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6
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7
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8
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15
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21
[ doXñ` Amo‘>maì`m»`mZê$nËd§ Cº$naåna`¡d Z gmjm{XË`wnnmXZ_² ]

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22
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23
[ {ddaUmoº$mZm§ ~«÷{Okmgm`m JVmW©Vme‘>mVËn[ahmamUm§ {ZamH$aU_² ]

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24
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25
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28
{ZénmXmZñ` {dZmemZw n n{Îm_me‘> > ç mo º $_² Ÿ ñdml`JVmo Î mamdñWm {dZme B{VŸ& VXZw n nÞ_² Ÿ &
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[ AZm{XËd{ZdË`©Ëd`mo: ì`m{á^“: ]
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29
ZmeofmZÝXm{^ì`{º$`m©dXrœa Ed ñdH$s`m§ ~ÝYH$eqº$ Z VVmo ì`mdV©`{VŸ& AV Edm@ZÝXõmgd¥Õr dúòVo B{VŸ&

(3-4-14)
[ ~ÝYñ` {_Ï`mËdà{VnmXH$mÜ`mg^mî`ñ`m^mî`ËdmnmXmZ_²² ]
Ed§ VmdV² ñd_VoZ gyÌ§ ì`m»`m` VËn[aewÕò naofm§ ^mî`§ Xyf`{VŸ ""~ÝY{_Ï`mËd_²'' BË`m{XZmŸ& _m`mdm{XZm
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30
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(33,40) CnnÚVo M gË`ñ`m{n à^wàgmXm{Þd¥{Îm[a{V dú`VoŸ& (120)
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31
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ZM Xe©ZmXe©Z_mÌ§ ì`máo{Z©`m_H${_{V dú`m_:Ÿ& (693) {Z`Vnyd©jUd{V©ËdeyÝ`_{n H$maU_pñËd{V ì`mhVm e‘>>¡d
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[ kmZ{ZdË`©ñ` ~ÝYñ`mkmZoZ {dZm@ZwnnÚ_mZËdo@{n Z VoZ {_Ï`mËdmjon:Ÿ]

AñVw dm kmZ_kmZñ`¡ d {ZdV© H ${_{V ì`m{á:, VWm@{n ~ÝY{_Ï`mËd§ Z¡ d _w { º$ano jVo Ÿ & {H$ÝVw
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H$\$mo{UJwS>m{`V_²Ÿ& {ZamH$[aî`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& (109)
32
[ gË`ñ`m{n {dfñ` JéS>Ü`mZm{Þd¥{ÎmXe©ZmV² kmZ{ZdË`©ËdhoVmoaZ¡H$mpÝVH$Vm ]

A{nM gË`ñ`m{n {dfñ` JéS>Ü`mZoZ {Zd¥{ÎmXe©ZmX² ~ÝY{_Ï`mËd§ Z¡d _w{º$anojVoŸ& {df§ Z gË`{_{V MoV², ZŸ&
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nam“rH$maoU ËdmnmXZ{_{V MoV², V{h© VXod Z kmZm{Þd¥Îm-{_{V Z {_Ï`m^yVñ`m{n kmZm{Þd¥{Îm:Ÿ& {_Ï`m^yV§
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{damoYmo@“rH$m`©:, VVmo da§ g Ed à`moOH$ BË`“rH$mamo bmKdmV²Ÿ& kmZ{damo{YËd§ {_Ï`m^yVñ`¡do{V MoV², ZŸ&
à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ& Xe©Zm{X{V MoV², Vøm©J_oZ gË`ñ`m{n ^dV² Ho$Z dm`©VoŸ? ZM Xe©Z_mÌ§ ì`máo{Z©`m_H$_²Ÿ&
[ Ü`mZñ` kmZê$nËdì`wËnmXZ_² ]
Ü`mZ§ _mZgr {H«$`m Z kmZ{_{V MoV², ZŸ& `{X {H«$`m n[añnÝX: g Vø©VrpÝÐ`m{lVmo@VrpÝÐ` BË`namojmd^mg{damoYmo
ê$na{hVËdo Z VXd^mg{damo Y üŸ& `{XM _mZgr g¥ { ï> [ a{V _V_² , AZw - _V_o V V² Ÿ &
ldUXe©Zm{XO{ZV_mZgdmgZm_`ñ` dñVwZmo _Zgm@dbmoH$Z§ Ü`mZ{_Ë`“rH$mamV²Ÿ& AVrpÝÐ`monmXmZH$ñ`m{n
Ðì`ñ`¡p ÝÐ`H$Ëd§ ÍÙw H $mXo [ admo n nÚVo Ÿ& Zrê$nmX² dm`mo ê$ndVñVoO gmo OÝ_ doX mpÝVZm§ à{gÕ_od Ÿ&
Vm{H©$H$mXrÝñËdmaå^dmX{ZamH$aUoZ Vmof{`î`m_:Ÿ& (664)
Ed#m Ü`m`Vo{üÝVmW©Vm@{n ñ_¥{V{gÕm {gÕmŸ& AV Ed ""{H«$`m_mZgdV²'' B{V gyÌ{damoYmo@{n n[aöV:Ÿ&
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[ gË`ñ`m{n nmnñ` goVwXe©Zm{XZm {Zd¥{Îm: ]

{H$#m go V w Xe©Z m{XZm nmnm{X{Zd¥ { Îm: gw à {gÕmŸ& _Üò @ Ñï> H $ënZm`m§ Vw Z à_mU_pñVŸ& AÝ`Wm
àH¥$Vo@ß`Ñï>H$ënZmàg“mV²Ÿ& AÑï>gmÜ`Ëdo _mojñ`m{ZË`Vmàg{º$[a{V MoV², kmZOÝ`Ëdo@{n gmå`mV²Ÿ& kmZOÝ`Ëdo@{n
àÜd§gËdmÞm{ZË`Ëd{_{V MoV², g_mZ_oVXÑï>gmÜ`Ëdo@nr{VŸ&
[ ~ÝYÜd§gê$nm`m _wºo$: à{V`mo{JgË`Vmì`máËdoZ Z ~ÝY{_Ï`mËdgmnojVm ]

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~ÝY~mY Ed _w{º$[a{V MoV², Z¡d§ lw{VgyÌo dXV:Ÿ& ""Va{V emoH$_²''BË`mXm¡ {dnarVm{^YmZmV²Ÿ& ""{d_wº$ü
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[ àH$mamÝVaoU àW_g“{V{ZamH$aU_² ]
A{nM¡d_w{º$:""~«÷kmZ§ OrdJV§ ~ÝY§ {ZdV©`{V'' B{V gm¡Ìr à`moOZmo{º$:, ~ÝY{_Ï`mËd§ ZmnojVoŸ& `{X OrdkmZ§
OrdJVñ` ~ÝYñ` {ZdV©H${_{V à`moOZmo{º$: gyÌo ñ`mV², VXm H$W{#m-XnojoVm{n ~ÝY{_Ï`mËd_²Ÿ& ZM¡d§ gyÌH¥$XmhŸ&
Z{h ew{º$H$m`m_mamo{nV§ aOV§ KQ>kmZm{ÞdV©VoŸ& ~«÷kmZ§ Zm_ ËdånXmW©ñ` Ordñ` VËnXmW}Z ~«÷U¡Š`mZw^d B{V Vw
ñdJmoð>r{Zð>§ àbmn_mÌ_²Ÿ& {ZamH$[aî`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& (116)
33
A{nM `{X ~ÝY{_Ï`mËd_², `{XM kmZ_mÌmX² ~ÝY~mY:, VXm kmZo g{V {H$_{n _w{º$Z£d AnojV B{V gÚ Ed
gmjmËH¥$V~«÷Um§ earam{X{Zd¥{Îm: àgÁòVoË`Wm©nÎmoñVH©${damoY:Ÿ& EVƒ V¥Vrò àn#m{`î`m_:Ÿ&(1131) Ed§
gy{ÌVà`moOZm{já§ ~ÝY{_Ï`mËd{_h d{U©V{_ËòV{ÞamH¥$V_²Ÿ&
[ {ÛVr`g“{V{ZamH$aU_² ]
AWdm {df`moŠË`m{já{_ËòVXZoZ {ZamMï>oŸ& Ed_w{º$: gm¡Ìr ~«÷Umo {df`Ëdmo{º$~©ÝY-{_Ï`mËd§ Z¡dmnojVoŸ&
`{X{h gyÌo OrdmË_Zmo {df`V`mo{º$: ñ`mV², VXm gm Vñ` gpÝX½YVm{gÕò H$V¥©Ëdm{X~ÝY{_Ï`mËd§ H$W{#mXnojoVm{nŸ&
~«÷¡d øÌ {df`V`moÀ`VoŸ& ZøÝ`ñ` gpÝX½YV`m AÝ`ñ` {dMma{df`VmonnÚVo, A{Vàg“mV²Ÿ& AmË_¡d ~«÷oËòVm§
Vw Xwamem_nmH$[aî`m_:Ÿ& (116, 264, 571, 575, 881, 901, 1019, 1281, 1231)
[ V¥Vr`g“{V{ZamH$aU_² ]
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{_Ï`mËd_nojVoŸ& `{X{h Ordñ` ~«÷Vm`m§ gH$bdoXmÝVn`©dgmZ§ à{VnmX{`Vw{_X§ emó§ àd¥Îm§ ñ`mV², VXm {damoYemÝË`¡
~ÝY{_Ï`mËdmnojmŸ& ZM¡d_²Ÿ& `WmM¡VV² VWm dú`m_:Ÿ& (185, 227 )
[ "_w{º$anojVo' BË`ñ`mZwnÞVm_me‘>ç n[ahmaH$WZ_² ]

ZÝdnojm`m: nwéfY_©ËdmV² H$W_oVV²Ÿ? BËW_²Ÿ àVr`_mZmo@Wm}@Wm©ÝVa{df`m§ nwéfñ`mnojm-_wnOZ`Z² gmnoj
BË`wn M`©V oŸ& `Ûm à{_Vñ`mZwn nÚ_mZñ`mW©ñ`¡d mon nmXH$mjon e{º$anojm@Ì CÀ`V B{VŸ& Ed#m kmZmX²
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[ àË`jm{X{déÕËdmX² ~ÝY{_Ï`mËdñ` AWm©nÎmo~m©{YV{df`Ëd_² ]

XyfUmÝVa§ MmWm©nÎmoamhŸ {_Ï`mËd_nr{VŸ&
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VX{g{Õa{n àmJWm©n{Îmàd¥Îmoab‘>ma EdŸ& CÎmaH$mb§ Vw ZmñËòdo{V MoV², ZŸ& d¡få`mV²Ÿ& Z{h agm`Z{gÕçmÚ{gÕV`m
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Efm IëdWm©n{Îmgm_J«rŸ `XmjonH$ñ` à{_VËd_², AZwnnÚ_mZËd§ M; Amjoß`ñ`mß`wn-nmXH$Ëd_²,
à_mUm{déÕËd§ MŸ& AV Edmà{_VËd_², AZwnnÎ`^md:, AÝ`Wm@ß`wnn{Îm:, AÝ`-W¡dmonn{Îm:, à_mU{déÕmW©Ëd§
34
MoË`Wm©n{ÎmXyfUmZr{VŸ&
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Mo ï > m {X{b“¡ : , ""Ah{_Ëò d `mo do Ú :'' BË`mÚmJ_¡ ü m@Ë_Z: H$V© ¥ Ë dmÚw n o V ñ`¡ d à{_VËdmV² Ÿ &
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35
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(543,548)
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36
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43
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àW_njmoº$XyfUmZm_g“VËdà{VnmXZ_² ]
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ì`{^MmaXmof:Ÿ& H$mo Zm_ ñdñWmË_¡d_Zw{__rVoŸ?
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EdoË`wº$_²Ÿ& (58)
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`X{Zd©MZr`_{^àoV§ VXJ«o {ZamH$[aî`VoŸ& (65, 874)
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44
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Adí`_ä`wnJÝVìòË`me‘>ç IÊS>ZH¥$Vm Cº$g_mYmZñ` {ZamH$aU_² ]
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45
VH©$ñ`m@^mgVm{g{Õ:, Vñ`m§ M lwË`m{Xàm_mÊ`{g{Õ[a{V MH«$H$mnÎ`m Z¡H$ñ`m{n {g{Õ:Ÿ& AgV: H$maUËd§ Vw

gyÌH¥$V¡d {ZamH$[aî`V BË`b§ àg“oZŸ& (2-2-26)
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46
`X{n VW¡d bm¡{H$H$mo ì`dhma: àVr`V B{V VXJ«o {ZamH$[aî`VoŸ& (1314) AW©{H«$`m@ß`gVr{V MoVaoVaml`m{XZm
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Z {ÛVr`V¥Vr`m¡Ÿ& à{Vdm{XZmo@gåà{VnÎmo[a{VŸ&
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gÎdm^mdo gmYH$Ëd§ Z ñ`m{X{V dm àg“§ dú`m_:Ÿ& VÌmgÎd_wnm{Y[a{V MoV², ZŸ& Vñ` gÎdm^mdmZ{VaoH$mV²Ÿ& VØ“ñ`
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gÛ¡bjÊò@gÎdmnË`m gmYH$Ëdm^mdñ`, AgÛ¡bjÊò M gÎdmnmVoZ {_Ï`mËdmonnmXZm-gå^dñ`m@nÎmo:Ÿ&
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[ {dœñ` gXg{ÛbjUËdgmYH$mZw_mZñ` à{Vkm§e^“: ]

47
AW _ÝòVŸ {ddmXnX§ gXg{ÛbjU_², kmZ~mÜ`ËdmV²; `Xod§ VXod_², `Wm ew{º$aOV{_-Ë`Zw_mZ§ {dœñ`

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ZŸ& gVmo ^mdñ`m{n {dœñ` gVmo d¡bjÊ`§ ^mdËdmZ{YH$aUËd§ __ ñd`§ gXodŸ& H$W§ ^mdËdôXdm{XZmo Z¡H$_od
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48
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49
AVñVoZ gmÜ`_mZoZ {dœñ` gXgÎdmnÎ`m ôXdm{XZ: H$W_{Zï>§ ^doV²Ÿ?

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63
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67
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68
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71
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{d^mJm` ì`mH$aU_W©d{X{VŸ&
[ g‘>oVdmXo@{n F$î`m{Xà`moJmZm_{Z`_mZwnn{Îmàg“:, ì`mH$aUm{Xd¡`Ï`©àg“ü ]

AÌ ~«y_:Ÿ nañ`m{n _Vo {H$_rœag‘>oV EdmdJ_m“_², CVmñ_XmXrZm_{nŸ& AmÚo H$W_¥î`m-`©åboÄN>mZm_{Z`Vm:
à`moJàË``ì`dhmam:Ÿ? {H$#moœag‘>oVmo@{n J¥hrV EdmdJ_m“§ Z ñdê$noUŸ& ì`wËnÞdXì`wËnÞñ`m{n à{Vn{Îmàg“mV²Ÿ&
VX²J«hü ËdXwº$arË`mon Xoem{XZ¡d Ÿ& VWmMmñËdñ_Xm-ÚwnXoe EdŸ& {H$_Ñï>o œag‘>oVH$ënZò{ V g_mZ_²Ÿ&
Añ_Xm{X{â{n nyd©VZ: g‘>oVmo kmß`V Ed ZVw {H«$`V B{V MoV²,>, Vø©ñ_Ý_Vo@{n d¥ÕoZ ñdm^m{dH$s e{º$km©ß`V
EdŸ& ZËdnyd©g‘>oV: {H«$`V B{V Vwë`_²Ÿ& {ÛVrò Vw ì`mH$aUm{Xd¡`Ï`©_²Ÿ& ì`dhma_mÌ§ {h eãXà`moOZ_²Ÿ&
VƒoœamZrœag‘>o-V`mo: g_mZ_²Ÿ& AÑï>mW©{_{V MoV², ZŸ& à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ& lwË`mXo: g‘>oVe{º$njmoXmgrZËdmV²Ÿ&{H$#m
Ma_^m{dZ§ ghH$m[aU_wnXoem{XH$_wnmXm` e{º$àË`m»`mZo@{Vàg“:Ÿ&
100
[ eãXmW©gå~ÝYñ` ñdm^m{dH$Ëdñ` àm_m{UH$Ëd_² ]
AWm¡Ën{ÎmH$e{º$gØmdo qH$ à_mU_²Ÿ? AWm©d~moYñ` ñdê$nghH$m[aä`m§ eãXg‘>oVmä`m-_odmonnÎmo[a{VŸ& CÀ`Vo

Ÿ
qH$ ñdê$nghH$m[aì`{V[aº$mVrpÝÐ`m e{º$: ¹$m{n Zm“r{H«$`Vo, CV eãX EdŸ? AmÚo dú`m_:Ÿ& {ÛVrò@YwZmVZmñVmdÞ
g‘>oV{`Vma B{V Vdm{n gå_V_²Ÿ& ZM bmoH$mo-Îmao g‘>oV{`V[a à_mU_pñVŸ& VWmM ñd^md Edm`§ eãXmZm{_{V
Jå`VoŸ& Jdm{XeãXm: gm‘>>o-{VH$m:, eãXËdmV²Ÿ; XodXÎmm{XeãXd{X{V MoV², {H$_Ì gm‘>o{VH$Ëd_mÌ§ gmÜ`_², CV
gmñZm{X-_Ë`W}Ÿ& AmÚo {gÕgmYZ_²Ÿ& Jwá^mfUmXm¡ _`m JmoeãXñ` KQ>o@{n g“>o{VVËdmV²Ÿ& {ÛVrò ì`{^-Mma:Ÿ&
Z{h gd}@{n eãXm: gmñZm{X_{V {nÊS>o g‘>>o{VVm BË`Ì à_mU_pñVŸ& JmoeãX: gmñZm{X-_Ë`W} g‘>o{VV:, VÌ
à`w Á `_mZeãXËdmV² Ÿ ; Jmì`m{XeãXd{X{V Mo V ² , ZŸ& AgmYw e ãXËdñ`mo n m{Y-ËdmV² Ÿ &
gmYZmdpÀN>ÞgmÜ`ì`mnH$ËdoZmß`wnm{YËdñ` dú`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& (522) AÝ`Wm@ñ_Xm{X-{deofUàjonmo@{n
à{Vkm`m§ àgÁòVo{VŸ& VXod§ eãXñ`mW©gå~ÝYgå^dmÞmàm_mÊ`_²Ÿ&
[ AmáàVmaH$dmŠ`m{deofËdmo{º${Zamg: ]
`V² nwZéº$_²Ÿ AmámZmáà`wº$`mo[aË`m{XŸ& VXß`gma_²Ÿ& àË`jdXodmonnÎmo:Ÿ& Mjwam{XàË`j§ {h ¹${MX² `WmW©kmZ§

