‘Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis sa sequence of events by which spermatogoni are transformed into mature sperms The process begins at puberty. Site: Semiiferous tubules of tests Duration: 64 days. Stages: 1) Spermatocytosis, 2) Meiosis, 3) Spermiogenesis Type A spermatogonia represent the stem cells. They undergo mitosis to form type B spermatogonia Type B spermatogonia form primary spermatocytes Primary spermatocytes complete meiosis | to form secondary spermatocytes (haploid), ‘Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form spermatids Four spetmatids are produced fram a primary spermatocyte ‘Spetmatids do not divide further ‘Spermiogenesis: The process of transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis (Changes during spermiogenesis 4) Reduction in the sizeof nucleus 2} Condensation of gol apparatus to form acrosome. 3) Flagellum grows out 4 Remainder cytoplasm (residual body) moves away from the nuclus Hormonal eect on spermatogenesis: Hypottetamas Sperngeggn Speen eS Promony sptamalocyte es a é~ az] tee CX we ED saccontony spore “Sogo = ( S@@®eoOor- nap | ‘agenbe Oogenesis \tis the sequence of events by which the eogonium i transformed ito mature ovum, Ue begins before birth and is completed with fertilization. Oogenesiscontinues upto menopause. ‘The oogonium enlarges to form primary oocyte. Roughly 2 millon primary oocytes are present at bicth, lo the late fetal period, the primary oocyte enter meiosis. the ealy months after birth, meiosis is attested in diplotene stage. Al the primary oocytes remain arrestedin diplotene stage of meiosis! until puberty. ‘During reproductive years, small number of primary oocytes completes meiosis | with each menstrual «yee and develops further. shorty before ovulation, meiosis lis completed resulting in large-secondary ‘eoeyte and small first polar body, ‘The secondary oocyte enters metosis I. This is Blocked in metaphase. The stimulus forthe release ofthis block s fertilization, Unfertilized ovum fails to complete meiosis I If the fertilization occurs, meiosis ils completed resulting in mature ovum and second polar body. Segre Praag couse, Bones Seemndeny SB oats Graffian follicle Formation: In the embryo, the oogonia are naked. After meiosis begins, stromal ces ofthe ovary partially surround the primary oocytes to form Primordial folie. ‘At bith, primary coeytes are surrounded by two complete layers of folicular cells, forming Primary {folie‘As puberty approaches, under the influence of FSH, folicular cells proliferate rapidly resulting in the ‘oxmation of numerous fluid filled spaces. These spaces coalesce to form follicular antrum filled with ‘otic wlar fluid, This is called Secondary folic. ust before ovulation, meioss I is completed resulting inthe formation of secondary oocyte. A mature ‘eliche containing secondary oocyte and first polar body is known as Graffial follicle. ‘Swecture: Secondary oocyte and first polar body are surrounded by zona pellucida. The follicular cells, ‘with the formation of the cavity are separated into two layers ~ outer layer of granulose cells and inner layer of cumulus oophoricus. ‘Out site membrane granulosa, the stromal cells ofthe ovary are organized to form theca follicul, Theca ‘exteenais fibrous. Theca interna is vascular and cellular. It produces oestrogen. Fate of graffian follicle: On 14" day of the cycle, graffian follicle ruptures (Ovulation). The secondary ‘coeyte and first polar body with zona pellucida and cumulus oophoricus are shed into peritoneal cavity Best ofthe follicle forms corpus luteum, Corpus luteum rdation occurs on 14" day of menstrual cycle. Secondary oocyte and first polar body surrounded by ‘oma pellucd and cumulus oophoricus are shed into the peritoneal cavity. The wall ofthe ovarian follicle ‘ad theca flliculi collapse and are thrown into folds, Under the influence of LH, follicular cells enlarge. Their cytoplasm is filed with yellowish pigment called Lutein. These cells are called Granulosa luteln cells, Some cells of theca interna form Theea lutein cells. ‘The corpus luteum produces progesterone and small amount of oestrogen, ‘food vessels of theca interna invade corpus luteum. This is called Corpus hemorrhagicum, aec 4 Fate: 1) Ifthe fertilization ccurs, i enlarges to frm corpus luteum of pregnancy under the influence of CG produced by synctiotrophoblast remains active fr fist 20 weeks of pregnancy