Thi-Giac-May-Tinh - Vo-Quang-Hoang-Khang - Dip01-Fundamental-Image-Processing - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Lecture 01
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Digital Imaging Fundamentals
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CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
Contents
This lecture will cover:
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 Light and the electromagnetic spectrum
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 Image representation
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 Image sensing and acquisition
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 Sampling, quantisation and resolution
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Digital Image Fundamentals 2

Light And The Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Light is just a particular part of the electromagnetic
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spectrum that can be sensed by the human eye.
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 The electromagnetic spectrum is split up according to
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the wavelengths of different forms of energy
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Reflected Light
 The colours that we perceive are determined by the
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nature of the light reflected from an object
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 For example, if white
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light is shone onto a
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green object most
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wavelengths are
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absorbed, while green ng Colours
light is reflected from Absorbed
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the object.
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Sampling, Quantisation And Resolution
In the following slides we will consider what is involved in
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capturing a digital image of a real-world scene
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 Image sensing and representation
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 Sampling and quantisation
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 Resolution
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Image Acquisition
 Images are typically generated by illuminating a scene
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and absorbing the energy reflected by the objects in
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that scene.
 Typical notions of
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illumination and
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scene can be way off:
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• X-rays of a skeleton
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• Ultrasound of an
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unborn baby
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• Electro-microscopic
images of molecules

Image Sensing
 Incoming energy lands on a sensor material
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responsive to that type of energy and this generates a
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voltage
 Collections of sensors are arranged to capture images
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Imaging Sensor
Line of Image Sensors

Array of Image Sensors

Image Sampling And Quantisation
 A digital sensor can only measure a limited number of
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samples at a discrete set of energy levels
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 Quantisation is the process of converting a continuous
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analogue signal into a digital representation of this
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signal
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Image Sampling And Quantisation (cont…)
 Remember that a digital image is always only an
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approximation of a real world scene
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Image Representation
 Before we discuss image acquisition recall that a

digital image is composed of M rows and N columns of
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pixels each storing a value.
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 Pixel values are most col
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often grey levels in the
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range 0-255(black-white).
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 We will see later on
that images can easily
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be represented as
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matrices.
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f (row, col)
row

Image Representation
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Spatial Resolution
 The spatial resolution of an image is determined by
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how sampling was carried out
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 Spatial resolution simply refers to the smallest
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discernable detail in an image
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• Vision specialists will
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often talk about pixel
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size ng
• Graphic designers will
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talk about dots per

inch (DPI)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution
 Intensity level resolution refers to the number of
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intensity levels used to represent the image
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• The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of
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detail discernable in an image
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• Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the
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number of bits used to store each intensity level
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Number of Intensity
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Number of Bits Examples
Levels
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1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
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4 16 0000, 0101, 1111

8 256 00110011, 01010101
16 65,536 1010101010101010

Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
256 grey levels (8 bits per pixel) 128 grey levels (7 bpp) 64 grey levels (6 bpp) 32 grey levels (5 bpp)
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16 grey levels (4 bpp) 8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp) 2 grey levels (1 bpp)

Saturation & Noise
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Resolution: How Much Is Enough?
The big question with resolution is always how much is

enough?
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 This all depends on what is in the image and what you
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would like to do with it
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 Key questions include
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• Does the image look aesthetically pleasing?
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• Can you see what you need to see within the image?
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Resolution: How Much Is Enough? (cont…)
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 The picture on the right is fine for counting the number

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of cars, but not for reading the number plate

Relationships Between Pixels
 Neighbors of a pixel: consider a pixel p at (x,y)
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p
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 4-neighbors of p, N4(p): neighbors at (x+1,y), (x-
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1,y), (x,y+1), (x,y-1).
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 4-diagonal neighbors of p, ND(p): (x+1,y+1), (x+1,y-

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1), (x-1,y+1), (x-1,y-1).

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 8-neighbors of p, N8(p): N4(p) and ND(p).