¹${MX`WmW© k mZ§ OZ`X{n à_mU_“r{H« $ `V EdŸ& Xmo f gXgØmdmä`m§ VÌ ô X B{V Mo V ² ,
Vø©Ìmß`Zmádº¥$gXgØmdmä`m§ ôXmo ^{dî`{VŸ& dº$m dmŠ`moƒmaU Edmon`wÁ`V B{V MoV², ZŸ& `VñVXodm{dfò
à`wÄOmZmo Xwï>§ H$amo{V, {ZemV_{g_mH$meo à`wÄOmZ BdŸ& AÝ`Wm@-Zw_mZ_ß`à_mU§ ñ`mV²Ÿ& H¥$VH$Ëd§ {h
eãXm{ZË`ËdgmYZo gmYw , AgmYw Mm½Ý`d`{dZmo @ Zw î UËd-gmYZo Ÿ & VV² H$ñ_mX² {deo f mV² Ÿ ?
ì`m{ánjY_©Vm^mdm^mdmä`m{_{V MoV², ZŸ& H$mbmVrVËdñ` n¥WJ² XyfUVm`m dú`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& (516, 937)
VVmo@{df`d¥{ÎmËdVX^mdê$n Ed {deofmo dº$ì`:Ÿ& g M g_mZ: eãXo@nr{VŸ& V{XX_wº$_²Ÿ àË`jdƒo{VŸ&
[ eãXñ`mZw_mZmÝV^m©ddmX{ZamH$aU_² ]
EVÔmof^`mV² Ho${MV² eãXñ`mZw_mZo@ÝV^m©d{_ÀN>pÝVŸ& Anao nwZanm¡éfo`V`m {ZañVg_ñV-Xmofme‘>>ñ` doXñ`

eãXV`¡d àm_mÊ`_², nwéfdMgm§ ËdZw_mZVòË`m{Vð>ÝVoŸ& VXw^`_ß`V Edm-`wº$_²Ÿ& {H$ÝVw àË`jdXZw_mZdƒ
eãX_mÌñ`m{n àm_mÊ`§ ñdV: ñdoZ¡d ê$noU ZËdZw_mZËdoZŸ& AV Ed lwVo: àH¥$VËdo@{n gd©eãXn[aJ«hm`m@J_ñòË`wº$_²Ÿ&
{heãXñVÌ à_mUà{g{ÕÚmoVH$:Ÿ& VƒmoÎmaÌ dú`m_:Ÿ& (161, 537)
[ ~m¡ÕoZ AZ¥V-ì`mKmV-nwZé{º$Xmof¡d}Xñ`màm_mÊ`gmYZ_², V{Þamgü ]

ZZw VWm@{n doXñ` àm_mÊ`§ ZmonnÚVoŸ& AZ¥Vì`mKmVnwZéº$XmofmV²Ÿ& VWm{hŸ AZ¥V_à_mU§ Ñï>_², `Wm
{dàbå^H$dmŠ`_²Ÿ& AZ¥Vü doX:, nwÌH$m_oï>çZwð>mZo@{n \$bmZwnbãYo:Ÿ& ì`mhV§ Mmà_mU_², `WmoÝ_ÎmdmŠ`_²Ÿ&
ì`mhVüm`_²Ÿ ""A{VamÌo fmoi¥{eZ§ J¥†m{V'' ""Zm{VamÌo fmoi¥{eZ§ J¥†m{VŸ'', ""C{XVo Owhmo{V'' ""AZw{XVo Owhmo{V''
BË`m{XŸ& nwZéº§$ Mmà_mU_²Ÿ& nwZé{º$ü doXo ""{Ì: àW_m_Ýdmh'' BË`m{XXe©Zm{X{VŸ&
V{XX_ß``wº$_²Ÿ& VWm{hŸ qH$ doX_mÌ§ njrH¥$Ë`¡V¡h}Vw{âàm_mÊ`§ gmÜ`Vo, CV VXoH$Xoe_²?Ÿ Zm@Ú:, `Wm H$ñ`{MV²
àË`jñ`mZw_mZñ` dm@Z¥VËdmXm¡ gË`ß`Ý`ñ` àm_mÊ`_² Ed§ doXñ`mZ¥Vm-{X^mJn[ahmaoU àm_mÊ`monnÎmo:Ÿ& AÝ`Wm
hoVyZm§ ^mJm{g{Õàg“mV²Ÿ& {ÛVrò ËdmñVm§ {dà{VnÞmo doX^mJ:Ÿ& gåà{VnÞdoX^mJ_r_m§gm H$W_ZwnnÞmŸ? AW
doXËdmV² Vñ`m{n doX^mJñ`màm_mÊ`§ gmY`m_r{V _Ý`goŸ& VÞŸ& `Wm {h H$ñ`{MV² àË`jñ`mZw_mZñ`
dm@àm_mÊò@ß`Ý`ñ` àm_mÊ`§ Z àË`jËdm{X_mÌoU {dhÝ`Vo, VWm doXñ`m{nŸ& AÝ`Wm gd©àË`jmZw_mZ{db`àg“:Ÿ&
101
[ AZ¥VËdmZw_mZ^“: ]
qH$ MoX_Z¥VËd_²Ÿ? AW©ì`{^Mm[aËd{_{V MoV², ZpÝdX_odmàm_mÊ`{_{V gmÜ`m{d{eï>VmŸ& ZMmZ¥VËd_oH$Xoeo@nr{V
gyÌH$ma Ed dú`{VŸ& (2-1-7)
[ ì`mhVËdmZw_mZ^“: ]
ì`mKmVoZ Mmàm_mÊ`§ gmY`Z² qH$$ dmŠ`Û`§ njrHw$`m©V², CV¡H$_odŸ? Zm@Ú:, ì`mhV`mo: àË`j`mo: AZw_mZ`modm©
_Üò@Ý`Vaàm_mÊ`gå^ddX² dmŠ``moaß`Ý`Vaàm_mÊ`gå^dmV²Ÿ& Z {ÛVr`:, A{Z{üVXem`m_Ý`VaàË`jm{XdV²
njrH¥$Vñ`m{n àm_mÊ`gå^dmV²Ÿ& A{nM ì`mKmVmo@ß`mnmVV: gd©Wm dmŸ? Zm@Ú:, AmnmVVmo ì`mKmVdVmo@{n
àË`jmXo[ad doXñ`m{n àm_mÊ`gå^dmV²Ÿ& Z {ÛVr`:, àË`jmXm{ddm{gÕo:Ÿ& `Wm Mm{g{Õ:, VWm gyÌH¥$Xod dú`{VŸ&
(3-3-6, 8, 10, lw{V{damoYn[ahmanmX`moü)
[ nwZéº$ËdmZw_mZ^“: ]
nm¡ZéŠËò@{n àË`jm{XdX² doXàm_mÊ`§ gå^d{VŸ& ZøoH$pñ_ÞW} gåßbd_mZ§ àË`j_Zw_mZ§ dm@à_mU§ ^d{VŸ&
AW©d¡narËò {h VV² ñ`mV²Ÿ& Z{h àË`joU J¥hrVmo KQ>:, nwZJ©¥ø_mU: nQ>mo ^d{VŸ& Zm{n H¥$VH$ËdoZm{ZË`V`m@Zw{_V:
eãX:, Vrd«m{XY_m}noVËdoZ nwZñVWm@Zw_r`_mZmo {ZË`mo ^d{VŸ& VWm eãXo@{nŸ& d¡`Ï`ª Vw H$W{#mÀN>‘>çoVŸ&
Vƒmä`mgmZwdmXm{Xê$noU ì`mHw$d©{Øaod d¥Õ¡: n[aöV{_{VŸ&
[ AmJ_ñ` ñdV: àm_mÊ`_² ]

ZÝdñËdod§ doXñ`màm_mÊ`n[ahma:Ÿ& àm_mÊ`§ Vw Hw$V:Ÿ? Zøàm_mÊ`à{Vjon Ed àm_mÊ`_²Ÿ& KQ>mXmd^mdm{X{VŸ&
kmZH$aUñ` gVmo@àm_mÊò {ZañVo ñdV Edo{V ~«y_:Ÿ& V{XX_wº$_²Ÿ AmJ-_ñò{VŸ& AmJå`Vo@dJå`Vo@ZoZoË`mJ_:Ÿ&
ò {h Ý`m`{dX: àË`j{deofñ`mZw_mZñ` M àm_mÊ`§ ñdV EdoË`“rH¥$Ë`m@J_àm_mÊ`ñdVñËd§ Zm“rHw$d©pÝV VmZ² à{V
àË`jdƒo{V Ñï>mÝVmonmXmZ_²Ÿ& {heãX: à_mUËdhoVwgyMH$:Ÿ& ò Vw à_mU_mÌñ` àm_mÊ`§ ñdVmo Zo{V _Ý`_mZm
AmJ_àm_mÊ`-ñdVñËdo {dà{VnÚÝVo VmZ² à{V àË`jdƒo{V àË`jmZw_mZ`moa{n àg“mV² ñdrH$mamW©_wº${_{V
kmVì`_²Ÿ&
[ àm_mÊ`dmX:, àm_mÊ`ñdVñËd{Zd©MZ_² ]
ZZw {H${_X§ à_mUmZm§ àm_mÊ`ñ` ñdVñËd_²Ÿ? CÀ`VoŸ àË`jmZw_mZmJ_m:, V‚m{ZV§ {dkmZ§ M à_mU_²Ÿ& VÌ
kmZñ` `X² `mWmÏ`©bjU§ àm_mÊ`§ Vñ` kmZOZH$gm_J«r_mÌmYrZOÝ_Ëd§ ñdV-ñËd_²Ÿ& H$aUmZm§ M kmZOZZeŠË`¡d
VÚmWmÏ`©OZH$Ëd§ ñdVñËd_²Ÿ& VWm kmZJV`mWmÏ`©ñ` kmZJ«mhH$_mÌJ«møËd§ ñdVñËd_²Ÿ&
H$aUmZm§ Vw kám¡ ñdVñËd§ Zm“r{H« $ `VoŸ & VËñdê$nñ` `Wm`W§ àË`jm{Xdo Ú ËdmV² , `WmW© kmZ-
OZH$Ëdñ`mZw_mZdoÚËdmV²Ÿ& AWdm Vofm_{n kmZOZH$Ëd§ òZ J¥øVo VV Ed `WmW©kmZOZH$Ëdñ` VXr`ñ` J«møËd§
ñdVñËd{_{VŸ&
[ àm_mÊ`ñ` CËnÎmm¡ ñdVñËd{Zê$nU_² ]

CËnÎmm¡ ñdVñËd§ Hw$V B{V MoV², àm_mÊ`§ kmZH$maUm{V[aº$H$maUmZnoj_², Aàm_mÊòVa-kmZY_©ËdmV²Ÿ;
kmZËdd{XË`Zw_mZmV²Ÿ& ZM à_m kmZhoËd{V[aº$hoËdYrZm, H$m`©Ëdo g{V V{Ûeof-ËdmV²Ÿ; Aà_md{X{V gËà{VnjËd_²Ÿ&
B©œaà_m`m§ ~mYmV², A{gÕoüŸ&
102
VX{V[aº$à_mnjrH$mao@{n qH$ kmZñ`¡d§{dYËdoZ, CV à_mËdñ`, AWdm VËgå~ÝYñ` gmÜ`-n`©dgmZ_²?Ÿ Zm@Ú:,

ì`mKmVmV²Ÿ& {ÛVrò M à_mËd§ Om{V:, AÝ`X² dmŸ? Om{VËdo ~mY:, AH$m`©-ËdmV²Ÿ& AÝ`Ëdo ^mdmo@^mdmo dmŸ? Zm@Ú:,
kmZo OmË`{V[aº$^mdmZä`wnJ_mV²Ÿ& Z {ÛVr`:, àÜd§gm{V[aº$ñ` Vñ`mOÝ`ËdmV², àÜd§gñ` MmÌmgå^dmV²Ÿ& ZmÝË`:,
g§`moJñ` JwUo@gå^dmV²Ÿ& g_dm`ñ` MmH$m`©ËdmV²Ÿ& EVoZ à_mËdnjrH$maoUm{n à`moJmo {ZañV:Ÿ&
AñVw Om{V: à_mËd_²Ÿ& VWm@{n kmZH$maUm{V[aº$H$maUOÝ`¡d ì`{º$: à_mËdmYma B{V VmËn`©{_{V MoV², ZŸ&
gm@{n ì`{º$: qH$ kmZ_od, CV gm{Ve`_²Ÿ? A{Ve`mo@{n ^mdmo@^mdmo do{V njm~{h^m©dmV²Ÿ&
{H$#mm{V[aº§$ H$maU§ JwU Ed dº$ì`:Ÿ& g Mm@ámoº$Ëd_od eãXoŸ& ZM Vñ`mÝd`ì`{VaoH$m¡ àm_mÊ`_ZwH$amo{VŸ&
doXmnm¡éfo`Ëdñ` dú`_mUËdmV²Ÿ&(148, 468)
[ àm_mÊ`ñ` kám¡ ñdVñËd{Zê$nU_² ]

kám¡ ñdVñËdo@{n àm_mÊ`§ kmZJ«mhH$_mÌJ«mø_àm_mÊòVakmZg_doVY_©ËdmV²Ÿ; kmZËddV²Ÿ& ZM àm_mÊ`§ naVmo
km`Vo, AZä`mgXem`m§ gm§e{`H$ËdmV²Ÿ; Aàm_mÊ`d{X{V dmÀ`_²Ÿ& ì`W©{deofUËdmV²Ÿ& A{g{Õn[ahmamW©{_{V MoV²,
ZŸ& VWm@Zä`wnJ_mV²Ÿ& `Wmoº§$$ñd`_od
Ÿ ""EH$m_{gqÕ n[ahaVmo {ÛVr`m@@nÞm'' B{VŸ& AÝ`Wm earamOÝ`ËdhoVmoa{n
{deofUd¡`Ï`ª ZmoØmìòVŸ& AWmZä`mgXem`m{_{V à{Vkm{deofU_²Ÿ& VWm@{n ñdV:à_mUV`m ËdXä`wnJV-
Y{_©àË`jmZw_mZmon_mZoîd{n g§e`m{XXe©ZoZmZ¡H$mÝË`{_{VŸ&
[ kám¡ ñdVñËdmZ“rH$mao@ZdñWmàg“: ]
kám¡ ñdVñËdmZä`wnJ_o ~mYH$_mhŸ
AZdñWm@Ý`Wm {h ñ`mV²............ &&Ÿ60Ÿ&&
AZdñWo{ VŸ& Adí`doÚËdmZä`wnJ_mÞmZdñWo{ V MoV², {Z:e‘>>à d¥Îmmddí`doÚ ËdmV²Ÿ& VWm{h kmZ§
VmdX~w^pËgVJ«møV`m Vrd«g§doXZ_²Ÿ& kmVo M Vpñ_Z² àm_mÊ`màm_mÊ`mZwnbãYm¡ H$W§ g§e`mo Z ñ`mV²Ÿ? g{V M
àm_mÊ`g§eò, AW©g§e`mo@{n H$W§ Z ñ`mV²Ÿ? VWmM H$W§ {Z:e‘>m àd¥{Îm: ñ`mV²Ÿ? VWm@ß`Zw_mZmV² àm_mÊ`J«hU_²,
AZw{ _{Vü ñdV:à_mU{_{V H$W_ZdñWo{ V MoV ² , ZŸ& Y{_©{ b“Ñï> m ÝVÛm[aH$m`mñVñ`m A{ZdmaUmV²Ÿ&
{H$#mmZw{_{Vàm_mÊ`§ òZ kmZoZ {df`r{H«$`Vo, Vñ`m{n àm_mÊ`_ÝòZo{V H$W§ ZmZdñWmŸ?
ZZw ñdV:àm_mÊò@{n H$W§ ZmZdñWmŸ? BËW_²Ÿ gmjr Ibw d¥{ÎmkmZJ«mhH$:Ÿ& g Ed M VËàm_mÊ`§ J¥†mVr{V Vofm§
ñdV:àm_mÊ`_² Ÿ & g M ñdàH$me: ñdàm_mÊ`_{n J¥ † mVr{V Vñ` ñdV:àm_mÊ`_² Ÿ & Vñ`
`WmW©Ëd{Z`_mÞmhm`©g§e`{df`Ëd_nr{VŸ&
[ Aàm_mÊ`ñ` naVñËdà{VnmXZ_² ]
ZZw `{X àm_mÊ`_wËnÎmm¡ kám¡ M ñdV: ñ`mV², V{h© ~m¡Õm{XdmŠÒ{ZV_{n kmZ§ à_mU§ ñ`mV²Ÿ& ApñV {h VÌ
kmZhoVw:Ÿ& AÝ`Wm kmZ_{n Z ñ`mV²Ÿ& VWm à_mUV`m kmòV, kmZJ«mhH$gØmdmV²Ÿ& AñVw VX{n à_mU{_{V MoV²,
Vñ` doX{damo{YËdmV²Ÿ& doX{damo{YZ: àm_mÊò nwZd}Xàm_mÊ`§ Z ñ`mV², dñVwZmo Û¡ê$ß`§ dm@@nÚoVo{V gd©Wm
_r_m§gmZwnn{Îm[aË`V AmhŸ Aàm_mÊ`{_{VŸ&
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VWmeãX: g_wƒòŸ& Zm`§ {Z`_mo `V², kmZH$aU{_pÝÐ`§ {b“§ eãXmo dm àm_mÊ`_odmoËnmX-`Vr{VŸ& {H$Þm_Ÿ&
103
BpÝÐ`mXrZm_m¡Ëg{J©H$s e{º$: àm_mÊÒZZoŸ& XmofmndmXmXàm_mÊ`_{n OZ`ËòdŸ& XmofmUm§ ghOe{º$à{V~ÝYoZ

{dnarVH$m`©OZZgm_J«r{ZdoemV²Ÿ& V{h© Xmofm^md: àm_mÊ`ñ` H$maU{_Ë`m`mV{_{V MoV², ZŸ& VWmgË`wËgJm©ndmX`mo:
¹$mß`^mdàg“mV² Ÿ & VWm Z kmZJ« m hH$ñ` gm{jUmo @ `§ {Z`_: `V² à_mUV`¡ d J¥ † mVr{V, {H$ÝVw
àd¥Î`gm_Ï`m©{XZm@ndmX-H$ñ` gØmdo@àm_mÊ`_{n J¥†mËòdŸ& Am¡Ëg{J©H$ËdmV² àm_mÊ`ñdVñËdñò{VŸ&
[ doX{damo{YkmZñ` Xmof_ybËdmXàm_mÊ`_² ]
{H$_Vmo `Úod{_Ë`V AmhŸ {_Ï`mkár{VŸ&
{_Ï`mk{áàbå^mXoñVoZ doX{damo{Y `V²Ÿ&
Z _mZ_²...............................Ÿ&
`V Ed_àm_mÊ`§ naV:, VoZ H$maUoZ, {_Ï`mkmZ{dàbå^mnQw>H$aUËdbjUmXndmXmX² doX-{damo{Y `ÁkmZ§
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106
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Ed emó`mo{ZgyÌo dú`{VŸ& (205)
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[ Z¡`m{`H$moHo$Z B©œañ`m@áËdgmYH$mZw_mZmonÝ`mg:, V{Þamgü ]

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n[ah[aî`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& (205)
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212
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[ AXZm{X{H«$`m`m A{ZË`ËdoZ na_oœañdê$nËd§ H$W{_Ë`mjon: ]

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à_mUñ` dú`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& (310)
213
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214
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[ B©œa{H«$`m`m {ZË`Ëdm{Xì`wËnmXZñ` d¡`Ï`©e‘>mn[ahma: ]

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677, 685)
[ e{º$ì`ŠË`mo: g{deofmôX: ]
ZZwM {H«$`m`m: e{º$ì`{º$ê$no nañna§ {^Þo, A{^Þo dmŸ? AmÚo e{º$aod {ZË`m, {H«$`m Ëd{ZËòË`mnÞ_²Ÿ& {ÛVrò
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B{V M àmJodmoº${_{VŸ&
215
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229
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263
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264
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289
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l_m{XXmofm: àgÁ`ÝV BË`V Cº$_²Ÿ Al_ B{VŸ& VXwº$_ÝV`m©å`{Y-H$aUoŸ& (321)
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310
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311
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312
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313
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[ bjUà`moOZñ` àmJod {gÕËdmo{º${Zamg: ]

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[ bjUñ` àË`jmÚdJVËd_², à`moOZgØmdmX² Jm¡adñ`mXmofËd§ M ]

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329
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330
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[ bjUdmŠ`ñ`mZw_mZV`m ì`dhmamon`mo{JËdo ~mYH$_me‘>ç n[ahmaH$WZ_² ]

