cos F (Line(e?™/*) + Line(e“?*4/9)]
=
{He-00)
42 > sin “ito (23),
=m
ot) = 0
eee +3 (1+ (AY) (1) Lines (-1)
and
G@-0) ori;
iy sin ([Cinear ("9") — Ling (7
2
22) cos Bones (2
ia
From these two formulae we obtain
yen (-2) = yee (?) =
7 Li
(0)
ee-n(2)"- 4(2k — 1g? x sit and hence, by subtracting these results from (23) and using (6) the formulae (19) and
(20) of Theorem 2. 0
We note that the formulae (21) and (22) for y'(p/q) and ¥"(p/q) are very similar
in their structure to formula (1) for Y(p/q). In contrast to this formula, however, they
contain two functions, Cla(z) and Cls(z), which are not elementary.
These results enable us to eliminate from (19) and (20) the term involving higher
derivatives of the cotangent function. This is done in
Theorem 3: Let k,p,q EN. Then, for0 0 in terms of Bernoulli numbers, Euler numbers, the Riemann zeta
function for odd integer arguments, and the related series of reciprocal powers of integers
A(m), of which G = A(2) is a special case [10].
Because Cla(21) is apparently not known in terms of well-known constants, it is not
possible to find (4) from (21) in terms of such constants. Lewin (11, p. 104] notes
that, though Cl,(2z) = 2 Clo(4x), it does not seem possible to evaluate these two values
separately. Relations between Cla(4x), Clo(37) and (in), o'(2x) etc. are given by
Grosjean (6]. Relations of a similar type for other arguments can also be found in de
Doelder (3]
We now present tid formulae which express (4)(4), wl#)(2) and w(4), pls)
in terms of well-known constants. ‘Theorem 5: For all k EN,
up (2K) (1
{yeogy} Feomr{ - 0% -2y¢24-4 (04)
(2k) (A
(Font = geo{ == 6" corey (35)
+1 (SUPA BM as oy po2t ake [Baal
Dye may” FOR FD) By
Proof: From (20) and (18) we obtain
(em) ee
i
#5v3
— (2K)! 3* (62k + 1) + Claeaa(3x)}
ems > Fy geen)
wen a
oe eens
{ents ote ev
= (2k)! 6% {(2
7#)¢ (2k +1) + Clasia($) — Clesa(3x)}
Using (11, p. 198]
Chara(Se) = 31-2) 3-*)C2k-+ 1),
Chaier(3r) = —$(1-3-7)¢(2k +1),
together with (31), yields the result as stated in Theorem 5. Q
We may add here that the sums over A in (34) and (35) are the coefficients in the
power series expansion for 3sin 2/ sin 3x and 3(sinz+sin2z)/ sin 3x, respectively. It does
not seem possible to obtain these coefficients in a simpler form
In particular we have
¥"(3) = -266(3) - $v3x9,
wend) = —2904¢(5) -
wh) = —7186960¢(7) - 48.35",
and
w"(3) = —182¢(3) —4v3n°,
wold) = -90024¢(5) — 176 V3x°,
wO(L) = —99943920¢(7) — 19264V 3x"
For reasons of completeness, we mention that according to (1),
in3 — LV3x,
2—81n3 - 3V3:
10 Note that the term containing V3 in these equations can be obtained by setting k = 0 in
the corresponding terms in (34) and (35). Here again, the values obtained from Theorem
5 can be used to calculate "(f+ n), WOAN(2 + n), YOM(E +n) and YPM(S + n) for
nENo.
‘We mention briefly the case p = 1, 9 =
wd) = (2+ V2)x? +166 +8V2 [Ch(tn) + Ch(3x)].
. From (21) we have
It does not seem possible to eliminate the Clausen functions in this formula, Grosjean (6)
gives
(Gag) = & [e204 vast ate e277, 6),
but substituting these expressions yields a vanishing identity.
From (22) we have
v"( =? — 2246(3) ~ 12802 (Cls(47) — Cls(2x)] .
Here again, an expression for Cla(}x) —Cla($x) in terins of other constants does not seem
to be known.
1) = -2443v9)
6. SPECIAL CASES FOR THE HIGHER DERIVATIVS OF cot xz AT z = p/q
We now discuss some examples of Theorem.4 for special,values p,q and arbitrary k.
We note that the'right-hand sides of (28) to (31) must be invariant under the substitution
Pp — 7p, q — rq where r € N. It is therefore possible to restrict p and q to pairs p,q
with ged(p, q) = 1. Further, it follows from the properties of the sine and cosine functions
that, up to a change of sign in the case of even derivatives, it is sufficient to consider, for
given q, only those values of p for which 2p You might also like