and later cegnesses 2) ertlzation doesnot occur, the corpus luteum involutes and degenerates 10 ~ 12 days after ‘ovulation Its called corpus luteum of menstruation. tater it is transfermed into a white scar ~ Corpus Genter (aiele han a EERTILZATION Fertization can be defined are fusion of two mature gamets, ovum and spermatozoon to form the zygote. Sit of fertilization: Ampula of uterine tbe Duration: The process takes place approximately 28 hous. Phases of Fertilization: Fertizationis 2 sequence of coordinated events whichis preceded by éerosomal reaction of sperm. Just before approaching the oocyte, the capactated sperm head establishes multiple contacts between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of acrosomal cap, and discharges the chemical substances. This process called acrosomal reaction. ‘The sperm has to overcome three barriers 41. Passage of sperm through corona radiata: The folicular cells of the corona radiata are dispersed by he action of tyaluroidase release frm the ‘acrosome ofthe sperm. 2. Penetration of rona pelluciéa: Now the zana pellucida is exposed. The enzymes released from the acrosome -Acosi, Esterases and Neuraminidase cause iss ofthe zona pellucida. The most important ofthese enymessarosin, a proteoystic enzyme, nce the sperm penetrates the zona pela, a change occursin the propertisof the zona, that makes ‘impermeable to othe sperms. Thisis called zona reaction.‘The plasma membrane or cell membranes ofthe oocyte and sperm fuse and break down atthe area of fusion. The head ofthe sperm enters the cytoplasm ofthe oocyte. The tal degenates, As soon os the sperm enters the oocyte a Ca"*wave appears in the cytoplasm of cocyte, 4 Completion ofthe second meiosis: Penetration ofthe oocyte by a sperm, activates the oocyte to complete meiosis I resulting in the formation of mature ovum and second polar body. 5. Formation of pronucle: ‘The nucleus ofthe mature oocyte becomes the female pronucleus. ‘The nucleus ofthe sperm enlarges to form the male pronucieus, ‘The cooyte containing two haploid pronuclet called an ootid. 6. Fusion of ponuclet: ‘The pronucle fuse into single diploid aggregation of chromosomes, The ootd becomes a zygote Effects of Fertilization: 41. Fertilization stimulates the penetrated oocyte to complete second meiatic division. 2. Restoration of normal diploid no, of chromosomes nthe aoe 3. Determination of chromosomal sexof the embryo. 4. Results in variation of the human species through mingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes. 5. Initiation of cleavage ofthe 2ygot. Panebealiens ance oy hh nn pitaInvitro fertilization extemal ertlzation of oocytes and transfer ofthe clevaging zygotes into the uterus is called vitro fertigation Indication: Bilateral occlesion of uterine tubes Procedu trate ) Stimulation of growth and maturation of ovarian follicles by administration of clomiphene 2) Aspiration of mature oocytes fom ovarian flicles during laparoscopy. 3) The oocytes are placed in specla culture medium with capactated sperms. 4) Fertilation of oocytes and cleavage ofrygte are monitored microscopically for 3~5 days. 5) One or two embryos (48 cll stage) are transfered to uterus. Blastocyst Formation: When there are 12 ~32 blastomeres, the mass of ells is called morula. 4 days after fetizaion, morula enters the uterus. The fluid from uterine lumen passes trough zona pelluci and _appearsin the intercellular spaces. These spaces coalescence to form a single large cavity called bastocele. This stage i called bastoyst. Structure: Trophoblast~t is thin outer el ayer forming the wall ofthe blastocyst. It gives rise to ‘embryonic part of placenta The trophoblast covering the embryonic ples called polar trophoblast. Rest ofthe trophoblast covering the abembryonic poe is called mural trophoblast. Embryoblast- itis clump of cells attached to one pole ofthe blastocyst I gves rise to embryo. ‘Blestocele~ Its the cavity of blastocyst syste aren alege Gea ahee zone palace erate Fephobinst insectImplantation ‘The proces of embedding ofthe blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus i called implantation. ve takes place on the 6 day after fertilization. ‘Process: On S* day ater fertilization, zona pellucid disappears. The hatched blastocyst increases in size ‘apiy The polar trophoblast attaches to endometrial epithelium, At the site of attachment, the ‘wophblast diterentiates ito two layers ytotrophoblast and synitiotrophoblas. ‘Syncytiotrophablast produces the enzymes that erode the maternal tsues, enabling the blastocyst to bburow int the endometrium. The cells of syncitiotrophoblat displace the endometrial els atthe implantation ste 8 about 10 ~12 day after fertilization, implantation is completed. The sit of intial penetration is sealed by migrating uterine epithelial cls. ‘Type of implantation: Interstitial ‘Se of implantation: At the junction of fundus and posterior wall of the body of uterus. Abnormal implantation: Implantation in areas other than normal siti clled abnormal implantation. 