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331
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àmJwËnÎmoañVr{V à{_V§ naoUm“rH¥$V§ M, VXod n¥Ww~wÜZmoXamH$mam{XZm H$m`©ê$noU àmJwËnÎmo-agV², {h `ñ_mV²
Vñ_mXwnmXmZoZ {^Þm{^Þ{_{V {Zür`VoŸ&
EVXwº§$ ^d{VŸ namo {h KQ>mXo: H$m`©ñ` àmJwËnÎmo: gÎd_ä`wnJÀN>{VŸ& VV² qH$ n¥WJod, CV _¥Xm{XH$maUmË_Vò{V
dº$ì`_²Ÿ& Zm@Ú:, AZä`wnJ_mV², AZwnbãYoüŸ& {ÛVrò Vw H$m`©ñ`monm-XmZmôXñVmdX“rH¥$V:Ÿ& ZMmË`ÝVmôX:Ÿ&
KQ>mXo: H$m`m©H$maoU àmJwËnÎmoagÎdmV²Ÿ& `Xm {h KQ>m{XH§$ _¥Xm{XZm@Ë`ÝVm{^Þ§ ñ`mV², VXm àmJwËnÎmoK©Q>m{Xê$noU gV²
ñ`mV²Ÿ& _¥XmXoñVXm gÎdmV²Ÿ& ZM¡d_²Ÿ& VoZ OmZr_mo KQ>m{XH§$ _¥XmXrZm {^Þm{^Þ{_{VŸ& AË`ÝVmgËH$m`©dm{XZ§ à{V
ôXmôXg_W©Z§ {damoYn[ahmaü CÎmaÌ {dYmñ`V B{VŸ& (711-712)
[ gËH$m`©dmX^“: ]
`ƒ H$m`©ñ` àmJwËnÎmo: gÎd_wº$_², VX{n ZmonnÞ{_Ë`mhŸ Ag{X{VŸ& `X² KQ>m{XH§$ àmJw-ËnÎmoañVrË`md`mo:
gå_V_², VXod VXm@gƒ `ñ_mV² Vñ_mV² gXgXodo{V gËH$m`©dmXmo@ZwnnÞ EdŸ& Vñ`¡d VX¡d VÌ¡d gÎd_gÎd§ M
{déÕ{_{V MoV², ZŸ& ê$nôXoZ A{damoYm{XË`meòZmoº$_²Ÿ H$maUmË_V`m H$m`©ê$noUo{VŸ& ZÝdod§g{V {H${#mV² gXod,
{H${#mXgXod, gXgÎmw Z {H$_{n ñ`mV²Ÿ& Z ñ`mV²Ÿ& V`moa{n ê$n`moaË`ÝVôXm^mdm{X{VŸ&
[ H$m`©H$maU`moaË`mÝVmôXo, H$m`©ñ` àmJwËnÎmo: gÎdo CËn{Îm{dZmeì`dñWm^mdàg“: ]

ñ`mXoVXwº$_², `ÚgÎd§ àmJwËnÎmo: H$m`©ñ` ñ`mV²Ÿ& VXod Hw$V:Ÿ? VWmMmË`ÝVm{^Þ§ H$m`©_wnm-XmZoZoË`Vmo {dnjo
~mYH$àXe©ZoZ H$m`©ñ` àmJwËnÎmoagÎd_wnmXmZmX² ôX§ MmonnmX`{VŸ AZ-dñWo{VŸ&
AZdñWm@Ý`Wm {h ñ`mV² gd©ÌmoËn{ÎmZme`mo: &&Ÿ84Ÿ&&
AÝ`Wm H$m`©ñ` àmJwËnÎmoamË`pÝVHo$ gÎdo H$maUoZmË`ÝVmôXo Mm“rH¥$Vo gd©ÌmoËn{ÎmZme`mo-aZdñWm Aì`dñWm
ñ`mV²Ÿ& `Wm{h nQ>ñVÝËdmË_H$: àmJ{n gÞod, VWm VÝVdmo@{n ñdH$maUm-Ë_H$m: gÝV EdoË`ZoZ H«$_oU gd©ñ`
_ybH$maUmË_H$ËdoZm@Ë`pÝVH§$ gÎd§ ñ`mV²Ÿ& ZM _ybH$maU-_wËnÚVo {dZí`{V Mo{V nQ>mXrZm_ß`wËn{Îm{dZmem¡ Z
ñ`mVm_²Ÿ& VWmM nQ>mX` CËn{Îm{dZmedÝV AmË_mX`ñVÐ{hVm B{V bmoH$doXà{gÕmoËn{ÎmZmeì`dñWm Z ñ`m{X{VŸ&
CnbjU§ M¡VV²Ÿ& nQ>m-XrZm_wËn{Îm{dZmem^mdo VËH$maH$ì`mnmad¡\$ë`§ ñ`m{XË`{n Ðï>ì`_²Ÿ&
[ gËH$m`©dmXo H$maUñ` àmJwËnÎmoaß`wnbpãYàg“:,

402
AZwnbä`_mZËdo@{n gÎdm“rH$mao gÎdmgÎdì`dñWm^“: ]

`ÛmoËn{ÎmZmeeãXmä`m§ gÎd_gÎd§ Mmonbú`VoŸ& VVüm`_W©:Ÿ `{X nQ>ñVÝËdmË_H$: àmJw-ËnÎmoa{n gÞod, VXm
VXm@ß`wnbäòV VÝVwdV²Ÿ& `{XMmZwnbä`_mZmo@{n gÞä`wno`Vo, VXm gd©Ìmo-Ën{ÎmZme`mo: gXgÎd`moaZdñWm ñ`mV²Ÿ&
Cnbä`_mZ§ KQ>m{XH$_pñV, AZwnbä`_mZ§ Ia{dfm-Um{XH§$ ZmñVr{V gd©OZgå_Vm ì`dñWm Z ñ`mV²Ÿ&
[ gËH$m`©dmXo CËn{Îm{dZme`moénnmXZmZwnn{Îm: ]
AWdmoËn{Îm{dZmeeãXmä`m§ VXwnnmXZñ`monbjU_²Ÿ& VWmM¡d§ `moOZmŸ AmñVm§ VmdXÝ`V²Ÿ& gËH$m`©dmXo gd©Ì
{eî`§ à{Vdm{XZ§ dm à{V CËn{ÎmZme`moZm©gXwËnÚVo Z gX² {dZí`VrËòd§ê$nmon-nmXZñ`mß`ZdñWm@dñWmZm^md:
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{ZË`{Zd¥ÎmËdmV²Ÿ& VV: gd©Wm à{VnmXZmgå^d Edo{VŸ&
[ gËH$m`©dmXo H$m`©H$maU`mo{d©éÕY_©dÎdmZwnn{Îm: ]
`{Xdm CËn{ÎmZme`mo[a{V {déÕY_m}nbjU_²Ÿ& VWm{hŸ `{X H$m`©_wnmXmZmË_H$_od gXod M àmJwËnÎmo: ñ`mV²,
VXmoËn{Îm{dZmem{XY_m©Um_ZdñWm ñ`mV²Ÿ& VÝVd: àmJod gÝVmo ZoXmZr_wËn-ÚÝVoŸ& nQ>ñVyËnÚVoŸ& VÝVwîd{dZï>oîdod
nQ>mo {dZí`{VŸ& VÝVdmo ~hd: nQ>ñËdoH$:Ÿ& Ed_mH$mam{^-YmZ~w{ÕH$m`©ôXmo@{n Ðï>ì`:Ÿ& g¡fm ì`dñWm Z ñ`m{X{VŸ&
[ ì`ŠË`ì`{º$ê$nì`dñWmnH$_“rH¥$Ë` _m`mdm{XZm Cº$mZwnn{Îmn[ahmaH$WZ_² ]

ZÝdoVV² gH$b_{n ""nQ>dƒ'', ""`Wm àmUm{X:'' B{V ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`dï>å ôZ n[aöV_²Ÿ& VWm{hŸ
ì`ŠË`noj`moËn{Îm: nQ>mXrZm_ì`ŠË`noj`m M {dZmeo `wÁ`VoŸ& ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`W©_od M H$maH$mÊ`wn`wÁ`ÝVoŸ&
ì`ŠË`ì`{º$ä`m_odmonbãÜ`ZwnbãYr ^dV:Ÿ& AV Ed à{VnmXZ§ g“-ÀN>VoŸ& ì`º$mì`º$ê$noU¡d {déÕY_m©
ì`d{Vð>ÝVoŸ& `Wm{h g§do{ï>V: nQ>mo Z ñ\w$Q>§ nQ> B{V àVr`Vo, Z àm{d«`Vo, Z erV_nZwX{V, Z ~hþXoeì`mnr ^d{VŸ&
àgm[aVñVw ñ\w$Q>àVrË`m{X_mZ²Ÿ& ZM¡VmdVm ôX:Ÿ& Zm{n àgm[aV: àmJgZ²Ÿ& `WmM àmUm`m_oZ {ZéÕ: emaramo
dm`wOudZ_mÌ§ H$amo{V ZmoËjon-Um{XŸ& {ZamoYmnJ_o Ëdmgm{XVì`{º$ñVX{n H$amo{VŸ& Z VmdÝ_mÌoU {^ÚVoŸ& àmJgZ²
dmŸ& VW¡d¡V-X{n ì`ŠË`ì`{º$ä`m§ g_ÄOg{_{VŸ&
[ _m`mdmÚwº$ì`dñWm{Zamg: ]
AÌ ~« y _ :Ÿ Ho $ `§ nQ> ñ ` àmJw Ë nÎmo ê $Üdª M {dZmemXì`{º$:, _Üò M ì`{º$:Ÿ& AZw n bpãY-
aì`{º$énbpãYì`©{ º$[a{V MoV ², VÌm@hŸ AZdñWo{ VŸ& `Úwn bãÜ`Zwn bãYr EdmoËn{Îm{dZmem¡, VXm
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{H$#m àmJwËnÎmo: gÎdo nQ>ñ` H$ñ_mÞmonbpãY:, H$W#mmoÜd©_wnbpãY[a{V àýñ` CnbãÜ`ZwnbpãYä`m_odo{V n[ahma§
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AÝ`Wm VÝVyZm_{n gm ñ`mV²Ÿ&
[ ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`mo: H$m`©Y_©Ëdo@ôXm^mdàg“:, C^`Y_©Ëdo CËn{Îm{dZmeì`dñWm^“: ]

AW nQ>Y_m©dod ì`ŠË`ì`º$s, VXm Vmd{n VÝVyZm§ {dÚoVo, ZdmŸ& ZMoV², Z H$m`©H$maU`moaË`-ÝVmôX:Ÿ& {dÚoVo
403
Mo V ² , VÌm@hŸ AZdñWo { VŸ& CËn{ÎmZmeì`dhmaho V y ì`ŠË`ì`º$s `{X VÝVw î d{n {dÚo V o , VXm
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[ ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`moéËn{Îm{dZmem“rH$mao@n{gÕmÝV: ]
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qH$dm àmJ{n gVrŸ ? C^`Ìm@Úm¡ Xy f `{VŸ AZdñWo { VŸ& ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`mo é Ën{Îm{dZmedÎdo
gd©ÌmoËn{Îm{dZme`moaZdñWm ì`dñWm^md: ñ`mV²Ÿ& Z {H${#mX-gXwËnÚVo, Z {H${#mV² gX² {dZí`Vr{V {gÕmÝV{damoY:
ñ`m{XË`W©:Ÿ&
[ ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`mo: gd©Xm gÎdm“rH$mao CËn{Îm{dZmeì`dhmam^mdàg“: ]

{ÛVr`m¡ Xyf`{VŸ AZdñWo{VŸ& ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`mo: gXm gÎdo gd©ÌmoËn{ÎmZme`moaZdñWm@ì`d-pñW{V: ñ`mV²Ÿ&
VWm{hŸ EVmdÝV§ H$mb_ZwËnÞmo KQ> BXmZr_wËnÞ B{V VmdÞ ñ`mV²Ÿ& CËn{Îmì`d-hmahoVmoa{^ì`ºo$: àmJ{n gÎdmV²Ÿ&
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Z ñ`mV²Ÿ& {dZmeì`dhmaH$maUmZ{^-ì`ºo$: àmJ{n gÎdm{X{VŸ& H$maH$ì`mnmad¡\$ë`VmXdñÏ`§ ñ\w$Q>_odŸ&
[ ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`moa{n n¥WJ² ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`“rH$mao@ZdñWmàg“: ]

AW¡VÔmofn[ahmam` ì`ŠË`ì`ŠË`moa{n ì`ŠË`ì`º$s ñdr{H«$òVo, VXm V`moaß`wº${dH$ënXmofm-Zwf“: ñ`mV²Ÿ& AW
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gÝËdZÝVm ì`º$`mo @ ì`º$`üŸ& _y b j`m^mdmÞmZdñWm Xmo f BË`V AmhŸ AZdñWo { VŸ&
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à`moOZn[aj`hoVwËdmXZdñWm XyfU_odŸ&
[ AgËH$m`©dmXo EVÔmofmUm_àg{º$: ]
ZpÝdX§ ^dVm_{n g_mZ_²Ÿ& àmJgV: gÎmmg_dm`mo {h O{Z[aî`VoŸ& gÎmmg_dm`m¡ M gXm gÝVm{d{V àmJ²
{dZmemo Î ma_{n O{Z: ñ`mV² Ÿ & {dZmeü Z ñ`m{XË`V AmhŸ AZdñWo { VŸ& B`§
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OZod©ú`_mUËdm{X{VŸ& (741,757)
ZZw O{Z: qH$ àmH²$ gVr, CV H$maH$ì`mnmaOÝ`mŸ? AmÚo àmJwº$ Ed Xmof:Ÿ& {ÛVrò OZoO©{Za{n VWoË`ZdñWmŸ&
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Ed ñ`mV²Ÿ& ZËdod_“r{H«$`VoŸ& A{nV{h©Ÿ? KQ>OÝ_¡d OÝ_Zmo OÝ_o{VŸ& `Wm@@hþ: ""`Wm OZoO©{ZZm©Ý`m Vñ`m
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[ AgV CËnÎmm¡ gVmo {dZmeo M ì`dñWm{Zê$nU_² ]

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{dZmeH$maUdXod M {dZí`Vr{VŸ&
[ _m`mdm{Xì`m»`mZñ` gyÌmjamZmZwJwÊ`_² ]
`ƒmoº$_², ""^mdo MmonbãYo:'' B{V gyÌmW©ËdoZ, VX² ì`ß`ì`mnH$^mdoZ¡dmonnÞ§ ZmË`ÝVmôX-gmYH$_²Ÿ& AW
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[ H$m`©ñ` {Z{_ÎmH$maUmX² ôXo CnmXmZmX² ôXmôXmXm¡ M à_mU_² ]

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427
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460
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461
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[ na_mUmo: gmd`dËdà{VnmXZ_² ]
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462
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463
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475
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(206, 266, 694, 792)
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476
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477
ZÝdZoZ¡d Ý`mòZ _hXmaå^H$ËdmXrZm_{n ì`m{á{Zü`gå^dmV² H$W§ na_mÊdmXmdmZw_mZm-àd¥{Îm[a{V MoV², ZŸ&

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478
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480
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482
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484
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490
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498
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[ B©œaoÀN>m`m AZÝV{deofdÎdm“rH$mamV² VÛçŠË`ì`{º$à`wº$ËdoZ g¥îQ>çm{Xg_`{Z`_monn{Îm: ]

Ed§ ñd_Vo H$mb{deof^mdm^mdà`wº$: g¥ï>çmXo: g_`{Z`_ B{V g_{W©V_²Ÿ& àH$mamÝVaoU V§ g_W©`VoŸ
Ag’çmVo{ VŸ&
Ag’çmV{deofËdm{XÀN>m`m A{n gd©Xm &&Ÿ161Ÿ&&
gd© X m {dÚ_mZm`m B{V eo f :Ÿ& gd© X m {dÚ_mZm`m Anrœao À N> m `m: e{º$ì`{º$ê$nmdpñWV-
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X{e©Vm doXVì`mŸ&
[ EH$ñ`¡d H$mbñ` A{YH$aUËd-A{YH$V©ì`Ëdà{VnmXZnyd©H§$ H$mbg¥{ï>g_W©Z_² ]

524
H$mbñ` H$mbJËdoZoË`wº$_², VÌ {H§$ H$mb: ñdJV:, qH$ dm H$mbmÝVaJV:Ÿ? Zm@Ú:, ñdñH$-ÝYmamohUdX²

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gà_mUH$_wº§$ {dd¥Umo{VŸ B©e B{VŸ&
B©emo Xoeü H$mbü ñdJVm Ed gd©XmŸ&
B©emYrZm¡ M Vm¡ {ZË`§ VXmYmam¡ M VÒVm¡ &&Ÿ162Ÿ&&
B{V lw{Va{n àmh H$mbo ñdmo{Ôï> Ed VwŸ&
VËH$mbg¥{ï>_odmVmo dmÄN>Vre: gX¡d {hŸ &&Ÿ163Ÿ&&
ñ`mV² H$mb: g VX¡do{V H$mbñ` ñdJVËdV:Ÿ
Xoe BË`ì`mH¥$ VmH$mem{^YmZ_² Ÿ& ñdJVm BË`wŠË`m àmám§ Xoe H$mb`mo: ñdmVÝÍè‘>m § dma-`{VŸ
B©emYrZm{d{VŸ& {deofUÌòU gÎmmàVr{Vàd¥ÎmrZm§ nao_oœam`ÎmËd_wÀ`VoŸ& lw{Vanr{V gm{jU§ g_w{ƒZmo{VŸ& `V:
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ñdmo{Ôï> Ed H$mbo, VÎmËH$mbg¥{ï>_od dmÄN>Vr-Ë`Ýd`:Ÿ&
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[ B©œaoÀN>m`m d¡{MÍ`mUm§ H$mb{deof{Z{_ÎmH$Ëdm^mdmV² ZmÝ`moÝ`ml`Vm ]

`Xwº§$ `XoœaoÀN>m {gg¥jmH$mam ì`Á`Vo, VXm _hmXm{Xg¥{ï>^©d{VŸ& `XmVw g{ÄOhrfm©ê$nm gånÚVo, VXm g§hmamo
^dVr{VŸ& VÌoX§ d¡{MÍ`§ {H${Þ{_Îm{_{V dmÀ`_²Ÿ& ZM H$mb{deofmo {Z{_Îm-{_{V `wº$_²Ÿ& VñòœaoÀN>m`ÎmËdmV²Ÿ&
Zm{n nwéfmWm©`Îm_²Ÿ& nmaVÝÍ`mnÎmo[aË`V AmhŸ ñd^mdm-Xodo{VŸ&
ñd^mdmXod hrÀN>¡fm Xodñ`¡f B{V lwVo:Ÿ &&Ÿ164Ÿ&&
Efm {d{MÌmŸ& Vñ_mV² H$mb{deofmUm_rœamYrZËdo ZoVaoVaml`Xmofmn{Îm[a{V {heãXmW©:Ÿ& Hw$V EV{XË`V AmhŸ
Xodñò{VŸ& EVXdJå`V B{V eof:Ÿ&
[ H$m`©H$maUmZm§ ñd^mdñ`m{n B©œamYrZËdñ`monnm{XVËdmV² Z ñd^mddmXmo@ZwgaUr`: ]

Ana AmhŸ {H$_Z`m H$mbm{Xd¡{MÍ`H$ënZ`mŸ? `mdVm H$maUmZm§ H$m`m©Um§ M ñd^mdmXod g_`{Z`_monnÎmo:Ÿ&
AÝVVmo@{n {h ñd^mddmXmo@ä`wnJÝVì`:Ÿ& VVmo da_mXmdod ñd^mddmXm-ä`wnJ_ BË`V AmhŸ ñd^mdmo@nr{VŸ&
ñd^mdmo@{n naoeoÀN>mde BË`w{XV: nwamŸ&
{ZË`m A{ZË`mü VVñVXYrZm B{V lw{V:Ÿ &&Ÿ165Ÿ&&
nwam ""MoVZmZm§ {deofmo `:'' BË`mXm¡Ÿ& (319, 36, 579, 646) ñd^mddmX_ä`wnJÀN>Vm@{n V{Þ`m_H$Vòœa
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525
[ ^m¡{VH$ê$nagm{X_Îdmƒ na_mUyZm_{ZË`Ëd_², ê$nm{X_Îdo@{n {ZË`Ëdm“rH$mao KQ>mXrZm§ {ZË`Ëdmn{Îm:, A{ZË`Ëdo

