Panduit

Network
Infrastructure
Cabling Deploy
Certification
Participant Guide
Version 1
Disclaimers
General
The practices contained herein are designed as a guide for use by persons having
technical skill at their own discretion and risk. The recommended practices are based
on average conditions. Panduit does not guarantee any favorable results or assume
any liability in connection with these instructions.
In addition, the materials and hardware referenced herein appear as examples, but in
no way reflect the only tools and materials available to perform these installations.
Local, State, Federal and Industry Codes and Regulations, as well as manufacturers
requirements, must be consulted before proceeding with any project. Panduit Corp.
makes no representations of nor assumes any responsibility for the accuracy or
completeness of these installation instructions. Panduit disclaims any liability arising
from any information contained herein or for the absence of same.
Industrial
Industrial machinery/spaces are potential electrical hazards. Electrocution, electric
shock, burns, fire, arc flash explosion and equipment damage related to improper
grounding or electrostatic discharge are the consequences of interaction with electrical
hazards. This module does not cover electrical safety which is a required knowledge to
complete an industrial infrastructure deploy project.
Specialized personnel with electrical safety training and industry specific
qualifications are required to safely complete projects in industrial spaces.
Ensure that you have these qualifications before conducting any business in
industrial facilities.
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Table of Contents
Overview: Cabling Deploy Certification Course ........................................................................................6
Agenda .....................................................................................................................................................7
Lesson 1: Preparing for Installation ..........................................................................................................8
Structured Cabling ................................................................................................................................9
Installation Best Practices ...................................................................................................................10
Cable Handling and Storage Best Practices .......................................................................................11
Lesson 2: Industry Standards .................................................................................................................12
Codes, Regulations, and Standards....................................................................................................13
Standards Bodies and Organizations ..................................................................................................13
ANSI/TIA Industry Standards ..............................................................................................................14
ANSI/TIA-568 ......................................................................................................................................14
Lesson 3: Installing Pathways ................................................................................................................16
Standard Requirements for Installing Pathways .................................................................................17
Calculating Minimum Bend Radius .....................................................................................................18
FiberRunner ........................................................................................................................................18
Wyr-Grid ..............................................................................................................................................18
Surface Raceway ................................................................................................................................19
Conduit ................................................................................................................................................20
Conduit Fill Ratio Requirements..........................................................................................................20
J-Hooks ...............................................................................................................................................20
Lesson 4: Cable Pulling ..........................................................................................................................22
Pulling Tension ....................................................................................................................................23
Preparing for the Pull...........................................................................................................................23
Cable Pulling Best Practices ...............................................................................................................24
Lesson 5: Cable Management ................................................................................................................25
Consequences of Poor Cable Management .......................................................................................26
Vertical Manager Best Practices .........................................................................................................26
Horizontal Manager Best Practices .....................................................................................................26
Cabling Best Practices ........................................................................................................................26
Bundling Best Practices ......................................................................................................................27
Slack Management Best Practices......................................................................................................27
Panduit Fiber Enclosures ....................................................................................................................28
Physical Network Security ...................................................................................................................28
Lesson 6: Grounding and Bonding .........................................................................................................29
Grounding Systems .............................................................................................................................30
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Telecommunications Grounding System Components ....................................................................... 30
Bonding (Telecommunications Bonding Infrastructure) ...................................................................... 30
Grounding Electrode System (GES) ...................................................................................................31
Earthing ...............................................................................................................................................31
Telecommunications Bonding System Considerations ....................................................................... 31
Noise ...................................................................................................................................................32
Shielding .............................................................................................................................................32
Ground Loops .....................................................................................................................................32
ANSI/TIA-607 Requirements for Telecommunications Grounding & Bonding .................................... 33
Grounding and Bonding Key Takeaway ..............................................................................................33
Lesson 7: Industrial Environment ...........................................................................................................34
Industry Standard ANSI/TIA-1005 .......................................................................................................35
M.I.C.E ................................................................................................................................................35
M.I.C.E. Levels ....................................................................................................................................36
M.I.C.E Analysis: Mechanical ..............................................................................................................37
M.I.C.E Analysis: Ingress ....................................................................................................................38
M.I.C.E Analysis: Chemical/Climatic ...................................................................................................39
M.I.C.E Analysis: Electromagnetic ......................................................................................................40
Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings ...........................................................................................................41
Industrial Enclosures ...........................................................................................................................41
Lesson 8: Copper Connectivity ...............................................................................................................42
Copper Cable Construction .................................................................................................................43
Copper Performance Categories.........................................................................................................43
Copper Cable Shielding ......................................................................................................................43
Copper Shielding Types ......................................................................................................................44
Shielding Type Examples ....................................................................................................................44
North American Cable Jacket Rating ..................................................................................................45
European Fire Rating ..........................................................................................................................46
Cable Jacket Composition...................................................................................................................46
Power and Data Communication Cables ............................................................................................47
Copper Connectors: Mini-Com & NetKey............................................................................................47
Copper Connectors: Angled Wire Caps ..............................................................................................48
Copper Connectors: RJ45 Field Term Plug ........................................................................................48
Copper Connectors: IndustrialNet M12 ...............................................................................................48
Power over Ethernet (PoE) .................................................................................................................49
Lesson 9: Copper Testing .......................................................................................................................50
Copper System Tests ..........................................................................................................................51
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Modular Plug Terminated Link (MPTL) Tests......................................................................................51
Copper Testing Parameters ................................................................................................................51
Testing Best Practices.........................................................................................................................52
Test Parameters and Results ..............................................................................................................52
Submitting Test Results for Panduit Warranty ....................................................................................55
Approved Copper Testing Devices......................................................................................................56
Lesson 10: Copper Terminations ............................................................................................................57
Cable Ends 1 and 2 .............................................................................................................................58
T-568 Wiring Schemes ........................................................................................................................58
Prepare the Cable ...............................................................................................................................59
Termination: Mini-Com TG Shielded Jack...........................................................................................60
Termination: RJ45 Field Term Plug.....................................................................................................62
Termination: Left 45° Angled Wire Cap ...............................................................................................64
Termination: Up 45° Angled Wire Cap ................................................................................................67
Termination: Industrial M12 D-Code Plug ...........................................................................................69
Lesson 11: Fiber Connectivity.................................................................................................................71
Single-Mode vs. Multimode .................................................................................................................72
Fiber Cabling .......................................................................................................................................72
Splicing ................................................................................................................................................73
OptiCam Connectors ...........................................................................................................................74
Fusion Splice Connectors ...................................................................................................................74
PanMPO Connector ............................................................................................................................74
Lesson 12: Fiber Testing ........................................................................................................................76
Fiber Testing Parameters ....................................................................................................................77
Fiber System Tests .............................................................................................................................77
Attenuation Testing .............................................................................................................................77
Link Loss Calculator ............................................................................................................................78
Submitting Test Results for Panduit Warranty ....................................................................................78
Lesson 13: Fiber Terminations ...............................................................................................................80
Fiber Handling Security Precautions ...................................................................................................81
Cleaning and Inspection ......................................................................................................................81
OptiCam 2 Termination Tool & Accessories .......................................................................................82
Tool Cleaning and Setup .....................................................................................................................83
Prepare the Cable ...............................................................................................................................85
Termination .........................................................................................................................................87
Notes ......................................................................................................................................................89
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Overview: Cabling Deploy Certification Course
Course Objectives
By the end of this course, you will be able to:
1. List the requirements to receive Panduit’s Structured Cabling System Warranty.
2. Identify best practices for storing, handling, an installing copper and fiber optic cabling.
3. Identify common industry standards that are relevant to the installation of structured cabling
systems in both Enterprise and Industrial environments.
4. Identify best practices and industry standards for properly installing pathways, including bend
radius and fill ratio specifications.
5. Identify best practices and industry standards for properly pulling and managing copper and
fiber optic cabling.
6. Define grounding and bonding as it relates to the telecommunications network.
7. Identify the components of a proper grounding and bonding system and explain why a proper
grounding and bonding system is important.
8. Identify industry standard requirements and best practices for installing structured cabling
systems in industrial environments.
9. Define the M.I.C.E. system concept according to ANSI/TIA-1005-A and practice conducting a
M.I.C.E. analysis.
10. Explain the relationship between copper performance categories, shielding, connector types,
PoE, and the telecommunications network.
11. Explain the relationship between fiber optic connectivity and the telecommunications network.
12. Identify copper and fiber performance testing best
practices and industry standard requirements.
13. Practice terminating and testing Panduit’s most common
copper and fiber connectors.
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Agenda
8:00 AM – 5:00 PM (9 hours)
Approximate
Topic
Duration
7 mins Course Introduction
15 mins Preparing for Installation
17 mins Industry Standards
31 mins Installing Pathways
17 mins Cable Pulling
10 mins Break
19 mins Cable Management
33 mins Grounding and Bonding
35 mins Industrial Environments
46 mins Copper Connectivity
30 mins Lunch
30 mins Copper Testing
1 hour 49 mins Copper Terminations
10 mins Break
15 mins Fiber Connectivity
11 mins Fiber Testing
1 hour 5 mins Fiber Terminations
40 mins Wrap Up (Group Exam and Evaluation
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Lesson 1: Preparing for Installation
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Lesson 1 Objectives
In this lesson, we’ll introduce structured cabling, and then we’ll look at some steps and best practices
that will help to ensure cable is stored, handled, and installed properly.
1. Define structured cabling.
2. Identify best practices to follow when preparing for installation.
3. Identify best practices for storing and handling cable.
Structured Cabling
Structured cabling is part of a designed cabling system that breaks a network into functional sub-
segments, allowing the network to meet the specific needs of each area. Traditional home run or point
to point cabling network topologies use the same type of technology in all areas of the facility, even
though different areas of the network may have different needs (for example, more bandwidth).
Breaking the system into segments and building into a zone architecture allows us to meet the need of
each area while reducing the amount of cable used and leaving room for growth.
The structured cabling subsystems we will be focusing on today are:
 Entrance Facility:
Represents the
location where
external
communications enter
the facility and
transition from outside
plant to inside plant
cabling. This serves
as the demarcation
point between the
outside plant and the
inside plant. This is
where standards and
regulations require
switching from outside to inside cabling.
 Data Center (DC): Houses telecom/datacom equipment and active devices that create, store,
and transmit data throughout the network. It houses critical applications that support business
and the corresponding associated data. Typical key components of a DC are routers, switches,
servers, firewalls, storage systems, and application-delivery controllers. A data center may
support a small network up to a global Wide Area Network (WAN) or interconnecting networks.
 Equipment Room (ER): The central hub for IT infrastructure to the site, contains the building
demarcation point for providers circuit installations. The ER houses the main horizontal/vertical
distribution of the structured cabling system, from the patch panels, servers, phone systems,
LAN equipment (routers, core switches, and hubs), and security. The ER also serves as a
telecommunications room, extending voice/data connectivity to Telecommunications outlets in
the immediate surrounding office area, with cable runs not exceeding the Ethernet distance
limitation of 295 feet (90 m).
 Enterprise Telecommunications Rooms (TR): Houses the equipment, cable terminations,
and cross-connects that serve a specific office area and/or a specific floor. A TR is required for
spaces that are further than 295 ft (90 m) away from the Equipment Room.
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 Enterprise and Factory Riser Cabling: Factory riser cabling is specially rated to route cable
between the floors of a building. It is tested for flame propagation to ensure flames do not
spread quickly between floors in the event of a fire.
 Enterprise Horizontal Cabling: Horizontal cabling is typically a permanent link that is
measured and tested upon installation. These links connect the enterprise TRs to zone cabling
systems, Intermediate Distribution Frames (IDFs), or wall outlets. Patching can be utilized on
both ends of the permanent link when re-routing communications is necessary.
 Work Area Outlets/Cabling: Work areas such as conference rooms (enterprise) and control
panels (industrial) are where employees access the network.
Installation Best Practices

Before you install a structured cabling system, you should always make sure that you’re prepared.
Avoid potential mistakes and miscommunication by becoming familiar with project specifications,
design plans, and applicable codes and standards. Before you begin, there are a few things you should
review.
 Any available Design Documents. Design documents typically include a Bill of Materials
(BOM) and an explanation of how and where to install the parts. Understanding the project
scope and specifications will ensure that you can meet customer expectations and satisfy the
requirements for warranty, should a claim be necessary. Reviewing the design specifications
will also allow you to identify concerns early.
 Relevant Standards, Codes, & Regulations. Adhering to the proper industry standards,
codes, and regulations is important for optimal network performance and a safe work
environment. Specific standards may be written into the design specifications for your project,
but it is ultimately your responsibility to understand the codes and standards as they pertain to
your job specifications and geographical location. We will go over industry standards in more
detail in the next lesson.
 The Labeling Scheme. Labeling is required for all elements of a structured cabling system. You
should be aware of the identification system of the installation so that you can properly label
both cabling and components. Every minute spent maintaining the operation of the network
costs money. Without labeling, maintenance is more difficult and requires more time and
money. A network that is properly labeled costs considerably less to maintain than one that is
not. A properly labeled network can reduce errors and make it significantly easier to make
Moves, Adds, and Changes (MACs) to the network in the future.
While some companies may have their own labeling scheme, you should ensure that you follow
the guidelines outlined by industry standard ANSI/TIA-606-C. ANSI/TIA-606-C requires that all
telco rooms, work areas, grounding busbars, building and campus backbones, horizontal
cabling, fire stop locations, buildings, campuses, and pathways are identified. All identifiers, test
data, and infrastructure history should be recorded and maintained.
 Pulling/Routing Plans. Proper pulling requires a plan. Before the installation begins, you
should meet with the installation team, project manager, and customer to tour the building,
identify areas of concern, identify the pulling points, review the roles and responsibilities for
members of the installation team, and ensure that you have access to the areas that are
necessary for installation.
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Cable Handling and Storage Best Practices
Both copper and fiber optic cables can be easily damaged, making the handling and storage of cable
reels an extremely important aspect of structured cabling system deployment. Panduit recommends the
following best practices for storing and handling cable.
 Acclimate cable to its environment by storing cable reels in their intended environment prior
to installation. Do not store cable reels outdoors or in environments with extreme or varying
temperatures.
 Visually inspect cable reels upon delivery for damage such as kinks, cracks, dirt, and debris.
Identify any cable damage to ensure the affected area is not installed. If defects are identified,
the affected area may be cut. Both copper and fiber cabling may also be affected by damages
that do not affect the outer jacket, including microfractures (fiber) and twist rates (copper).
 Store cable reels vertically on the edge of the flanges. Storing cable reels flat on the flanges
causes uneven weight distribution throughout the cable reel. The weight of the cables on top of
the reel creates additional pressure on the cables at the bottom of the reel.
 Avoid severe impact and never drop the cable reels from the back of a truck. Carefully lower
or raise reels using a hydraulic gate or forklift. When moving cable reels by forklift, cradle the
flanges between the forks or suspend the reel with a bar through the center hole.
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Lesson 2: Industry Standards
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Lesson 2 Objectives
Adhering to the proper industry standards, codes, and regulations is important for optimal network
performance and a safe work environment. Not cutting corners will save you, your company, and the
customer time and money, providing job security for everyone involved. In this lesson, we will look at
the most relevant standards for deploying a structured cabling system.
1. Differentiate between codes, regulations, and standards.
2. Identify common industry standards that are applicable to the deployment of structured cabling
systems.
3. Describe the specifications of standard TIA-568.
Codes, Regulations, and Standards