4) Intra uterine — Implantation in the lower part of uterine cavity results in placenta previo. 1) Extra uterine Implantation inthe ovary or abdominal cavity or uterine tube, It causes death of ‘embryo enpomerewss ‘ : 'Primitive streak The ist sign of gastrulation is appearance of primitive steak. It appears on 15% day of evelopment. Formation: The cells ofthe epibast occupying the caudal part of the germ disc are peuripotent and undergo rapid aiferentiation to form linear opacity inthe median plane known as primitive streak, Anterior end ofthe primitive streak proliferates to form primitive node or Hensen's node, The cells ofthe epblast converge ina well defined sequence in the region of primitive streak. The cells of epiblast on reaching it, pass through it, to form new layers beneath the epiblast. The ‘movement of cls through the streak results in the formation of primitive groove. The groove is continous with a small depression in the primitive node ~ the primitive pit. Derivatives of primitive strea 1) Formation of tree germ layers ~definve ectoderm, definitive endoderm and intraembryonic mesoderm. 2) Itinduces the eiferentiation of notochord. Fate of primitive streak: By the end of” week it degenerates and become insignificant. Remnants of primitive streak ‘may persist and gve rise to sarococcygedl teratoma, © Freche pak ) Primitive nea Prarthie seals © cloaaat, merneare Prochordal plate ‘At one end of embryonic dis, a rounded area becomes thicker than rest ofthe ise. This ‘rounded area is called prochordal plate. In this region, the cuboidal hypoblast cells become columnar. With the development of prochordal plate, the cranial and caudal ends ofthe embryo are determined. The prochordal plate determines the central ans of the embryo.Notochord ermation: Some ofthe mesenchymal cells migrate cranial rem the primitive node, forming a ‘median celular cord called the notochorde! process, ‘The notochordal process grows cranaly between ectoderm and endoderm untill reaches the prechordal plate ‘he center ofthe primitive node presents a depresion called primitive pit. This pit extends into ‘the notochordal process forming 2 notochorde! canal. The Noo’ of the canal fuses withthe ‘ndecyieg endoderm. The fused layers undergo degeneration. Asa result @ temporary _newrenteri canal is formed which communicates amniotic and yolk sae cavities. "Now the notochorda plat flds along the long axis and gradualy separates from the root ofthe yolk sa. Later, soli lesb cord of cells known as definitive atachord i formed. Functions: 1) 1 defines the primordial longitu erm disc. nis ofthe embryo. I gves rigidity tothe 2) ft provides signals fr the development of nervous and musculoskeletal system, 3)" contibutes to the intervertebral des Fate of notochord: Notochord degenerates with the formationof vertebrae. But small portion ‘of emay persist asa) Nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral dic and ) Apical gament of dens,0 ‘Neural tube -Asthe notochord develops it induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken to form neural plete. The nevral plate invaginates along its central axis to form a longitudinal neural groove. ‘Tee neural grote has neural folds on each side. The neural folds move together and fuse, ‘converting the neural plate into neural tube. Fusion of neural folds takes place first inthe cervical region and then extends in both diections ‘unt two openings appear temporary. The cephalic and caudal openings are called anterior and posterior neuropores which ose in the 4 week Now a completely sealed neural tube formed. Ente ONS i developed from it. Derivatives of neural crest As the notochord develops induces the overyng ectoderm to thicken to form neural plate. ‘The neural plate ivaginates along its central ans a fem lonitutinal neural