam

(A gn i,slomas g a J aímini-) Sã/ram

KaIpa
Stomakalpa
(Sdmakalpa)
P r ak¡ tikalpa, P r íi kY ta
Samiña(kalpa)
Vikrlíkalpa, Vaik¡kr
Pargadhyãga, Parííeça
(includes, i.4., rules of chanting [cf. LSS 6,9-7,81,
P ratíhärasittra bY Ãbhißreng a,
Gaud.m allanam, incl. mahãurdam,
Vi,sfali.s)

Later texts: J aimirúgasraulusúbnbhã.Iyc by Bhavatrãta (and Jayanta)'

ßhauulrãtîgam, etc.
includes: Agní¡tomakãrikã, by IJhavatrãta, copied by tr'Iãdhava,
(: Keralqkãrikã?, cf. above, P. 16)
Pragogauilti by Candra6ekhara Bhat!ãrya Paírcãgni
V ainatey akãrikti bY Vinatãnanda
Ãdhãnapuruãgní¡{omaprayoga hy Srinivãsa'¡\'dhvari¡rdra
Pmgogudipíkã "D
o

Sarudttukrama4i ¡t

Kratudîpíkíi by I(urarigarãj a
(ß r autãdhãrtakrig ãkro ma by Kumãraguru6isya?)
Ã. dhãn ãg n í ; lo masdmdni
Agniçlomasãma
Ali¡ãtrasãmo
I P r dg a4ig íitiñtt akalP a]
28 Asxo Prnpo¡.a

4. Grhya teús
J ai mí ni-(- G ¡hg a)- S utr am
Pùraam (on domestic ritual)
lUttaram (thus Caland) or Aparam (generally used of pitrmedha texts)l
(mainly on burial and ancestor rvorship; includes chapters on omens
and planet worship not commented upon in Srinivãsa's commentary)

Later texts:
,I aimi nî.y ag r hg as utrab hdçU a hy Bhavatrãta
J aiminisutraug ãkhg d Suùod/¡inÍ by Srinivãsa Adhvarin
Taru4dgnihotrikdríkä
J aíminig r hg asûtr akãr ikã by Bãlãgnihotrin
J a i mi ni g r hg a(p r ag o g a) ka'rdkã by Vinatãn a nd a, V ai n aley akãr ik ã
Jaiminig¡hgapragoga ')
Pra¡¡ogasdra Ð

J aímíníg r hy apr agogaralnamãId by Vinatãnanda, or Srinivãsa Adhvarin?

.I aí mi nî g ag ¡ hg aman t r au ¡ tt i
Palm-leaf prayogas from Tamilnadu (Jadmunísãma upanaqanam, etc.)
Palmleaf prayogâs from I(erala (seen but not examined)
J aímínîg aprayogauíuar anam by A. Rarigasvãmi Aiyaùgãr
Recently printed prayogas (p. 13)
 III. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RDFERDNCES
7. Ptùlications

Abbreçiations:
:Iìutl¿tin ol the School of Oriental anil Alrican Stud'ies, Ilniversítg
ol London
BSO^S
lll : Irulo-Ironian Journal
JAOS :
Journal ol the American Orie¡¿t'al Societg
JRAS =' Journal ol the Iloyal Asiatíc Socíety
verslågen en Mededeelíngen d.er Koninklíike Akademíe çan
: Weten'
MededAkadAmst.
schoppen te Amsaerdam, Aldeeling Letterkund'e
MSS triUn"htne, Stu¡Iíen ,ur SPruch.4tisscnsch'alt
:
SVS :
Sarosçati Vihnra Series
VerhAkadAmsl. : Ve¡hanilelíngen iler Koninklíike Akode¡níc çan lletenschaPpcn
te

Amsterilam. Al dcelíng Lette rkunde

WZKM : Wiener Zcitschrilt für die Kunde des Morgenland'es
ZDMG : Zei¿schrilt der Deutschen Moryenliindischcn Gesellscho|l