 Connectivity: Two pixels are connected if they are

adjacent (e.g. 4-neighbors) and their gray levels
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satisfy specified criterion of similarity (e.g. they are
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equal). Let V set of gray levels used to define
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connectivity (e.g. V={1}: binary image;
V={32,33,…,63,64}: gray-scale image).
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• 4-connectivity (4-adjacent): p and q are 4-connected if
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their values from V and q is in N4(p).
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• 8-connectivity (8-adjacent): p and q are 8-connected if

their values from V and q is in N8(p).
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 m-connectivity (m-adjacent, mixed connectivity): p

and q are m-connected if their values from V and
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 q is in N4(p), or
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 q is in ND(p) and set S=N4(p)  N4(q) is empty (pixels  S are
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4-neighbors of both p and q, and whose values are from V).
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 m-connectivity introduced to eliminate ambiguity in
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path connections (resulted from allowing 8-
connectivity)
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 Path
• A (digital) path (or curve) from pixel p with coordinates
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(x0, y0) to pixel q with coordinates (xn, yn) is a sequence
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of distinct pixels with coordinates:
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(x0, y0), (x1, y1), …, (xn, yn)
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where (xi, yi) and (xi-1, yi-1) are adjacent for 1 ≤ i ≤ n.
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Here n is the length of the path. ng
• If (x0, y0) = (xn, yn), the path is closed path.
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• We can define 4-, 8-, and m-paths based on the type of

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connectivity used.

Examples: Connectivity and Path, V = {1, 2}
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Summary
We have looked at:
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
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Light and the electromagnetic spectrum
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 Image representation
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 Image sensing and acquisition
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 Sampling, quantisation and resolution
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o ng
Next time we start to look at techniques for image
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enhancement
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Lecture 01

This lecture will cover:

Digital Image Fundamentals 2

 Light is just a particular part of the electromagnetic

Digital Image Fundamentals 3

 The colours that we perceive are determined by the

Digital Image Fundamentals 4

In the following slides we will consider what is involved in

Digital Image Fundamentals 5

 Images are typically generated by illuminating a scene

Digital Image Fundamentals 6

 Incoming energy lands on a sensor material

Line of Image Sensors

Digital Image Fundamentals 7

 A digital sensor can only measure a limited number of

Digital Image Fundamentals 8

 Remember that a digital image is always only an

Digital Image Fundamentals 9

 Before we discuss image acquisition recall that a

Digital Image Fundamentals 10

Digital Image Fundamentals 11

 The spatial resolution of an image is determined by

talk about dots per

Digital Image Fundamentals 12

Digital Image Fundamentals 13

Digital Image Fundamentals 14

Digital Image Fundamentals 15

Digital Image Fundamentals 16

Digital Image Fundamentals 17

Digital Image Fundamentals 18

 Intensity level resolution refers to the number of

4 16 0000, 0101, 1111

Digital Image Fundamentals 19

Digital Image Fundamentals 20

Digital Image Fundamentals 21

The big question with resolution is always how much is

Digital Image Fundamentals 22

 The picture on the right is fine for counting the number

of cars, but not for reading the number plate

Digital Image Fundamentals 23

 Neighbors of a pixel: consider a pixel p at (x,y)

 4-diagonal neighbors of p, ND(p): (x+1,y+1), (x+1,y-

1), (x-1,y+1), (x-1,y-1).

 8-neighbors of p, N8(p): N4(p) and ND(p).

Digital Image Fundamentals 24

 Connectivity: Two pixels are connected if they are

• 8-connectivity (8-adjacent): p and q are 8-connected if

Digital Image Fundamentals 25

 m-connectivity (m-adjacent, mixed connectivity): p

Digital Image Fundamentals 26

• We can define 4-, 8-, and m-paths based on the type of

Digital Image Fundamentals 27

Examples: Connectivity and Path, V = {1, 2}

Digital Image Fundamentals 28

We have looked at:

Digital Image Fundamentals 29

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