groove. The groove ‘asneural folds on each side. As the neural fol fuse to form the neural tube, some ofthe ‘neurectodermal ces hing on the inner margin of the neural folds detach. As the newal tube ‘separates from the ectoderm, the detached ces form fiat regu mass called neural crest. \aterit separates into ight and left masses and shit wo dosolateral aspect of neural tube. Devatives: 1) Dorsal root gangs of spinal nerves 2) Sensory gang of cranial nerves 3) Gangla of autonomic neous system {Schwann cls of pergherainenes 5) Adena modula (6) Parana cals of trod 7) Metanobiasts of skin 8) Conorruneal septa 9) Connective tissue of head ae neckn Intraembryonic mesoderm ‘Some ofthe ells ofthe primitive streak migrate laterally and forwards between the ectodermal and endodermal layers ofthe germ dis, This newly developed intermediate layers known as Intraembyonic mesoderm. tt spreads over the whole embryonic area except inthe region of oropharyngeal membrane and cloacal membrane. At the periphery ofthe germ dc intraemryonic mesoderm continous with ‘extraembryonic mesoderm Introembryonic mesoderm is subdivided into three parts. 1) Paria meade Rh nga columnot ces on each lef notctor Preotepart = wsepmented sal pf sll sti mse of head and rect postolepan — segmented, ach spent scaled soit Sdeotone, = Pimtve vertebra & bs somite =< Demomytome — Derm Stl ml 2) lntemediat mesoderm: it cotrbutsto nya goede, 2) Lara pate mesoderm: Wi the fomaton of tenon colom Kis Ned to ‘Somatopleuric aretl layer — forms parietal layer of body wall splanchnopleurc/ Visceral ayer — forma visceral layer of body cavities. Somites “The paraxial mesoderm ea thick longitudinal column of intraembryonic mesodesm extending canially from the primitive streak tothe prechordal plate. The paraxial mesoderm Is vided into Preotic part — _unsegmented Basal part of skull strated mes of hea and neck Postotiepart — segmented2 “The post otc par of paraxial mesoderm is subdivided into cubical blocks called somites or metameres ‘Segmentation extends in cranio caudal direction, Somites appear between 20" and 30” day of evelopment. "Number of somites: By the end of S* week 44 pais of somite are present, 4-Occipital Cervical 12 ~Thoracle—«S~Lumbar_§~Sacral 8-10~Coceygeal ach somite contains a cavity called myocele which later obliterated, Differentiation of somites: Schott mere vara lie somite 4s the midgut elongates, it projects into the ext embryonic coelom in the proximal part of the uma cord (physiological umbilical herniation). t occurs atthe 6 week. [ns 10? f suPended by dorsal mesentry contaning superior mesenteric artery. So the midgut loop presents a pre arterial segment and port arterial segment, The loop les sagittal plane SSE U The te arterial segment subjected to downward preszure by the ver. Eventual, the pre * Pre areal segment (right) elongatesraptly to form col of eurum and ile Post atrial (left) segment presents cecal bud. Seance of abdominal eave and progress reduction in ize of er allow the midgut to reenter the Saiomen. Te small intestine (ight) segment is reduced fist pasing daral to wpe mennrgone artery. Saar ane ef segment returns the abdomen and finds that dorsal part ofthe abdomen is alo oof Fae senainn. Sk oats upwards ad to the rit around the ae of superior mesenteric area ana Bass successively through the let ia, umbilical and subhepaticregtone, chin peor dt means why tranevere colon es vet o superior mesenteratey and why third part of cuodenum ies dorsal to the artery. aston 48 Herat repon,caecm and append grow caudally tough ight mbar ito Fight Tote {ange of rotation sound the ans of superior mesenteric artery i 270% (90° ‘umbilical hema and 1802s the oop is reduced) Anomalies:Development of Pancreas "ance develops trom dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds, which arise from the caudal part of foregut. Boral pancreatic bud: Mt grows rapidly between the layers of dorsal mesodvadenum and vesogastium, ‘entra pancreatic bud: It arses from hepatopancreati bud. It grows between the layers of ventral mesodvodenum, e 2 ‘When the duodenal loop falls tothe right, the ventral bud points tothe sight and dorsl bud tothe lft. Thereafter due to the differential growth ofthe wal ofthe duodenum, ventral bud shifts torthefef side Pancreas i formed with fusion of two buds, ‘entral pancreatic bud forms uncinate process and lower part of head of pancreas. Dorsal pancreatic bud