 Codes are a set of rules to follow to ensure the safe operation of power equipment. Codes may
be enforceable by law if they are adopted by a municipality. Familiarize yourself with national
and local municipality codes before starting a project. Breaking codes may result in fines or
imprisonment.
 Standards are guidelines set by industry experts that, when followed, ensure network
performance requirements are met. Standards define methods, operations, safety measures,
and minimum requirements for meeting codes and maintaining optimal network performance.
 Regulations are mandated by government bodies and require compliance from installations
within their industry. (For example, government regulations determine how we transmit data,
and at what frequency.) Failure to comply with mandated transmission and bandwidth
frequencies could result in fines.
Standards Bodies and Organizations

Standards bodies and organizations develop standards that encompass the specifications required to
obtain the performance of the equipment and systems in the structured cabling network.
Each standards body is composed of industry professionals who volunteer their time to ensure that the
best practices that support the technologies being deployed are followed, for the best results of network
communications. There are over 500 people sitting on approximately 12 committees that represent
technology from over 400 companies.
These professionals represent equipment manufacturers, service providers, government agencies,
academic institutions, and end users. Many years ago, these bodies developed initial best practices
and guidelines, and they continue to fine-tune the standards as specifications change and technology
improves.
The most well-known standards bodies and organizations are listed below. This course is based on
ANSI/TIA, ISO, and EN Industry Standards.
 ANSI/TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
 ISO (International Standards Organization)
 CENELEC (aka EN) (Comité Européen de Normalisation Électrotechnique (European
Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization)
 BICSI (Building Industry Consulting Service International)
 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
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 NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
 CSA International (CSA Certification and Testing Division of Canadian Standards Association)
 UL (Underwriters Laboratories)
 ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers)
ANSI/TIA Industry Standards

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is accredited by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) and works with both the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), making the standards applicable worldwide.
This course will primarily refer to common ANSI/TIA standards. While some common standards may be
referenced, you are responsible for understanding codes and standards as they pertain to your job
specifications and geographical location.
ANSI/TIA’s most widely adopted standards include:
 TIA-568 telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all voice, video and data
networks
 TIA-569 Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces
 TIA-606 Administration Standard for the Telecommunications Infrastructure
 TIA-607 Commercial grounding - earthing - standards
 TIA-942 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers
 TIA-1005 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Industrial Premises
 TIA-598 Fiber optic color-coding
 TIA-222 Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas
 TIA-602 Data Transmission Systems and Equipment, which standardized the common basic
Hayes command set.
 TIA-102 Land Mobile Communications for Public Safety (APCO/P25)
Note: These standards may use ANSI/TIA or TIA interchangeably.
ANSI/TIA-568
Standard TIA 568 defines the Structured Cabling system
requirements for commercial buildings, as well as between
buildings in campus environments. This standard defines cable
types, distances, connectors, cable system architectures, cable
termination standards and performance characteristics, and
methods of testing installed cable.
There are multiple specifications listed under standard ANSI/TIA-
568. It’s important to note that the letters of these specifications
indicate the “version” of the standard, and the number in these
specifications identify the different aspects of the structured cabling network.
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 568.0 - Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises
 568.1 - Commercial Building Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard
 568.2 - Balanced Twisted-Pair Telecommunications Cabling and Components
 568.3 - Optical Fiber Cabling Components
 568.4 - Broadband Coaxial Cabling and Components Standard
For example: TIA-568.0-C would be referring to generic infrastructure for both fiber and copper in
version C of the standard, while TIA-568.3-D would be referring to Fiber cabling systems in version D of
the standard
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Lesson 3: Installing Pathways
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Lesson 3 Objectives
In this lesson, we’ll explore some common pathway types and industry standard requirements for
installing pathways in Enterprise and Industrial environments.
1. Identify best practices and industry standard requirements for installing pathways in Enterprise,
Data Center, and Industrial environments.
2. Define bend radius.
3. Identify four types of pathways commonly found in Enterprise, Data Center, and Industrial
environments.
4. Explain the importance of fill ratios when installing pathways.
Pathways provide support and protection for cabling as it’s routed from one point to another. They can
be installed overhead, under the floor, or on walls. Panduit provides innovative solutions for routing
fiber optic and high-performance copper cabling to and between equipment racks within a data center,
telecommunications room, or industrial premises.
Standard Requirements for Installing Pathways

ANSI/TIA industry standards identify general requirements to follow when installing pathways,
depending on the application. Additional requirements may apply depending on the types of pathways
used and manufacturers specifications.
Standard ANSI/TIA-569 identifies requirements for pathways installed in enterprise environments.
 Review the pathway fill capacity in the manufacturer’s specifications.
 Separate power and data cables with a physical barrier of at least 6”.
 Maintain a minimum distance of 5” (125 mm) from fluorescent lights.
 Run cables perpendicular to fluorescent lights rather than parallel.
 Ensure pathways are independently supported by the building structure (do not use support
wires to support pathways from a suspended ceiling).
 Remove abandoned cables from existing pathways.
Standard ANSI/TIA-1005 identifies requirements for pathways installed in industrial environments.
 Use cable trays, ladder rack, j-hooks, or conduit, to install cabling in open ceilings.
 When using non-continuous support, cabling should not be in direct contact with steam pipes,
heating ducts, or pneumatic pipes.
 Secure and protect cables installed on structural columns from mechanical damage.
 Protect cables installed on machines from moving machine parts and other sources of damage.
 Do not route cables near pinch points.
Standard ANSI/BICSI 002 2019 14.9.5 identifies requirements for fiber cabling.
 Optical Fiber Equipment cords and patch cords should be installed in a dedicated optical fiber
pathway that ensures that proper bend radius control is maintained.
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Bend Radius
Another requirement to consider when installing pathways is proper bend radius
control. Bend *radius is the minimum radius that a copper or fiber cable can be Bend Radius
bent without being damaged. As the radius of curvature decreases, the

curvature increases. Bend Diameter
*Radius = ½ diameter
Calculating Minimum Bend Radius

A cable’s bend radius may vary by the design. The smaller the bend radius, the more flexible the cable.
To calculate a cable’s minimum bend radius, multiply the cable diameter by the number specified in
standard ANSI/TIA-568.
 Unshielded Copper Cable: Multiply the outer diameter of the cable by 4.
Example: An unshielded cable with a 1/4” (6 mm) diameter has a bend radius of 1” (25 mm)
 Shielded Copper Cable: Multiply the outer diameter of the cable by 8.
Example: A shielded cable with a 1/4” (6 mm) diameter has a bend radius of 2” (48 mm)
 Fiber Cable: Multiply the outer diameter of the cable by 10.
Example: A fiber cable with a 1/4” (6 mm) diameter has a bend radius of 2.5” (63.5 mm)
FiberRunner
FiberRunner is designed to protect, segregate, and route fiber optic and high-performance copper
cabling between the Data Center and the Telecommunications Room. A complete offering of sizes,
fittings, and mounting options allow FiberRunner to meet virtually any network configuration and mount
to any type of infrastructure. FiberRunner can also be stacked on top of Wyr-Grid using spacing
brackets, for a total integrated solution.
Key Installation Best Practices:
 Do not exceed a 25% fill on initial pathway installation.
 Do not exceed a total fill of 50%.
 Due to the way round cables lie in the pathway, the space that is created between the cables
makes the tray appear to 100% full, even though it is not.
Additional Installation Best Practices:
 Connect channels and fittings with pre-assembled QuickLock couplers.
 Use spill out and spill over fittings to transition cables.
 Use QuickLock brackets to attach the pathway components to support structures.
Note: If FiberRunner is not being used, an economical way to deploy fiber optic cabling is to use wire
baskets or ladder racks and innerduct to protect fiber optic cables.
Wyr-Grid
Panduit’s Wyr-Grid is designed to route and manage copper and fiber optic cabling for power and data
in data centers, connected buildings, and industrial facilities. Wyr-Grid appears to be upside down.
However, this unique system design does not require wire cutting, maintains beam strength, and
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reduces installation time by as much as 50% compared to traditional wire basket and ladder rack
systems.
Installation Best Practices
 Do not exceed a 25% fill on initial pathway installation.
 Do not exceed a total fill of 50% to prevent cable damage due to extra weight.
 Stack other pathways (such as FiberRunner) on top of Wyr-Grid with spacing brackets.
 Add a divider wall to separate cables within the same tray.
 Do not exceed the recommended cable load without proper support.
 Keep the depth of cabling in the pathway within 6” (150 mm).
 Smooth any cuts to remove sharp edges or burrs.
 Add snap-on sidewalls, waterfalls, and bend radius control where needed.
 Join straight pathway sections using pre-assembled splice connectors.
Wyr-Grid Recommended Cable Load
Do not exceed the recommended cable load without proper support.
 The chart below shows how far you can run a Wyr-Grid pathway without support, based on the
weight of the cable load inside the pathway.
Surface Raceway
Surface Raceway allows you to route data and power cabling without having to cut into any permanent
structures by simply mounting the raceway to the wall, floor, or ceiling. Non-metallic, durable PVC
makes transporting and installing Surface Raceway easy for one person by reducing overall installer
fatigue.
Installation Best Practices:
 Do not exceed a total fill of 40%.
 Use a single-channel raceway to route data cabling.
 Use a multi-channel raceway and divider to route power and data cabling in the same pathway.
Failing to separate power and data cables (except for 600-volt cable) violates NFPA and UL
codes and can result in network problems, fines, or shut down.
 Use a larger raceway and deep outlet box when routing Cat 6A cabling to allow enough room
for proper bend radius.
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Conduit
Other effective cable routing practices may utilize conduit and/or J hooks. Conduit is often used to route
cables in industrial environments because it offers more protection than other types of cable pathways.
Installation Best Practices:
 Adhere to maximum fill ratio requirements set by industry standards.
 Run conduit in the most direct route possible.
 Pull boxes should not be used to change directions.
 Use a 90-degree bend after a pull box to change direction.
 Space pull boxes no more than 98’ (30 m) apart.
 A pull box must be used for every two 90-degree bends.
 Do not use more than 4 bends in a permanent link.
 Service no more than 3 outlet boxes for each run.
 Bends should be sweeping (no corners).
 Ensure conduit is clean and free of debris.
 Use cable lubricant (sparingly).
Conduit Fill Ratio Requirements

Overfilling conduit can lead to internal and/or external physical damage to the cable and conductors
that will degrade the overall performance.
When it comes to power cables, the NEC designates maximum conduit fill ratios to allow for heat
dissipation and quick installation and withdrawal of conductors without damaging them. When it comes
to data cabling, standards indicate to follow the manufacturer guidelines. For warranty purposes,
Panduit recommends a fill ratio of less than 40% for conduit pathways to avoid cable damage.
Use Panduit’s chart to enter cable diameter sizes, and it will calculate the number of cables you can put
into the conduit to not exceed a 40% fill.
Note: If a pathway (conduit, cable tray, cable bundle, etc.) penetrates a fire-rated barrier (floor or wall),
then the wall needs to be restored back to its original fire-rating (1-Hr, 2-Hr, 4-Hr). This may reduce the
fill ratio to allow more fire stop materials to be added. In these cases, the firestop system would dictate
the maximum fill capacity of the pathway. In most cases however, Wyr-Grid and FiberRunner remain
within the confines of one location (i.e., data center, equipment room, etc.).
J-Hooks
Panduit’s J-Hook cable support systems, J-Pro and J-Mod, can be used to route high performance
communication cabling in air-handling spaces.
Key Installation Best Practices:
 Space J-Hooks intermittently at 4’ (1.2 m) to 5’ (1.5 m) intervals to reduce chances of harmonics
 Use J-Hooks with beveled or rounded edges that are wide enough to support the cable bend
radius
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 Leave a minimum of 3” (75 mm) clearance above suspended ceilings
Most high-speed cable system failures are caused by excessive bending,
twisting, or pulling stress, or by improper termination procedures. Using J-
Hooks improperly may cause a bend radius failure that is difficult to
troubleshoot and repair.
Note: J-Hooks are not meant for cabling that requires continuous support
(for example, fiber cabling).
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Lesson 4: Cable Pulling
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Lesson 4 Objectives
During installation, it’s important to adhere to industry standards for pulling tension and bend radius.
Exceeding these limits of copper or fiber cable during installation by improperly pulling or twisting can
damage the cable and seriously affect network performance. In this lesson, we’ll discuss best practices
for pulling cable including tension, bend radius, and pulling preparation.
1. Identify maximum pulling tension limits according to standard ANSI/TIA-568
2. Explain the importance of pulling tension
3. Identify best practices for pulling copper and fiber cabling
Pulling Tension
The increase in frequency from 250 MHz (CAT 6) to 500 MHz (CAT 6A) puts CAT 6A cabling at a
higher risk of suffering from crosstalk. The twisted pairs of a copper cable create a 90-degree “crossing”
that naturally eliminates noise interreference between the two wires.
When pulling copper or fiber optic cables, tension must be equally distributed across all elements of the
cable. Unevenly distributed tension or too much tension during the pull can cause cable damage such
as untwisting of the pairs, jacket separation, or even cable breakage. Damage can happen without any
visible physical damage to the cable.
While every cable pull is unique, and the amount of pulling tension on your cable may vary based on
the tools and devices used, ANSI/TIA-568 defines maximum pulling tension requirements:
 The maximum pulling tension for a 4-pair balanced twisted-pair cable is 25 lbf (follow
manufacturer’s guidelines for multi-pair cables).
 The maximum pulling tension for fiber optic cabling varies greatly depending on the fiber type
and installation details. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines.
Note: If a new installer is having a difficult time understanding their pull force, using a strain gauge or a
breakaway swivel will give them a point of reference to how much pulling tension they should feel.
If the pulling tension recommended by the manufacturer is exceeded, the cable may not perform up to
standard. However, this would not be considered a manufacturer issue. It would be considered a
contractor issue.
Preparing for the Pull

Before you begin pulling cable, follow these steps:
1. Inspect the Route: First, inspect the route to ensure there are no sharp edges or corners. If
sharp edges or corners are present, provide protection for the cabling prior to installation.
2. Arrange Cabling: Next, arrange cable reels and/or boxes at the pulling point in the correct
orientation so that the cable does not get tangled while being pulled. (For example, if you are
installing cable overhead, you could put the reels on a reel cart. Make sure the cart is facing the
direction in which you will pull, and the reels are set up so that cable feeds from the top of the
reel.)
3. Separate and label different types of cabling to avoid using different specifications of cable in
the same run.
4. Monitor the Pull: Cables can become kinked or damaged when leaving the supply reel or
passing through pulling equipment. Have one technician monitor the supply reel while another
23
monitors the pulling equipment to identify potential cable damages. Communication is key
during the installation.
Cable Pulling Best Practices