ArvricÃn, ,I. Rf¡,rcorÃ1,r, 1970, Jaiminisãma ltølavøkãraÅdkhinãml sanilhgãvandø- with

nopiagogoþ [in Sanskrit and Tamil], Srirarigam; printed also ânonymously
pariçecanae;id,híó
the title Jaiminr,yasandlryãt andanam (gaiñipavítadhara4øoidhiþ
cø) [excludes the prefaci brahmayaiitoPtagogam and amõvãsyatarpa4am
oI lhe
lirst mentioned editionl.
Ar"^ñcÃn, Â. RrñcrsvÃnr, ig2B, Sri-JaiminLgø-prayoga-e,ivøtana'tt¿'8tasc.[inSanskrit
and Tamill, Kumbakonam'
¡,"^*l-X.-S. S"inr"¡*^, 1964, Jaiminísãmaçed'a trikdJasanìlhyãuand'anatp samidadl¿ã-
iam Ad. irg anamo"kâ roo,, mutulõV aea [in Malayalam characters]' Pãlghãt'
Pelghãt'
-0-, n.d., Jaiminíya érddilhaprayogaà [ditto],
Arrr, V. M., 19/12-3, "Sound-records of sãmãgânas' A prospect and retrospect"'
ol lhe Deccan College Research Institute 4, p' 296-314'
Bulletín
Brru, Annoro.A., 1935, "The P-raCtiC€ Ol sãmavedr", Proceedings ol the seventh All-
Ind.iø O¡iental Conlerence, p. 143-155, Baroda'
ff'
Ilnrnnlnrln, R. G., rsöa, "H-isiory of Chikl Marriage", LDMG 4?' p' t&3Series' t0)'
Brooilrlnr,o, MluntcE, tîoo, ¡t Ved'ic Coneo'dance, (Harvard Oriental
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Booawtrz, Hnnr W., 1969, "DerVors uicakça4õil fta()o '" (JB 1'18; 1'50; KauqUp l'2)"'
Vorträge,
Xy I I . Deutseher orí)nntister.tag vom zi. Ais zl . Juli 1968 in Würzburg,
hrsg. von Wolfgang Voigt (ZDMG, Supplementa I), Teil 3' p' 8/r3-8/r8'
and commenl'ary' with a study:
t, l-oa' iranslation
- r- , 1973, Jaiminiga årãh";"4;
(Diss. utrecht; orientalia Rheno-Trajectina, 17),
Agnihotra ana rraçàgninätra,
[,eiden.
30 Asxo Prnpo¡.,r,

Bunr*er,r,, ARtsun Coru, 1869, Catalogue ol a eollectíon ol Sanskril manuscrípLs, Part I,