forms upper part of head, neck, body and tal of pancreas. ae Duct system: im "Main pancreatic duc s developed from ~ a) Distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct, b) Cross eoenecton ‘between the two ducts and ) Proximal par of ventral pancreatic duck, ‘Accessory patereatc dct develops from proximal part of dorsal pancreatic duc ‘Anomal “Annlar pancreas: fs due to the growth of bifid ventral bud around the duodenum, It may cause uodenal obstruction, ‘Accessory pancreas: May be found in the wall of stomach or duodenum or Meckels diverticulum, vided pancreas: Duet allure of fusion of dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds, ponents Sak Fanunecs doe deveek Divided paneneaDevelopment of Liver and Biliary apparatus © A hepato pancreatic bud arises from the ventral wal of caudal part ofthe foregut. t divides into hepatic ‘bud and ventral pancreatic bud. “The hepatic bud extends into ventral mesogastrium and into septum transversum. It soon divides into a large cranial part pars hepatica and small caudal partparsqystica, ‘Pars hepatica divides into right and left parts. The proliferating endodermal cells give rise to cords of hepatocytes and epithelium of intrahepatic bilary apparatus ‘The fibrous tissue hemopoietic tissue and kupffer cells of thé ler are defived from mesenchyme of The growth of heptic cords within the septum trnsversum durbs the longitudinal course of viteline ‘and umbilical veins. These vessels breakup int the sinusoids, Pars eystica forms Gallbladder and cystic duct. Part of hepatic bud proximal to pars eystica form the bile duct. Anomalies: 3. Redet's lobe: It isa tongue lke extension from right lobe of the ner. 2. Gallbladder -a) agenesis, b) Phygian cap) Hartmann’s pouch d Septate bladder 3. Floating gall badder — Gall bladder completely covered by petitaneum on all sides, Development of Spleen Séleen i evloped tom a mass of mesenchymal cl (mesoderm) beeen te lj ofthe dora smesoacim ding 5 week. I ppears a number of ables (pene, which fe to fom a sage mass. The notches i ‘superior border of adult spleen indicate the lobulated development. nied wit te appirance of slen, he dol meget ded to essen and enovenl ferment Aooraties Folyspenia J Accessory spleen: one or more splenic mats may exit int "ay Ox in he ium of sper gastrosplenic ligament, tail of pancreas etc. spleen, aVitello intestinal duct The midgut communicates ventrally with the exta caiiyonic duct. disappears completely. Hit persists, the following, . ti tis anout pouchig of ileum, Patt of yotk sae tv ough tela Hosta {Ris due to abnormal persistence of proximal pat of vitello intestinal duct, -2times more commenin males Aitactied 2 fet proxinia to leo caccal junction, ‘occursin 2% of individuals, 2inches in ength. {oflammation = Mecke's diverticulitis Spt Enteroeystoma toms mimies appensdtis, ‘Vitel intestinal duct is sed at both ends, but remain patent la the mide, [Raspberry tumour at umbilleus Its du to persistence of estal pat ofthe duct, ‘Omphalo enteric fstla: Vitello testinal dct remains completely patent. a onbenie. " Enlooaystemne Racpbares omy Mectle’s divertiontin. a Agathe . Development of Rectum and anal canal Development of rectum: ‘Above Houston's 3% valve ~ from pre alantole pat of hindgut Below third valve ~from dorsal part of endodermal cloaca Anal can Pectinate tine ndleates the former site of anal membrane. ‘Above Pectinate line ‘Below Peetate ine Development endodermal cloaca ‘etodermal preoctodeun Arterial supply ‘Superior rectal artery Inferioe recta artery Venous drainage Superior recta vein Inferior rectal vein (Portocavalanastamasis) Lymphatic drainage Inferior mesenterie nodes ‘Superticial inguinal nodes Nerve supply Autonomic {nferior rectal nerve (somatic)Development of Diaphragm a2 !.aptvagm develops rom four componene Anomalies: semeantel derhroematic hernia: Ii eration of abdominal contets into ‘thoracic cavity through a defect inthe diaphragm, Foramen of Bochdalek~ Failure of Retrosternal hernia Large; Hiatus hernia Hernlation. evelopment of pleuropertoneal membrane, 2p between strma and costal sn of dphragm, of part of stomach through large oesophageal opening Rebrostennal eo rterlatcaka Development of lung C-—~ "ne agoteachea verte (rom the facut vides int two oneal buds. ach bron ba develops ito a principal bronchus The pac! bronchi subd into seendary bh wi sbi. The endoderm ofthe larngtrachea divert give et ning ents ofthe Broce The catlages, smooth musce and connective thive components are derved rom splanchnic mesoderm. Maturation of ngs: ti dvd it our sags. . 