Vw Vofm§ _ybH$maUËdm`moJ: ]
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ì`mMï>oŸ ê$no{ VŸ&
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› C^`Wm M XmofmV² ›Ÿ&&Ÿ16Ÿ&&
ê$nñnem©{XhoVwä`: na_mUmoa{ZË`VmŸ&
AZw_o`m...........................Ÿ&
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VÛXodoË`mÚZw_mZ{déÕËdmV²Ÿ&
ZM gmd`dËd_wnm{Y:Ÿ& JwUmXm¡ gmÜ`mì`máo:Ÿ& ZM Ðì`ËdmdpÀN>Þo gmÜò@ñ`monm{YËd_²Ÿ& `X² ê$nm{X_V² VV²
gmd`d{_{V gmYZì`mnH$ËdmV²Ÿ& ZM Y{_©J«mhH${damoY:Ÿ& gm{jU¡d na_mUw{gÕoéº$ËdmV²Ÿ& A{ZË`Ëdo M na_mUyZm§
Z _ybH$maUËd{g{Õ:Ÿ& `{XM ê$nm{X_ÝVmo@{n na_mUdmo Zm{ZË`m:, VXm KQ>mX`mo@ß`{ZË`m Z ñ`w:, A{deofmV²Ÿ&
VWm@{n Z na_mUyZm§ _yb-H$maUËd_²Ÿ& ZMoœao hoVyZm§ ì`{^Mma:, ^m¡{VH$ËdoZ {deofUmV²Ÿ& VWmM dú`{VŸ ""^m¡{VH§$
Ëdod ê$nm{X ì`má§ ZmeoZ Zmo _Vo'' B{VŸ& (819)
[ {gÕmÝVo ^yVgyú_mUm§ {ZË`Ëdo@{n Z Vm{Z na_mUd: ]

ZÝdñ_m{^^y©Vgyú_mUm§ {ZË`Vm@“r{H«$`VoŸ& VV² H$W_od_Zw_r`VoŸ? _¡d_²Ÿ& Z{h na_mUdmo ^yVgyú_m{U, {H$Þm_Ÿ&
Ah‘>mamoon{MVm{ZŸ& {dH¥$VmH$mamü A{ZË`m Edo{VŸ&&Ÿ*Ÿ&&
[ lwË`m{Xn[aJ«heyÝ`ËdmV², V{ÛéÕËdmƒ d¡eo{fH$_Vñ` àojmdXZwnmXo`Ëd_² ]

""An[aJ«hmƒmË`ÝV_Znojm'' B{V gyÌ§ ì`mMï>oŸ lwVrZm§ Mo{VŸ&
› An[aJ«hmƒmË`ÝV_Znojm › &&Ÿ17Ÿ&&
......lwVrZm§ M {déÕËdmÞ VÝ_V_²Ÿ&
CnmXo`_Vüm`_{déÕ: g_Ýd`: &&Ÿ166Ÿ&&
gå~ÝY_mÌo fð>rŸ& AÝ`Wm V¥Vr`m ñ`mV²Ÿ& lwV`ü ""AmË_Z AmH$me:'' BË`mÚmñVÌVÌmoXm-öVm kmVì`m:Ÿ&
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B{V Z d¡eo{fH$m{X_V{damoYoZmg_ÄOgmo _ÝVì` B{V ^md:Ÿ&&Ÿ*Ÿ&& B{V d¡eo{fH$m{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ6Ÿ&&
AW g_wXm`m{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ7Ÿ&&
[ ~m¡Õ_Vñ` MmVw{d©Ü`_², d¡^m{fH$gm¡ÌmpÝVH$`moamXm¡ {ZamH$aUo {Z{_Îm§ M ]
526
g_wX m` C^`hoV wH o$ @{n VXàm{á:Ÿ& AWoXmZt gm¡JV_V_nm{H«$ `VoŸ& Vo M MVw{d©Ym:Ÿ d¡^m{fH$m:,

gm¡ÌmpÝVH$m:, _mÜ`{_H$m:, `moJmMmamüo{VŸ& VÌ OJV² gË`_od na_mUw_`_mMjm-UmZm§ d¡e o{fH$mXrZm§
{ZagZàg“mXZ{VôX§ d¡^m{fH$gm¡ÌmpÝVH$_V_mXm¡ Vmd{Þam{H«$`VoŸ&
[ ~m¡ÕmZm§ na_mUwnwÄO_VmZwdmX:, OJV: j{UH$Vmñd^mdËd_² ]

{dà{VnqÎm Xe©`§ñVÝ_V_wnÝ`ñ`{VŸ d¡^ m{fH$müo{ VŸ&
d¡^m{fH$mü gm¡ÌmÝVm: ñdagj{UH§$ OJV²Ÿ&
Amhþ[a{V dú`_mUoZ gå~ÝY:Ÿ& j{UH§$ jU_mÌmdñWm{`Ÿ& _wÒam{^KmVmXrZm§ {dZmehoVyZm§ à{VjU_Zwnbå^mV²
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H$maUmnojmŸ? _wÒamX`mo@{n Z dñVw{dZmehoVd:Ÿ& {H$Þm_Ÿ& KQ>m{XV: H$nmbmXo{d©gÑeH$m`©ñ`moËnÎmm¡ {Z{_Îm^yVm
Edo{VŸ&
[ Ad`dg_wXm`m{V[aº$md`ì`^md: ]
ZZwM H$maUmZm§ {H«$``m g§`moJo g{V VËg_doVV`m VËn[aUm_V`m dm H$m`}UmoËnÎmì`_²Ÿ& VËH$m`}Umßòd{_{V H$W§
j{UH$Ëd§ OJV BË`V AmhŸ AUyZm{_{VŸ&
AUyZm§ g_wXm`§ M H$mbH$_©{Z{_ÎmV:Ÿ &&Ÿ167Ÿ&&
CËn{ÎmH$mbo `wº$mZm_²Ÿ................Ÿ&
OJXmhþ:Ÿ& AUwg_wXm`m Ed JmoKQ>m{X~moY~moÜ`m:Ÿ& ZVw VX{V[aº$mo@d`dr Zm_mpñV, òZ j{U-H$Vm {déÕçoVŸ&
AUw _ mÌ{_{V dº$ìò g_w X m`J« h U_o H $mo _hm{Z{V àË`jàË``{damo Y n[ahmam-W© _ ² Ÿ &
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B©œam{XH¥$Ë`m^mdmV² VXZä`wnJ_: ]
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VmdV¡d gd©_wnnÚV B{VŸ&
[ Ordñ`m{n j{UH$Ëd_² ]
{H$_ZmË_àn#m Ed j{UH$mo ZoË`mhŸ AmË_mZ{_{VŸ&
..................AmË_mZ§ M jUpñWV_²Ÿ&
{ZË`§ gÝVmZ_oVofm_² ..................... &&Ÿ168Ÿ&&
527
j{UH$ËdhoVmo: gÎdñ` gd©Ì gmå`m{X{V ^md:Ÿ& j{UH$Ëdo àË`{^km{damoY BË`V AmhŸ {ZË`{_{VŸ& EVofm_²,
AUyZm_²Ÿ& gÝVmZ{df`m àË`{^ko{V ^md:Ÿ& ZM¡d§ gÎdñ`mZ¡H$mÝË`_²Ÿ& gÝVmZñ` gÎdm^mdmV²Ÿ&
[ OJX²d¥jñ` g§ñH$ma-ê$n-{dkmZ-gÄkm-Xw:Iê$nn#mñH$ÝYmË_H$Ëd_² ]
Ed§ gm_mÝ`Vmo {Zê$ß` {d^mJ_mhŸ n#mo{VŸ&
................. n#mñH$ÝYmË_Zm pñWV_²Ÿ &&Ÿ168Ÿ&&
g§ñH$maê$n{dkmZgÄkmXw:ImË_Zm pñW{V:Ÿ&
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g{dH$ënH§$ kmZ§ gÄkmñH$ÝY:Ÿ& doXZmnan`m©`§ Xw:I§ M¡H$ñH$ÝY:Ÿ& AÌ ê$nñH$ÝYmo ~mø:Ÿ& AÝò MËdma Amä`ÝVam
BË`mhþ[a{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ&
[ gwIm{XnXmW©pñWVw{º$:, g§gma_mojñdê$n_² ]
gwImXrZm§ nXmWm©ÝVamUm§ {dÚ_mZËdmV² H$W§ n#m¡d ñH$ÝYm BË`V AmhŸ Xw:Im^md{_{VŸ&
Xw:Im^md§ gwI§ Mm@hþaê$nkmgZgÝV{V_²Ÿ &&Ÿ169Ÿ&&
_moj_²..................................Ÿ&
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[ g_wXm`ñ` EH$na_mUwhoVwH$Ëdo ì`mh{V:, Ag_w{XVmZoH$na_mUwhoVwH$Ëdo A{Vàg“:,

g_w{XVna_mUwhoVwH$Ëdo AÝ`moÝ`ml`àg“: ]
Ed§ d¡^m{fH$gm¡ÌmpÝVH$m`mo: gmYmaU§ _V_wnÝ`ñ`mdmÝVaôX§ Vw {ZamH$aUàñVmd Ed {ddjw:, `V² VmdXwº§$
na_mUwg_wXm` Ed JmoKQ>m{Xàn#mmo ZËdd`dr H${üXñVr{V, V{ÞamH$Vªw ""g_wXm` C^`hoVwHo$@{n VXàm{á:'' B{V
gyÌ§ ì`mMï>oŸ g B{VŸ&
› g_wXm` C^`hoVwHo$@{n VXàm{á: › Ÿ&&Ÿ18Ÿ&&
......g g_wXm`mo {h Z¡H$ñ_mXod `wÁ`VoŸ&
Zmo^`moümo^`Ëd§ `V² g_wXm`ì`noj`mŸ&
AVmo@Ý`moÝ`ml`ËdoZ g_wXm`mo Z `wÁ`Vo &&Ÿ170Ÿ&&
`mo@`§ JmoKQ>m{X~w{Õ{df`ËdoZmä`wnJV: g_wXm`: g {H$_oH$na_mUwhoVwH$:, qH$dm@ZoH$na_mUw-hoVwH$:Ÿ? Zm@Ú:,
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528
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(772-773)
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531
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àmVJ©OmÚ^mdkmZ§ ËdÝ`WmonnmX{`î`m_:Ÿ& (954)
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538
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539
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540
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542
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àË`joU¡d {gÕo:Ÿ& VmdV¡d ì`dhmamonnÎmm¡ nma_m{W©H$gÎdñ`mon`moJm^mdm{X{VŸ&
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~mYH§$ ní`m_:Ÿ& VVmo Z ^«_ËdmdYmaU§ `wº$-{_{VŸ& ñdßZñ` ^«mpÝVËdm^md:, ^«_ñ` Mm{Yð>mZmÚnojm{Z`_:,
gm§d¥VgÎdñ` ì`dhma{Zdm©h-H$Ëdñ`m^mdümÝ`Ì g_{W©Vmo@ÌmZwgÝYo`:Ÿ& (411,922; 408; 52,64,410
VËd{ZU©`mXm¡ M)
[ àË``ËdmV² gd©àVrVo^«©_Ëdo ~mYàVrVoa{n ^«_Ëdàg“: ]

ñ`mXoVV²Ÿ& qH$ àn#màË``ñòXmZt ~mYmo ZmñVrË`wÀ`Vo, CVmoÎmaH$mbo@{nŸ ? AmÚo Z VmdVm ^dVmo@ {n
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AZmXoañ` {dœñ` {Zd¥{Îm`©{X Moî`VoŸ&
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AZm{XVmo@Zwd¥Î mñ`mZoH $gOmVr`-{dOmVr`g§dmXVmo `mWmÏ`©gå^dmV²Ÿ& H$mXm{MËH$ñ` g§d mX{dYwa ËdoZ
549
^«_Ëdgå^dm{X{VŸ&
[ à{_Vñ` H$pënVËdmX² ~mÜ`Ëd_², Aà{_Vñ`mH$pënVËdmX~mÜ`Ëd{_Ë`ñ` XyfU_² ]

ZZwM àn#m{Zd¥{ÎmZm©_ eyÝ`_odŸ& Vƒ na_mW©ê$n_², Z H$pënV_², AÑï>ËdmV²Ÿ& VV² H$W§ VËàË``ñ` ~mÜ`Vm
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AmhŸ Ñï>ñò{ VŸ&
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[ gV: H$maUËdo à{VdmÚwº$m{Vàg“moÕma: ]

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Cº$^“çm@@J_mZm§ M àm_mÊ`mX² `wÁ`Vo@{Ib_²Ÿ &&Ÿ210Ÿ&&
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H$m`©_wËnÚVm{_Vrœañ` àgmXmV² g‘>ënmV²Ÿ& ZM¡d§ {Z{d©©eofñ` eyÝ`ñ` g‘>ënmo `wÁ`VoŸ&
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do XmÚmJ_àm_mÊ`_{gÕ_²Ÿ & àW_gyÌ moº $arË`m@@J_àm_mÊ`ñ` {gÕËdmV² Ÿ& AZw_mZo @ {Vàg“mo @ ß`m-
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na_nwéfmW©bm^m{X{V kmn{`Vw§ àgmXm{XË`wº$_²Ÿ&
[ Ñí`ËdmZw_mZñ` A{g{Õì`{^Mmamä`m_m^mgVmì`wËnmXZ_² ]
àmJ² {dœgË`ËdgmYZm`monÝ`ñVñ` àË`jñ`mÝ`Wm{g{Õ_me‘>ç VËn[ahmaËdoZ ""d¡Yå`m©ƒ Z ñdßZm{XdV²''
550
B{V gyÌ§ ì`m»`mV_²Ÿ& BXmZt {dœ{_Ï`mËdo nam{^{hVñ`mZw_mZñ` XyfH$ËdoZm{n VX² ì`m»`mVw§ {_Ï`mËdo@Zw_mZ§
VmdÀN>‘>VoŸ Ñí`Ëdm{X{VŸ&
Ñí`ËdmX² {d_V§ {_Ï`m ñdßZdƒo{X`§ M _mŸ&
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gdª {_ÏòË`wºo$ gåà{VnÞ{_Ï`mËdo ew{º$aOVmXm¡ {gÕgmYZVm, eyÝò ~mYü ñ`mV²Ÿ& AV: gË`Ëd{_Ï`mËdmä`m§
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Ñí`Ëdñ` Ñí`Ëd Ed ì`{^Mmamo ^doV²Ÿ& {ÛVrò ËdkmZm{gÕVm hoVmo[a{V ^md:Ÿ&
[ Ñí`Ëdñ`m{n {_Ï`mËdo gmYH$ËdmZwnnÎ`m{X: ]

ñ`mXoV V²Ÿ& {_Ï`¡ d Ñí`Ëd{_{V ~«y_:Ÿ& ZM¡d § gmÜ`mgmYH$Ëd_²Ÿ& dU©X¡ ¿ `m© XrZm§ {_Ï`m^y V mZm_{n
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Z Ho$db§ Ñí`ËdmZw_mZñ`mZoZ XmofoUm@^mgËd_², {H$ÝVw `XÝ`X{n àn#m{_Ï`mËdo@Zw_mZ§ OS>Ëd§ dm n[apÀN>ÞËd§
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551
[ àn#mÌ¡H$m{bH$m~mÜ`Ëdñ` àË`j{gÕËdg_W©Z_² ]
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AVrVmZmJVm¡ H$mbmd{n Z: gm{jJmoMam¡Ÿ &&Ÿ213Ÿ&&
VËgå~pÝYV`m gÎd_{n Ñï>ñ` gm{jJ_²Ÿ&
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H¥$Vì`wËnmXZ§ M¡VV² àmH²$Ÿ& (417)
[ {_Ï`mËdmZw_mZmZm§ gËà{VnjËd_² ]
gËà{Vnjm{U M Ñí`ËdmÚZw_mZmZrË`me`dmZmhŸ ^«mÝVo[a{VŸ&
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552
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564
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565
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dmŸ& EVƒmonnmX`{`î`VoŸ& (820)
Cº$_wn g§h a{VŸ ì`mßËò{ VŸ& `XÝ`Wm^m{d VX{ZË`_², `ƒ ê$nm{X_V² VX{ZË`{_{V ì`mßË`mŸ&
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VH©$Ëd_²Ÿ? _¡d_²Ÿ& ì`mß`dX² ì`máoa{n namä`wnJVËdo@{n VH©$Ëdm{damoYmV²Ÿ& Ed_od ¹${MXml`ñ`mo^`mgå_Vmd{n Z
Xmof:Ÿ& dú`{V M¡VV²Ÿ ""naÝ`m`¡ñVw XyfU_²'' B{VŸ& (957)
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566
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[ ñWmdamUm_ZmË_H$ËddmX^“: ]
jnUH$moº$_Wm©ÝVa§ Xyf{`Vw_ZwdX{VŸ Xoho{VŸ&
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567
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577
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578
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580
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599
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600
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601
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àW_gyÌ Edmñ_m{^-a{^{hV_²Ÿ& (99, 66-71)
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602
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614
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617
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618
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619
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621
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622
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623
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627
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637
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638
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640
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642
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[ ì`{YH$aUñ`m{n H¥${ÎmH$moX`ñ` amo{hÊ`wX`mg{ÎmgmYH$Ëd_² ]

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648
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650
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› Aê$ndXod {h VËàYmZËdmV² › &&Ÿ14Ÿ&&
› àH$medƒmd¡`Ï`©_² › &&Ÿ15Ÿ&&
› Amh M VÝ_mÌ_² › &&Ÿ16Ÿ&&
› Xe©`{V MmWmo A{n ñ_`©Vo › &&Ÿ17Ÿ&&
g MmàmH¥$Vê$nËdmXê$n: ñdJwUmË_H$_²Ÿ&
ê$n_ñ` {ea:nm{UnmXmÚmË_H${_î`VoŸ&
AVmo Zm{ZË`Vm Z¡d lw{VÛ`{damo{YVmŸ &&Ÿ144Ÿ&&
707
g na_mË_m Ÿ& àH¥$ {VeãXmo@ Ýòf m_{n VËdmZm_wn cjH$:Ÿ& AàmH¥$ Vê$nËdmV² àmH¥$Vê$na{hV-ËdmV²Ÿ&
JwUmË_H${_Ë`wºo$ gÎdmXrZm§ àVr{V: ñ`mV²Ÿ& V{ÞamgmWª ñdeãX:Ÿ& ò na_mË_Z: ñdê$n^yVm JwUm AmZÝXmÚm:,
VXmË_H${_{VŸ& ê$neãXoZ M ewŠcm{XJwUàVr{V: ñ`mV²Ÿ& AV: {ea:nmUr{V {ddaU§ H¥$V_²Ÿ& AVmo ê$ndm§üo{V eof:Ÿ&
{dMmaà`moOZ§ Xe©`{VŸ AV B{VŸ& A{ZË`Vm OÝ_-_aUdÎmmŸ& Zm{n gm¡ÝX`m©Ú^md B{V M Ðï>ì`_²Ÿ& VWmM
Vpñ_Z² ^{º$énnÞo{V eof:Ÿ&
[ ^JdÐÿnñ` bmoH${dbjUËdo ê$neãXmàd¥{Îm_me‘>ç n[ahmaH$WZ_² ]