Vedic manuscripts, London.
, 18?6, The .Ãrgqabrãhma4a (being thc lourrh Brã.hma4a ol thc Sùnavedal, The
-N- Sanskrit text (transcription) editod together with extracts from the commentary
of Sãya¡a, introduction and index of words, Mangaloro.
-t- ,1877, [a letter], The Academy '1,2, p, 31?, col. 3 (Sept. 29).
-rr-, 1878a, The Jaiminíga tcrt ol the Ãrçeyabrã.hmarya ol the Sãmaved.a, edited in
Sanskrit, Mangalore.
- c- , 1878b, A l.egend. lront the I'aloçakãra or JãiminÍ.ga Brähmaya ol the Sãma-Yed,a,
Mangalore. Reprinted in: Atai del Congresso f nþ¡naaíonale degli Orientatdslí, Vol.
II, p. 97-111, Firenze 1881, and in: Ihe Indían Ántþuary 1B (f 884), p. l6-21.
-l-,1879, "4 New Brãhma¡a of the Sãma Voda", The Academy 15, p. 126, col.
2-3 (Feb. 8).
-r- ,1881, [a ìel.ter'1, The Acoi,emy 20, p. 496, col 2 (Dec. 31).
CAr,lrn, Wtlluu, 1905, De lit¿ratu,ur çan d,en Sãmøçed.a en het Jaininígyhgasùtra, (Yerb-
AkadAmst., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 6, No. 2), Amsterdam.
-u-,1906, "Dene onbekendo recensie van den Sãmaveda", MededAkadAmst., 4
Reeks, Deel 7, p. 300-304.
-u-,1907, Die Jaiminíga-Samhítã mit ciner Dinlaitung íiþer ilie Sãmavedaliteratur,
(Indische Forcchungen, 2), Breslau.
-r-,1911r, "Emendationen zum Jaiminiya-brâhmana", \ry7,I(M 2t, p. 6l-77.
-r-., 19t5, "Over en uit hetJaiminiya-brãhma¡a", MededAkadArnst., 5 Reeks, Deel l,
p. t-t06,
-rr-,1919, Das Jaiminíya-Brã,hmana in iluswahl, (VerhAkadAmst., Nieuwe Reeks,
Deel 19, No. 4), Âmsterdam.
-ro*,1920, "Bråhrnaqa- en Stitra-aanwinst€n", MedcdAkatlAmst., 5 Reoks, Deel 4,
p. 461-498 (p. a?5 f.).
-t-,1922, The Jaíninig¡hyøsûtra belonging to the Sãmaveda, with extracts from the
commentary edited with an introduction and translated for the first time into
English, (The Punjab Sanskrit Series, 2), Lahore.
-o-,1931, Pqñeaçiméa-Brã,hntana, Tltz Brãhma4a ol twentg-five chaptets, translated,
(Bibliotheca Indica, \{ork 255), Calcutta.
Crn:vuuANr, T. R., 193t, "The Sãtyãyana Brãhmar.ra", Journal ol Oriental llesearch S,
p. 296-298,
Coleunoorr, IIn¡vny Tnolras, 1805, "On the \¡ödas or Sacred Writings of the llindus,',
Ásiatic Research¿s 8, p. 369-476.
Fnnniz, Arnnrcur, 1966, Über d,ie Verben ím Jaím.inî.ga Brãhmana, (Diss. l[arburg),
Marburg.
Grestu, Drnure, 1906, Bíidrage ,ot d.e kennis çan het ped,ísch¿ rirueel. JaimíníyaÉrauta-
sr?lrø, (Diss. Utrecht), Leiden.
Ga:rrnanr, V,, 1958, [Review ol Raghu Vira and Lokosh Chandra, ,l,gro|), tlrehiv Orien-
uiln¡ 26, p. tZo.
Gxosrr, B,rr¡rn¡sr¡¡r.1, 1935, collcc¿ion ol thc Fragments ol last. Brdhma¡tøs, calcutta.
GRrr, J. E. 8., ,959, "An Analysis of Nambudiri Rgvedic Recitation and the Nature
of the Vedic Aecent", BSO^S 22, p. 499-530.
I{orrurnn, Kenr,, !960a, "Textkritisches zum JaiminÍya-Brãhma¡a", tIJ 4: t, p.
t-36.
-r- 1960b, "Yed, ucchuaikd,-, ttcchlañkàd-, Pãl¡ ussañkha-",lIJ 4: 2-3, p. tll-tlB.
,
-r- , 1965-6, "JB, vanãkaksãh", IIJ 9: 3, p. 199-101.
 Tlre literature and study oi the Jaiminiya Sãnraveda 31