4) Peudoeisndulit stage (= Te woes): Bronchial tre & fred up termi Boneh. Respation ot posse. 2) Canattar stage (16-26 weeks: Respator bronchioles and aheolardt ae armed, Visctty iecreates. 4) Terminal sae Hage (26 weeis ~ bith arge somber of terminal sch aed ty many te | sncunccytt and few type reumoctes Canlates ble ao the uc They Bete) emerge 4 velar stage (th = 8 yeas). Mature aheotdeviey,Cardiovascular system Inter atrial septum ‘Septum primum, 2 sickle shaped fold aie from the root of prmitve atrium. K grows towards septum Intermedium. The gap between the septum primum and septum Intermedium is caled foramen primum. Progressive trouthof septum primum cases the foramen primum, Before complete dosure of foramen imum, another opening the foramen secundum appeers inthe upper part of septum primum. ‘Septum secundum is a thick muscular patton uses rom the root of preitve arm, to the right of septum primum, The caudal edge of septum secundum overaps the cephalic ree margin of septum prinum. The vakasar {foramen formed between the tw, is ale foramen ova In the feta Me, asthe eight atrial pressure more, bod frm the Might strum passes fo the ff tren ‘through foramen ovale, After birth, left atrium recehes blood from the hanes ned Kft arial pressure Increases. Septum premum Is pushed towards septum secundam snd & plastered 10H. Thus formen ‘les doted sructray and functionally, Caudal edge of septum secundum = Ubu fossa ov ‘Septem primi = for of fossa ovals oom: ‘Aria septal dec (ASD): Comanon typeof congental heat dase. 1) Patent formen ovale: The patency seicant ody # there shunt of bod trough 2) Ostham primus ASD: Septum prima tls to fuse wth endocardial cushion 2) Out secur ASD. Septem secundum may tl te develg = large formen vec, 4 Corrector Mveattedare / Comma otram ~Conete absence of septum eeDevelopment of Right atrium ostevtor smooth part (sinus venarum) behind the cris terminals is develope from the absorption of he ight hor of sinus venosus. Rough port (atrium prope) in font of crsta terminalis is developed from the right half of primitive am, ‘Mest ventral smooth partis derived from the right half of atio ventreular canal Decal wal of priitive atrium receives sno atrial efi. I is guarded by right and left venous valves. Left venous vale is incorporated into inter tril septum. ght venous vate forms ~crista terminalis valve of IVC and valve of coronary sinus. Development of interventricular septum A median ridge ~the muscular intr ventricular septum grows from the floor of primitive venti. The _growth ofthis septum takes place passively by the dilatation of the bulbo ventricular cavity on each side ofthe septum. ight and left bulbar ridges fuse to form bulbar septum in bulbs cords. ‘A ventricular formen appears between upper margin of muscular IV septum and the lower margin of| bulbar segtum. Inter ventricular foramen is closed bythe proliferation of tissue from the atrioventricular cushions (membranous part) Anomalies: \Ventiular septal defect (VSD) ~More frequent in males 1) Membronous VSO ~ Membranous part of septum is deficient due to falls of proliferation from endocardial cushions. 2) Maseulor VSD — Less common. It occurs due to excess cavitation of myocardial tissue during the ‘formation of ventricular walls. 3) Absence ofV Septum ~Cortiloculare—bi atrium,Development of Arch of dorta Arch of aortas developed from 3) Aortiesac eat tor of got sac: sors the part of ach between baneto cephalic tun ane common carotid artery. sank fourth cortcerch andthe part of eft dose! aorta between ductus carats nd 7 er a rap een. T forms the part of arch between ft common eet and left subdiden tenes 4) ef rsa aorta distal to 7 intersegmentalartery~ forms theres of the er, Ductus arteriosus On te ets te pron of Sch rh ary een he ty on bul ad esr, epee On the i pos cael ces cme at fe Hn tn ulmonay artery othe dra at Aer bth bert, eed Se a Cntr ngs the esd adios ignetnsteore soos: Pater taro erence of dacs aes ater\mon cardinal ‘he anterior cardinal vein (drain the cranial part of the embryo) and the posterlor cardinal vein (drain ‘the caudal pat of the embryo) on each side join to form the common cardinal velo is azo known as «dct of Cuvier Each common cardinal vein opens nto the corresponding horn of sinus venosus. 