`ÚpñV na_mË_Zmo ê$n_², H$WÝV{h© Vñ` à{gÕd¡cjÊ`_mÌoUmê$nËdì`dhma BËè‘>mn[a-hmamW©ËdoZ
""àH$medV²'' B{V gyÌmd`dmo ^mîò ì`m»`mV:Ÿ& BXmZt `Xrœaê$n§ cmoH${dcjU§ VXm VÌ ê$neãXàd¥{ÎmXw©K©Q>m
ñ`mV²Ÿ& gå~ÝYJ«hUmZwnnÎmo:Ÿ& VWmM ê$ndÎdlwVrZm§ d¡`Ï`ª Xwîn[a-ha{_Ë`me‘>mn[ahmamW©ËdoZm{n ì`mMï>oŸ
`Wmhr{VŸ&
`Wm{h V¡Ogñ`¡d àH$meñ`mopÁPVmd{nŸ&
AmË_¡d Á`mo{V[aË`mh Ordñòe§ lw{VñVWmŸ &&Ÿ145Ÿ&&
V¡Ogñ`¡d àH$meñòËòVV² V¡Og Ed {h gm¡am{XamcmoH$: àH$meãXdmÀ`: à{gÕñVñò{V ì`m»ò`_²Ÿ& CpÁPVmd{n
na_oœañ` VÎdm^mdo@nr{V ^mdV²Ÿ& ""AmË_¡dmñ` Á`mo{V^©d{V'' B{V lw{VOudñòe§ àH$me_mhoË`W©:Ÿ& VWm
cmoH${dcjUo@{n ^JdÐÿno ê$neãXàd¥{Îm`w©ºo${V eof:Ÿ& Cnn{ÎmñVw ""na_V:'' BË`Ì dj_mUm@Ìmß`ZwgÝYoò{VŸ&
(1056)
[ ì`wËH«$_oU ì`m»`mZo {Z{_Îm_² ]

ZÝdoVX{YH$aU_² ""AV Ed Mmon_m'' B{V gyÌmV² nyd©_²Ÿ& VV² H$W§ nümX² ì`m»`mV_²Ÿ? CÀ`VoŸ ""AV Ed M''
B{V gyÌ§ ""Z ñWmZVmo@{n'' BË`{YH$aUoZ g“V{_{V kmnZm` H«$_ôX:Ÿ& VpËgÕ-_W©_wnOrì` nyd©njmoËWmZmV²Ÿ&
VWmM ^mî`_²Ÿ ""`ñ_mXod_²'' BË`m{XŸ& AÌm{n ""B©eê$nofw'' BË`m{XŸ& AW VXZÝVa_od qH$ Z H¥$V_²Ÿ ?
Aê$ndÎdm{YH$aUmW©ñ` ""AV Ed M'' B{V gyÌmWª à{V hoVwËdoZmonmoÕmVcjU`m g“Ë`m d{U©Vñ`mì`dYm`H$ËdmV²Ÿ&
hoVwËd_{n àn#m{`Vw_mMm`}U g MmàmH¥$ Vê$nËdm{X{V MeãXmo {Z~Õ:Ÿ& H$mcÌò@ßèaramV² na_mË_Zmo
Ordñ`mË`ÝVôX Ed øwnnÞ B{VŸ&&Ÿ*Ÿ&& BË`ê$ndÎdm{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ9Ÿ&&
AW d¥{Õõmgm{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ12Ÿ&&
[ _m¡º$mZÝXVmaVå`ñ` ^{º$VmaVå`{Z{_ÎmH$Ëd_² ]
d¥{ Õõmg^mŠËd_ÝV^m©d mXw^ `gm_ÄOñ`mXod _²Ÿ& `XWª ^JdÝ_{h_m@ÌmoÀ`Vo gm ^{º$: nwéfofw VmaVåòZ
{Vð>VrËòV{XhmonnmÚVoŸ& VWm{hŸ ApñV ^ºo$d¥©{Õõmg^mŠËd_²Ÿ& Hw$V:Ÿ? ~«÷mXrZm_ñ_XmXrZm§ M ^º$Ëdo@ÝV^m©dmV²Ÿ&
Ed§ ^{º$VmaVåò@“rH¥$Vo Edoœañ`mo^`mZ² à{V gm_ÄOñ`gå^dm{X{VŸ& VXoVXg“V_²Ÿ& `wºo$: à{VkmVmW}Z gh
gå~ÝYmàVrVo[aË`V AmhŸ VØº$s{VŸ&
› d¥{Õõmg^mŠËd_ÝV^m©dmXw^`gm_ÄOñ`mXod_² › &&Ÿ20Ÿ&&
VØ{º$VmaVåòZ VmaVå`§ {d_w{º$J_²Ÿ&
~«÷mXrZm§ M gd}fm_ZmÝXmXo`©WmH«$__²Ÿ &&Ÿ146Ÿ&&
708
~«÷mXrZm§ MeãXmXñ_XmXrZm{_Ëòd§ gd}fm§ `WmH«$_§ lm¡VH«$_mZ{VaoHo$U `X² {d_w{º$J_m-ZÝXmXoñVmaVå`§ VX²

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gy Ì o U Ÿ& VÀM ""AWmV AmZÝXñ` _r_m§ g m'' BË`m{Xlw Ë `m VmaVå`dXdJå`Vo Ÿ & gmÜ`VmaVåò M
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AVmo@pñV ^ºo$d¥©{Õõmg^mŠËd{_{VŸ&&Ÿ*Ÿ&& B{V d¥{Õõmgm-{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ12Ÿ&&
AW ñWmZ{deofm{YH$aU_²ŸŸ&&Ÿ17Ÿ&&
ñWmZ{deofmV² àH$mem{XdV²Ÿ& `ÚßòVX{YH$aU§ ""na_V:'' BË`Vmo@ZÝVa_²Ÿ& VWm@{n VoZodmZoZm{n g“{Vañ`Ÿ&
AZoZ {df`monjonmV² VooZ nyd©njmonn{ÎmXe©ZmV²Ÿ& `Ûm@ZoZ nyd©nj`wŠË`w-ËWmZmV² VooZ {df`monjonmV²Ÿ& VWm{h Z
~«÷mXrZm_mZÝXñ` VmaVå`_wnnÚVoŸ& ^JdXmZÝXà{V-{~å~Ëdmä`wnJ_mV²Ÿ& {~å~o M VmaVå`m^mdñ` ""Z
ñWmZVmo@{n'' BË`wº$ËdmV²Ÿ& AÝ`Wm@@H$pñ_-H$Ëdàg“{X{VŸ& `Ûm Z ~«÷mÚmZÝXmo ^JdXmZÝXà{V{~å~:Ÿ& nañna§
{d{MÌËdmV²Ÿ& {~å~m{^_Vo M d¡{MÍ`m^mdm{X{VŸ&
[ ~«÷mÚmZÝXñ` ^JdXmZÝXà{V{~å~Ëdo@{n
Cnm{YJV-gmYZ^yV^ŠË`m{Xd¡{MÍ`mX² d¡{MÍ`_² ]
AVmo@ÌoX§ {deX`{VŸ à{V{~å~d{X{VŸ&
› ñWmZ{deofmV² àH$mem{XdV² › Ÿ&&Ÿ35Ÿ&&
à{V{~å~dXßòfm_mZÝXmo@Ý`JwUm `WmŸ&
`Úßòfm§ ~«÷mXrZm_mZÝX: à{V{~å~dV²Ÿ& à{gÕà{V{~å~¡ñVwë`§ dV©VoŸ& ^JdXmZÝXà{V-{~å~mo ^dVr{V `mdV²Ÿ&
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[ {~å~^yV^JdX¡œ`©demƒ à{V{~å~o AmZÝXm{Xd¡{MÍ`_² ]

d¡{MÍò hoËdÝVa_mhŸ ZmamÙo{ VŸ&
ZmamÙJwUmYrZü...................Ÿ&
{~å~eŠË`m M {d{MÌ BË`W©:Ÿ& ñWmZJwUñ` {~å~gm_Ï`©ñ` M à`moOH$Ëd§ Ý`m`{ddaUo ì`wËnm{XV_²Ÿ& AZoZ
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[ {~å~mYrZËd_², {~å~gmÑí`_od à{V{~å~Ëd_², ZVw {~å~m{^ÞËd_² ]

{~å~à{V{~å~`moa¡Š`§ Ho${M{XÀN>pÝVŸ& AV: à{V{~å~Ëd§ ì`m»`mV_²Ÿ ZmamÙo{VŸ& JwU AmZÝX:Ÿ& MeãXoZ
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709
................... AË`ënñVXnoj`mŸ&
Vñ_mX² {^Þü gVV_Ý`ÁkmZ§ nañ` MŸ &&Ÿ147Ÿ&&
AÝ`ÁkmZ§ Vw OrdmZm_Ý` AmZÝX B©eVmŸ&
_w»òeVm naoeñ` Jm¡Ur Ordñ` gm `V:Ÿ &&Ÿ148Ÿ&&
B{V lwVo:..............................Ÿ&
Mmo hoVm¡Ÿ& `ñ_mV² VXnoj`m@Ë`ën:, Vñ_mV² gVV§ {^Þ B{VŸ& VXnoj`m@Ë`ënËd§ Hw$V BË`m-H$m¬m§ n[ahaÞÌ
lw{V_mhŸ AÝ`{X{VŸ& AÝ` AmZÝX: nañ` OrdmZm§ Mo{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ& Ed_r-eVoË`{n `moÁ`_²Ÿ& _w»òeVoË`wncjU`m
hoVw_mhŸ& B{V lwVo[a{V nyd}U gå~ÝY:Ÿ&&Ÿ*Ÿ&& B{V ñWmZ{deofm{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ17Ÿ&&
AW nmcH$Ëdm{YH$aU_²ŸŸ&&Ÿ13Ÿ&&
[ nyd©njmo‚mrdZ_² ]
àH¥$V¡VmdÎd§ {h à{VfoY{V VVmo ~«dr{V M ^y`:Ÿ& AÌ nyd©njàXe©Zna§ ^mî`_²Ÿ ""g¥{ï>g§hmaH$V¥©Ëd_odmñ`
Z nmcH$Ëd_², ñdV: {gÕo : '' B{VŸ& VX`w º $_² Ÿ & g¥ { ï> g § h maH$V¥ © Ë dmä`w n -J_ñ` ì`W© ËdmV² Ÿ & ñdV:
{gÕo [ aË`Ìmñò Ë `àVrVo ü Ÿ& pñWVo [ aË`Ü`mhmao @ {n ñd^mddmXmlÙñ` g¥ { ï> g § h ma`mo a {n gmåò Z
VËH$V¥©Ëdmä`wnJ_mZwnnÎmo[aË`V: nyd©nj§ {deX`{VŸ g¥ï>r{VŸ&
............g¥{ï>Zmem¡ VXYrZm{dVr[aVoŸ&
ñd^mdËdmpñWVoZ£VXnojm.............Ÿ &&Ÿ149Ÿ&&
B{V B©[aVo {gÕmpÝVZm@ä`wnJVo g{VŸ& VVüm`_W©: Ÿ B©œañ` nmcH$Ëd§ ZmonnÚVo, pñWVoñVËà`moOZËdmV²Ÿ& Vñ`mü
ñd^md{gÕËdoZoœamZnojËdmV²Ÿ& B©œa Ed {h {dœñ` g¥{ï>g§hma`mo: H$Vm© ZmÝ` BË`ä`wnJV_²Ÿ& VWmM g¥îQ‰>m `mdÞ
g§haoV² VmdV² pñW{V: ñd^md{gÕ¡d Z naì`mnma-_nojVoŸ& `{X Icw g¥{ï>g§hma`mo: H$Vm©@Ý`: ñ`mV², VXmoXmgrZñ`
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nmcH$Ëd§ ZmonnÚV BËòd_Ì nyd©nj B{VŸ&
[ gyÌñ` nyd©njmÀN>mXH$Ëdg_W©Z_² ]
EdÝV{h© {gÕmÝVmo Z `wº$: ñd^mdËd`wºo$an[aöVËdm{XË`V: gyÌm{^n«m`_mhŸ B{V Zo{VŸ&
› àH¥$V¡VmdÎd§ {h à{VfoY{V VVmo ~«dr{V M ^y`: ›Ÿ&&Ÿ22Ÿ&&
..............................B{V Z `wÁ`VoŸ &&Ÿ149Ÿ&&
`V: ñd^mdmo@ß`{Ic B©em`Îmmo@{Icñ` MŸ&
namZnojV`m àVr`_mZ§ ñdê$n§ Y_m} dm ñd^md BË`wÀ`VoŸ& g gd}fm§ nXmWm©Zm_²Ÿ& g gdm}@nr-em`Îm EdŸ& AÝ`Wm
Vofm§ ñdmVÝÍ`àg“oZmñòeËdmZwnnÎmo:Ÿ& ""gdª Ibw'' BË`m{Xlw{V{damoYm-nÎmoüŸ& AÞXmZmXm¡ ì`mnmaü ñ\w$Q>
Edo{VŸ&&Ÿ*Ÿ&& B{V nmcH$Ëdm{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ13Ÿ&&
AW Aì`º$m{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ14Ÿ&&
710
[ gmjmËH$mañ` ^{º$OÝ`^JdXZwJ«h¡H$gmÜ`Ëd_² ]
VXì`º$_mh {hŸ& AÌ na_mË_Zmo@ì`º$Ëd_mXm¡ {dñVaoU g_{W©V_²Ÿ& VVñV{h© ^ŠË`m{X-gmYZd¡`Ï`©{_Ë`me‘>ç
""àH$meü H$_©Ê`^mgmV²'' B{V Ñí`Ëd§ Mmoº$_²Ÿ& VXoVXw^`§ {déÕ-{_Ë`me‘>ç ""AVmo@ZÝVoZ VWm {h {c“_²''
B{V gy{ÌV_²Ÿ& AÌ {damoYempÝVZ© ñ\w$Q>§ àVr`V BË`VñVñ` VmËn`©_mhŸ Aì`º$mo@nr{VŸ&
› AVmo@ZÝVoZ VWm {h {c“_² ›Ÿ&&Ÿ27Ÿ&&
Aì`º$mo@{n ñdeŠË`¡d ^º$mZm§ Ñí`Vo h[a:Ÿ &&Ÿ150Ÿ&&
^º$mZm_ì`º$mo@nrË`Ýd`:Ÿ& ^º$mZm_ZwJ«hmòË`Ü`mhmamo dmŸ& OrdeŠË`noj`m Aì`º$mo@{n ñdeŠË`¡d Ñí`V
BË`{damoY B{VŸ&&Ÿ*Ÿ&& B{V Aì`º$m{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ14Ÿ&&
AW A{hHw$ÊS>bm{YH$aU_²Ÿ&&Ÿ15Ÿ&&
[ JwU{H«$`mXrZm§ gd}fm§ ^JdÕ_m©Um§ ~«÷m{^ÞËdgmYZ_² ]
C^`ì`nXoemÎd{hHw$ ÊS>c dV²Ÿ& `Xrœañ` JwU{H«$`mX`mo Y_m©ñVVmo {^Þm:, VXm g_dm`ñ` {ZamH¥$VËdmV²
(695) VÛÎd_ZwnnÞ_²Ÿ& `{XMm{^Þm:, VXm kmZm{X_Îd_mZÝXm{X^moº¥$Ëd-{_Ë`mÚ`wº ${_Ë`w^ `Wm VÌ
^ŠË`Zwnn{Îm[a{V nyd©njàmám{dX_maä`VoŸ& VÌ hoVwÑï>mÝVmdod gy{MVm¡Ÿ& ZVw njn[aJ«hê$nm à{VkmŸ& AÜ`mhmamo@{n
hoVwÑï>mÝV~coZ ôXmôXnjn[aJ«hñò{V à{V^m{VŸ& AV: à{Vkm§ Xe©`{VŸ VX{^Þm B{VŸ&
› C^`ì`nXoemÎd{hHw$ÊS>cdV² ›Ÿ&&Ÿ28Ÿ&&
VX{^Þm JwUm {ZË`_{n gd} {deofV:Ÿ&
JwUËdoZ Jw{UËdoZ ^moº¥$^mo½`V`m pñWVm:Ÿ &&Ÿ151Ÿ&&
{ZËèãXmo {Z`_mW©:Ÿ& nma_oœam: gd} JwUm Y_m© {ZË`§ VX{^Þm:, VoZmË`ÝVm{^Þm:, VWm@{n {deofeŠË`m
JwUJwÊ`m{X^mdoZ pñWVmŸ:Ÿ&
[ g¥ï>çm{X{H«$`mUm§ e{º$ê$noU {ZË`ËdmX² {dîUmoñVXôXo@“rH¥$Vo@{n Zm{ZË`Ëdàg“: ]

ñ`mXoVV²Ÿ& n[a_mUmXrZm§ `mdX²Ðì`^m{dZm§ ^dVw Zm_ ^JdVm@Ë`ÝVmôX:Ÿ& {H«$`mUm§ kmZm-{XJwUmZm§ MmómjrV²,
g¥O{V, òú`{V, ì`kmgrV², OmZm{V, kmñ`VrË`m{Xlm¡Vì`dhma¡a{ZË`-V`m@dJVmZm§ Vw Z `wÁ`V BË`V AmhŸ
{deof mË_Vò{ VŸ&
{deofmË_V`m Vofm§ {ZËèŠË`mË_Zm VWmŸ&
{ZË`§ pñWVoZ© Y_m©Um§ {H«$`mXrZm_{ZË`VmŸ &&Ÿ152Ÿ&&
Vofm§ na_oœagå~{ÝYZm§ {H«$`mXrZm§ Y_m©Um§ {ZËèŠË`mË_Zm {ZË`§ pñWVoñVWm {deofmË_V`m ì`{º$ê$noU
ì`dhma{df`VmonnÎmoZm©{ZË`Vo{V `moOZmŸ& àn#mñVw àmJod H¥$V:Ÿ& (307-310)
[ ì`{º$eŠË`moa{n g{deofmôXm“rH$mamV² {H«$`mXrZm§ ì`{º$ê$noUm{n {ZË`Ëd_² ]

ZZwM {H«$ `mXrZm§ `m ì`º$Vm gm VmdX{ZË`¡dŸ& AÝ`Wmoº$ì`dhmaUm§ {Zamcå~ZËdmnmVmV²Ÿ& VVñVñ`m
^JdÕ_©^yVm`m A{n ZmË`ÝVmôXmonn{Îm[aË`V AmhŸ Z {deofo{VŸ&
711
Z {deofmË_Vm Mo`_{ZË`m e{º$ê$nVmŸ&

g¡d `V² g{deofm ñ`mV² .............. &&Ÿ153Ÿ&&
B`§ ì`dhmamcå~ZËdoZmoº$mŸ& Hw$V BË`V AmhŸ eº$s{VŸ& `X² `ñ_mV² gm {deofmË_Vm e{º$ê$nV¡dŸ& e{º$ü
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n[aöV§ ñ`m{XË`V AmhŸ g{deof o{ VŸ& Zo`§ ì`{º$: eŠË`m {Z{d©e ofm{^ÞmŸ& òZmoº$Xmof : ñ`mV²Ÿ& {H$ÝVw
g{deofm{^Þ¡dŸ&
[ {deofñ`m{n Yå`©{^ÞËd_², ñd{Zdm©hH$Ëd§ M ]
`Ú`§ gd©{Zdm©hhoVw{d©eofmo ^JdVmo {^Þ:, VXm gd}fm§ VÕ_m©Um§ VoZmË`ÝVmôX B{V à{Vkm ^ÁòVŸ& A{^ÞüoX²
{deofVm Vñ` Z ñ`mV²Ÿ& ñdê$n_mÌn`©dgmZoZ gmo@{n Z ñ`m{XË`V AmhŸ {deof B{VŸ&
.................. {deofmo@Ý`mo ZMmß``_²Ÿ &&Ÿ153Ÿ&&
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712
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713
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714
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715
[ gË`ß`ôXo {deofm“rH$maoU¡d gd©ôXH$m`m}nnÎmo: ôXm{XH$ënZñ` d¡`Ï`©_² ]