1. Unroll cable from the reel. Pulling the cable from the end of the reel will cause the cable to twist.
2. Cable slack should be laid in a “figure-8” pattern at pull boxes and pulling points to prevent
twisting.
3. Use a swivel or pulling eye to connect the pull rope to the cable. This will allow the cable to spin
freely, reducing the risk of twisting.
4. Lay cable into pathways when possible or pull the cable slowly and carefully to reduce friction
and abrasion (never try to push cable).
5. Manually guide cable around corners or edges.
6. For vertical runs, drop the cable from the top of the run and support cables with hook and loop
cable ties at frequent intervals to reduce the pulling tension.
7. Include a pull string with each cable. Panduit recommends pulling an extra cable per run for
future growth.
8. Use a pulling grip, pulling eye, and pull rope or tape to reduce the load on the cable.
24
Lesson 5: Cable Management
25
Lesson 5 Objectives
Managing cable via bundling, slack management, enclosures, and physical network security products
protects the cable, provides bend radius control, and allows for easy Moves, Adds, and Changes
(MACs). In this lesson we’ll discuss best practices for neatly and effectively managing cables in both
Enterprise and Industrial environments.
1. Identify best practices for bundling cable
2. Identify best practices for managing cable slack
3. Describe the importance of physical network security
Consequences of Poor Cable Management

Poor cable management costs both time and money, because:
Cables can block the airflow to High bandwidth pairs that need Newly added cables may need to
racks, the cold air entering the front maintenance and troubleshooting exceed the bend radius of other
of devices, and the proper airflow are not easily traceable, and cables, resulting in lower
within the cabinet. termination/connection points may performance and even more
not be easily accessible, increasing troubleshooting efforts.
troubleshooting time.
Vertical Manager Best Practices

1. Vertical cable managers should extend from the floor to the top of the cabinet, rack, or
enclosure.
2. Mount vertical cable managers between each pair of racks and at both ends of every row of
racks.
3. When using a vertical cable manager, lay cables over the finger without crossing over one
another.
Horizontal Manager Best Practices

1. Feed cables into the sides of a horizontal manager.
2. Route patch cords horizontally from the patch panel into the finger opening aligned level with
the patch panel rack unit.
3. Route all cables through one end of the manager, or route half the cable through one end and
the other half through the other end.
Cabling Best Practices

1. Use matching types, categories, & classes of patch cords and horizontal cabling.
26
2. Use strain relief bars at the back of patch panels for additional support.
3. When using angled patch panels, route cables on the left and right to their respected sides of
the panel.
4. Use angled panels for higher cord capacity.
Bundling Best Practices

There are many reasons to bundle cables. Cable bundling provides both a professional appearance
and an effective organization solution, allowing a higher cable density per tray. Bundling also makes
cables easy to identify, and any problems that arise can be traced backwards to locate the source.
Cable Bundling Best Practices:
1. Use only Tak-Ty Hook and Loop cable ties, which are specially designed to bundle data cabling.
Do not use locking type cable ties on data cables, because they will crimp too tight and cause
issues such as crosstalk.
2. Do not place cable ties too close to one another. Leave enough slack to allow variance in cable
alignment.
3. Do not over tighten cable ties. You should be able rotate the cable tie loosely around the cable
using your fingers
 Cables that are bundled too tightly or too “perfectly” can cause issues like alien crosstalk or too
much heat, especially in cases where PoE is used (we will discuss cable building in relation to
PoE later in the course).
 Use a maximum of 24 cables per bundle when utilizing PoE. This will ensure that heat
dissipation remains within an acceptable limit.
 Alien crosstalk interferes with the data on the cable and makes it unreadable, while too much
heat within a bundle could lead to increased insertion loss. If cables are failing certification tests
and they have been bundled, this could be the cause.
Note: Some industry best practices may indicate that cabling should not be combed for more than 25 m
(75 ft) to avoid crosstalk. However, Panduit’s cabling is designed and tested to ensure optimal
performance when combed or bundled to a length of 100 m.
Slack Management Best Practices

Fiber Slack Management: Since terminating optical fiber cabling requires more skill than terminating
copper cabling, extra slack must be allowed at each fiber termination point to accommodate re-
termination if necessary. In most cases, fiber cables are housed in enclosures for termination points
other than the work area.
1. Leave 3.3’ (1 m) of slack in the enclosure.
2. If a splice is required, mount a splice holder or tray in the enclosure.
3. Use a compression connector or secure strength member to a terminal lug.
4. Use slack spools inside cabinets, racks, and enclosures to leave enough slack for future moves,
adds, and changes (MACs).
Copper Slack Management: Since copper cabling is limited to 100 m for Ethernet, it may be more
efficient to install 2 cables per drop, rather than adding additional cable slack within the permanent link.
 Cable slack should be piled in a “figure-8” pattern at the pulling junction.
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 Allow for at least 10’ (3-5 m) of slack at each end of the cable in a telecommunications room.
This may not be possible in racks or other applications with limited space and/or many bundles
of cables. One method to manage the slack in these cases is to install a cable tray above the
rack or cabinet.
 Allow for at least 12” (300 mm) of slack at work area outlets
Panduit Fiber Enclosures

Panduit’s HD Flex Raised Floor Enclosure is an efficient and cost-effective
method to design and deploy structured cabling systems for open office
architecture in any raised floor application. It saves valuable real estate in the
data center by allowing cable terminations below the raised floor, relieving
congestion in racks and cabinets.
Panduit’s HD Fusion Wall and Rack Mount Splice Enclosures house,
organize, manage, and protect cable-to-cable fusion splice connections. They
accommodate both large count fiber optic cables transitioning from outside the
building and smaller count cables within the data center.
Physical Network Security

Cyber security risks are on the rise due to our growing dependence on computer systems and smart
devices. It’s estimated that 90-95% of breaches are a result of human error. An unexpected port is an
invitation to enter and infect systems or access data that should be kept secure. Keyed connectivity and
lock-in/block-out devices prevent unauthorized access or unintentional movement of connections.
Lock-in devices prevent the removal of copper or fiber patch cords on devices, switches, or patch
panels. These small plastic devices slip over the patch cord plugs. They can only be removed with a
special tool, preventing unauthorized removal.
Block-out devices prevent the insertion of any fiber or copper plugs. These small plastic devices are
inserted in unused ports on devices, switches, or patch panels. They can only be removed with a
special tool, ensuring the safety and security of the network infrastructure.
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Lesson 6: Grounding and Bonding
29
Lesson 6 Objectives
In this lesson, we’ll look at the two main types of grounding and bonding systems and their relevance to
industry standards, National Electrical Codes (NEC), and the proper functioning of a
telecommunications network.
1. Describe the importance of a separate electrical and telecommunications grounding and
bonding system.
2. Identify the three components of a telecommunications grounding system.
3. Explain ground loops and how to mitigate them.
4. Explain how noise can affect the telecommunications network.
5. Identify ANSI/TIA-607 requirements for proper telecommunications grounding and bonding
systems.
Grounding Systems
There are two main types of grounding and bonding systems, both of which prevent stray voltage or
power from appearing on the network.
The first type of system is the electrical power safety grounding and bonding system. This system is
designed to eliminate voltages that can be hazardous to human life and to protect personnel. The
guidelines and requirements for electrical power safety grounding and bonding are specified by NEC
Article 250
The second type of system is the telecommunications grounding and bonding system. This system is
designed to remove stray power or voltage from low voltage data communication cables, which could
cause noise, create signal degradation, and affect the quality of the network. The guidelines for
telecommunications grounding and bonding systems are specified by Industry Standard ANSI/TIA-607
(ANSI/TIA-1005 for industrial environments).
These two systems should remain separate and only connect with one another in one location, which is
where both grounding systems connect to the earthing point.
Note: In this course, we will focus on ANSI/TIA Industry Standard guidelines. The specifications
outlined in ANSI/TIA Industry Standards do not contradict NEC requirements.
Telecommunications Grounding System Components

There are three main components of a proper telecommunications grounding and bonding system.
They are the bonding system, the grounding electrode system (GES), and the earthing point.
The bonding system connects the devices on the network to a telecommunications busbar, which
“bonds” all the devices together.
The GES or grounding electrode system connects all bonded equipment onto a single grounding
network.
At the earthing point, earthing rods or plates route all stray electrical power from the grounding
electrode system into the Earth.
Bonding (Telecommunications Bonding Infrastructure)

The telecommunications bonding infrastructure is located inside the building and electrically connects
all metallic physical infrastructure to drain any stray current to ground/Earth and provide the same
30
potential reference to the active equipment. The components of the network are attached with a
bonding jumper to a busbar. The purpose is to ensure network components maintain an equal electrical
reference potential.
The telecommunications network carries up to a 5 Volt DC signal that will be interpreted as a 1 or a 0
by the active equipment on the network. This is a very low voltage, and the signal can be completely
degraded by as little as 1- or 2-volts difference.
Grounding Electrode System (GES)

Once all equipment has been bonded together by connecting them to bonding busbars, all of the
bonding busbars must be connected to the GES. The GES typically connects to the earthing point at
the utility service entrance.
The GES is a large gauge wire or cable with less than 25 ohms of resistance that ties all equipment
together. The purpose of this system is to connect all stray voltage inside the building and direct it to
the earthing electrode system connected to the Earth.
It is vital that the GES provides a low resistance path to the ground to minimize damage to network
equipment, protect both personnel and the power system equipment, and prevent noise from traveling
back through the equipment to reach a path to ground.
Note: All Pathways should be connected to a grounding system for personnel safety In the event that
the Pathway becomes energized with hazardous electrical energy.
Earthing
Earthing establishes a physical connection point between the Earth and a bonded grounding system.
All building sites include components that are bonded together and attached to a common ground wire
that leads to a single earthing point.
Earthing electrode plates or rods are placed inside the Earth outside of the building’s service entrance
to provide a solid reference potential to the building’s electrical system, and to give electrical currents a
low resistance path into the ground. A low resistance path to Earth is critical to a properly functioning
grounding and bonding system. (Note: There are many factors that will determine whether a rod or
plate is used, such as the amount of current, soil, and surface composition, etc.)
Panduit’s Compression Direct Burial Lug far surpasses exothermic technology. It is faster to install,
lasts longer is UL listed, does not require a hot work permit, and is easy to inspect.
Telecommunications Bonding System Considerations

A properly designed and installed grounding and bonding system is critical for the safety of personnel.
Any system that provides power to equipment must have an electrical safety grounding system.
However, when data communication cabling or systems are present, a separate telecommunications
grounding and bonding system is necessary to ensure proper network performance. When installing or
maintaining a telecommunications grounding and bonding system, consider the following factors,
discussed below:
 Noise
 Shielding
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 Ground Loops
 ANSI/TIA-607 Requirements for Telecommunications Grounding & Bonding
Noise
Noise is generated by any changes in the flow of electrical current. These changes can disrupt the
system and result in a loss of signal integrity.
Noise can cause crosstalk and other forms of signal degradation in copper cabling, while stray currents
can even change the signal, causing data loss, retransmission, and bottlenecks.
Note: Noise only affects copper cabling (fiber is not susceptible to noise).
Once electrical noise is introduced onto a data cable, it can be transferred to a victim cable. This noise
can be transferred by means of inductive or capacitive coupling, or it can be electromagnetically
radiated.
There is no way to eliminate all noise. Proper grounding and shielding will mitigate noise to proper and
specified signal to noise rations for copper cabling (fiber optics are immune to noise).
Shielding
The inherent properties of twisting conductor pairs and twisting the entire cable as well as the divider in
the cable provide adequate protection from small amounts of noise in many enterprise environments.
But in some enterprise (and in most industrial environments), additional cable shielding is required to
prevent the noise from interfering with the signal.
Proper shielding, bonding, and grounding can mitigate noise in any environment when the properly
specified cabling and systems are properly deployed. Even when noise is not present, stray current will
disrupt the signal if not properly bonded and grounded.
Both ends of a shielded cable should be grounded to the same grounding and bonding system with a
single ground to Earth point. Grounding only one end of a shielded cable may introduce additional
noise to the network, also known as an “antenna effect”. If both ends are grounded and bonded to
separate grounding and bonding systems, a Grounding Electrode System equalization cable must be
used.
Ground Loops
A telecommunications grounding and bonding network should have no more than one Earth connection
point to avoid ground loops. However, most electrical power grounding and bonding networks have
multiple Earth contact points (electrodes, plates, etc.).
In cases where a telecommunications grounding and bonding system is tied to a power grounding
system with multiple Earth connection points, there are 3 ways to mitigate ground loops caused by
multiple points to Earth:
1. Remove any additional points to Earth and have only one point of ground to Earth
2. Add an isolation transformer to the extra path to ground/Earth
3. Since the first 2 methods listed above are both disruptive and expensive, the industry best
practice is to add the low impedance equalization cable to equalize the voltage reference
between systems. The grounding equalization cable reduces the chance of current flowing from
one grounding system to the other and causing unwanted noise on the signal.
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ANSI/TIA-607 Requirements for Telecommunications Grounding &
Bonding
ANSI/TIA-607 provides requirements for grounding and bonding that conform to the National Electric
Code (NEC; NFPA-70) and the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC; IEEE C2). There are five critical
requirements to follow when implementing a solid grounding and bonding system.
1. Protect Against Electrostatic Discharge: The largest contributor to a shortened lifespan of
network equipment is simple electrostatic discharges that are generated from the personnel that
work on the equipment without properly dissipating static buildup. Use an ESD wrist strap to
equalize yourself and the rack or cabinet to eliminate static build-up. Did you know? Static
shock must be at least 2,900 volts to be seen or felt, but equipment can be damaged by
as little as 15-30 volts!
Panduit’s ESD wrist straps and one- and two-hole port kits are designed to reduce static buildup
and discharge static electricity to protect both technicians and network equipment during
installation and routine maintenance.
2. Bond IT Equipment to the Rack or Cabinet: Ensure that all components that are installed in
the rack are bonded to either the vertical busbar or directly to the rack or cabinet itself (i.e., all
Panduit racks and cabinets).
3. Ensure Electrical Continuity: Electrical continuity is important to make sure that stray voltage,
current, and noise have a path to the ground. When it comes to effective grounding and
bonding, a major obstacle is the presence of paints and metal coatings – which serve as
unintentional insulators. Ensure that the rack or cabinet is electrically continuous by using a
busbar to bond the vertical mounting rails together, or by bonding multiple equipment jumper
kits to a single rack unit.
All of Panduit’s racks and cabinets are designed to be electrically continuous, eliminating the
need for a bonded busbar. The equipment rails, doors, and side panels are all bonded together
internally. Additionally, Panduit cabinets feature single-point bonding at the top and bottom of
the cabinet to easily connect to the Telecommunications Grounding Busbar (TGB).
4. Bond the Rack or Cabinet to the TGB: Once all components are bonded to the rack or
cabinet, the entire rack or cabinet must be properly bonded to the ground electrode system.
5. Bond Nearby Conductive Items to the TGB: Bond nearby conductive items (such as
pathways) to the TGB in case the pathway accidentally becomes energized.
Electrical continuity is important to make sure that stray voltage, current, and noise have a path to the
ground.
Grounding and Bonding Key Takeaway