1g?0, "Die weltentstehung nach dem Jaiminiya-Brãhnra¡a", MSS 27,

p. 59-67.
-r-, "The Fountain of YoUth", JAOS 26: !, p. 1-67.
HonrrNs, Enrvlno wasununu, 1905,
flol,rnn, Wltnn, in India by lryayne Howard'
1972, "Catalogue of Recordings made
Decemberl970_DecembertgT{,Fulbrigtrt-HaysGrant,'[Xerocopy].
Janenr, Kreus Luowrc, 1965, Art Annotaled Bibliograpttg ol the catølogues ol Ind,ían
l, (Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschrif ten in Deutschland,
M anus*ipts,parl,
Supplementbandl), Wiesbaden.
I(nrrn, Àot"uo Ben¡t'nlLr, 1920, [Reviow of Caland, 1919], BSOAS 1:4, p. 176-180.
JRAS 1932, p' 697-700'
-o-,1932, [Review of Caland, 1931], and Prãk¡ít ManusÛipts in the-Library ol the
Catalogue ol the,sønskrit
-r-,1935,
IrutiaOflice,Vol.2,BrahmanicalandJainaManuscripts,Oxford'
l(urneR, F. B. J., 195?, "Ucch(l)airkha', m., Jaim' Br' II' 379r", IIJ l:4, p' 311'
Loxnsn CElnnnÂ, 1949, "The Cyavana'Vidanvat legend in the Jaiminiya Brãhmaqa",
JAOS 69, p' 84-86.
-rr-,1950, Jaimíniga Brahmana ol thc samaveila IL l-80 lGøvantø3rano), (Diss.
Utrechh SVS 2f), NagPur'
';Brãhma¡ica", Annals of the Bhand.arkar Oricntal Research Instíntu 35,
-r-,1g55,
p,67-?2(alsoseparately,NagpurlgSs);alsoin:SummaryofPapers'Síoteenth
All-Ind'ia Oriental Conference, p. 233-235, Lucknow 1951'
-D-: see Raghu \¡ira and Lokesh Chandra. prdåi, Érirairgam.
N^nrsruHÀN, R., 1970, ßrí Jaimini Sdmøçed.a anúvãsgãdi tatPa,la
oenrrr,, H,rnns, 1893, "Extracts from the Jãiminiya-Brãhmala and upaniçad-Brã-
hmar.ra, parallel to passagos of thoÇatapatha-Brãhma¡a and chãndogya'upanisad",
JAOS t5, P. 233-251.
1896, "The Jãiminiya or Talavakãra upaniçad Brãhma¡a: Text, translation, and
-r-, notes", JAOS 16, P. 79-260.
"contributiãns from the Jãiminiya Brãhma¡a to the history of the Brã-
-rr-,1897, Ii'irst Series: Parallel passages from tho Jãiminiya Brãhma¡a to
hma¡a Literature.
fragments of the Çãlyeyana tsrãhmaça", JAOS t8: 1, p' l5-L8'
-o-, oftBõ8, ',ContributionT.. . Second Series: I. Saramd and the Pa¡is, II' The Ritual
Burial according to the Jãiminiya l]rãhma¡a, III. Indrasya. kilbisã¡ri",
JAOS 19r 2, P. 97 -L26.

-r-,l8gg, "[Coniributions...Third Series:] The JaiminiyaBrahmânavo¡sionof the

Dirghajihvi legend", Actes d,u onzième Congrès Inlernalional des Oriennlistes, Paris
1897, Sect. 1, P. 225-239, Paris.
-r-, tg6i, "Contriùutions. . . Fourtì¡ Series: Specimens¡t v,erb,al,correspondances ol
the Jãiminiya Brãhmapa with other Brãhma¡as", JAOS 231 2,-p' 325-149'
(JB.ii.
-r-,1905, "Contributions... Fifth series: I. Indra in tho guise of a woman
78),Il.AGreekparalleltoaHindupopularbelief,Ill.Thelegendo[Svarbhãnu
(¡ii. i. eo-el¡, íV. Indra, in the guise of a monkey, disturbs the sa*ifice (JB.i'
363), v. The l,ex talionis in the other world. (A parallel to JB.i, /r3.)'', JAOS 26: l
'
p. 176- 196.
the Fifth series of contributions from the Jãiminîya Brã-
-r--,1906, "Additions to176 ff.)", JAOS 26: 2, p' 306-314'
hrna¡a (JAOS xxvi.
190i, ,,bontributions. . . Sixth Series: 'fhe story of Uóanas Kãvya, the three-
-o-, headod Gandharvan, and Indra", JÄOS 28:1, p' 8t-98'
.. soventh series: I. Praiãpati creates the worlds' (JB'i'
-r-,1909, "contributions.
357-358), II. Ceremonies connected with the atirãtra sacrifice. (JB.i' 208-213)'
III. \{hy the rnule is barren. (JB.i. 6?), lV. The contest of lndra rvith Tvaçl'¡'s
32 Asxo Penpol¡.

