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Tc ¤¦¥¥/§©ˆ«
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MMs =
2
38, 5Amˆmole
³ . −1
´µŽ`P£6£>£Ž` ±’`·“žc“­`P˜B™¸“ž!Ÿ˜€™-d’¡J;`7£>d¹™¸±Q^±fcd;Ž`»º e>d’`€´µ¼½`Pd’£>£·¾
Tc ¶
CM B
MM = T −Tc µ0
³ a `P¿I˜`I¿Pc!˜£6™-!˜B™-`ÀŽ`|º e>d’` 3
Œ‘Â=
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−5 −1
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ÓÂc±fd’¡`P£ c˜[‘Ãc!£>`Pe> B 0 Ÿ©`P£6™»±f`4š2/¿b™-`be7Ž`
‰ !˜Ž
ß Ò ”K˜qŽbŽdfe6`ž¡`ž±f`©“­c“ž`b˜B™|“ž!Ÿ˜;b™-d’¡`žà Ž`­±Q[£>Ó¨ £:™%!˜;¿P`T`b£6™›Žc˜˜
¶ x = JgµB kT ¨
‘/e6™À¾
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(µz ) =
−mgµB (m = −J, −J + 1, ..., J)

h
M = N JgµB BJ (x)
g¬`P£:™»±’`^˜c“vÓ;e>`4™-c/™%!±\Ž ‹ d’c˜£
ø ÒXù `P‘;e>P£6`P˜B™-`be¸£>¿ Ô b“T/™>df¡`b“ž¨ `b˜™¸±fšœc˜¿€™-dfc!˜vŽ`·Ú e6df±f±’cd’˜ –4˜W‘e>b¿Pdf£6`Pe>À±’`P£
a/!±’`Pe6£7±fdf“­d’™>`P£`b™±Qv‘Â`P˜B™-`|ÖW± ‹ ce>d’Ÿdf˜;` ¨
ú Ò ºM!±f¿b±f`be»±f©a/!±’`PeŽ`v£>/™-e>/™-d’c¨ ˜ ‘Ãc;e»± ‹ c(ŒJJŽ`vŽ ‹ `Pe6c‘d’“ º c“W´
‘/e>`Pe·Ö©±Q›a/!±’`Pe7`]Œ‘Ãbe>df“­`P˜B™-!±f` MMs ¨
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ü ÆýÇBÈÉNÊýÌþÏ"ÑËÍ<ÉAÎ-ÏÐPÌyÑBÎÍ>ÈÉNÊ

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“ž!Ÿ˜€™-d’¡J;`À!‘‘±’df¡4`€™ B =
`P£6™»±f`^¿ Ô !“ž‘[Ž`^¼½`Pd’£>£ B + λM ¨
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d f
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d >
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e b£ > 
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±’`^“žc“­`P˜B™7“ž!Ÿ˜;b™-d’¡`^“žc!±Q!d’e>`£6c£7šœce6“ž`^d’“ž‘±’df¿bd’™-`
Ó Ò àÙc˜B™-e6`Pe­¡`˱ ‹ !d’“T/˜™-/™-d’c˜¢e6PŽd¹™-` ¨ ‹
MM `P£6™žPŸ!±f`ŠÖ½± c!e>Žc˜;˜P`
R = M
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‘/e-!“­Äb™>e>`P£7`b˜Ššœc!˜¿b™>dfc˜[Ž`IÚ `b ™ 
BJ (x)
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“­df˜`be^± ‹ `€Œ‘e6`P£>£6dfc˜sŽs“žc!“ž`b˜™I“ž!Ÿ˜€™-d’¡J;` J
`P˜s¿ Ô !“­‘sš2!d’Ó¶ ±f`W`€™|Ö
MM (B, T )
™>`P“­‘Ãbe-/™>e>`^b±f`ba!P`
Ó Ò ”K˜¯ŽbŽd’e>` ¡¨ `±fÙ£>;Ó£6™-!˜¿P`[£6d’™ Ž/˜£v±f`žŽc“ž!df˜;` ±fË±fc!dŽ;`
º e6df`]´µ¼½`Pdf£6£M`b™MŽb™>`Pe>“­df˜;`Pe ±’`P£M`]Œ‘e>`b£>£>d’c˜£· ¶ Ž`4±f›¿Pc!˜£6™-!˜B™-`^Ž`À x  1¶
º ;e>df` `b™7Ž`
CM
±f›™-`P“­‘ÂPe-™-e6`
¿ Ò ºM!±’¿P±’`Pe7˜Tc“­ ¨ Pe6df¡`P“­`P˜B™±Qv¿bc˜£:™%!˜B™-`IŽ`|º e6df` ‘Ãc;e»”K– `b™¿Pc“W´
CM
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ŽbŽd’e>`À±Q›a/!±’`Pe7ŽŠ¿ Ô !“­‘ “­c±’P¿P;±Q!d’e>`4ÖW±f©£>/™-;λe-¨ /™>dfc˜ º c“­“ž`b˜™>`Pe
¶ ¨ ¨
h BÒ àÙc˜B™>e>`Pe ¡J ‹ `b˜¿ Ô !“­‘ ˜± öÚ ¤ BÒ ¶ ±f|£>;Ó£6™-!˜¿P`^‘;e>P£6`P˜B™-`^;˜`4!d’“T/˜´
™-/™-d’c˜£>‘Âc˜B™%!˜;P`I£>d ±Q›™>`P“­‘Ãbe-/™>e>`  `P£:™d’˜;šœPe6df`P;e>`^Ö
Tc .

Nì4í"æ€ì"ì"è ℵ = 6, 022  23 ïMæ€õRè −1  µB = 9, 27.10−24JT −1 ,     −23JK −1


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