It takes very little stray current or noise to interfere with signals. This means it’s critical that all
telecommunication networks are properly bonded and connected to the Earth (grounded) to ensure full
bandwidth communication and high-quality signal.
Even though there may be multiple grounding and bonding systems, tying them together with a GES
equalization cable will ensure the systems are at equal potential avoiding issues from a ground loop,
properly bonding shielded cable and making sure the bonding of all telecom equipment is electrically
continuous will ensure signal integrity because of constant reference voltage values ensuring high
quality communication signals in the structured cable network.
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Lesson 7: Industrial Environment
34
Lesson 7 Objectives
A standards-based approach to implementing a structured cabling methodology for the physical
industrial network is a critical factor in combatting network sprawl, troubleshooting challenges, safety
and security issues, and poor infrastructure
In this lesson, we’ll discuss unique considerations and industry standard requirements for installing
structured cabling systems in industrial environments.
1. Identify industry standard requirements for structured cabling deployment in industrial
environments.
2. Describe the four M.I.C.E. categories according to ANSI/TIA-1005.
3. Describe the three M.I.C.E. level ratings according to ANSI/TIA-1005.
4. Practice conducting a M.I.C.E. Analysis.
5. Define Ingress Protection and explain how an IP rating is established.
6. Identify Panduit's top enclosures for routing cables in the Industrial Environment.
Industry Standard ANSI/TIA-1005

While we’ve already discussed the most common structured cabling industry standards, cabling
systems that are deployed in industrial environments (i.e. manufacturing facilities, chemical plants,
refineries, etc.) are exposed to more harsh environmental conditions than commercial enterprise and
data center environments.
For this reason, industry standard ANSI/TIA-1005 provides requirements for infrastructure, distance,
telecommunications outlet and connector configuration, and topology for cabling systems that are
deployed in industrial environments. In contrast to TIA-568, which addresses commercial buildings, the
central concept of ANSI/TIA-1005 addresses the potential exposure to hostile environments in the
industrial space.
M.I.C.E
Harsh environments demand specific hardened cabling systems that can endure the conditions that are
often caused by machinery, chemicals, and extreme temperatures. M.I.C.E is a system concept defined
by industry standard TIA-1005-A that analyzes and rates industrial environments based on four
different categories. The purpose is to identify the necessary robustness of cabling systems and
components to perform in each environment.
Each letter (M,I,C,E) refers to a different group of environmental factors. Evaluating an environment
using these distinct categories allows you to determine the appropriate products for any given
environment.
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These environmental categories are:
 M stands for Mechanical and defines the level of machine vibration, shock/bump, peak
acceleration, displacement, amplitude, crush impact, and tensile force that that is present in an
industrial environment.
 I stands for Ingress and defines the amount of liquid and particulate matter that are present in
an industrial environment.
 C stands for Climatic/Chemical and defines the level of corrosive gases, acids or oil mixtures,
temperature extremes, and liquid pollution that are present in an industrial environment.
 E stands for Electromagnetic and defines the level of interference from inductive, capacitive, or
RF energy; lightning surges; electrostatic discharge; and noise that is present in an industrial
environment.
We will define each category and discuss how they are rated below.
M.I.C.E. Levels
Each environmental category may be rated as a level 1, 2, or 3. These levels represent the severity of
the worst-case environment in which the cabling or components could possibly be exposed. (Level 1
indicates the lowest severity while level 3 indicates the highest severity.) Each M.I.C.E. category may
be assigned a different level, depending on the industrial area under assessment (for example: M1 I2
C3 E1).
 Level 1: Environmentally controlled areas such as office environments. The components used
in these areas do not require much hardening.
 Level 2: Light industrial environments. The components used in these areas may require some
hardening.
 Level 3: Heavy industrial environments. The components in these areas require the most
hardening.
If there are any doubts when assessing an industrial environment, it is always better to err on the side
of caution and assign a higher (more severe) rating. Standard TIA-1005-A specifies acceptable limits of
common environmental factors in each category for each level.
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M.I.C.E Analysis: Mechanical
C B
When determining how to rate this environment for “M”, consider the following:
A. Shocks, bumps, jolts, etc. from machine rotation
B. Bending, flexing, and torsion of main robot cables
C. Vibration from machinery and the conveyor belt
How would you rate this environment for “M”?____________
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M.I.C.E Analysis: Ingress
A
B
When determining how to rate this environment for “I”, consider the following:
A. Dust and/or particulate matter
B. Temporary or continuous water exposure (jets, splashing, spraying)
How would you rate this environment for “I”?____________
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M.I.C.E Analysis: Chemical/Climatic
A
B
When determining how to rate an environment for “C”, consider the following:
A. Exposure to acids, oil mixtures, or other dangerous chemicals
B. Temperature and humidity
C. Likelihood of liquid or gas pollution
How would you rate this environment for “C”?____________
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M.I.C.E Analysis: Electromagnetic
When determining how to rate an environment for “E”, consider the following:
A. High powered motors
B. Likelihood of electromagnetic interference
C. Grounding and bonding
How would you rate this environment for “E”?____________
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Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings
Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings identify the level of protection that a specific component offers against
environmental factors like dust and water. The first digit indicates the level of protection from solid
(particle) ingress and the second digit represents the level of protection from liquid ingress. This rating
applies to almost any component that could be exposed to harsh environments.
Ingress Protection was originally a European (IEC std 60529) standard, but it is now recognized
globally. IP ratings closely align with NEMA standards, where ingress protection is tailored towards
connectors and cabling, and NEMA standards are tailored towards enclosures.
Industrial Enclosures
Enclosures in industrial areas must be able to withstand harsh environments that are subject to factors
like electromagnetic interference (EMI) or ingress.
Panduit offers several enclosures that provide protection for routing cables to the machine in the
Industrial Environment, including Micro Data Centers (MDC), Industrial Distribution Frames (IDF),
Network Zone Systems (NZS), and Control Panels.
 Micro Data Centers (MDC) provide a secure and protected environment for enterprise and
plant floor networks to converge.
 Industrial Distribution Frames (IDF) protect switches from both physical and thermal damage
in harsh industrial environments.
 Network Zone Systems (NZS) provide a link between the MDC and the control panel. The
NZS systems allow all cables within a cell/area zone to be managed and patched within a single
enclosure.
 Control Panels play a significant role in controlling EMI. The enclosure acts as a shield or
container to control the ingress and egress of EMI both to and from the control panel devices.
Panduit has a M.I.C.E. product selection guide outlining approved products based on the specifications
identified in standard TIA-1005-A. To access this guide, visit www.Panduit.com/miceguide.
41
Lesson 8: Copper Connectivity
42
Lesson 8 Objectives
In this section, we will explore the relationship between copper connectivity, structured cabling, and the
telecommunications network. We’ll discuss various types of shielding, jacket compositions, and industry
standard jacket ratings. Then, we’ll take a look at Panduit’s recommended copper cabling and
connector products for an efficient structured cabling system.
1. Describe the relationship between copper performance categories and the telecommunications
network.
2. Identify the different types of copper cable shielding.
3. Describe the various types of cable jacket compositions.
4. Define the industry standard cable jacket ratings for your region.
5. Identify the types of copper cabling and connectors available at Panduit, and their ideal
applications.
6. Explain the relationship between Power over Ethernet (PoE), copper cabling, and the
telecommunications network.
Copper Cable Construction

In a telecommunications network, copper cabling transmits power and data from the data center or
equipment room to the work area. Copper cables can either be made up of solid wire conductors or
stranded wire conductors. Stranded wire conductors are ideal for applications that require high flexibility
over shorter distances.
Copper cabling is inherently designed to reduce noise. Copper cables have a total of 8 wires that make
up 4 pairs. Signals are run on pairs rather than single wires so that two signals with opposite polarities
can be compared at the receiving end of the cable, to subtract noise from the transmitted signal. Each
conductor pair has different twist rates to avoid noise and cross talk between pairs. Copper cables also
feature basic insulation to prevent copper-to-copper contact within the cable structure.
Copper Performance Categories

The rate at which copper cabling transmits data from the data center or equipment room to the work
area is categorized by industry standards. These industry standard ratings are based on the
performance specifications of the cabling system.
Lower performance category cables (such as Category 5 cabling) only utilize two out of four twisted
pairs, meaning they transmit less data at slower speeds than cables in higher performance categories.
Higher performance category cables (such as Category 5E and above) utilize all four pairs to transmit
data, offering improved balance between twisted pairs, higher noise immunity, and greater performance
margins. However, higher category cabling may also come with distance limitations. Category 6A
cabling is recommended for the best combination of performance and maximum distance.
Copper Cable Shielding

Copper cables may come shielded (Shielded Twisted Pairs (STP)) or unshielded (Unshielded Twisted
Pairs (UTP)).
UTP cabling is most often recommended because it is both easier to install and less expensive than
STP cabling. For most applications, the insulation of the conductor pairs and pair dividers, the twisting
43
of the pairs, and the insulation that is inherent to the cable jacket in a UTP cable provide an adequate
level of protection against unwanted noise.
However, when it comes to environments with harsh conditions, additional shielding may be required to
protect the quality of the signal from additional noise being injected into the channel. STP cabling offers
the best performance against alien crosstalk and external noise.
Copper Shielding Types

A cable’s shielding type is identified by a series of letters displayed on the outside of the cable jacket.
The letters that are written before the slash refer to the type of shielding around the entire cable, while
the letters after the slash refer to the type of shielding around each conductor pair.
Each application is unique and may be susceptible to different types of noise. The level of additional
shielding required depends on the environment and the types of noise present. While noise can never
be 100% eliminated, the extra protection that shielding provides can result in reduced crosstalk and
attenuation, as well as an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio for the distance of the cable run.
Shielding Type Examples

Shielding type labels conform to the following conventions:
The letter(s) before the slash refers to the Letters after the slash refer to the type of
type of shielding around the entire cable shielding around each conductor pair
Unshielded – U UTP – Unshielded Twisted Pairs
Foil Shield – F FTP – Foil Shielded Twisted Pairs
Braided Screen - S STP - Braided Screen Twisted Pairs
 U/UTP: The “U” stands for unshielded and means

there is no overall shield around the cable. “UTP”
stands for unshielded twisted pairs and means there is
no shielding around the individual pairs within the
cable. This type of cabling is ideal for low budget,
indoor environments that require quick terminations
(i.e., office environment).
 U/FTP: The “U” stands for unshielded and means there
is no overall shield around the cable. “FTP” stands for
foil twisted pairs and means that each individual twisted
pair has a foil shield. This type of cabling is ideal for
indoor environments that have limited space and
require cabling with a smaller diameter and high NEXT
(Near End Crosstalk) performance (i.e. Data Center,
Research lab). We will discuss NEXT later in this
course.
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 F/UTP: The “F” stands for foil shield and means there is
a foil shield around the overall cable. “UTP” stands for
unshielded twisted pairs and means there is no shielding
around the individual pairs within the cable. This type of
cabling is ideal for low-budget, indoor environments that
require quick terminations and protection against
ambient noise and alien crosstalk (i.e., basic plant floor
that may contain simple motors). This is the most
common type of cabling used in the United States.
 F/FTP: The “F” stands for foil shield and means there is
a foil shield around the overall cable. “FTP” stands for
indoor environments that require protection against
ambient noise and alien crosstalk (i.e., plant floor with
high interference due to complex motors and high
torque).
 S/FTP: “S” stands braided shield and means there is a
braided shield around the overall cable. “FTP” stands for
harsh environments that require high levels of
environmental protection and high NEXT performance
(i.e., Marine, Oil/gas, Plant operator workstation).
 SF/UTP: “SF” stands for braided shield and foil shield
around the overall cable. “UTP” stands for unshielded
twisted pairs and means there is no shielding around the
individual pairs within the cable. This type of cabling is
ideal for industrial environments that require the highest
levels of protection against ambient noise and alien
crosstalk (i.e., Control panels).
North American Cable Jacket Rating

All cables that will be used in an indoor environment must be rated for the environment in which they
will be utilized. Cables must meet fire resistance requirements that align with international fire safety
standards (IEC332) and building codes. Cables are rated by evaluating their ignitability, and the rate of
burning, flame spread, and evolution of toxic gas.
 CL/CM/CMG: These cable jackets are sufficient for general building wiring and communication
applications such as Ethernet. They are subject to flame testing to ensure that the cable does
not spread flames more than 2.4 meters (8 feet).
 CMR (Riser): In commercial spaces, riser rated cables are used in vertical telecommunications
infrastructures that connect one floor to another. These cables are constructed to prevent fires
from spreading from one floor to another too quickly and are rated for use in vertical shafts.
 CMP (Plenum): CMP or “plenum” rated cable is used inside a plenum space. A plenum is any
confined space such a duct or the space below a raised floor or above suspended ceiling that
contains air that’s going to be moved and handled for breathing of occupants. Plenum rated
cables are not only tested for flame but also the emission of toxic of gasses in case they are
burned. A plenum rating ensures that the cable rejects the spread of the toxic gasses. Plenum
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rated cable may be used in place of a riser or general cable. However, no other cable can be
used to replace a plenum cable. This is the strictest cable jacket rating because air is likely to be
routed to high traffic “breathing spaces”.
 LSZH: In the United States, Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) is not considered a jacket
“rating”. Rather, it is a design standard that is available for any cable jacket rating. This jacket
design reduces the amount of smoke and toxic gasses that are produced if the cable burns.
Note: In the United States, LSZH rated cable is not allowed to be used in commercial buildings unless it
is dual rated as LSZH/CM or LSZH/CMR. However, LSZH is considered a rating in Canada and Latin
America.
European Fire Rating

The Construction Products Regulation (CPR) is a mandatory European regulation that identifies 7
classes that reflect the reactions of copper and fiber cabling to fire, fire resistance, and the release of
dangerous substances in real-life environments. As of July 1st, 2017, this new regulation replaces the
previous LZSH design standard.
All indoor rated cables are tested for both flame propagation and toxicity when burned. In some spaces
it is more important to have low flame propagation characteristics to avoid spreading the fire to other
compartments of the building. In other spaces it is more important that the cable produce fewer toxic
fumes to allow inhabitants of the space to be able to breath while they evacuate.
Cables must be measured in a simulated environment against 4 different test criteria. Cables must also
be given a Declaration of Performance (DOP), which must be available to the public. Panduit has
classified its existing portfolio of copper and fiber horizontal cables utilizing approved notified bodies,
ensuring compliance with CPR requirements.
Cable Jacket Composition

Cable jackets provide varying levels of protection against arcing, contact with other metallic objects,
and physical damage that can result from movement or abrasion, chemicals, and extreme
temperatures.
Cable jackets can be constructed of either Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyurethane (PUR), or
Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE). The appropriate type of jacket composition will depend on the
application for which it is being selected. Each type of jacket has different characteristics that are
designed to perform differently when it comes to temperature, UV exposure, exposure to oils or
chemicals, abrasion resistance, flexibility for high movement applications, etc. Therefore, it’s important
to understand the environment, intended use, and required distance of the cable, prior to selection.
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): PVC is a general-purpose cable. It is the least expensive type of
cable composition and is used in almost all Enterprise applications. It has high moisture
resistance, which makes it an excellent choice for low pressure wash down applications. PVC
cable has excellent resistance to sun and UV exposure, oxidation, ozone and flames, acid, and
alcohol. Note: PVC should not be used in manufacturing setting where silicon is present. Silicon
will migrate through the PVC causing high impedance and in turn, affecting network
performance.
 Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE): TPE is a high-quality flexible cable, engineered with plastic
characteristics and rubber jacketed material. It has the highest flex rating and can be utilized for
10 million cycles. It excels in extreme weather, oil and UV exposure, and high-flex applications.
TPE may also be recycled.
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 Polyurethane (PUR): PUR is also an option for UV exposure and offers the best oil, abrasion,
and decent high-flex resistance. PUR is also free of halogen, chloride, iodine, fluorine, bromine,
and astatine.
Power and Data Communication Cables