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716
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724
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lmoVm VËñ_m[aVmZm_Wm©Zm_Ýd`kmZm` `VV B{V MoV², VÌm@hŸ nw_mZodo{VŸ&
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`VVm§ eãXe{º$üoV² VÌ Z¡dmÝdò H$W_²Ÿ &&Ÿ185Ÿ&&
AÝdèãXoZ VÁkmZ_wncú`VoŸ& nümV² nX¡: nXmW©ñ_aUmZÝVa_²Ÿ& AZpÝdVm{^YmZmZm§ gmhm-æòZo{V eof:Ÿ& g:
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725
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› Xe©ZmV² › &&Ÿ33Ÿ&&
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726
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734
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736
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756
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785
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ZÝdñ`m§ lwVm¡ km{ZZ: H$_©Um§ n[aVmn: ly`Vo, ZVw kmZoZ {dZme B{V {dd{jVmo@W© BË`Vmo ^JdÛmŠ`g_m»`m_mhŸ
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BË`m{X ^JdÛmŠ`¡méº$mW©ümdgr`Vo &&Ÿ162Ÿ&&
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786
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787
B{V naofm§ ì`m»`mZ_gXodo{V ^mdoZ Cº$_²Ÿ B__odmW©{_{VŸ& {d\$bËdmXñ`m{üÝVm`m:Ÿ& njÛò@ß`ä`wX` Ed øñ`

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788
B{V lw{V{damoYmƒ ZmÝ`WmonmgZ§ ^doV²Ÿ&

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806
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807
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808
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810
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811
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816
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817
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818
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^{dî`Vr{V MoV², ZŸ& _mZwfËdmXoaZnJ_ñ`mZÝVa_od dú`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& (1204)
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819
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820
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821
ní`ÝVmo _ZwXjmÚm ~w{ÕVËdpñWV§ h[a_²Ÿ&

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822
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823
ñdmVÝÍò {dÚ_mZo@{n gmYZmXm¡ nao{eVw:Ÿ&

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824
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827
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828
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829
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830
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831
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na§ ^md_OmZÝVmo __ ^yV_hoœa_² &&Ÿ113Ÿ&&
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832
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835
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836
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J_`{VŸ& ZVw Vñ` àm_mÊ`_àm_mÊ`§ dmŸ& VV: àmJôXXe©ZmdJ_mV² VÌ àm_mÊ`màm_mÊ`gÝXoh Ed `wº$:Ÿ& AdJVo
ËdôXXe©Zo Vñ`màm_mÊ`_od {Zür`VoŸ& nwamUdmŠ`mXod VËàm_mÊ`ñ` {Z{üVËdmV²Ÿ& g_{YJVmo@ ñ_r{V
g§eãXldUmV²Ÿ& ö{X ö{X Z¡H$Ym pñWV_nrË`Zw-_mZmZm_m^mgËdñ`moº$ËdmV²Ÿ& ""{dYyVôX_moh:'' B{V ôXkmZñ`
_mohËdm{^YmZmƒo{VŸ&
[ ^JdXdVmaofw doYm{XXe©Zñ` {ZXm}fËdJ«møwÎm_OrdàË`j~m{YVËd_² ]

Ed§ ^JdÐÿnofw ôXm^md: {gÕ:Ÿ& VWm doYm{XXmofm^mdüŸ& à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ& ZÝdpñV VÔ{e©Zm§ àË`j_Ì à_mU_²Ÿ&
_¡d_²Ÿ& _hVm§ àË`joU doYmÚ^mdJ«m {hUm ~m{YVËdmV²Ÿ& BX_od Vñ` ~mYH§$ qH$ Z ñ`m{XË`V AmhŸ
Anar{jV_od o{ VŸ&
Anar{jV_odmÌ doYm{XH$_Yr{eVw:Ÿ&
narjmXe©Zo Z¡d Ñí`Vo Ho$Z{MV² ¹${MV² &&Ÿ135Ÿ&&
AÌ doYm{XXmofVX^md`mo_©ÜòŸ& AYr{eVwaÌmdVmaopîd{V dmŸ& Ñí`V B{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ& `Ûm doYm-{XH${_{V
VÔe©Z_wnbú`VoŸ& narj`m `wº§$ Xe©Z§ narjmXe©Z_²Ÿ& `Ûm narú`V B{V narjmŸ& ""Jwamoü hb:'' BË`mH$maàË``:Ÿ&
narjm M VÔe©Z§ M Vpñ_Z²Ÿ& Ñí`Vo doYm{XH§$ ¹${MV²Ÿ& XmofXe©Z_nar{jV§ {ZXm}fËdXe©Z§ Vw nar{jV{_{V ^md:Ÿ&
[ ^JdVmo doYm{Xgd©Xmofm^mdñ` ~«÷m{XàË`j{df`H$Ëdo lw{V: ]

ZZw Xmofm^md{df`§ _hVm§ àË`j§ VmdV² Hw$V: {gÕ{_Ë`V AmhŸ {ZXm}f_odo{VŸ&
{ZXm}f_od§ V§ ~«÷m XXem©eofê${nU_²Ÿ&
{ZXm}f_od éÐmo@ÐmL²> {ZXm}f§ V§ nwaÝXa:Ÿ &&Ÿ136Ÿ&&
{ZXm}fmÊ`ñ` ê$nm{U Ñï>mÝòd§ gwamoÎm_¡:Ÿ&
AÝò gXmofm: gd}@{n {ZXm}fmo h[aaoH$b:Ÿ&
B{V ~H© lwVoü¡d gXmof§ Zmñ` Xe©Z_² &&Ÿ137Ÿ&&
AÐmH² AÐmjrV²Ÿ& ""A{ZË`_mJ_emgZ_²'' B{V dMZmV²Ÿ& nwaÝXamo@ÐmjrV²Ÿ& AÝ`¡a{n gwamo-Îm_¡:Ÿ& gXmofm Ñï>m:Ÿ&
Vñ_m{ÞXm}fmo h[aaoH$ EdŸ& MeãX: lwË`ÝVag_wƒ`mW©:Ÿ& Añ` na_oœañ` {dfò _hVm§ Xe©Z§ gXmof§ XmofJ«m{h Z¡d,
{H$ÝVw {ZXm}f_od J¥†mVr{VŸ&
838
[ XmofXe©Zñ` ~m{YVËdo, Xmofm^mdXe©Zñ` à_mUËdo M lwË`wnÝ`mg: ]

XmofXe©Z_nar{jV§ VX^mdXe©Z§ Vw nar{jV_oVV² Hw$V BË`V AmhŸ A{dÕ B{VŸ&
A{dÕmo {dÕdX² {dîUwaOmVmo OmVdÝ_¥fmŸ&
A~Õmo ~Õdƒ¡d Xe©`Ë`{_VÚw{V:Ÿ&
B{V n¡{“lw{Vü¡d àmh {ZXm}fVm§ hao: &&Ÿ138Ÿ&&
{dÕ{_d {dÕdV²Ÿ& N>mÝXgmo {ÛVr`mÝVmX² d{V:Ÿ& EdeãXñ`m{dÕ BË`m{XZm gå~ÝY:Ÿ& Xe©`Ë`mË_mZ_²Ÿ&
nyd©lwË`m@ß``_Wm}@Wm©V² {gÕçVr{V n¡{“lw{VüoË`wº$_²Ÿ& {ZXm}fVm{_{V \$bmo-ŠË`m {dd{jV_W©_wnbj`{VŸ&
AÌ¡d ñnï>m§ lw{V_wXmha{VŸ Anar{jVo{ VŸ&
Anar{jVÑï>ç¡d gXmofmo Ñí`Vo h[a:Ÿ&
narjmXe©Zo Z¡d Xmofmo Ñí`mo hao: ¹${MV²Ÿ&
B{V n¡{“lw{Vüm@h à_mU§ {h nar{jV_²Ÿ& &&Ÿ139Ÿ&&
Amh XmofXe©Zñ`mnar{jVËd_², {ZXm}fVmXe©Zñ` nar{jVËd§ MŸ& VV: {H${_Ë`V AmhŸ à_mU§ hr{VŸ& `V²
nar{jV§ narj`m n«_mUËdoZmdY¥V§ VXod à_mU_²Ÿ& Anar{jV§ ËdmnmVV: gpÝX½Y_²Ÿ& {Z{üV{damoÜ`wn{ZnmVo
Ëdà_mU_odŸ& AV: nar{jVoZ {ZXm}fVmXe©ZoZmnar{jV§ XmofXe©Z_od ~mÜ`VoŸ& ZVw {dn`©`:Ÿ& àm_mÊ`{Züò
narjmon`moJ: à_mU{gÕ B{V {heãX:Ÿ& VWmM dú`VoŸ& (1220)
[ àm_mÊ`ñ` narjmYrZËdo@ZdñWmàg“mV² à^mH$am{X{^:

àm_mÊ`ñ` narjmZnojËdmä`wnJ_: ]
AÌ Ho${MXmhþ:Ÿ ñdV Ed kmZmZm§ àm_mÊ`§ J¥øVo, ZVw narjmYrZ_²Ÿ& gH$b_{n kmZ§ ñdà-H$me_², `WmWª MŸ&
AV: ñdoZ¡d ñd`§ ñdàm_mÊ`§ M {gÕç{V, H$m VÌ narjmnojo{VŸ& AÝò Vw ~«wdVoŸ kmZ§ VËàm_mÊ`§ MmZw_mZoZ¡d J¥øV
B{VŸ& Anao Vw dXpÝVŸ kmZ§ VËàm_mÊ`§ M gm{jU¡d km`V B{VŸ& `{XM ñdV:àm_mÊ`J«hmo Z ñ`mV², V{h© Z ñ`mXodŸ&
Vñ` narjmYrZËdo@ZdñWm-àg“mV²Ÿ& AZw_mZ{deof: Ibw narjm Zm_Ÿ& gm M ñd`§ à_mUV`m {Z{üVm@Ýòfm§ kmZmZm§
àm_m-Ê`mdYmaUm` à^d{V ZmÝ`WmŸ& VËàm_mÊ`mdYmaU§ M narjmÝVaoUo{V H$W§ ZmZdñWm ñ`m{X{VŸ&
[ {gÕmÝVo d¥{ÎmkmZàm_mÊ`ñ` narjmYrZËdñ`,

gm{jkmZàm_mÊ`ñ` VX^mdñ` Mm“rH$mamV² ZmZdñWmàg“: ]
VÌ àm_mÊ`J«hñ` narjmYrZËdo@ZdñWmàg“§ VmdV² n[aha{VŸ Zo{VŸ&
Z narjmZdñWm ñ`mV² gm{j{gÕo Ëdg§e`mV²Ÿ&
àm_mÊ`J«h Uñ` narjmYrZËdm“rH$mao@nr{V eof:Ÿ& VÌ hoVw_mhŸ gmjr{VŸ& {Û{dY§ Ibw kmZ_²Ÿ
AÝV:H$aUn[aUm_ê$n_², gm{jê$n§ Mo{VŸ& VÌm@ÚmX² {deoïw>§ VweãX:Ÿ&
EVXwº§$ ^d{VŸ ñ`m{X`_ZdñWm `{X gd©Ì narjmnojm ñ`mV²Ÿ& ZM¡d_²Ÿ& gpÝX½Yo IëdW} narjm@noú`Vo,
ZËdgpÝX½YoŸ& g§e`ü _Zmod¥{Îm{dfò nmZr`mXm¡ ^d{V, Z nwZ: gm{j{gÕo gwImXm¡Ÿ& AVñVmdXod narjm `mdV²
gm{jJ¥hrVofw gwIm{XîddVma B{V Hw$Vmo@ZdñWo{VŸ& àn{#mVü A`_Wmo©@ñ_m{^: àH¥$Ë`{YH$aUoŸ& (429-430)
839
[ _mZgXe©Zñ` {ZXmo©fËd{Z`_m^md:, gm{jXe©ñ` Vw {ZXm}fËd{Z`_: ]

_Zmod¥{Îm{df` Ed g§e`mo Z gm{j{gÕ BË`Ì qH$ H$maU{_Ë`V AmhŸ _mZg B{VŸ&
_mZgo Xe©Zo Xmofm: ñ`wZ©d¡ gm{jXe©ZoŸ&
_Z: n[aU{Vê$no Xmofm: H$maUV`m gå^m{dVm: ñ`w:Ÿ& d¡eãXñVweãXmWo©Ÿ& A`_W©:Ÿ {Û{dYmo {h g§e`mo ^d{VŸ
EH$ñVmdXm{XV Ed, `Wm ñWmUwdm©@`§ nwéfmo ho{VŸ& AnañVw {Zü`n¥ð>^mdr, `Wm ñWmUwdX`§ àVr`Vo ñWmUw^©d{V
Zdo{VŸ& VÌm@Úmo {deofmXe©Zm{XXmof_yb:Ÿ& {ÛVr`mo@{n àW_kmZñ` XmofOÝ`Ëde‘>m_yb:Ÿ& Xmofmü _mZg Ed Xe©Zo
gå^dpÝVŸ& AVñVËg§e`mË_H§$ dm Om`Vo, {Zü`V`m OmVñ` {dfò dm Amhm`©: g§e`mo ^d{VŸ& ZVw gm{j{gÕo
Xe©Zo Xmofgå^d:Ÿ& AVmo Z VËg§e`mË_H$_², Zm{n VpËgÕo@W} g§e` B{VŸ&
[ gm{jkmZñ` {ZXm}fËdo {Z{_Îm_² ]

_mZgo Xe©Zo Xmofm: gå^dÝVr{V ñ\w$Q>_²Ÿ& gm{jXe©Zo Z gå^dÝVrËòVV² Hw$V BË`V AmhŸ gwÑT> B{VŸ&
gwÑT>mo {ZU©`mo `Ì ko`§ VV² gm{jXe©Z_² &&Ÿ140Ÿ&&
gwÑT>mo H$Xm@{n ~mYa{hV: {ZU©`mo@dYmaUmË_H$: àË``:Ÿ& `Ìo{V {ZnmVmo ` BË`W}Ÿ&
BX_wº§$ ^d{VŸ XmofmñVmdÁkmZñ` S>mobm`_mZVmXe©ZoZ ~bd×mYH$mon{ZnmVoZ dm H$ëß`m:Ÿ& `Wmoº$_²Ÿ
""~bdËà_mUVü¡d ko`m Xmofm ZMmÝ`Wm'' B{VŸ& gm{jXe©Z§ M {ZU©`mË_H$_od ^d{V, ZM ~mÜ`V BË`wnnm{XV§
n¥WJ{YH$aUoŸ& (889) AV: à_mUm^mdmÞ VÌ Xmof: gå^d{VŸ&
[ gm{j{gÕofw BÀN>m{Xfw H$ñ`m{n g§e`m^md: ]

gm{j{gÕo@W} g§e`mo ZmñVrË`wº§$ VXZw^dmê$T>§ H$Vwª gm{j{gÕ_Wª VmdXmhŸ BÀN>o{VŸ&
BÀN>m kmZ§ gwI§ Xw:I§ ^`m^`H¥$nmX`:Ÿ&
gm{j{gÕm: Z H${ü{Õ VÌ g§e`dmZ² ¹${MV² &&Ÿ141Ÿ&&
Am{XnXoZ à`ËZÛofmdoVX^mdmü J¥øÝVoŸ& VV: {H${_Ë`V AmhŸ Zo{VŸ& VÌ ¹${M{X{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ& Z OmVw __
gwI_pñV Z do{V g§e`mo Zm{n àVr`_mZ{_X§ gwI§ gXgX² do{V g§e` B{V {heãXoZm@hŸ&
[ ~m{YVXe©Zñ` _mZgËd{Z`_: ]
gm{jXe©Z_~m{YV_odo{V Z `wÁ`Vo, ew{º$aOVmXm¡ ~mYXe©ZmV²Ÿ& Z{h àVr{Vg_`_mÌd{V©{Z VÌmÝ`kmZ§
gå^dVrË`V AmhŸ `{X{VŸ&
`V² ¹${MX² ì`{^Mm[a ñ`mX² Xe©Z§ _mZg§ {h VV²Ÿ&
`X² Xe©Z§ ¹${MÀNw>{º$aOVmXm¡ {dfò ì`{^Mm[a ~m{YV§ ñ`mV², Vƒjwam{XH$aUH§$ _Z:n[a-U{Vê$n_od Z
gm{jê$n_² Ÿ & Hw $ V EVV² Ÿ ? _mZgXe© Z ñ` ~mÜ`Ëdm“rH$mao @ {Zï> m ^mdmV² Ÿ & gm{jUñVw VWmËdo
gd© ì `dhma{dbmo n àg“ñ`mo º $ËdmV² Ÿ & (894) V{XX_w º § $ {heãXo Z Ÿ& gå^d{V Mmñ` _mZg-Ëd_² ,
AÝ`Wmì`m»`m{Vg_W©Zm{X{VŸ& (83-92)
[ BpÝÐ`-{b“-eãXH$aUH$_Zmod¥{ÎmkmZàm_mÊ`{Zü`ñ` narjmYrZËd_² ]
840
_mZgñ` Xe©Zñ` Xmof~mYgå^dmo@{^{hV:Ÿ& H$sÑeñ` V{h© àm_mÊ`{_Ë`V AmhŸ _Z B{VŸ&

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narj`m {Z{üV§ VV² nar{jVXe©Z§ à_mU{_{V eof:Ÿ&
àË`jmJ_kmZàm_mÊ`J«hU Ed narjmon`moJ:, Y{_©kmZmZw_mZmon_mZwì `dgm`mZm§ Vw àm_m-Ê`J«hU§ Z
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[ kmZ_mÌñ` ñdàH$meËdmV², `WmW©Ëdmƒ VËàm_mÊ`ñ`

narjmZnojËd{_{V à^mH$a_Vñ` XyfU_² ]
Ed§ _mZgàË`jm{XkmZàm_mÊ`J«hñ` narjmYrZËdo@{n gm{jàm_mÊ`J«hñ` VXZnojËdmÞ narjmZdñWoË`wº$_²Ÿ&
VÌ {H$_Z`m {Û{dYH$ënZ`mŸ? gm{jdV² àË`jm{XkmZñ`m{n àm_mÊ`J«h: narjmZnoj Edmoº${dY`m ñdV: qH$ Z
ñ`m{XË`me‘>m§ n[aha{VŸ Zo{VŸ&
Z kmZÑ{ï>_mÌoU àm_mÊ`§ Vñ` Ñí`VoŸ&
kmZñ` Ñ{ï>km©ZX¥{ï>:Ÿ& Vñ` kmZñ`Ÿ& EVXwº§$ ^d{VŸ d¥{ÎmkmZmZm§ ñdàH$meËd_od VmdXgV², à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ&
kmZì`dhmañ` gm{jdoÚËdoZ¡dmonnÎmo:Ÿ& BX_h§ OmZm_rË`Zw^dñ` gm{jê$nËdmV²Ÿ& {d_V§ kmZ§ Z ñdàH$me_²,
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^dVw dm kmZ§ ñdàH$me_², VWm@{n ñdê$n_mÌ Ed, ZVw ñdY_} àm_mÊò@{nŸ& VWm{hŸ doXdmŠ`ldUo g{V
~møñ` dmŠ`mW©kmZ_wËnÚVo, ZdmŸ? Z {ÛVr`:, gË`m§ gm_J«çm§ H$m`m©Zw-X`mZwnnÎmo:Ÿ& AÝ`Wm _r_m§gH$ñ`m{n
VXZwX`àg“mV²Ÿ& AmÚo@{n VV² àH$meVo, ZdmŸ? Zo{V njo@n{gÕmÝV:Ÿ& àW_o VËàm_mÊ`§ àH$meVo, ZdmŸ? Zm@Ú:,
V{Þamgñ`mZwnnÎmo:Ÿ& VVmo kmZ-Ñ{ï>_mÌoU Z kmZàm_mÊ`§ Ñí`V B{V {ÛVr` Edm“rH$m`©:Ÿ& VWmM ñdàH$mekmZoZ¡d
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{deofmo@ñVr{VŸ&
[ ^Å>moº$ñ` kmZàm_mÊ``moaZw_o`ËddmXñ` XyfU_² ]

kmZàm_mÊò gh¡d mZw_oò BË`ß`gV², kmZñ`mZw_o`Ëdo à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ& VÛçdhmañ`mÝ`W¡d CnnÎmo:Ÿ&
AmewVa{dZm{eZmo kmZñ` OmZm_r{V dV©_mZV`m à{V^mgmZwnnÎmoüŸ& Anamojmd^mg-{damoYmƒŸ& AZw_o`Ëdo@{n
kmZñ` Z kmZmZw{_{V_mÌoU à_mÊ`§ Vñ` Ñí`VoŸ& V{Õ kmVV`m ì`dhmaoU H$m`}U dm@Zw_mVì`_²Ÿ& ZM VmdVm
àm_mÊ`_Zw_mVw§ eŠ`Vo, ì`{^MmamV²Ÿ& VVmo kmVVm{X_mÌoU àVrVo kmZo ~mYm^mdm{XZm àm_mÊ`_Zw_o`_²Ÿ& AÝ`Wm
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841
narjmnojmdí`å^m{dZr-Ë`mJV_²Ÿ& BX_od Mmñ_m{â{^Ymñ`Vo, gd©Wm narjmZnojo{V Vw Z jå`VoŸ&
[ àm_mÊ`ñ` narjm{Zanojgm{jdoÚËd_V{Zamg: ]
EVoZ gm{jdoÚVmnjmo@{n à{V{já:Ÿ& Am¡n{ZfXkmZÑ{ï>_mÌoU ~mø¡ñVËàm_mÊ`ñ`mXe©ZmV²Ÿ&
[ Vm{H©$H$mUm§ Y{_©kmZ-AZw_mZ-Cn_mZ-AZwì`dgm`ì`{V[aº$à_mUmZm§
àm_mÊ`ñ` narjmnojËd_Vñ` XyfU_² ]
MVwW©njñËd{V_ÝX:Ÿ& AZw_mZm{XkmZÑ{ï>_mÌoU VËàm_mÊ`ñ` Mmdm©H$m{X{âÑï>ËdmV²Ÿ& {d^mJo _mZm^mdmƒŸ&
Y{_©kmZm{Xàm_mÊò {dJmZm^mdm{X{V MoV², ZŸ& {Zambå~Zm{X_VXe©ZmV²Ÿ& Cnn{Îm~m{YV§ V{X{V MoV², V{h©
ñdrH¥$Vm@@`wî_V¡d narjmnojoË`b§ n„doZo{VŸ&
[ gm{jkmZàm_mÊ`ñ` narjmZnojËdo {Z`m_H$mo{º$: ]