8) Right common carina vin ~ forms the part of superior vena cana ») Light common cardinal vein ~ Prosimal part forms part of coronary sinus and distal part ~obique vein of left atrium | Development of portal vein ‘wo viteline veins are interconnected by thee transverse anastamoses ~ cranial ventral, middle dorsal and caudal venta, Superior mesenteric and splenic veins join the left viteline vein, slightly caudal to the dorsal anastamoses. Portal veins formed from 1. Left vitline vein between the entey of superior mesenteric and spl anastamosis. 7 2, Dorsal anastamoss 3. Right vitellne vein between dorsal anastemosis and crank ventral anastamosis. 4. Cranial ventral anastamosis and part ofl vitelline vein cranial to it forms left branch, ‘5. Right viteline vin cranial to the ventral anastomosis forms ight branch, veins and the dorsal Development of Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava formed from 8} Right posterior cardinal vein 1) Right supracarinal vein Right supracardinal~subcardinal anastamosis 4) Right subcardina vein Right subcardinal~ right hepatocardiac anastamosis ‘Right epatocardia channel. Ductus venosus Ducts venosus connects the ft branch of portal vein tothe primitive inferior vena cava (ight hepatocariacehann)-The lf umbilical vias connected tft ranch of portal vei, Mos ofthe blood fom let umbitclveln bypasses the sinusoids of Iver by passing though ductus ‘venosus. Aer ithit is oblterated to frm igomentum venosum,gp itctorvsytem Development of Kidney ney devo rom to sources ind tesco fe Om Mee stn Te tr nse nsinepyg sront scene tse aon anpotcdetee cee stoped mn ats Mtanephr vee. attepreveace tres een ter forms coated a tna pie nome ae, convoluted tubule ae developed tom pote a ») Cole pa Ureterc bd deed fom meso dc thie Aichotomousyas it ivades Race oftdon, bas olen tls clei decimnorechen nang ee cane 2 era ero ot eter ahemialuahord cee -sunvatre the ney ascends oneal sass) ae Rotation of kde: During scene te Gao edly Shatin ected melt ‘Anomalies: 6) Peli Kidney ~ Due to falure of ascent o idney, () Horse shoe kidney ~ Inferior poles of two kidneys are fused, Nea B- t WS jotta Ureerie: Gud tienen of rere tate aaa chal fen urary bide dered from andodermal escoretra canal ets tone, which s mesodermal derived rom absorption of mesonepic cts mroncrne bladder fs derived from proximal part of alantols ‘Muscular andl serous coats ~ Derived from splanchnopleuri ntrembryonic mesoderm, Anomalies: Urachal sinus - Persistence of distal part of alanis rachel fistula ~ Persistence of entire alantos, rachel eyst— Persistence of small intermediate part of allantolsa “etopiavescoe~ Anterior wallof the bladder and infraumblical part of anteror abdominal wall are absent Female urethra: Derived from caudal par of vesicourethal canal and pelvic par of definite urogenital Male urethra: 1) Prostatic part— Above the level of opening of ejaculatory ducts is developed from causal part of _vesicoirethal cena except posterior wal which f derived from absorption of mesonephiic ducts Below the evel of opening of ejaculatory ducts is developed from pelvic part of definitive urogenital sinus. ‘ 2) Membranous part Derived from pelvic part of definitive urogenital sinus. 53) Penile part Derived from phallic partof definitive urogenital sinusEmbryology ~ Genital system _Bieielopment of testis Genital ridge Is formed by the proliferation of coelomic epithelium on the medial side of mesonephric ‘ridge. On the aval of primordial germ cells, the cals of genital ridge proliferate and extend into the underlying mesenchyme as primitive sex cords. This sage is called indiferent gonad. 1f the primordial germ cells carry Y chromosome, under the influence of SRY gene which codes for testis determining factor, the sex cords Inthe cortex regress and sex cords inthe medulla become canalized to + form seminiferous tubules. Cells of sex cord form Sertol cels. Primordial germ cells form spermatogonia. Mesoderm around seminiferous tubules forms interstial els. Descont of tests ‘Testis is developed in lumbar region t descends into scrotum at birth. ‘Stages of descent 2) 3! month=Wiac fossa 3) 7" month~ traverses inguinal canal 5) End of 9 month~serotum Factors responsible for descent 1) oifferentia growth of posterior abdominal wall 2} Formation of inguinal bursa ~ out pouching of various layers of abdominal wall towards the scrotum 3) Processus vaginalis~ A dlvertculum