With the convergence of Ethernet into industrial environments, the use of Ethernet cables inside of 600-
volt control panel applications (regulated by NFPA 79 and the NEC) is becoming more common. As a
result, network cables are often exposed to very high voltages, which can negatively affect the
performance of the network. In these environments, electrical safety must become a design
consideration.
PI (Power Influence) occurs when the electromagnetic field of a power cable interferes with the signal
on a data cable. There must be a 6-inch separation or metallic divider between datacom cables and
power cables to eliminate bit errors that are commonly caused by PI resulting from either heat or EMI.
600V Electrical Safety Requirements:
 The NEC identifies SF/UTP as the minimum shielding that is acceptable for 600V-rated cable.
 Panduit’s 600V cable may not share a tray with 600V power cable. It may only be located near
600V power cable when properly routed inside of a control panel. (Panduit offers a PLTC cable
that may be placed in a tray next to power cables carrying up to 300V.)
Power Limited Tray Cables are designed to lay in a tray next to power cables carrying up to 300V
without a metal separator or space in between in the cables. PLTC is governed by UL 13 and has a
minimum conductor gauge size of 22 AWG.
Panduit has the most flexible (TPE material) 600V cabling on the market rated for 10,000,000 cycles.
It’s great for use on robots, indoor cranes, and other moving equipment, and there is no need to
separate 600V cable from high voltage power cables.
Copper Connectors: Mini-Com & NetKey

While the most common type of connector used to terminate Ethernet cables in a telecommunications
network is the RJ45 connector, Panduit offers a wide range of copper connectors for different
environments and applications.
NetKey:
Panduit’s NetKey® connectors feature a universal, standards-based, keystone design. They are
compatible with a wide assortment of modular patch panels, faceplates, and surface mount boxes for
ultimate design flexibility and easy moves, adds, and changes. The connectors meet or exceed industry
performance standards and are 100% performance tested and individually serialized for future
traceability. NetKey connectors are available in Leadframe, Punchdown, and TP termination styles.
NetKey connectors are universal, meaning they are compatible with products from any other
manufacturer.
Mini-Com:
Panduit’s Mini-Com® connectors feature the universal Mini-Com® design and are compatible with all
Mini-Com® faceplates, modular patch panels, and surface mount boxes for ultimate design flexibility
and easy moves, adds, and changes. The connectors meet or exceed industry performance standards
and are 100% performance tested and individually serialized for future traceability. Connectors can
handle the 10 Gigabit speeds, bandwidth, and frequency of all Category 6A applications.
47
Mini-Com connectors are available in both TG and TP termination styles. The TG termination style is
available in both shielded and unshielded variations. The shielded Mini-Com TG Jack is recommended
for industrial installations where EMI may be present or Enterprise applications where high bandwidth is
required.
Copper Connectors: Angled Wire Caps

Panduit’s Angled Wire Caps provide improved cable routing to “TG-Style” connectors in confined
spaces. The Up/Down and Left/Right 45° Angled Wire Caps exceed TIA and ISO channel and
component requirements. These wire caps are ideal for ensuring proper bend radius and wire
management of cabling that is used in a raceway, modular desk, or patch panel.
UD:
Up/Down Angled Wire caps allow cables to route at an up or down angle to maintain proper bend
radius. From the side, U/D wire caps feature a unique diamond shape. Up/Down Angled Wire caps are
an excellent choice for saving space in a typical wall outlet application.
LR:
Left/Right Angled Wire caps allow cables to route from the left or right to maintain proper bend radius.
From the side, L/R wire caps feature unique triangle shape. Left/Right Angled Wire Caps are an
excellent choice for saving space in patch panels.
Copper Connectors: RJ45 Field Term Plug

Panduit’s RJ45 Field Term Plug is a simple-to-attach male plug for field termination with a “TG-Style”
wire cap. The plug is ideal for connecting network devices such as wireless access points, LED lighting,
security cameras, sensors, building access units, display panels, and others. It is backwards
compatible, features a simple two-part assembly, and can handle a wide range of cable gauges
(26AWG-22AWG). The fast termination is easy to learn and reliable. It uses a compact and lightweight
termination tool and is a great choice for POE Devices. However, it does not have an IP rating. The
unshielded version of this plug has a temperature range of -40°C/F to 75°C or 167°F.
The field term plug is available in both shielded and unshielded variations. The shielded RJ45 Field
Term Plug is constructed of a robust die cast housing and is fully shielded. It is field attachable for on-
site termination and can be assembled in 60 seconds. It is made for high noise (EMI/RFI) environments
and handles an extended temperature range of -40°C to 85°C (-40°F to 185°F) for more demanding
applications such as manufacturing facilities.
Copper Connectors: IndustrialNet M12

Panduit also offers two non-RJ45 field term plug variations for industrial environments. Panduit’s
IndustrialNet M12 D-Code and M12 X-Code Field Term Plugs are ideal for high noise environments
with varying temperatures. They offer fast and simple termination and can be used with a wide range of
cable gauges.
M12 D-Code:
The IndustrialNet M12 D-code plug uses a 4-position wiring scheme with a 2-pair connection. It is used
to connect industrial equipment transmitting 100 Mb Ethernet. The M12 D-code plug features an IP 65
and IP 67 performance rating and offers protection against dust and intermittent immersion in water.
M12 X-Code:
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The IndustrialNet M12 X-code plug uses an 8-position wiring scheme with a 4-pair connection. It is
specifically designed for environments with high vibration and impact such as outside machinery and
conveyors. Like the M12 D-code plug, the X-code plug features an IP 65 and IP 67 performance rating.
Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Power over Ethernet (PoE) safely allows electrical power and data to transmit concurrently on a single
twisted pair cable of Category 5e or above, reducing installation cost and time by eliminating the need
for a separate electrical cable to each device.
As the use of Ethernet has grown, an increasing number of telecommunications networks feature IP
devices that require power and bandwidth to travel beyond the standard of 100 m, including VoIP
phones, Wireless Access Points (WAP), security devices, LED lighting, and digital signage. The
industry has recognized this need and has developed PoE++ equipment that will supply 49 to 96 watts.
While cabling and connectors can handle a 1000 mA current and 96 W of power, both the increase in
temperature that results from cable bundling and “arcing” of connectors can cause the following
problems:
 Some temperature rise will increase cable insertion loss and may create bit errors for your
application.
 Extreme temperatures that increase past the recommended cable operating range can damage
the cable.
 “Arcing” occurs when a plug is removed from a connector with live PoE. It can damage the plug
and jack contacts, making transmission through them impossible.
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Lesson 9: Copper Testing
50
Lesson 9 Objectives
Manufacturers typically offer structured cabling system warranties, as long as the system’s copper and
fiber components have been certified in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements. In this
section, we’ll discuss the testing parameters and results that are required by industry standards, as well
as the specific requirements to obtain a Panduit Structured Cabling Copper System Warranty.
1. Differentiate between three types of copper system testing (permanent link, channel, and
modular plug terminated link).
2. Identify general copper performance testing best practices and ANSI/TIA 568 requirements.
3. Identify copper performance testing parameters.
4. List the requirements to receive Panduit's Copper System Warranty.
Copper System Tests

Permanent link tests measure the performance of the permanently installed horizontal cable that runs
from a terminated link located in an outlet to another located in a telecommunications space or data
center. This test provides information about the permanently fixed portion of the cabling system. A
“Pass” result for a permanent link ensures that the channel will function correctly (as long as compliant
patch cords are used).
Channel tests measure the performance of the complete end-to-end cabling system, including the
permanent link, and the patch cords that connect the active equipment. While channel tests are the
preferred method of testing for certification, patch cords are not always available upon the initial
installation of the cabling system.
In lieu of full channel data, Panduit will provide a channel warranty upon submission of
permanent link test data, with the requirement that Panduit patch cords will be used in the
channel.
Modular Plug Terminated Link (MPTL) Tests

Some cabling infrastructures can benefit from a direct connect topology to the Networked device. MPTL
(Modular Plug Terminated Link) Tests measure the performance of cabling infrastructures with devices
located in ceilings or in other locations where installing a faceplate is impractical. In these scenarios,
the permanent link is terminated directly to the field terminated plug, which eliminates the equipment
cord.
While traditionally, TIA has only recognized structured cabling to end point devices, the most recent
version of TIA 568-D recognizes direct connect topologies as standards compliant. Direct connect field
plug terminated links offer simplicity and convenience for installations that are semi-permanent and are
not expected to have changes.
Copper Testing Parameters

When certifying a copper cabling system, there are a number of parameters to consider. Each
parameter is automatically measured by connecting a transmitter and receiver at the opposite ends of
the cabling. A signal is inserted across the cable, measured between the two devices, and compared to
the standard limits that are stored in the tester software to determine whether the cabling meets the
requirements defined for the cabling performance.
With the increasing complexity of high-performance cabling systems, determining the cause of failure
and quickly restoring the performance is critical to improving productivity.
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Refer to the manufacturer’s warranty of the cabling you are using to determine which parameters you
are required to test and document. We’ll go over some best practices, key parameters, and
troubleshooting steps on the next few slides.
When moving from Cat 6 to 6a. the bandwidth and frequency double, introducing the potential for
crosstalk and reduced performance.
Testing Best Practices

When performing either the channel or permanent link test, you should follow these best practices:
 Ensure you are using a tester approved by the manufacturer.
 Make sure the “test set” is set to the required standard and category of cabling.
 Attach the adapters to the transmitter and receiver.
 Permanent link adapter modules are equipped with 1 m (3.3’) test leads.
 Channel adapter modules are equipped with RJ45 jacks.
 To certify a Category 6 patch cord, you must use the correct patch cord adapters and
the correct patch cord test limit.
 Once the link has been connected to the tester at both ends, the auto test function is selected
on the transmitter, and the test signal is launched and measured.
 The tester usually shows a Pass or Fail result for the overall test.
 The diagnostic results for each of the test parameters can be viewed through the menus on the
tester.
 Test results can be saved and downloaded to a computer for record keeping or printing.
Test Parameters and Results

Most testers will automatically test the parameters defined in industry standard ANSI/TIA 568-B.1 and
report a status of pass or fail.
Wire Map:
 The test ensures the correct placement of all conductors in
the wire caps, and that the jack modules are placed correctly,
with the proper orientation of the conductor pair colors.
 To conduct a wire map test, the tester inserts a signal on one
end of conductor 1 and searches for the signal at the other
end of cable 1. This process is repeated for all 8 copper cable
conductors.
 If this test fails, you must identify the end of the cable that is
mapped incorrectly and re-terminate that end of the cable. If the test still fails, you may also
need to re-terminate the other end of the cable.
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Propagation Delay:
 Propagation Delay is the amount of time that is required
for a signal to propagate from one end of the circuit to
the other.
 A long propagation delay means the cable is too long
and must be shortened.
Delay Skew:
 Delay Skew is the difference between the propagation
delay on the fastest and slowest pairs in a UTP cable.
The cable constructions employ different types of
insulation materials and different twisted rates on
different pairs.
 A delay skew failure may indicate the need to replace
the cable.
Cable Length:
 Cable length testing determines the total distance
traveled by the signal from one end of the cable to the
other. This is also known as electrical length which is
greater than physical length due to the twisting of the
conductors. The electrical length of the cable should not
exceed 100 meters. Note: This means you should cut
the cable less than 100 physical meters.
 If this test fails, inspect the cable and check for coiled service loops, damage, or poor
terminations.
 Ensure the non-velocity of propagation is set correctly on the tester.
Insertion Loss (Measured as Attenuation):
 This test measures the loss of signal strength from one
end of the cable link to the other.
 To test insertion loss, the tester inserts a control signal
and measures the attenuation or degradation of that
signal over the length of the cable.
 The results of the test are based on cable length, type of cable, and the number of connectors.
It is also influenced by any damage to the cable or changes made by the technician performing
the termination (i.e., untwisting pairs too much, etc.).
 If this test fails, the cause could be related to either the cable or the termination. Use a Time
Domain Reflectometer tester to determine if there is cable damage, and if so, where it’s located.
If there is no cable damage, re-terminate the connection.
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Return Loss:
 This test measures the amount of signal that is lost as it is
reflected towards the transmitting end of the cable.
 To test return loss, the tester inserts a control signal into the
near end of the cable. Any imperfections in either the cable or the terminations will cause a
portion of the signal to reflect to the near end, rather than traveling to the far end.
 A certain amount of return loss is acceptable, but higher levels of return loss indicate cable
damage. Use a Time Domain Reflectometer tester to determine if there is cable damage, and if
so, where it’s located. If there is no cable damage, re-terminate the connection.
NEXT (Near End Crosstalk):
 Cross talk is an unwanted signal on the conductor pairs and
will result in degraded performance, retransmissions, and
data/package loss. This results in a bottle neck in
performance from multiple transmissions of the same data
when it is unreadable.
 NEXT measures the ability of a cable to minimize crosstalk
between two conductor pairs at the near end of the cable transmission.
 If this test fails, check for lower category patch cords. If adequate patch cords are used, use a
TDR to identify the failing cable end and inspect the twists at the connection points. Replace or
re-terminate as needed.
PS (Power Sum) NEXT:
 PS-NEXT is the total amount of near-end crosstalk
between all conductor pairs within the cable. This is very
important for high-speed networks such as Gigabit
Ethernet.
 If this test fails, check for lower category patch cords. If
adequate patch cords are used, use a TDR to identify the
failing cable end and inspect the twists at the connection points. Replace or re-terminate as
needed.
ACR-N (Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio – Near End):
 ACR-N is the difference between insertion loss and near-
end crosstalk of a single pair. This parameter is
informative only and will not cause failure of the link.
adequate patch cords are used, use a TDR to identify the
failing cable end and inspect the twists at the connection
points. Replace or re-terminate as needed. (Same as above.)
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ACR-F (Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio - Far End):
 ACR-F is the difference between the insertion loss of the
disturbing pair and the far-end crosstalk that it induces in
an adjacent pair, at the far end.
adequate patch cords are used, use a TDR to identify the failing cable end and inspect the
twists at the connection points. Replace or re-terminate as needed. (Same as above.)
Power Sum Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio Far End (PS ACR–F):
 PS ACRF is the total amount of far-end crosstalk between
all conductor pairs within the cable. Just like PS NEXT, PS
ACR-F is very important for high-speed networks such as
Gigabit Ethernet.
 Far End Crosstalk (FEXT) is like NEXT, but as its name
implies, it is measured at the far end of the channel. FEXT alone doesn't tell us much, since
signals are attenuated over a distance. The FEXT measurement compares the original signal to
the signal coupled in an adjacent wire pair and arriving at the far end. NEXT is mostly a result of
capacitive coupling along the cable, while FEXT is mostly the result of inductive coupling at
connectors.
 For implementations that transmit on one pair in each direction (such as 10BASE-T and
100BASE-TX) FEXT is largely irrelevant. However, for technologies such as 1000BASE-T, that
transmit on multiple pairs in the same direction, FEXT is a very important property to test
because it represents another disturbance for a receiver.
Submitting Test Results for Panduit Warranty