EdÝV{h© àË`jm{XdV² gm{jUmo@{n àm_mÊ`§ narjmnojJ«hU_odm“r{H«$`Vm_²Ÿ& {ÛYm H$ënZñ` AÝ`mæ`Ëdm{XË`V
AmhŸ {Z`_oZ o{ VŸ&
{Z`_oZ gwImÚofw àm_mÊ`§ gm{jJmoMa_² &&Ÿ143Ÿ&&
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844
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845
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850
B{VŸ& (198)
[ VËd_ñ`m{XdmŠ`mZm§ {MÝ_mÌmôXà{VnmXH$Ëdo kmVkmnZàg“: ]

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851
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[ M¡VÝ`ñ` kmZmW©H$ËdmV², kmZñ` ko`kmV¥H$aUgmnojËdmV², ~«÷Umo kmZËdm{XY_©àgºo$ü _m`m_Vo
~«÷Uü¡VÝ`m“rH$mam`moJ: ]
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852
VV: {H${_Ë`V AmhŸ Vñ_m{X{VŸ& `ñ_mƒ¡VÝ`§ Zm_ kmZ_², Vñ_mƒ¡VÝ`ñ` ~«÷Umo {deo-fVmo@{VeòZ
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naoUm“r{H«$`VoŸ& ko`m{XH§$ M Z ñd`_², {damoYmV²Ÿ& naÝVw {_Ïò{V VËgmnoj§ kmZ§ H$W§ gV² ñ`mV²Ÿ?
[ kmZñ` ko`kmV¥gmnojËdg_W©Z_² ]
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[ kmZñ` ko`mÚwnoVËdmZ“rH$mao ~mYH$mo{º$: ]

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853
[ doXñ` gd©Xm dmÀ`dº¥$g{hVËdg_W©Z_² ]

H$W§ Z gm VmÑerË`V AmhŸ Ðï>ma B{VŸ&
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[ "Zoh ZmZm' BË`m{XdmŠ`ñ` gd©{_Ï`mËdà{VnmXH$Ëdmgå^d: ]

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854
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855
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856
[ _wº$mZm_{n VmaVå`ñ` à{_VËdmV² Z Ord~«÷¡Š`monn{Îm: ]

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857
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858
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867
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868
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869
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870
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871
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878
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879
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""Ëd§ dm@h_pñ_ ^Jdmo XodVo Ah§ d¡ Ëd_{g XodVo'' B{VŸ& VWm@Ýò@{n ""Ah§ ~«÷mpñ_'' BËòd_mX` AmË_ËdmonJ_m
Ðï>ì`m:Ÿ& J«mh`pÝV Mm@Ë_ËdoZ¡doœa§ doXdmŠ`m{ZŸ& ""Ef V AmË_m gdm©ÝVa:'', ""VV² Ëd_{g'' BË`mXr{ZŸ& ""AW
`mo@Ý`m§ XodVm_wnmñVo'' BË`m{XH$m lw{VandX{V M ôXXe©Z_²Ÿ&
`Îmyº§$ {déÕJwU`moaÝ`moÝ`mË_Ëd§ Z gå^dVr{V, VXgV²Ÿ& {déÕJwUVm`m {_Ï`mËdmV²Ÿ& ZMo-œam^mdàg“:Ÿ&
Zhrœañ` g§gm[aËd§ à{VnmÚVoŸ& {H$ÝV{h©Ÿ? g§gm[aËdmnmohoZoœaËd_²Ÿ& ZMm-{YH$m`©^md:, àË`jm{X{damoYüŸ& àmH²$
à~mo YmV² g§g m[aËdmä`wn J_mV²Ÿ & V{Ûf`Ëdmƒ àË`jm{X-ì`dhmañ`Ÿ& à~mo Yo Vw àË`jmÚ^md EdŸ&
VWmgË`Û¡VlwVoaß`^mdàg“ B{V MoV²Ÿ& Bï>_od¡VV²Ÿ& Vñ_mV² "AmË_oËòdoœao _Zmo XYrV' B{V àW_gyÌmW©:Ÿ&
[ Ordà{V_¡Š`monmpñV{ZfoYnaV`m {ÛVr`gyÌì`m»`mZ_² ]
""_Zmo ~«÷oË`wnmgrV'' BËòd_m{Xfw àVrH$monmgZofw g§e`: qH$ Voîdß`mË_J«h: H$V©ì`:, Zdo{VŸ& qH$ VmdV²
àmá_²Ÿ? Voîdß`mË_J«h Ed `wº$:Ÿ& H$ñ_mV²Ÿ? ~«÷U AmË_ËdmV², àVrH$mZm_{n ~«÷{dH$maËdmV², ~«÷Ëdo
gË`mË_ËdmonnÎmo[a{VŸ&
~«y_:Ÿ Z àVrHo$ îdmË__qV ~ÜZr`mV²Ÿ& Z{h g CnmgH$: àVrH$m{Z `ÎmmÝ`mË_ËdoZ m@H$bòV ²Ÿ& `V²
nwZ~«©÷{dH$maËdmV² àVrH$mZm§ ~«÷Ëd§ VVüm@Ë_Ëd{_{V, VXgV²Ÿ& àVrH$m^mdàg“mV²Ÿ& {dH$mañdê$nmon_X}Z {h
Zm_m{XOmVñ` ~«÷Ëd_odm@{lV§ ^d{VŸ& ñdê$nmon_X} M Zm_mXrZm§ Hw$V: àVrH$ñdê$nËd_², AmË_J«hmo dmŸ? {H$#m
881
`Wm éMH$ñdpñVH$`moZ}VaoVamË_Ëd_², Û`moa{n {dH$ma-ËdmV²Ÿ& VWm àVrH$mË_Zmoa{nŸ& gwdUm©Ë_Zod ~«÷mË_Z¡H$Ëdo

àVrH$m^mdàg“_dmoMm_Ÿ& AVmo Z àVrHo$îdmË_Ñ{ï>: H$V©ìò{V {ÛVr`gyÌmW©:Ÿ&
[ Am{XË`mXrZm§ ~«÷ËdmonmgZñ` {dYm`H$V`m V¥Vr`gyÌì`m»`mZ_² ]

Voî dodmoXmhaUoîdÝ`: g§e`:Ÿ {H$_m{XË`m{XÑï>`mo ~«÷{U H$m`m©:, qH$dm ~«÷Ñ{ï>am{XË`m-{Xpîd{VŸ&
gm_mZm{YH$aÊ`ñ`mo^`WmonnÎmo:Ÿ& VÌm{Z`_:, {Z`_H$m[aU: emóñ`m^mdmV²Ÿ& AWdm Am{XË`m{XÑï>` Ed ~«÷{U
H$V©ì`m:Ÿ& Ed§ {h ~«÷monm{gV§ ^d{VŸ& ~«÷monmgZ§ M \$bd{X{V àmáo ~«y_:
~«÷Ñ{ï>aodm@{XË`m{Xfw ñ`mV²Ÿ& H$ñ_mV²Ÿ? CËH$fm©V²Ÿ& Ed_wËH$f}Um@{XË`mX`mo Ñï>m ^dpÝVŸ& VWmM bm¡{H$H$mo
Ý`m`mo@ZwJVmo ^d{VŸ& jÎm[a Ibw amOÑ{ï>: {H«$`Vo, ZVw am{k jÎm¥Ñ{ï:Ÿ& >{dn`©ò àË`dm`àg“mV²Ÿ& `Îmw \$bdÎdm`
~«÷monmgZ§ `wº${_{V, VX`wº$_²Ÿ& Am{XË`mÚwnmgZñ`m{n \$bdÎdmonnÎmo:Ÿ& ~«÷¡d M gdm©Ü`jËdmV² \$b§ Xmñ`{VŸ&
BX_od M ~«÷monmgZ§ `Xm{XË`m{Xfw VX²Ñ{ï>: à{V_m{Xpîdd {dîÊdmXrZm{_{V V¥Vr`gyÌmW© B{VŸ&
[ AmË_eãXñ` OrdnaËdo gyÌH$mañ` ñddMZ{damoYàg“: ]

VÌVmdV² àW_gyÌñ`mnì`m»`mZ§ Xyf`{VŸ Zo{VŸ&
Zm@Ë_o{V gyÌ_reñ` OrdËdà{VnmXH$_²Ÿ&
AmË_eãX§ `Vmo hoVw§ H¥$Ëdm Ord§ Ý`dma`V²Ÿ&
ñdeãXmV² àmU^¥ƒ¡d Zmoº$ BËòd doXamQ²>Ÿ &&Ÿ34Ÿ&&
`ÚmË_eãXmo Ordo@{n H$W§ g {d{ZdmaòV²Ÿ&
AmË_eãXmo{XVñVñ_mX² {dîUwaod ZMmna:Ÿ &&Ÿ35Ÿ&&
AÌ à{Vn{ÎmZm©_ à{_{Vaod nañ`m{^_VmŸ& àVrH$Xe©Z{_Ë`me‘>ç {ZamH$aUmV²Ÿ& AVmo OrdËdoZ à{VnÎmì`Ëdñ`
à{VnmXH${_{V, OrdËdñ` à{VnmXH${_{V M¡H$ EdmW©:Ÿ& Hw$Vmo ZoË`V: nXmW©kmZnyd©H$ËdmX² dmŠ`mW©kmZñ` àW_§
nXmWª {ZamH$amo{VŸ AmË_eãX{_{VŸ& "ñdeãXmXod àmU^¥ƒ Zmoº$:' B{V doXamS>odm@Ë_eãX§ hoVw§ H¥$Ëdm Ord§ Ý`dma`X²
`V:, Vñ_mXmË_eãXmo{XVmo {dîUwaod ZMmnamo Ord B{V `moOZmŸ&
EVXwº§$ ^d{VŸ ^doX`§ gyÌmWm} `ÚmË_eãXmo OrddmMr ^doV²Ÿ& ZM¡d_²Ÿ& gyÌH$madMZ-gm_Ï`m©Xod Vñ`
VÛm{MËdm^mdmdJ_mV²Ÿ& VWm{hŸ ""`pñ_Z² Úm¡:'' B{V dmŠ`_wXmöË` {H$_Ì ÚwädmÚm`VZËdoZ àYmZ_wÀ`Vo, CV
Ord:, qH$dm na_mË_o{V g§eò, àYmZmXm¡ àmáo {gÕmpÝV-V_²Ÿ ""ÚwädmÚm`VZ§ ñdeãXmV²>'' B{VŸ& ñdeãXmV²
""V_od¡H§$ OmZW AmË_mZ_²'' B{V Úwädm-Úm`VZo AmË_eãXldUmX² Úwä dmÚm`VZ§ na_mË_¡d o{ VŸ& VV:
""ZmZw_mZ_VÀN>ãXmV²'' B{V àYmZ§ {ZamH¥$Ë` Ord{ZamH$aUmWª gy{ÌV_²Ÿ ""àmU^¥ƒ'' B{VŸ& VÌ MeãXmo ZoË`ñ`,
ñdeãXm{X{V hoVmoümZwH$f©UmW©:Ÿ& VVüm@Ë_eãXm‚mrdmo@{n ZoË`W©:Ÿ& `Xod_mË_eãX§ hoVw§ H¥$Ëdm Ord§ {Zdm[aV-dmZ²
gyÌ H$ma:, VXÝ`WmZw n nÎ`m OmZr_: gy Ì H$mañ`m@Ë_eãXmo Z OrddmMrË`{^ào V {_{VŸ& VWmM H$W§
ñdmM[aV{déÕ{_XmZr_mMao{X{VŸ&
EVXod {deX`{VŸ `Xr{VŸ& Ordo@{n dV©V B{V gyÌH¥$Vmo@{^àoV{_{V eof:Ÿ& V{h© H$W§ gyÌH$mamo Ord_mË_eãXoZ
{d{ZdmaòV²Ÿ? Z{h JÝYdÎdoZ KQ>mo {Zdma{`Vw§ eŠ`VoŸ& AWdm `ÚmË_-eãXmo Ordo@{n dV}V, VXm g AmË_eãX:
H$W§ Ord§ {ZdmaòV²Ÿ? àË`wV à{VnmXò{X{V `moOZmŸ&
[ AË_m{XeãXmZm§ _w»`d¥Î`m {dîÊdoH$dm{MËdo AmJ_moXmhaU_² ]

882
AmJ_dmŠ`_ß`Ì nR>{VŸ AmË_o{VŸ&

AmË_~«÷mX`: eãXmñV_¥Vo {dîUw_ì``_²Ÿ&
Z dXpÝV `Vmo Zm@ám ¹$m{n V¡Jw©UnyU©VmŸ&
ZmamÙmÜ`mË_JV{_{V `X² d¡îUd§ dM: &&Ÿ36Ÿ&&
AÝ`mÞ dXpÝVŸ& Hw$V:Ÿ? `V AmË_m{XeãXm: ny{V©dm{MZ:Ÿ& V¡aÝ`¡:Ÿ& JwUnyU©Vm ¹$mß`dñWm`m§ Z àmámŸ&
`pËH${#mËnyU©VmW©Ëdo Mm_w»`mW©VmnmV B{VŸ& AmË_eãXmo@ß`mL²>nydm©V² VZmoVo_©{ZZ²àË`ò {Q>bmono M g{V {ZînÞ:
nyU©VmdMZ:Ÿ& `X² `ñ_mXod§ dMmo@pñV Vñ_mXnr{V nyd}U¡dmÝd`:Ÿ&
[ Ord~«÷¡Š`ñ` gyÌH¥$X{^_VËdo ~mYH$mo{º$: ]

BXmZt dmŠ`mWª Xyf`{VŸ `Xr{VŸ&
`{X Ordoe`mod}Xn{Va¡Š`§ M _Ý`VoŸ&
AmË_eãX§ H$W§ Vñ_m{Þdma`{V `w{º$V:Ÿ &&Ÿ37Ÿ&&
_Ý`Vo VÌ gyÌoŸ& VXm Vñ_mV² OrdmXmË_eãX§ H$W§ {Zdma`{VŸ? Hw$Ì {Zdm[aVdm{ZË`V Cº$_²Ÿ `w{º$V B{VŸ&
Ord{ZamH$aU`w{º$ËdoZmoº$Ëdm{X{V `mdV²Ÿ&
BX_wº§$ ^d{VŸ AmË_eãXldUmX² ÚwädmÚm`VZ§ Z Ord BË`mË_eãX§ Ord{ZdmaUo hoVw§ dXVm gyÌH$maoUm@Ë_eãXmo
Ordm{Þdm[aV B{V Jå`VoŸ& Zm`§ nwéf:, {dfm{UËdm{X{V `WmŸ& Z{h VÌñWoZ V{Þamgmo `wÁ`VoŸ& Zm`§ Jm¡:,
{dfm{UËdm{XË`{n àg“mV²Ÿ& àW_gyÌo M ÚwädmÚm`VZ§ na_oœamo Z Ord AmË_eãXm{XË`mË_eãXñ` na_oœao
d¥{Îmaä`wnJVmŸ& AÝ`Wm VoZ VËgmYZmZwnnÎmo:Ÿ& VÌ `{X OrdoœamdoH$_od VËd{_{V gyÌH$mañ` _V§ ñ`mV², VXm
VoZm@Ë_eãXñVÌ¡d dV©Vo, Z dV©Vo MoË`wº§$ ^d{VŸ& ZM ì`mhV§ gyÌH$mamo ^mfV B{V `wº$_²Ÿ& Vñ_mÞ Ordoœa¡Š`§ Vñ`
_V{_{V Jå`V B{VŸ& CnbjU§ M¡VV²Ÿ& "ÚwädmÚm`VZ§ na_oœa:', "Z Ord:' B{V à{VkmÛ`§ M ì`mhV{_Ë`{n Ðï>ì`_²&Ÿ
gyÌmÝVa{damoY§ Mm@hŸ ôXñò{ VŸ&
ôXñ` ì`nXoe§ M pñWqV MmXZ_od MŸ&
ôXXmT>ç} hoVw_mh gVmËn`ª OJËn{Îm:Ÿ &&Ÿ38Ÿ&&
`{X OJËn{V: gyÌH$mamo Ordoœa`moa¡Š`§ _Ý`Vo, V{h© H$W§ g Ed ""ôXì`nXoemV²>'' B{V ôXñ` ì`nXoe§ M
""pñWË`XZmä`m§ M'' B{V pñWqV MmXZ§ M gVmËn`ª OrdoeôX§ ÑT>{`Vw§ hoVw_mhŸ& ôXñ` àmJ{n à{Vnm{XVËdmX² (1-
1-21, 1-2-20) XmT>ç© BË`wº$_²Ÿ& AÌmß`ZoH$à_mUmon-Ý`mgmV² gVmËn`©{_{VŸ&
[ Ord~«÷ôXñ` ^«mpÝV{gÕËdmo{º${Zamg: ]
Z H$mo@ß``§ {damoYmo@pñVŸ& na_mW©Vmo Ordoe`moaoH$Ëdo@{n {h ì`mdhm[aH$ôXmo@pñV VXnoj`m Vm{Z gyÌ{UŸ& BX§ Vw
na_mWm©nojò{V ì`dñWmonnÎmo[aË`meòZ e‘>VoŸ ì`mdhm[aHo$ {VŸ&
ì`mdhm[aH$ôXüoV²Ÿ¹$mgmdì`mdhm[aH$:ŸŸ&
AÌ ì`mdhm[aH$eãXoZ ^«mpÝV{gÕmo@{^ào`VoŸ& àmH²$ à~moYm{XË`wº$mZwdmXËdmV²Ÿ& OrdoœaôXmo ^«mpÝV{gÕ B{V
dXZ² àï>ì`:Ÿ& {H$_`_od ôXmo ^«mpÝV{gÕ:, qH$dm ôX_mÌ{_{VŸ& Zm@Ú:, An-{gÕmÝVmV²Ÿ& {ÛVrò Xmof_mhŸ
¹o${VŸ& ^«mÝVoa^«mpÝVnyd©H$ËdmV²Ÿ& OrdoœaôXñ` ^«mpÝVH$pënVËdo ¹${MV² gË`mo ôXmo@“rH$V©ì`:Ÿ&Ÿ¹$mgm¡Ÿ? Z ¹$m{nŸ&
Hw$Ìm{n ôXñ` gË`ËdmZ“rH$mao OrdoeôXm-amonmo@{n Z gå^dVr{V ^md:Ÿ&
883
[ ôX_mÌñ` ^«mpÝV{gÕËdmoº$m¡ ì`mKmVàg“: ]