son. (JB.ii. 153-157), V. Prajãpati creates the four castes. (JB.i. 68-69), Index",
Transa.ctions ol thc Connecticut Academg ol Arts and Sciences 15, p. t55-2t6.
-t-, 1926, The ,Syntaæ ol Co.ses in the Nanatic'e and, l)escríplívc Prose ol the Brãhmanas,
I. The Disjunct Use of Cases, (lndogermanischo Bibliothek, 1:18), Iloidelberg.
-0-, î934-35, "Roots and Verb-forms from the Unpublished Parts of the Jaiminiya-
Brâhmar¡a", Journal ol Vedic Srudies 7:2, p. 129-168; 2:2, p. 121 -195; also
numbered consecutively, pp. 1 -115.
-r-, 1951a, "Volkstümliche Drzåhlungsmotiven im Jaiminîyabrãhma¡a", Zeitschrílt
lür e'ergleíchende Sprachlorschung 69, p. 26-28.
-r-, 1951b, "Ai. pilabã Î.íir +'a$abã n¡d, çãgatã lür vãgurã", ibid.69, p, 29-30.
Onrrnt, Gust,tv, 1880-85, Lists ol óa¿s/tri¿ Manuscripæ in Prít'atc l.ib¡aries ol Southent
India, compiled, arranged, and indexed, l-II, Madras.
Prnror.A, Asxo, {968a, The .frøutasútras ol Lã¡yãganø and, Drãhyãyarya and. their com-
mentaries, An English translation and, stuÀy, I: 1, General Introduction and Ap-
pendices to Vol. I, (Diss. Helsinki; Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Commentationes
Flumanaru¡n Lit,terarurn, ¡r2: 2), Ilelsinki.
-0-, i968b, "On the Jaiminiyafrautasütra and Its Annexes", O¡íen¿øliø Su¿cana 16
p. l8l-21|.
(1967),
R,rcrrrvan, V,, 1949-, New Catalogtrs Catalogorum, 1-, (Madras University Sanskrit
Series, 18, 26, 28-ll1,-) Madras.
- t- , 1957 , "Present position of Vedic chanting and its future", Rullctin ol the I nstitute
ol 'Irad.itional Cultures (Mad.rasl, 1957, p. 48-69.
-r-,1962, Thc present posítion ol Vedíc rccítation ønd, Ved,ic sakhos, Kumbhakonam.
Recnu Vtnr, 1937, Jaiminíya Brahma4a ol the Sdmaoeda, Book 1, editod, (SVS 2),
Lahore.
1938, Sãma-Veda ol the Jaiminiyøs, edited, (SVS 3), Lahore.
-o-,
RrcHu Vlne and Lorrs¡¡ ClÀronl, 1955, "Studies in the Jaiminiya Brãhma¡ra (Book
ll'i, Acta Orientaliø 22, p. 64-?4; Erudia Indologica. Fesæchrilt lür If üibald Kirlel
zur Vollendung seines
70. Lebensiabes, hrsg. von Otto Spies, (Bonner orientalische
Studien, Neue Serie, 3), tsonn t955, p. 255-276.
-o-,1954, Jaiminìya-Brahmøna ol the ,9antøpeda, Complete text critically edited for
the fi¡st time, (SVS 3l), Nagpur.
Rr.l,r, I(. R,rm,rv,rnlra., 1910, "The tsrahmins of Malabar", JRAS 1910, p.625-639.
RÃue Drva, 1921, The Jøiminiya or Talapakøro Upanishad Brahmana, Devanagari
text with indexes. Prepared from the edition, in Roman script of Shri llanns
Oertel. With an introduction on the history of Samaveda literature, by Bhagavad
Datta, (Dayãnanda MahÍvidyãlaya Samskgta-granthamãlã, 3), Lahore.
RrÑclc,tny,r, I(,rsrtnl,7898, Jaüninig¡hyasútram.,íríniçãsãddhçarik¡tøsubodhiny-
dkh.y avy ãkhy ãs ah itam, parigk¡tam, Madras.
R,ru, WrrHnllr, 1953, [Review of Lokesh Chandra, l95O'1, Orientalistische Litnratur-
zeitung 1953: 5/6, col, 273-276,
1957, Staat und. Gesellschalt hn alt¿n Indien nach den Brãhmarya-Texlcn darge-
-r-, stelll, Wiesbaden.
-o-, 1966, "Fünfzehn Indra-Geschichten", -Asdøti'sche Studien 20, p, 72-100.
Renou, Lours, 1947, Les écolcs vèdiqucs et la lormalion du, Yed,a, (Cahiers de ìa Société
Asiatique, 9), Paris.
Slsrnr, PRunrnroHr, 1966, Jaiminlya-éraura-sittrø<¡ttí ol Bhaoatrã.ta, editod, (Sata-
Pi!aka Series, 40), New Delhi.
Scrnrnnr, Dturnn, l9'10a, Unl*rsuchung d.er Parlikel iva und, anderer lexikalisch-syntak-
tischer Probl¿me d,er çedischen Prosa nebsl zahlreichen 'I'extenendationen und der
 33
The literature and study of thc Jainrintya Sãmaveda