A certified passing test report (one that has been verified by the Partner) for each link and/or channel
must be submitted to and received by Panduit Corp. no later than 6 months after the last date of testing
is complete for the installation. Panduit will not issue a warranty for an installation whose last testing
date is older than 6 months. In such a case, you will be required to retest all links and channels and
submit new test reports in order to receive a warranty for that entire installation.
A certified passing test report for each link and/or channel must be submitted to and received by
Panduit Corp. prior to the date the warranty is issued. The warranty will not cover any link and/or
channel that is not identified in a certified passing test report.
Each certified test report must clearly indicate the following:
1. The date the test was conducted.
2. For fiber installations, a passing test report for each reference cord must be submitted in
accordance with the requirements set forth on Exhibit 1 to this Appendix A. See “Testing
Requirements for Fiber Links” on Exhibit 1 of this Appendix A.
3. The designated link and/or channel performance level (i.e. Category 3, Category 5, Class C,
Category 5E, Class D, Category 6, Class E, Category 6A, Class Ea.), and the link configuration
(permanent link or channel).
4. A link identifier in compliance of ANSI/TIA- 606-B and ISO/IEC 14763-2-1.
5. A “PASS” or “*PASS” test result for the overall test requirements specified in the Commercial
Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards for each designated link and/or channel
classification.
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6. For fiber installations only, no negative loss values will be accepted as a “PASS” test result.
7. The installation project name.
8. The test equipment manufacturer, test equipment model, and test equipment test cord adapter
part number.
9. The design, installation, and maintenance of the structured cabling installation must follow
Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling standards and their subsequent revisions,
except where authorized in writing by Panduit.
10. Test reports generated by standard field test equipment must list all necessary performance
results as specified in the Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards for the
designated link and/or channel performance level (i.e. Category 3, Category 5, Class C,
Category 5E, Class D, Category 6, Class E, Category 6A, Class Ea.).
11. Each test report must contain a clear distinct designated permanent link or channel
classification (i.e. Category 3, Category 5, Class C, Category 5E, Class D, Category 6, Class E,
Category 6A, Class Ea., Multimode or Singlemode). No alternate or added descriptions. An “*”
(asterisk) i.e. *Pass preceding a passing test result can be considered acceptable as long as it
meets minimum compliance to the cabling standards.
12. Each optical fiber link test report must include both link loss and length in order to verify
compliance to the cabling standards.
13. All information must be uploaded to The Hub in the field tester manufacturers’ standard file
format. Please contact the Panduit Warranty Department, if you are unsure of the correct file
format: warranty@panduit.com.
Approved Copper Testing Devices

Below is the list of Panduit’s approved copper testers.
FLUKE NETWORKS
 DSX600
 DSX5000
 DSX5000
 DSX8000
IDEAL
 LanTEK III
 LanTEK II (CAT 6 max)
VIAVI Solutions
 Certifier40G
SOFTING
 WireXpert 4500
 WireXpert 4500FA
AEM
 TestPro 100
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Lesson 10: Copper Terminations
57
Lesson 10 Objectives
In this lesson, we will start by defining some key factors that should be considered for all copper
terminations, including cable ends and wiring schemes. Then, you will practice preparing the cable and
terminating five different Panduit copper connectors. For each connector, we will explore the necessary
materials, terminology, and steps to achieve a successful termination.
1. Differentiate between cable end 1 and 2.
2. Identify the two types of wiring schemes according to ANSI/TIA-568.
3. Explain the relationship between the orientation of the connector, the cable, and the wire cap.
4. Terminate 5 of Panduit’s top selling copper connectors.
The connectors we will terminate in this section include:
 Mini-Com Shielded TG Jack
 RJ 45 Field Term Plug
 45 Degree Left/Right Angled Wire Cap
 45 Degree Up/Down Angled Wire Cap
 IndustrialNet M12 D-Code Plug
Cable Ends 1 and 2

When terminating any of Panduit’s copper connectors, you must first begin by identifying the cable end.
After you cut a piece of cable from the reel, hold it so that both ends are facing you. From this position,
you are looking into the ends of the cable, the two cable ends become a mirror image of each other.
This is important to understand, because if you terminate both ends the same, the wire mapping of pair
1 to pair 1 will be incorrect.
You can determine the cable end by inspecting a copper cable that has been stripped on one or both
ends.
Determine the Cable End:
1. Begin by holding the cable so that you are looking “into the ends” (both ends facing you).
2. Next, examine the position of the conductor pairs. While looking into the ends of the cable,
make sure that the brown and blue pairs are positioned to the left.
a. On cable end 1 the brown pair will be positioned on “the bottom” left, and the blue pair
will be positioned on “the top” left.
b. On cable end 2 the brown pair will be positioned on “the top” left, and the blue pair will
be positioned on “the bottom” left.
T-568 Wiring Schemes

The labels on Panduit’s connectors align to the T-568 B wiring scheme, which is the wiring scheme we
will use for the copper terminations in this course. In order to terminate a Panduit copper connector
according to the T-568 A wiring scheme, you can simply swap the seated position of the green and
orange conductors after they have been inserted into the cap.
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Prepare the Cable
Materials:
Copper Wire Snipping Tool (CWST)
Copper Cable Jacket Stripping Tool (CJAST)
Cat 6A F/UTP Shielded Copper Cable (PFP6X04BU-UG)
Cut the Cable:
1. Set the C-JAST tool to a cutting depth of “3”. The higher the number on the C-JAST, the deeper
the cut will be. A setting of 3 is a good starting point because it’s better to cut too shallow than
too deep. Cutting too deep could result in cutting into the insulation around the cable pairs. If
you are unable to remove the jacket, try the next setting.
2. Insert 1.5” to 2” of the cable into the tool and carefully rotate the tool around the cable 2 times.
3. Gently bend the cable to remove the jacket that has been cut.
Remove the Divider:
1. After you have removed the cut jacket, carefully bend the conductor pairs down and away from
the center to allow access to the divider.
2. Use your snippers to cut the divider flush with the remaining cable jacket. It is best to partially
cut through most of the divider and then twist it off to avoid nicking or cutting the insulation on
the conductor pairs, or the conductor pairs themselves.
Note: If you are terminating a shielded cable but are not connecting shielded cap, then also carefully
remove the foil or braided shielding and the drain wire.
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Termination: Mini-Com TG Shielded Jack
Total Activity Time: 20 Minutes
Materials:
 Cat 6A Mini-Com Shielded TG Jack Module with Straight Wire Cap (CJS6X88TGY)
 TG Termination Tool (EGJT-1)
 Copper Wire Snipping Tool (CWST)*
 Copper Cable Jacket Stripping Tool (CJAST)*
 Cat 6A F/UTP Shielded Copper Cable (PFP6X04BU-UG)*
*Use the cable you prepared in the previous activity.
TG Jack Module Orientation
To properly terminate any TG jack module, the most important thing to consider is orientation of the
jack module. “Orientation” refers to whether the latch on the jack module is facing up or down and will
determine the correct placement for your conductors inside the wire cap. During termination, you must
ensure that the jack module and conductors maintain the same orientation for correct wiring.
 Latch Facing Down: When terminating cable end 1 with a straight TG wire cap that is oriented
to a downward facing latch, the blue and orange pairs will also be positioned downwards. The
blue and orange pairs should always be positioned in the same direction as the latch on the jack
module.
 Latch Facing Up: When terminating cable end 1 with a straight TG wire cap that is oriented to
an upward facing latch, the blue and orange pairs will also be positioned upwards. Again, the
blue and orange pairs should always be positioned in the same direction as the latch on the jack
module.
Orient the Cable and Jack Module
 When terminating cable end 1, lay the cable so that the blue and the orange pairs are oriented
to line up with the latch on the jack module as we mentioned earlier. Be sure to maintain this
orientation and positioning throughout the entire termination process.
Termination
Cable Preparation (QUICK STEPS – SEE DETAILED STEPS BELOW)*:
1. Set the C-JAST tool to “3”.
2. Insert 1.5” to 2” of the cable.
3. Rotate the tool 2 times around the cable and remove the jacket. (Since we are terminating a
shielded jack module, leave the foil shielding intact and carefully peel back the shielding and the
drain wire along the cable.)
4. Remove the divider.
5. Orient the cable and jack module.
*These steps are listed for your convenience. The cable should already be prepared for this
activity. Proceed to the termination steps below.
Termination (12 Minutes):

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1. Align the foil and drain wire back over the outer jacket and on top of the blue/orange pairs. This
will ensure that the metal strain relief of the shielded wire cap will press directly on the drain wire
and shielding, for an electrically continuous bond.
2. Separate the four conductor pairs so they can be easily guided through the four quadrants of
the wire cap, according to the TIA-568 B wiring scheme. (In order to terminate a Panduit copper
connector according to the T-568 A wiring scheme, you can simply swap the seated position of
the green and orange conductors, after they have been inserted into the cap.)
3. Insert the conductors into the wire cap (the opening near the strain relief) according to the TIA-
568 B wiring scheme. Orient the orange/blue pairs so they are on the same side of the wire cap
as the strain relief.
4. Push the wire cap firmly onto the cable, ensuring that the wire cap is fully seated against the
end of the cable jacket.
5. Place the wire cap into the correct slot on the green EGJT-1 tool.
6. Apply pressure to the tab on the tool to fully depress the strain relief firmly on to the cable
jacket. Ensure that the strain relief is in direct contact with the cable jacket (not the conductors).
7. Untwist the conductor pairs only as much as necessary to seat them into their respective
grooves in the castle. (Too much untwisting can lead to crosstalk.) If the blue pair is positioned
on the left side of the wire cap, seat all white conductors on the left, with their colored
counterparts on the right. If the blue pair is positioned on the right side of the wire cap, seat all
white conductors on the right, with their colored counterparts on the left.
8. Double check that all conductors are fully seated in the correct location and position.
9. Snip the conductor pairs to trim them flush with the outside wall of the wire cap. If the strain
relief is placed on the jacket properly, the conductors will not move inside the wire cap, and
there is no need for excess wire.
10. Place the jack module into the correct side of the EGJT-1 tool (the opposite side used to
depress the strain relief) and hold it firmly in place. Lift the free end of the EGJT-1 tool so that
the curved end pushes the wire cap into the jack module, until you hear an audible click.
11. Test your connection.
Terminating Cable End 2
When terminating cable end 2, the objective is to maintain correct wire mapping. This can be
accomplished by doing two things:
1. First, instead of the blue/orange pairs, you will orient the brown/green pairs, so they are on the
same side of the wire cap as the strain relief on the wire cap, and the latch on the jack module.
2. Then, you will reverse the conductor pairs, after they have been placed inside the wire cap.
Note: It’s important to ensure that the wires are reversed after they are inserted into the cap, to
eliminate crosstalk.
3. Once the strain relief has been depressed, route the conductor pairs around the post of the
castle. Crossing the orange and green conductors (with the green pair positioned to the outside
of the post) and the brown and blue conductors (with the blue pair positioned to the outside of
the post). Then, fully seat the crossed pairs into their respective grooves and complete the
termination.
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Termination: RJ45 Field Term Plug
Total Activity Time: 20 minutes
Materials:
 RJ 45 Field Term Plug with Straight Wire Cap (FP6X88MTG)
 TG Termination Tool (EGJT-1)
*For this activity, start by cutting off the previously terminated connector and preparing the
cable for the new termination.
Prepare the Cable
Cable Preparation (QUICK STEPS – SEE DETAILED STEPS BELOW):
3. Rotate the tool 2 times around the cable and remove the jacket.
4. Remove the divider (for the purpose of this activity, remove the shielding from the cable, if
present).
5. Orient the cable and field term plug.
Step 1: Cut the Cable:
1. To begin, set the C-JAST tool to a cutting depth of “3”. The higher the number on the C-JAST,
the deeper the cut will be. A setting of 3 is a good starting point because it’s better to cut too
shallow than too deep. Cutting too deep could result in cutting into the insulation around the
cable pairs. If you are unable to remove the jacket, try the next setting.
2. Insert 1.5” to 2” of the cable into the tool.
3. Carefully rotate the tool around the cable 2 times and remove the jacket that has been cut.
Step 2: Remove the Divider:
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Termination
1. Separate the four conductor pairs so they can be easily guided through the four quadrants of
the wire cap, according to the TIA-568 B wiring scheme. (A wiring in Canada.)
as the strain relief.
4. Place the wire cap into the correct slot on the green EGJT-1 tool.
9. Place the field term plug into the correct side of the EGJT-1 tool (the opposite side used to
depress the strain relief) and hold it firmly in place. Lift the free end of the EGJT-1 tool so that
the curved end pushes the wire cap into the field term plug, until you hear an audible click.
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Termination: Left 45° Angled Wire Cap
Materials:
 Cat 6A Mini-Com TG Jack (CJ6X88TGBU)
 Left/Right 45-Degree Angled Wire Cap (CJLRCAPBU)
 45-Degree Angled Wire Cap Termination Tool (TGSJT)
*For this activity, you will need to begin by cutting off the previously terminated connector and
preparing the cable for the new termination.
Prepare the Cable
present).
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Angled Wire Cap Orientation
To properly terminate a 45-degree angled wire cap, you must consider the orientation of the cable, the
jack module, and the wire cap. To ensure a properly terminated 45-degree angled wire cap, the jack
module and conductor pairs must maintain the same orientation during the termination.
Jack Module
When terminating the wire cap, you will be looking at the jack from the front view. However, if you plug
the jack into a wall or patch panel after it has been terminated, you will no longer be looking at the
“front”. Instead, you will be looking at it from the rear view. It is critical that the wire cap and jack module
are always rotated as a single unit to ensure they maintain the same view for proper termination
orientation.
Wire Cap
How the cap is placed onto the cable determines where the conductor pairs will reside once the wire
cap and jack module are engaged. During termination, it is critical to ensure that the jack module and
conductors maintain the same orientation for correct wiring.
1. Orient the cable with the blue and orange pairs facing down.
2. Orient the jack module with the latch facing down.
3. Orient the wire cap with the cable exit facing in the direction of your desired termination.
Left Termination
Orient the Cable:
3. Orient the wire cap with the cable exit facing in the direction of your desired termination. (For
this activity, the cable exit should face up for an up termination.)
Termination:
1. Separate the four conductor pairs and bend them at a 45-degree angle, so they can be easily
guided through the four quadrants of the wire cap, according to the TIA-568 B wiring scheme. (A
wiring in Canada.)
as the latch of the jack module.
4. Place the wire cap into the correct slot on the green TGSJT tool.
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9. Place the jack module into the correct side of the TGSJT tool (the opposite side used to depress
the strain relief) and hold it firmly in place. Lift the free end of the TGSJT tool so that the curved
end pushes the wire cap into the jack module, until you hear an audible click.
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Termination: Up 45° Angled Wire Cap
Materials:
 Cat 6A Mini-Com TG Jack (CJ6X88TGBU)
 Up/Down 45-Degree Angled Wire Cap (CJUDCAPBU)
 45-Degree Angled Wire Cap Termination Tool (TGSJT)
*For this activity, you will need to begin by cutting off the previously terminated connector and
preparing the cable for the new termination.
Prepare the Cable
present).
Up Termination
Orient the Cable:
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3. Orient the wire cap with the cable exit facing in the direction of your desired termination. (For
this activity, the cable exit should face up for an up termination.)
Termination:
1. Separate the four conductor pairs and bend them at a 45-degree angle, so they can be easily
guided through the four quadrants of the wire cap, according to the TIA-568 B wiring scheme. (A
wiring in Canada.)
as the latch of the jack module.
4. Place the wire cap into the correct slot on the green TGSJT tool.
9. Place the jack module into the correct side of the TGSJT tool (the opposite side used to depress
the strain relief) and hold it firmly in place. Lift the free end of the TGSJT tool so that the curved
end pushes the wire cap into the jack module, until you hear an audible click.
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Termination: Industrial M12 D-Code Plug
Materials:
 IndustrialNet M12 D-Code Plug (ISPS5E44MFA)
 Cat 5e Industrial SF/UTP Shielded Copper Cable (ISFCH5C02ATL-XG)
 7.25” Knipex Pliers
 Copper Wire Snipping Tool (CWST)
 Copper Cable Jacket Stripping Tool (CJAST)
Prepare the Cable
For this activity, we will be using a Cat 5e Industrial SF/UTP cable. This type of cable requires a few
adjustments during preparation.
1. Before you prepare the cable, you must first place the locknut and seal of the connector on the
cable. Slide the locknut to the end of the cable so it is out of the way. (You will not be able to
slide the locknut and seal over the cable once you have stripped the braid and shielding.)
2. Next, select the appropriate seal for the cable diameter and slide it onto the end of the cable
near the locknut. The rubber portion of the seal should face the locknut, and the key portion
should face the splice element.
Cut the Cable:
2. Insert the cable into the C-JAST approximately 20mm from the end of the cable.
3. Carefully rotate the tool around the cable 2 times to score the cable jacket, and carefully bend
the jacket to remove it.
Strip the Cable:
1. Use the wire cutters to carefully snip and remove the foil and to unweave the braid. Drag the
wire cutters across the braid, moving from the outer cable jacket to the end of the cable.
2. Pull back the unwoven braid so you can untwist and separate the conductors. Then, adjust the
braid and seal so they are flush with the end of the cable jacket.
Termination
1. Insert the conductors into the appropriate quadrants of the splice element, according to the
wiring chart.
2. Mate the splice element with the seal, ensuring that the locating keys are aligned.
3. Use the wire cutters to trim the excess braid material from around the seal.
4. Use the wire cutters to trim the conductors flush with the splice element.
5. Align the connector housing and push it onto the splice element.
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6. Use a pair of Knipex pliers to firmly hold the connector housing steady, while twisting the locknut
until fully tightened. Note: Only twist the locknut.
Note: Panduit’s M12 D-Code Plug may be re-terminated up to 10 times with a cable of the same
diameter or larger.
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Lesson 11: Fiber Connectivity
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In this section we’ll explore the various types of fiber cabling and connectors that may be installed in a
structured cabling system.
1. Differentiate between single-mode and multimode fiber.
2. Identify Panduit’s top selling fiber optic cables.
3. Differentiate between mechanical and fusion splicing.
4. Identify Panduit’s top selling fiber optic connectors.
Single-Mode vs. Multimode

