Classifications of Programming
Computer 1st Quarter
Programming
Ada lovelace
• Augusta ada king countess of lovelace
• Worlds first computer programmer
Computer program
• Series of intructions written to perform a
specific task.
Programming
• The art and machine of creating programs.
• Process done by programmers to instruct a
computer on how to do a task.
• Planning, designing, writing a code.
Programming language
• Tool that allows programmer to command.
• Form of communication that programmers use.
Programmer
• A person who writes or debugs the computer
program.
Basic programming concept
• Process of developing the computer program
Why do we need computer programming
• Helps us understand computer
• Increases confidence level
• Skills
Factors of good programming language
• Sustainability for solving the problem
• Easy coding
• Easy debugging
• Naturalness
• Programmer productivity
language
Machine language
• Only language a computer can understand
• Consist of two numbers, 0 and 1.
Binary numeral system
• Processes number using binary digits
• 1 and 0 which represents "on" and "off".
Decimal numeral system
• Commonly used numeral system
• Uses 10 different numerals: 0 to 9.
• This number has 10 as a base.
Assembly language
• More advanced than the machine language
• Uses mnemonics, incomprehensible to
computers.
• Translator of mnemonics into a machine code:
assembler.
• Assembly or commonly: ASM or asm
High level language
• Programming language with strong abstraction
from the details of the computer.
Interpreter
• Translates high level instruction
Compiler
• Translates the entire program into a machine
code.
Object - oriented programming language
• Organize software design around data, objects,
rather than functions or logics.
The program development process
• Planning
• Coding
• Testing
• Debugging
• Documentation
• Maintenance
Small Basic Surface
• Place where all the editor windows go.

Writeline To close microsoft small basic:

• Writes text or number to the text window • Click the close button
Small Basic
• Press alt + f4
• Makes programming really easy, accessible To see the output:
and fun for begginers
• Click the run button
The language • Press f5
• draws its inspiration from an early variant of Text window / console
BASIC
• Text window is called an object.
The Programming Environment • Provides text related input and output.
• simple but rich in features- Intellisense
• offering beginners several benefits • Convenient way to access descriptions of
functions.
Libraries
• by writing compelling and interesting program To save your work:
Features of Small Basic • Click ctrl + s
• imperative
• Size
• Type System
• Variables
• Events
• Libraries
System Requirements
• Windows XP
• Vista
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
Small Basic
• User friendly development environment that is
very easy to use.

The process of a computer task

• Input
• Process
• Output
Input
• Any data required into the computer system.

Process
• Procedure carried out by the system to provide
an output.

Output
• Serves as the outcome of the process.

Toolbar
• Contains the tools or commands you need to
manage.

Editor
• where you will write your statements.
System development life cycle • Programmer identifies whether or not there is
the need for a new system to achieve the
business' strategic objectives.
Sdlc
Analysis
• The process used in creating a computer
system. • Brainstorming happens
• Details the stage - by - stage development and • Owner of the project is communicating
maintenance of the system. between stakeholders, end - users and project
team.
• Composed of many processes that aims to build
quality software
Design

• Planning • Uses the requirements specification from the

previous phase and the system and the
• Analysis
software designs are prepared.
• Design
• This phase aids in the definition of the overall
• Development system architecture.
• Testing
• Implementation Development
• Maintenance • The program is written by software developers
• This phase takes the longest time to finish the
Software development process entire sdlc.
• Way to improve design and product
management by breaking software Testing
development work into smaller steps or sub - • Functional testing such as unit testing,
processes that can be done in parallel or in - integration testing, system testing, acceptance
order. testing are performed.

Key term: Implementation

Process
• Set of partially ordered steps used to produce
or enhance a partially software product.
Process step
• The most singular action of a process that has
no externally visible substructure it is a basic
process of abstraction that is discrete, bound.
Process element
• Part of the process that ranges from indiviual
process steps to very large parts of processes.
• The software would now be delivered or
deployed to the customers for actual use.
Maintenance
• There are still some cases when the customers
would encounter problems and issues while
they are actually using the product.
Software development models
(methodologies)

Process program • Waterfall model

• Designed to fit the particular computing • V - model
environmental needs for format and detailed • Agile model
process programs are generally tested debug • Iterative model
and modified similar to computer programs.
• Incremental model
• Spiral model
• Rad model
• Prototype model

Steps:

Planning
Software development models
Waterfall model
• First software development model introduced
to the market
• Also known as the linear - sequential life cycle
model it is very simple to use.
• In waterfall model, the phases should not
overlap each other.
1. Requirement analysis and specification
• To understand the exact requirements of the
customer and to document them properly.
• Both the customer and the software developer
work together.
2. Design
• Transform the requirements gathered in the srs
into a suitable form which permits further
coding in a programming language.
• Defines the overall software architecture
together with high level and detailed design.
3. Implementation and unit testing
• If the sdd is complete, the implementation or
coding phase proceeds smoothly, because all
the information needed by software developers
is contained in the sdd.
• Small modules are tested in isolation initially.
After that, these modules are tested by writing
some overhead code to check the interaction
between these modules and the flow of
intermediate output.
4. Integration and system testing
• This phase is highly crucial as the quality of the
end product is determined by the effectiveness
of the testing carried out.
• The modules are tested for their interactions
with each other and with the system.
5. Operation and maintenance
• Task performed by every user once the
software has been delivered to the customer,
installed, and operational.
Advantages of waterfall model
• Simple yet complex to implement.
• Easy to manage but does not lend itself to
changing requirements in the middle of
development due to rigidity.
• Processed and completed one at a time.
• All phases are performed and comnpleted with
clearly defined entry and exit criteria.
Disadvantages of the waterfall model
• Once the application is in the testing stage, it is
very difficult to go back and change something
that was not well - thought out in the concept
stage.
When to use the waterfall model
• Works great when the requirements are
complete and well understood by the project
team.
• The definition of the product or projects is not
changing.
• The technology to be used in the design and
development is well understood by the project
team.
• The requirements and specifications are clear
concise, and the project duration is short.
V - model
• Stands for verification and validation
• It follows a series or processes which need to
be execute.
Verification
• Process of evaluation of the product
development process to find whether specified
requirements meet.
Validation
• Process to classify the software after the
completion of the development process to
determine whether the software meets the
customer expectations and requirements.
High - level design
• Visualizes all the components of the general
system working together to achieve an end
goal for the user or organization.
Low - level design
• Defines the specific time of technology, and
services needed to build the project.
Advantages of v - model
• Simple and has direct approach
• Creation and definition of a well - constrcuted
test plan is in place.
• Excellent for smaller project types
requirements are well controlled and thus
eliminationg scope creep.
Disadvantages of v - model
• Rigidly does not lend itself to being flexible
• No early prototypes are made available as code
is done explicit during implementation.
• Documentation updates whenever there are
changes to design or requirement.
Software development models
When to use v - model
• Applicable from small to medium sized and
projects or products and needs to have clealy
defined requirements.
Prototype model
• Built to process the specifications
Advantages of prototype model
• End users are pro - actively involved during the
development process.
 • End users have a better understanding of the • Input width, length
computer system being created. Step 2:
• Bugs are corrected in the earlier stages. • Area = length x width
• Faster end users feedbacks are readily available Step 3:
for improved solution. • Print area
• Complicated functions are listed.

Disadvantages of prototype model

Binary to decimal convertion
• Developers tend to keep on fixing rather than
building of the new computer system.
• Greatly increase the complexity of the
computer system due to deviations to the
original plans.
• Prototyping can cause the application not to be
utilized.

When to apply prototype model

• Desire system must interact with the end users
• Online computer systems and web portals are
good candidates for prototyping.
• Prototype module guarantees the end - users
regularly work with the new computer system.

Solving programming problems

• Includes identifying the problem then writing
instruction for the computer, which called a
source code.

Process flow in programming

• To be a good programmer, you must follow
good problem - solving techniques.

Algorithm
• Step - by - step procedure to solve problems. It
makes the whole procedure more efficient as
consistent.

Flowchart
• Diagram representing the logical sequence in
which a combination of steps or operation is to
be performed.

System used in flowcharting

Terminator
• Used in declaring the beginning and the end of
a flowchart. Labeled with the word "start" or
"end".

Input/output
• Used if the flowchart needs input from the user
or output from a process.

Process
• Used to process data, normally composed of
mathematical symbols.

Decision
• Leds to comparison which involves logical and
relational operators and questions that are
answered by "yes" or "no"

Step 1:
Binary to decimal convertion
Binary number system
• Number system that computers use to
represent data with 0s and 1s.

Decimal number system

• Commonly used number system, where each
number is represented by digits 0 to 9 and each
place value has a power of 10

Place value
• The value of a number based on its position.
Bit
• A binary digit with either a zero or 1 as a
prossible value.

Byte
• A sequence of 8 bits with 256 possible values
from 00000000 through 11111111