kr itischen Ü be rs etzun g o o n J aím inÍ.y ø- B r ahmarya 2,3f 1 - 37 3 (G av ã, may ana "l)' ( Diss'
Marburg), Marburg.
-r-, {970b,]'JB. madhvaçthÍlã svãsiktâ", MSS 28' p' 105-108'
Snanr,re,Bnr,r¡rotn Re¡,rrån¡,nonr, 1967, JaimínÍ'yãrçeya-Jaímin:tyopønigail'Brãhma'
Series' 5-6)' Tirupati'
¡rå, critically edited, (Kendriya Sanskrit' Vidyapeetha WZI(M 27,
Sruonj Rrculno, 1919, 'iDie Notationen der vedischen Liederbücher",
p. S05-346.
Poona'
Snnurìro5n, 1970, Vol. II, Sanskrit Section, Part I, Agniçloma with Pravargya'
(Disputationes Rheno.
Sulr,, Joulr FnBonntr, {961, Nømbud.iri Veda Recitation,
Trajectinae, 5),'s-Gravenhage.
_r_,1g63, ,,Report on vedic riiuals and recitetions", Year ßook ol The A¡nerican
Phitosophicat Society 1963, p' 607-611'
_o_,1g6g, i'The twelvã ritual ihants of the Nam¡udiri agniçtomt", Pratiddnam:
Indion, Iraniøn and Ind.o-EuÌopean stuilies presented to Franciscus Bernardus
Jøcobus Kuíper on his sixtieth bírthdag, p' 409-429, The
llague'
19?l, "Some Vedic Survivals' Report on research done in lndia' Dec' 1970-
-rr-, March 1971, A.I.I.S. Grant" [stencilled]'
STlrr,, J. F., and Jonl Lrvv, n,a,, rn" Four Ved.as. Introduction and Notes by J. F'
staal, Rocordings by Join Levy and J. F. Staal, (ASCtt Mankind series, Album
No. AHM 4126), New York.
Tsu,lr, Neosnrnõ, 1948, ".i\n outline of the extant sãmaveda'literature.
I: Samhitâ",
Collection ol Linguistic Treatises
/!', p' l-37 [in Japanese]'
vrsüvr Brnoru, !935-1965, voidika.-Padãnukramø-Ko9a, or AVedicword'-concord''
anee, l-5 (The Shantakuti Vedic Series, t-t5a), Lahore and
lloshiarpur'
Vno¡ Vvis¡, 1928, Jaiminíga Brãhnnnam, editod [8 pages only]' Lahore'
"The litorature of the Jaiminiyas", Proceeilings and, Transøctions ol the
-r-,1g80,
Filrhlnd'ianOrientalConlereneeNoçember19-22,1928'Yol'I'p'292-298'
Lahore.
'wlrrrnEy, w¡¡,lrln Dwtclrr, 1885a, "on the Jãiminiya' or Talavakãra'Brâhma¡a",in:
American oriental society: Proceedings at Boston, llfay, 1883, p. cxliv'cxlviii,
JAOS lf ; reprinted in The Ind'ian Antiquary f 3 (f884)' p' 21-24'
_l_,1885b, The Roots, Verb-|orms, and, Primary Deri¡,o.içes o| the Sanskrit Language,
A Supplement to his sanskrit Grammar, (Bibliothek indogermanischer Gram-
matiken, Band II' Anhang II), Leipzig'
2. Manuscripls
Detailed enumeration and description of l,he rnanuscripts of the Jaiminiya texls
must be left for a later publication. llowever, in the following I arn giving a list -
which should be fairly exiraustive - of the public libraries with Jaiminiya manuscripts
(in addition come the transcribcd copies hy caland kept at the tJtrecht university
Lilrary¡. Their catalogues are accessible through Janert (1965)'
Baroda: The Oriental Institute, M. S. University'
Floshiarpur: The Vióve6varãnand Vedic Research Institute'
London: The India Office LibrarY.
Madras: The Âdyar Library and Research Centre'
r The Government Orienùal Manuscripts Library'
Mysore: The Governmenl. Oriental Library'
Thanjavur: Tanjore Mahãrlja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahãl Library'
Trivandrum: The Oriental iìesearcl, Institute and Manuscripts Library, University of
Kerala'