In a telecommunications network, fiber is used to transmit high concentrations of data by sending
pulses of light over a fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cabling has a higher bandwidth than copper and can
carry more information over longer distances. While the upfront cost of fiber may be higher than that of
copper, optical fiber is lighter, thinner, and often more reliable, which can result in a lower overall cost in
the long run.
There are many cable constructions, all of which either classify as single-mode or multimode fiber,
depending on the number of modes or paths that are available for light to travel down the fiber core.
Single-mode fiber has a very small core of 9 microns, restricting light to just one path or mode. It is
ideal for long distance applications such as long-haul transport and high-bandwidth applications.
Single-mode fiber is identified by the letters OS.
In Multimode fiber, the laser light takes 32 multiple and simultaneous paths with different lengths and
arrival times as the light travels from one end of the fiber to the other, thereby broadening the optical
signal and limiting the cable reach. Multimode fiber has a much larger core of 50 microns. Multimode
fiber is ideal for shorter distance applications, like on-premises cabling inside buildings and data
centers. Multimode fiber is identified by the letters OM.
Fiber Cabling
Panduit offers a wide range of fiber cabling and connector options for both Enterprise and Industrial
applications.
Indoor Distribution Cable:
 Indoor distribution cable is used in intra-backbone applications within the same building and
routing between telecommunications rooms.
 Indoor distribution cable may only be used in ladder or wire racks with a liner or innerduct. Note:
This is a requirement of Panduit’s warranty.
 Comes with riser or plenum rating.
Indoor Interconnect Cable:
 Indoor interconnect cable is used to route horizontal cabling in tight spaces like panels, cable
trays, and fiber-to-the-desk applications.
Note: Indoor distribution and indoor interconnect cables are constructed of tightly buffered (900 micron)
fiber and require continuous support.
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Indoor/Outdoor Cable:
 Indoor/outdoor cable is used in inter-backbone applications. It eliminates the need for a
transition from outside plant rated cable to the inside plant.
 Indoor/outdoor cabling is riser and plenum rated.
Outside Plant Cable (OSP):
 OSP cable is used in inter-building cabling applications, between buildings, in metro-type
applications, and in long distance applications.
 Outside plant cable is not flame rated. Therefore, it may only enter 15 m (50’) into a building
before it must transition to either indoor/outdoor or indoor cabling.
Note: Indoor/outdoor and OSP cables are constructed of loose tube (250 micron) fibers and have more
individual fibers inside for a greater density. These cables are available with various water blocking
features such as paper wraps that expand, gels, and powders to prevent moisture from entering the
cable.
Interlocking Armored Fiber Cable:
 Interlocking armored fiber cable is used in intra-backbone applications within the same building,
in horizontal cabling installations, and harsh environments.
 This cable must be bonded. Otherwise, it becomes a potential current-carrying pathway. It is not
intended for harsh environments.
 Does not need continuous support.
Dielectric Double Jacketed Fiber Cable (DDJ):
 DDJ cabling is used in riser, plant floor, and indoor/outdoor applications because it is
impact/crush and abrasion resistant. It is available in both multimode (aqua) and single-mode
(yellow). DDJ cabling comes in standard fiber counts of 6, 12, and 24, but custom orders are
available with up to 72 fibers.
 Dielectric cable means it is lightning resistant and no Grounding and Bonding is required. It is
self-supporting, reducing the need for pathway trays, but it is pathway rated and can be
supported by J hooks placed up to 5 feet apart.
 DDJ is also aerial rated, meaning it can be attached to messenger or lashing cable.
 In North America, DDJ is also rated for direct burial. While a direct burial rating is not standard
in APAC and EMEA, it is still an option.
 Riser rated.
Note: There is no plenum rating available for DDJ.
Splicing
Since fiber cabling transmits pulses of light instead of electrical signals, the fiber cores must be
perfectly aligned for optimal communication. This alignment can be achieved by splicing. There are two
types of splicing:
 Mechanical Splicing joins fibers by utilizing an alignment fixture (e.g., connector) to hold the
fibers together. Mechanically terminated connectors use a mechanical splice to terminate the
connector onto the field fiber.
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 Fusion Splicing joins fibers together using a fusion splice (or splice-on) connector to terminate
directly onto the field fiber. Splice-on connectors are high-performance and field terminable,
allowing for rapid deployment of custom links.
OptiCam Connectors
Panduit’s OptiCam connectors are designed with a pre-terminated, pre-polished endface and connector
stub that is mated (or mechanically spliced) with a cleaved field fiber. It is available only in the SC, ST,
and LC connector types.
 LC: The Lucent Connector, or LC, is a small form factor connector with a rear pivot latch. These
connectors contain a factory-terminated fiber, eliminating the need for field polishing and
adhesive. Applications: Newer installations with less available space (two LC connectors take
up the same amount of space as a single RJ45 jack).
 SC: The Subscriber Connector (SC) is a rectangular pre-polished connector that snaps in and
latches with a single push-pull motion. Applications: Fiber optic backbone and horizontal
applications for high-speed data transmission, Maintenance or emergency restoration of fiber
networks, and retrofit/initial install in both behind-the-wall (BTW) and in the permanent side of
panelized interconnect and cross-connect.
 ST: The Straight Tip connector, or ST, is a spring-loaded bayonet style connector that uses a
mating adapter to mate two connectors. Applications: Multimode networks such as buildings
and campuses, Older legacy installations, Installations with higher vibration (ST connectors
utilize a positive locking mechanism that is vibration resistant), Industrial networks, Education,
and Video applications.
Fusion Splice Connectors

Panduit offers fusion splice connectors in LC (SM), SC (SM and MM), and MPO (SM and MM).
Panduit’s splice-on connectors make a more seamless splice to improve insertion loss and return loss
characteristics.
Fusion splice MPO (multiple fiber push-on) connectors enable rapid deployment of custom fiber
channels without the pre-work requirement and potential slack management of pre-terminated
assemblies. Splice protection integral to the connector reduces the amount of splice management
components typical of fusion spliced pigtails.
Available options for the Fusion Splice MPO connector include:
 All as 12 fibers
 Green for SM and aqua for MM
 Available for both 3mm round and bare ribbon cable
The LC connector comes in SM only.
The SC connector comes in SM and MM.
PanMPO Connector
Panduit’s PanMPO Connector is designed to terminate several fibers, typically in pre-terminated
applications or for higher speed multimode links. Note: PanMPO Connectors are only available in
multimode.
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These small cables minimize waste, optimize cable management, speed deployment, and improve
flexibility and manageability. Panduit’s PanMPO connector is the only MPO-Style connector on the
market that allows the user to change both the polarity and gender in the field. Applications: Panduit’s
PanMPO connector is a high-density, small form factor connector that is best suited for high-bandwidth
applications in data centers and connections to high-end workstations.
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Lesson 12: Fiber Testing
76
In this section, we’ll discuss the testing parameters and results that are required by industry standards,
as well as the specific requirements to obtain a Panduit Structured Cabling Fiber System Warranty.
1. Identify fiber performance testing parameters.
2. Identify general fiber performance testing best practices and ANSI/TIA 568.3-D requirements.
3. List the requirements to receive Panduit’s Fiber System Warranty.
Fiber Testing Parameters

When it comes to testing fiber optic systems, there are a few key differences from copper system
testing:
1. First, industry standards specify copper testing requirements for both permanent links and
channels. For fiber optic systems, industry standards only specify testing requirements for link
segments. An optical fiber link segment is considered equal to a copper permanent link.
2. Second, industry standards require several different performance tests to certify a copper link.
When certifying a fiber link segment, ANSI/TIA-568.3 D only requires one performance test:
attenuation (also known as insertion loss).
As it relates to fiber optic cabling, “attenuation” or “insertion loss” is the amount of light that is lost as it
travels from the beginning to the end of a fiber optic link.
Fiber System Tests

To certify a fiber optic link, ANSI/TIA industry standards require Tier 1 attenuation testing. Tier 1
attenuation testing uses an optical power meter and light source to measure the total amount of light
loss of a fiber link segment.
The light source and power meter are connected at opposite ends of the fiber link via fiber reference
test cable jumpers. The light source sends a signal down the fiber optic link, and the power meter
measures the reduction (if any) in the signal.
Note: There are additional test methods that may be used if required by the customer such as Tier 2, or
Tier 3 testing. For the purpose of this course, we will only discuss Tier 1 testing, as it is the test method
required by industry standards.
Attenuation Testing
There are three Tier 1 setup methods that are approved by industry standards for testing the
attenuation of a fiber link: the 1 cable, 2 cable, or 3 cable/jumper method. Note: These testing setups
used to be referred to as Method A, B, or C.
1. One Jumper Method (A): This method requires compatible connector interfaces.
2. Two Jumper Method (B): This method should be used if the test equipment does not have
compatible connector interfaces.
3. Three Jumper Method (C): This method should be used if the test equipment does not have
compatible connector interfaces, and the connectors being used are male/female.
While all three of these methods use reference-grade patch cords, connectors, and adapters to ensure
accurate, repeatable, and reproducible measurements, the one jumper method is preferred by TIA
standards and is the only method accepted by Panduit for warranty submission. The one jumper
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method is the most accurate because there are fewer connections between the test set and the link
being tested.
Link Loss Calculator

Panduit offers a Link Loss Calculator that can be used when designing a new fiber channel. The
calculator takes into account the attenuation loss of each component of a fiber link to determine
whether the link will perform to industry standard specifications.
Click to show link loss calculator: https://www.panduit.com/en/support/tools1/calculators-and-design-
tools/link-loss-calculator.html
Submitting Test Results for Panduit Warranty

A certified passing test report (one that has been verified by the Partner) for each link and/or channel
must be submitted to and received by Panduit Corp. no later than 6 months after the last date of testing
is complete for the installation. Panduit will not issue a warranty for an installation whose last testing
date is older than 6 months. In such a case, you will be required to retest all links and channels and
submit new test reports in order to receive a warranty for that entire installation.
A certified passing test report for each link and/or channel must be submitted to and received by
Panduit Corp. prior to the date the warranty is issued. The warranty does not cover any link and/or
channel that is not identified in a certified passing test report.
Each certified test report must clearly indicate the following:
1. The date the test was conducted.
2. For fiber installations, a passing test report for each reference cord must be submitted in
accordance with the requirements set forth on Exhibit 1 to this Appendix A. See “Testing
Requirements for Fiber Links” on Exhibit 1 of this Appendix A.
3. The designated link and/or channel performance level (i.e. Category 3, Category 5, Class C,
Category 5E, Class D, Category 6, Class E, Category 6A, Class Ea.), and the link configuration
(permanent link or channel).
4. A link identifier in compliance of ANSI/TIA- 606-B and ISO/IEC 14763-2-1.
5. A “PASS” or “*PASS” test result for the overall test requirements specified in the Commercial
Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards for each designated link and/or channel
classification.
6. For fiber installations only, no negative loss values will be accepted as a “PASS” test result.
7. The installation project name.
8. The test equipment manufacturer, test equipment model, and test equipment test cord adapter
part number.
9. The design, installation, and maintenance of the structured cabling installation must follow
Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling standards and their subsequent revisions,
except where authorized in writing by Panduit.
10. Test reports generated by standard field test equipment must list all necessary performance
results as specified in the Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards for the
designated link and/or channel performance level (i.e. Category 3, Category 5, Class C,
Category 5E, Class D, Category 6, Class E, Category 6A, Class Ea.).
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11. Each test report must contain a clear distinct designated permanent link or channel
classification (i.e. Category 3, Category 5, Class C, Category 5E, Class D, Category 6, Class E,
Category 6A, Class Ea., Multimode or Singlemode). No alternate or added descriptions. An “*”
(asterisk) i.e., *Pass preceding a passing test result can be considered acceptable as long as it
meets minimum compliance to the cabling standards.
12. Each optical fiber link test report must include both link loss and length in order to verify
compliance to the cabling standards.
13. All information must be uploaded to The Hub in the field tester manufacturers’ standard file
format. Please contact the Panduit Warranty Department if you are unsure of the correct file
format: warranty@panduit.com.
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Lesson 13: Fiber Terminations
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In this section, we’ll discuss some safety precautions and best practices for working with fiber, as well
as the importance of properly cleaned fiber components.
Then, you’ll have the opportunity to terminate one of Panduit’s OptiCam 2 connectors. You’ll explore
the necessary materials, terminology, and technical steps to achieve a successful termination, as well
as some troubleshooting tips.
1. Identify fiber handling safety precautions and best practices.
2. Explain the importance of properly cleaning fiber cabling and components.
3. Practice terminating a fiber connection using Panduit’s OptiCam 2 Termination Tool.
4. Identify steps for troubleshooting OptiCam 2 failures.
The connectors we will terminate in this section include:
 OptiCam 2 SC Connector
Fiber Handling Security Precautions