of peritoneum that extends into the inguinal cana and scrotum 2} 6" month ~ Deep inguinal rng 4) 8 month ~ superficial inguinal ing 4) Gubernaculum tests ~A mesenchymal band from lower poe of teststo bottom of xrotum 5) Increase In ntraabdominal pressure. Anomalies: Cryptorchldism - Undescended tests ~ causes infetlty, -Ectople tests ~ Presence of tests else where, apart fom expected path of descent. Cx: a ot of penis, ‘media side of thigh, perineum ete.ey / _ Derivatives of mesonephrie duct aa Ld mates 1) Veer Baal Goecting tubules, 9) Ureteve bud = Caliacting tubules, —— “coneeting ts, Collecting ducts, Minor calyoes, Major calves, ‘Minor calvoas, Major calyens, ‘Ureter, Ureter, ‘Tigone ofthe bladder, ‘Teigone of the bladder, Posterior wall of prostatic Posterior wall of female urethra ‘weetha up to the opening of ejaculatory det, Mesodermal pat of prostate, 2) Append of Epkdhayens 2) Gartonee’s duct 8) Rens Vas ceerens, Development of Uterus “The poramesoneptite ducts are formed by the lvagination of coelomic epithelium. When traced caudal they cross the front of mesonephvic ducts fom lateral to medial sie and come chose to each “other inthe mine, The canal vertical parts of two paramesonepric duets fuse to form uterovaginad ‘comet, ‘Uren s developed from upper part af werovain! conat, Myometium is formed fom surrounding resoderm, Congenital anomaltes: ‘Doubt uterus (Uterus ddetphys) ~ Due to are of fusion of two paramesonephie cts ‘icorwuate uterus ~The paramesonephake duct fuse lathe lower part and upperparts remln unused resulting none cervband the body ls duptcated. septate uterus = The two paramesonephiic ducts fase but the septum separating them does nat integrates,Unicornuate uterus ~ One paramesonephric duct degenerates resulting in one horn of uterus with one fallopian tube. -Agenesis of uterus ~Due to falure of development of paramesonephwric ducts. Rrarmesio rrepinfe due Development of Vagina ‘The paramesonephric ducts are formed by the invagination of coelomic epithelium. When traced ‘audilly they eros the front of mesonephiie ducts fom lateral to medial side and come cose to each ‘other Inthe midline. The caudal vertical parts of two paramesonephvic ducts fuse to form uterovaginal canel ‘The uterovaginal canal comes in contact with dorsal wall of pele part of define urogenital sinus, This Induces the formation of sinovaginal bulbs from definitive urogenital sinus. The sinovaginal bulbs fuse {0 form voginal plate. ‘Vagina is developed from following sources. Upper part of vagina including fornices ~ Lower part of uterovaginal canal Lower part ofvagina—Canalsation of vagina plate Vestibule of vagina (below hymen) ~Phalc part of defintve urogenital ius,4 Ufeovegna ae i vg (J) po i Sinaveginal BES Yasinak plake ferivatives of paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts taMals SS s[inremaes id ‘Appendix of tess Uierine ties Prostaticutride Uterus Upper part of vagina, Development of Pituitary gland (Hypophy cerebri) ‘Adenohypophyssis is developed from Rathke’s pouch an evagination from the ectoderm ning the roof of stomodeum). Later the pouch is detached from the stomodeum. Anterior wall of Rathke’s pouch proliferates to form pars anterior. Posterior wall proliferates to form pars intermedia. Cavity of the ouch persists as ntaglanduse cet, Neutohyponhysis is developed a a diverticulum from te lor of third ventricle. Neureclodinmal divers eabim oo ee 5 car oft Ralaices pouth form Rattie's pause stored Development of Suprarenal / Adrenal gland ‘Arena artes is mesodermal noi. tis developed fom the coelomic epithelium between gonadal tidge and mesentry. ‘Adrenal medulla s developed from neural rest cellDevelopment of Mammary gland (On the ventsal aspect ofthe embryo, the surface ectoderm isthickaned slong the lne extending fam ‘axlla to Inguinal reglon to form mammary ridge or milk line. Later the ridge dsappears except in Pectoral region. In the pectoral region, the mammary bud develops asa solid down growth of epidermis. ‘The bud presents a surface depression called mammary pt. 15 ~ 20 epithelial cords grow inwards fromthe bottom ofthe pit. A: the end of fetal fe, the epithelial ‘cords are canalized to form lactifetous duets. After bith the ph is evaginated by the growth of underlying mesoderm. : Anomalies: ) ‘Amasti~ Absence of breast. Aelia Absence of nipple. Polymasta ~ Accessory breasts. Polythelia—Supernumiery nipples. co