Whether you are cleaning, inspecting, terminating, or testing fiber optic cables, follow these safety
precautions to ensure you handle them safely and effectively.
 Always wear safety glasses with side shields. Bare fiber is very sharp and can easily snap or
break off into your eyes.
 Do not touch your eyes or handle contact lenses until you have thoroughly washed your hands.
 Never look directly into the end of a fiber cable when there is a light source at the other end.
The laser light that is emitted through the fiber during inspection can cause eye and skin
damage. Only inspect end faces or terminate fiber with no light source.
 Handle cables with care to avoid damage from excessive pulling, twisting, crushing, or bending.
 Place all pieces of fiber that have been cut in a safe place, such as on a piece of tape on your
fiber mat.
 Treat fiber optic splinters the same as you would glass splinters.
 Only work in well ventilated areas.
 Do not smoke.
 Keep all food and beverages out of the work area.
 Thoroughly clean you work area when you are done.
Cleaning and Inspection

Before we begin terminating our fiber optic links, it’s important to understand that quality connections
between fiber optic equipment require clean components. Dirty components are the number one
cause of both latency in fiber optic networks and product returns. When cleaning fiber
components, procedures must be followed precisely and carefully with the goal of eliminating any dust
or contamination. Even brand-new products from the manufacturer must be cleaned.
Panduit offers a fiber inspection microscope (FSCOPEY*) that can be used to detect dirt, debris, liquid
deposits, or physical damage on the end face. Visual microscopic inspection of the connector end face
is the best way to determine the quality of the termination process and cleanliness of the contact.
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*For FSCOPEY product information, visit https://www.panduit.com/en/products/fiber-optic-
systems/fiber-optic-tools-accessories/fiber-optic-termination-kits/fscopey.html
The most common types of end face contamination include:
 Liquid Residue is most commonly caused by oil that is a result of touching the end face, or not
cleaning the end face properly.
 Scratches are surface defects and can increase insertion loss failures.
 Dust Rings are caused by contact with an adapter that has been exposed to dust or moisture
on the wall of the adapter sleeve.
 Loose Contamination is not permanent and may be cleaned. However, it can lead to higher
insertion loss failures.
Note: All defects (except scratches) can be corrected by properly cleaning fiber cabling components.
OptiCam 2 Termination Tool & Accessories

Today, we will practice terminating a multimode fiber optic link with a mechanical SC connector, using
Panduit’s OptiCam 2 termination tool. The OptiCam 2 is designed to immediately calculate the insertion
loss value of the terminated fiber link upon completion of the camming process and offers innovative
features that help reduce installation time and re-work.
Panduit offers kits that range from just the basic OptiCam 2 tools and accessories to everything you
need to complete a termination with the OptiCam 2. The most basic kit (FOCTT2-KIT) includes the
following components (the components we will be using today are bolded):
 OptiCam 2 Termination Tool
 SM (Yellow) 2.5 mm (SC) Launch Cord
 MM (Orange) 2.5 mm (SC) Launch Cord
 SM (Yellow) 1.25 mm (LC) Launch Cord
 MM (Orange) 1.25 mm (LC) Launch Cord
 SC2 Connector
 SC2 Cradle
 SC/ST Stripping Template
 LC Connector
 LC Cradle
 LC Stripping Template
 ST2 Connector
 ST2 Cradle
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Tool Cleaning and Setup
Materials:
 OptiCam 2 Termination Tool
 OptiCam 2 SC Connector (FSC2MCXAQ)
 OptiCam 2 SC Cradle
 SC/ST Fiber Stripping Template
 MM (Orange) 2.5 mm (SC) Launch Cord with clear amber plastic ferrule (FOLPC-2.5MM)
 Fiber Stripping Tool (FOSTFH)
 Fiber Cleave Tool (FSPCVR or FJQCVR)
 Wipes
 Dust cap
 Boot
 Fiber mat
Clean the Components
Something as minute as a small piece of dust may cause the test and termination to fail. Before we can
proceed with our termination, we must make sure to diligently follow these cleaning and inspection
instructions, keep all components clean and free of dust and debris, and apply dust caps immediately,
when a cable or connector is not is use.
OptiCam 2 Termination Tool:
1. Use a dry wipe to clean the light inlet aperture window on the OptiCam 2.
Both Ends of the Launch Cord:
1. Remove the dust cap from the connector end of the launch cord and clean the ferrule using
a cloth and 92% isopropyl alcohol (do not use pre-moistened wipes). Wipe the ferrule end
from wet to dry.
2. Unscrew and remove the adapter on the tool end of the launch cord.
3. Twist and remove the white, split ceramic alignment sleeve.
4. Clean the ferrule using a cloth and 92% isopropyl alcohol (do not use pre-moistened wipes).
Wipe the ferrule from wet to dry and immediately replace the alignment sleeve, adapter,
and dust caps if you are not ready to perform the termination.
The Connector (Even if in a sealed bag):
1. Remove the dust caps from the sealed bag and remove the dust caps.
2. Clean the ferrule using a cloth and 92% isopropyl alcohol (do not use pre-moistened wipes).
Wipe the ferrule end from wet to dry and immediately replace the dust caps if not being
loaded onto the OptiCam 2 tool.
83
Notes:
 Dust caps should be utilized after cleaning the termination or disconnecting the connector to
prevent dust and scratches on the end face. Most of the issues that arise during a fiber
termination procedure are a result of improper cleaning and improper use of dust caps.
 If you are experiencing repeated ‘Check Failed’ error messages, use a scope to inspect the
launch cord end faces and clean as necessary following the steps above.
Set Up the OptiCam 2 Tool
1. First, identify the direction of your termination (left or right), which will determine the
orientation of the launch cord and the cradle. The direction you choose will depend on
whether you are right or left-handed.
 The left termination allows the fiber to be inserted from the left and is ideal for left-
handed users.
 The right termination allows the fiber to be inserted from the right and is ideal for right-
handed users. Note: These images display a right termination, but we will call out to any
necessary steps for a left termination as we proceed.
2. Orient the cradle so that the front end with a triangular tip points in the same direction as
your orientation (to the right or left) and place it on the tool just above the navigation switch.
3. Next, plug the tool end of the launch cord into the connector port at the top of the OptiCam 2
and guide the adapter to the cradle. The launch cord should face the same direction as the
cradle.
 Right Termination: The launch cord would route to the left of the screen on the tool,
and the adapter would face to the right (towards the front of the cradle.)
 Left Termination: The launch cord would route to the right of the screen on the tool, and
the adapter would face to the left (towards the front of the cradle.)
 Note: If you are using a plastic adapter, ensure that the “fins” are positioned on the top
of the adapter. If the fins are positioned on the bottom, you will not be able to lock the
launch cord into the cradle.
4. Attach the launch cord by lining it up with the guide tabs on the back of the cradle.
5. Select the power button to turn on the tool and use the navigation button to make the
following selections:
 SC
 MM50
 Right (or left, if you are completing a left termination)
6. Click Save.
7. Follow the instructions on the screen of the OptiCam 2 tool and load the connector.
8. Slightly tilt the launch cord backwards to insert the connector and set the back end of the
connector into the guide tabs on the front of the cradle. Ensure the connector backbone
snaps into place on the cradle.
Note: leave the dust cap on the connector for now, since we still have to prepare our fiber cable.
84
Prepare the Cable
Strip and Clean
Once the components are cleaned, and the OptiCam 2 is set up, it’s time to prepare the cable for
termination by stripping, cleaning, and cleaving the fiber. Start by ensuring that your workspace is clean
and disposing of any existing fiber scraps in the cleaving tool or on your fiber mat.
Strip the Fiber:
1. Insert the field fiber through the small end of the boot and slide the boot down the end of the
cable to keep it out of the way.
2. Line up the fiber cable with the guides on the 900um buffered side of the SC/ST fiber optic
connector stripping template.
3. Use a marking pen to place a buffer removal mark on the cable buffer at least 1.18” (30 mm)
from the end of the cable (i.e. remove 30 mm of cable buffer).
4. Then, use the marking pen to place an insertion mark on the cable buffer at .43” (11 mm) from
the end of the bare fiber.
5. Use the wire stripper to remove the cable buffer up to the buffer removal mark, working in small
sections. Note: If you attempt to remove more than ¼” (6 mm) of buffer at a time, there is a
high risk of breaking the fiber.
6. Hold the buffer stripper with the tool at a 90° angle to the fiber and position the in the tool’s V-
notches.
7. Squeeze the handles and push toward the end of the fiber. Note: When closing the tool’s
handles, the fiber may bend. Rotate the tool while closing the handles to keep the fiber straight.
Clean the Fiber:
1. Apply a dime sized amount of 92% isopropyl alcohol solution onto a single lint-free dry wipe.
(Do not use pre-moistened wipes.)
2. Gently wipe the bare fiber from the end of the buffer to the tip of the fiber.
Cleave
Improper cleaving is the number one cause of issues experienced with the OptiCam 2 Tool.
1. Press down the rear arm of the cleave tool to raise the fiber clamp pad that holds the fiber in
place.
2. Insert the bare fiber into the “v-notch” of the cleaver and slide the fiber forward until the buffer
reaches the 7 mm mark on the cleave tool.
3. When the end of the buffer is located at the 7 mm mark, release the rear arm of the cleaver to
clamp down on the fiber.
4. Gently hold the buffered fiber against the groove in the base plate using your thumb and
forefinger of your free hand.
5. With your other thumb, gently tap the cleaver blade onto the fiber one time. Note: Too much
pressure during the manual cleave process will damage the fiber and prevent a successful
connection.
6. While holding the buffer, gently bend the leaf spring of the cleave tool downwards until the fiber
breaks cleanly at the cleave point.
85
7. Once cleaved, verify that the fiber is the correct length by laying it next to the bottom of the strip
template.
Note: It is very important to ensure that fiber is cleaved at the correct length. A cleave length that is +/-
even 1 mm can cause major difficulties with the tool.
86
Termination
Terminate the Fiber
Once the components have been cleaned, the OptiCam 2 tool has been set up, the connector has been
loaded, and the fiber has been stripped, cleaved, and cleaned, you are ready to begin the termination.
1. Remove the dust cap from the previously cleaned and loaded connector.
2. Press the navigation button on the OptiCam 2 tool to perform the “background test.”
3. If the connector passes the background test, the “Insert Fiber” command will display.
4. Carefully insert the bare fiber into the connector up to the insertion mark, maintaining gentle
forward pressure until the “CAM & TEST” command appears on the screen.
5. The insertion mark you made earlier should either line up with the rear of the connector or be
immediately inside the connector.
6. Ensure that the OptiCam tool maintains the same orientation to any ambient lighting throughout
the termination process. Changing the position of the tool may expose it to different lighting
conditions, causing the tool to recalibrate, and making it more difficult to pass.
7. Rotate the cam fin that is on top of the connector body 90 degrees in the appropriate direction
for the orientation (left or right) of your termination, until it rests fully against the “stop” on the
opposite side of the cam fin opening.
8. Right Termination: rotate the cam fin towards you (down).
9. Left Termination: rotate the cam fin away from you (up).
10. Press the navigation button to perform the insertion loss calculation.
11. Lift the connector out of the cradle, slide it out of the launch cord adapter, and place the dust
cap over the ferrule.
12. Lastly, place the SC housing over the connector.
13. If your connection fails, re-terminate the connector using the same termination procedures. You
may also use the troubleshooting tips on the next slide.
Note: An insertion loss calculation of 1.5 dB or less is required to pass the activity.
Troubleshooting the OptiCam 2 Termination Tool
If you have an older version of firmware installed on your OptiCam 2 Termination Tool, you may have
received the “cleaning required” message. This message is a catch-all message and does not
necessarily mean that cleaning is required. First, check the firmware and update if necessary. If the
“cleaning required” message persists, follow the steps below.
Verify the four rights:
 The Right Cord: Confirm you are using the right launch cord for your termination. Panduit offers
launch cords for each connector type, and for both single-mode and multimode fiber (including
OM1, OM2, OM3, & OM4).
 The Right Cradle: Confirm you are using the right cradle for your termination. Each connector
has its own cradle with the two-character connector code embossed on the cradle’s magnetic
posts.
87
 The Right Connector: Confirm you are using the right connector for your termination. The
wrong connector type is the most common issue with SC/ST terminations. The OptiCam 2 must
use Panduit’s newer SC and ST connector designs to function properly.
 The Right Settings: Confirm you have the tool set up properly for your termination. Improper
setup is the second most common error. Check the connector type, glass type, and orientation.
Check the adapter at the end of the launch cord: The adapter at the end of the launch cord
unscrews and contains a ceramic alignment sleeve that slots over the ferrule. Unscrew the adapter and
confirm that the alignment sleeve is still properly in place. If the alignment sleeve is broken or missing, it
must be replaced, as the two ferrules will not align properly. If the alignment sleeve is in good condition,
replace the adapter, making sure it is fully threaded on to the launch cord.
Inspect the alignment position: When inserting the launch cord into the cradle, ensure that the
circular opening on the adapter neck is positioned facing down into the cradle (for metal LC adapter
only) or that the 2 plastic tabs face up on the amber plastic adapter (SC connectors only). For ST
connectors, make sure the launch cord is fully pressed against the connector ferrule.
Verify 7 mm cleave length: A cleave length that is too short will present a large gap between the stub
fiber inside the connector and the field fiber, resulting in high insertion loss or failed background tests. A
cleave length that is too long will prevent the fibers from properly aligning inside the connector when it
is cammed. Visually verify the 7 mm cleave length by lining it up with the stripping template.
If these troubleshooting steps do not clear the “cleaning required” message, follow industry standard
best practices and requirements to clean the components.
88
Notes
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OptiCam 2 Termination Tool & Accessories

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