ñ`mXoVV²Ÿ& ZmñËòd H$mo@{n ôX: gË`:Ÿ& VWm@{n OrdoeôX^«mpÝVénnÚVoŸ& ^«mpÝV{h© g§ñH$ma-_nojVoŸ& g§ñH$maü
kmZ_mÌ_²Ÿ& AV: nyd©nyd©^«_g§ñH$mamXwÎmamoÎma^«mÝË`wËnmX:Ÿ& AZm{Xüm`§ g§gma B{VŸ& _¡d_²Ÿ& ôX_mÌñ` {_Ï`mËdo à{_Vo
Ibw V×bmXofm H$ënZmonnÚVoŸ& ZM¡d_²Ÿ& gdm}@{n ôXmo ^«mÝV B{V {h à{Vk¡d VmdX² ì`mhVm, Xyao à_mUmonÝ`mg
BË`me`dmZ² gmonn{ÎmH§$ VmdV² n¥ÀN>{VŸ ì`mdhm[aH${_{VŸ&
ì`mdhm[aH${_Ëòd dMZ§ ì`mdhm[aH$_²
CV Zo{V {dH$ëno VwŸ`{X ñ`mX² ì`mdhm[aH$_²Ÿ &&Ÿ39Ÿ&&
Vñ`m{n ~mÜ`Vm MoV² ñ`mX²ŸôX: ñ`mV² nma_m{W©H$:Ÿ&
Aì`mdhm[aH$Ëd§ MoX² ôXmo@`§ gË`Vm§ JV:ŸŸ &&Ÿ40Ÿ&&
ôX_mÌ{_{V eof:Ÿ& {Vð>Vw VmdXÝ`{XËòdmW©:Ÿ& B{V {dH$ëno Vw njÛò gå^d{V H§$ nj_d-bå~g B{V eof:Ÿ&
AÌ gd©Ì dMZeãXoZ VXWm} bú`VoŸ& "gdm}@{n ôXmo ^«mpÝVH$pënV:' B{V dmŠ`mWm} ^«mpÝVH$pënV:, AW na_mW©
B{V àýmW©:Ÿ& AmÚ§ e‘>VoŸ `Xr{VŸ& EVX² dMZ{_{V dV©VoŸ& AÌm{n n¥ÀN>m_mo dmŠ`mWm}@`§ ~mÜ`:, Zdo{VŸ& Zo{V
njo ^«mpÝVH$pënVmo@{n Z ^doV²Ÿ& Hw$Ìm{n H$Xm@{n Ho$Zmß`~mÜ`ñ` ^«mpÝVH$pënVËdo ~«÷Umo@{n VWmËdmnÎmo:Ÿ&
àW_§ e‘>VoŸ Vñò{ VŸ& Vñ` dMZñ` Z Ho$db§ ^«mpÝVH$pënVËd_², {H$ÝVw ~mÜ`Vm@{n ñ`mƒo{XË`W©:Ÿ&
Xyf`{VŸŸôX B{VŸ& "gdm}@{n ôXmo ^«mÝV:' B{V dmŠ`mW©ñ` ^«mÝVËdo ~mÜ`Ëdo M gH$bmo ôX: nma_m{W©H$: ñ`mV²Ÿ&
{ÛVr`_me‘>VoŸ Aì`mdhm[aH$Ëd{_{VŸ& Vñ` dMZñò{V dV©VoŸ& {ZamH$amo{VŸ ôXŸB{VŸ& {Vð>Vw VmdXÝ`:Ÿ&
dmŠ`mW©ñ` gË`Ëdo Vñ` ~«÷Uü `mo ôX:, `ü nXmWm©Zm_gË`Ëdo dmŠ`mW©ñ` gË`ËdmZwnnÎmo: nXmWm©Zm§ nañna§
dmŠ`mWm©X²> ~«÷Uü ôX:, g VmdV² gË`Vm§ JV:Ÿ& C^`Wm@{n dmŠ`mWm} ì`mhV BË`W©:Ÿ&
[ ôX_mÌñ` ^«mÝVËdo ~mÜ`Ëdo M gd©ôXmZm§ gË`Ëdm“rH$maàg“: ]

"gdm}@{n ôXmo ^«mÝV:' B{V dmŠ`mW©ñ` ^«mÝVËdo ~mÜ`Ëdo M gd©ñ`m{n ôXñ` gË`Vm ñ`m{X-Ë`wº$_²Ÿ& VV² Hw$V
BË`VñVXwnnmXZm` ì`mqá VmdXmhŸ EH$ñò{VŸ&
EH$ñ`mgË`Vm`m§ {h Û`moaod {déÕ`mo:Ÿ&
AÝ`ñ` gË`V¡d ñ`m{X{V Ho$Z {Zdm`©VoŸ &&Ÿ41Ÿ&&
AgË`§ Zmoº${_Ë`wºo$ gË`_wº${_{V àOm:Ÿ&
OmZÝË`wº§$ Vw Zmo gË`{_Ë`wºo$@gË`Vm_{nŸ &&Ÿ42Ÿ&&
`m¡ Ûmdod {déÕm¡ V`mo_©Üò EH$ñ`mgË`Vm`m§ gË`m_Ý`ñ` gË`Vm ñ`mXod o{V ì`m{á: Ho$Z {Zdm`©VoŸ ?
Cnm{Yì`{^Mma`moa^mdmÞ Ho$Zm{nŸ& nwamod{V©Z: nwéfËdo@g{V ñWmUwËd_od ^dVr{V {Z`_mo ZmpñV, dë_rH$Ëdñ`m{n
gå^dmV²Ÿ& AVmo Û`moaod {déÕ`mo[aË`wº$_²Ÿ& Û`mo[a{V {deofUñ` Ag_W©Vmn[ahmam` {déÕJ«hU_²Ÿ& `: nXmWm} Û`moaod
{déÕ`moaoH$ñ`mgÎddmZgmdÝ`ñ` gÎd-dm{ZË`wº§$ ^d{VŸ&
{ZXe©Z_mhŸ AgË`{_{VŸ& AmáoZmoº$_gË`§ ZoË`wºo$ g{V, Cº§$ gË`{_{V àOm OmZpÝVŸ& VWm {dàbå^Ho$Zmoº§$
gË`§ Zmo BË`wºo$ Vw Vñ`mgË`Vm_{n OmZpÝVŸ& gË`ËdmgË`Ëd`moÛ©`moaod {déÕVmŸ& VÌ Amámoºo$@W}@gË`Vm`m_gË`m§
gË`Vm`m: gÎd_² , AZmámoº o$ M gË`Vm`m_gË`m_-gË`Vm`m: gÎd§ M à{gÕ{_Ë`W© : Ÿ& BË`wº $ B{V
à{_VËdmonbjU_²Ÿ& àOm OmZÝVrË`ZoZ Am{dnm-bm“Z_ofm ì`m{á: {gÕm, Z Ho$db§ narjH$mUm{_{V gyM`{VŸ&
884
[ KQ>VX^md`moaoH$X¡d EH$Ì¡d {_Ï`mËdm`moJ: ]

ZZw ñdßZo@Ì KQ> B{V ÑîQ‰>m ZmÌ KQ> BË`{n ní`{VŸ& VÌ KQ>: VX^mdü Û`_{n {_Ï`mŸ& AVmo ì`m{á^“ BË`V
AmhŸ Zo{VŸ&
Z ñdßZo@{n Û`§ {_Ï`mŸVÌ¡H§$ gË`_od {hŸ&
^mdm^mdmdw^m¡ VÌ H$W§ {_Ï`m ^{dî`V:Ÿ &&Ÿ43Ÿ&&
VV² qH$ Û`_{n gË`{_Ë`V AmhŸŸVÌo{VŸ& VÌ KQ>VX^md`mo: _ÜòŸ& `Xm@^mdñ`mgË`Vm, VXm KQ>: gË` EdŸ&
`XmM KQ>ñ`mgË`Vm VXm@^md: gË` EdoË`W©:Ÿ& Vñ_mÞ ì`m{á^“ B{V {heãXmW©:Ÿ& Hw$Vmo Z Û`_{n {_ÏòË`V
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BËWå^yVbjUo V¥Vr`mŸ& `Ûm {b“^“oZ {Z{_ÎmoZ na_§ _moj_mZÝXm{d^m©d_m`mÝVr{V ì`m»ò`_²Ÿ& Vƒo{V MeãXoZ
òï¥>îdodoË`wº§$ g_w{ƒZmo{VŸ& lwË`m{XH§$ ^mî`moXmöV§ J«mø_²Ÿ&
[ H$_©j`^moJm¡ gd}fm_², CËH«$mpÝV_mJm£ XodoVaofm_² ]

ZZw `Wm {ÛVr`V¥Vr`nmXà{VnmÚ_wËH«$_m{XH$_gmYmaU§ VWm MVwW©nmXmo{XVmo ^moJ: {H$_-gmYmaU:, qH$dm
àW_nmXmo{XVH$_©j` Bd gmYmaU BË`nojm`m_mhŸ ^moJpñËd{VŸ& Agm-YmaÊò à_mUm^mdm{X{V ^md:Ÿ&
[ ^mî`moº$mW©ñnï>rH$aU_² ]
Apñ_Z² àW_^mîò ""XodmZm§ _moj:'' B{V àW_{ZX}e: H¥$V:, Vñ` VmËn`©_mhŸ VÌo{VŸ&
VÌ àdoemo XodmZm_wÎmamoÎmaV: H«$_mV²Ÿ&
CÀ`VoŸXohJmZm§ M d¥ÎmrZm_od_od VwŸ &&Ÿ13Ÿ&&
VÌ {ÛVr`nmXoŸ& àW_{_{V eof:Ÿ& CÎmamoÎmaV: CÎmamoÎmaofwŸ& AV:Ÿ àW__gm¡ {Z{X©ï> B{VŸ&
[ gyÌofw dméÊ`m{XeãXmZ² dmJm{XeãXà`moJo {Z{_Îm_² ]

894
ZÝd`wº$_oVV²Ÿ& ""dm¶Z{g'' BË`m{XgyÌofw XodmZm_ldUmV²Ÿ& AW dmJm{XeãXmñVX{^_m{ZZm-_wnbjH$m B{V

_V_² , VXm g{V dmMHo $ bmj{UH$à`mo J ñ` à`mo O Z§ dmÀ`_²Ÿ & `Ûm dmMH$m Edo { V nj:, VWm@{n
à{gÕeãXn[aË`mJoZmà{gÕnXà`moJo à`moOZ§ dº$ì`_odoË`V AmhŸ Xoho{VŸ& ~møVËdì`md¥Î`Wª XohJmZm{_Ë`wº$_²Ÿ&
dV©V o Xoh EVm{^[a{V d¥Î m`mo OS>m dmJmÚm:Ÿ& `Wm _wÀ`-_mZmZm§ Xod mZm_od _od XohJmZm§ VX{^_VmZm§
dmJmXrZm_wÎmamoÎmaofw _aUH$mbo b`mo ^dVrËòVX{n àg“mÁkmn{`Vw§ dmJm{XnXà`moJ B{V ^md:Ÿ& dmJm{XeãXm
XodmZm§ dmMH$m Edo{V VweãXoZ gyM`{VŸ&
[ _mojñdê$nH$WZ_², VÌ dm{XZm§ {dà{VnÎmm¡ {Z{_Îmmo{º$ü ]
^doXod§ nmXmW©: g“{VüŸ& `{X "^JdÁkmZ^moJmä`m§ {Zd¥Îmg_ñVm{Zï>H$_m©U:, ñdmoÎm_-àdoeoZ ~«÷ZmS>çmoËH«$_oU
dm n[aË`º$Xohm:, ñdmo{MVoZm{M©am{XZm dm nWm d¡Hw$ÊR>bmoH$dm{gZ§ ^JdÝV§ {haÊ`J^}U gh àmám {^Þ{b“earam:
{dÜdñVàH¥$V`mo@Ë`ÝV{Zd¥Îmm{Zï>m: gå`Jm{d-^y©VmZÝXm{XJwUm ^JdËg_rn Ed V_wnmgrZm:, ñdê$noU dm
brbmJ¥hrV{dJ«h¡dm© g‘>ën_mÌ-gmÜ`mZ² {Xì`^moJm§ñVmaVåòZ ^wÄOmZm Z H$Xm{MV² nwZamdV©ÝVo' BËòVÝ_mojñdê$n§
""H$_©j`-ñVWmoËH«$mpÝV:'' BË`m{XZmoº§$ {Z{üV§ ñ`mV²Ÿ& ZM¡d_²Ÿ& V¡ñV¡: dm{X{âÝ`Wm _mojñdê$nñ` d{U©VËdmV²Ÿ&
{dà{VnÎmm¡ M g§e`ñ` Y«wdËdm{XË`V AmhŸ VÌo{VŸ&
VÌ _mojñdê$n§ Vw dm{XZ: à{V^ml`mV²Ÿ&
ZmZm dXpÝVŸnw§gm§ {h _V`mo JwUôXV:Ÿ &&Ÿ14Ÿ&&
n¥WH²$n¥WH²$ àOm`ÝVoŸV_g¡dmÝ`Wm _{V:Ÿ&
aOgm {_l~w{ÕËd§ gÎdoZ¡d `Wm _{V:Ÿ& &&Ÿ15Ÿ&&
VÌ VWm g{V gyÌH$maoUmoº$bjUo _mojo lwË`m{Xà_mU¡énnm{XVo g{V, dm{XZñVw à{V^ml`mV² ñdmoËàojm_mÌoU
ZmZm dXpÝVŸ& AV: à_mU_ybËdmXñ`mà_mU_ybmZm_wËàojm_mÌ`moZrZm§ dmXmZm§ M gmå`m^mdmÞ g§e`mdH$me:Ÿ&
[ gÎdaOñV_moJwUmZm§ `WmW©-{_l-A`WmW©~w{ÕOZH$Ëd_² ]
ZZw `{X VWmVWm à_mUm{Z gpÝV, V{h© VÎmÛm{XZm§ VmÑem{Z kmZm{Z Hw$Vmo Z Om`ÝVoŸ? à_m-Um^mg¡{d©_mo{hVmñV
B{V MoV², VËdkm{^_Vm A{n Hw$VñV¡Z© {d_yT>m:Ÿ ? XmofXe©Zm{X{V MoV²Ÿ& BVao@{n Hw$Vmo Z XmofmZ² ní`pÝV,
à_mU¡ñVËdkmZmoX`mo@{n g_mZ BË`Vmo _ybH$maU_mhŸ nw§gm§ hr{VŸ& JwUôXmo JwU{deof:Ÿ& {heãXoZ ""kmZ§ H$_© M
H$Vm©'' BË`m{Xà_mUà{gqÕ ÚmoV`{VŸ&
EVX² {deX`{VŸ V_g¡d o{ VŸ& {_lkmZo@Ý`WmËd§ gå`ŠËd§ MmñVrË`Vmo@Ý`W¡doË`wº$_²Ÿ& `Wo{V {^Þ§ nX§
gå`½dmMrŸ& V_moJwU: à_mUofw MoV:àd¥qV à{V~Õçm@^mgmZm§ XmofmZmÀN>mÚ {dnarV-kmZ_ß`wËnmX`VrË`m{X
Ðï>ì`_²Ÿ&
[ _wº$-bú_r-^JdXÁkmZmZm§ JwUOÝ`Ëdm^mdm{X: ]
gå`½kmZ§ gÎdJwUoZ ^dVrË`wº$_²Ÿ& Vñ` _wºo$fw VmdXndmX_mhŸ JwUo{VŸ&
JwUmVrVm {d_wº$mZm§ _{V: ewÕ{M{V`©V:Ÿ&
gå`JodmW {ZË`m MŸVÎmÝ_mhËå``moJV:Ÿ &&Ÿ16Ÿ&&
~hþbm Mm{V{deXmŸñnï>m M¡d {l`mo _{V:Ÿ&
_hmewÕ{M{VËdoZŸVVmo@ß`{V_hm{M{V:Ÿ& &&Ÿ17Ÿ&&
895
Aeofmoé{deofUm_{Vñnï>V`m Ñ{e:Ÿ&
{ZË`_oH$àH$mam M ZmamÙ_{V: namŸ &&Ÿ18Ÿ&&
gy`©à^mdX{Ib§ ^mg`ÝVr {ZaÝVamŸ&
{Zb}nm drVXmofm M {ZË`_odm{dH$m[aUrŸ &&Ÿ19Ÿ&&
`Ú{n {d_wº$mZm§ _{V: gå`Jod, AWm{n JwUmVrVm gÎdOÝ`m Z ^d{VŸ& Hw$V:Ÿ? ewÕ{M{V: {ZË`m M `V:Ÿ& OS>§
{h Hw$V{ü‚mm`Vo Z MoVZ_²Ÿ& VWm@{ZË`_od Z {ZË`_²Ÿ& X¡Ë`mZm§ ñdê$nkmZoîd-{dÚ_mZ§ gå`ŠËd§ V{h© H$W{_Ë`V:
ewÕoË`wº$_²Ÿ& ñdm^m{dH$Xmofa{hVoË`W©:Ÿ& ñdê$nmonm{YJV- Xmof{Z~ÝY§ {h X¡Ë`mZm§ kmZmZm_gå`ŠËd_²Ÿ& H$aU{Z{_Îmmo
kmZmZm§ {df`{Z`_:, d¡eÚôXüŸ& VÌ `{X _wº$mZm§ kmZ§ {ZË`_², V{h© {Z{d©f`§ dm ñ`mV², gd©{df`§ dmŸ& Ed§
d¡e Úo@ nr{VŸ& VÌm@hŸ VÎm{X{VŸ& Vof mÝVof m§ _mhmËå`§ `mo½`Vmê$n§ VXod `moJmo {Z{_Îm§ VVñVXZwg maoU
~hþbmW©{df{Ùr, A{V{deXm MŸ&
lrXoì`m_ß`wº$ñ`mndmX_mhŸ ñnï>m Mo{VŸ& {l`mo _{Vü gå`ŠËdo@{n JwUmVrVo{V gå~ÝY:& _hmewÕ{M{VËdoZo{V
nyd©dXod VÌ hoVw:Ÿ& _hÀN>ãXoZ H$Xm@{n ~møXmofgå~ÝYmo ZmñVrË`wÀ`VoŸ& ñnï>¡do{V _wº$_Voaß`{VeòZ {deXoË`W©:Ÿ&
EVX{n nyd©dX² ì`m»ò`_²Ÿ&
^JdÄkmZo@ß`ndmX_mhŸ VVmo@nr{VŸ& ZmamÙ_{Vü gå`ŠËdo@{n nam JwUoä` B{V eof:Ÿ& VÌ nyd©dXod hoVw:Ÿ&
VV: {l`mo@ß`{VeòZ _hmewÕ{M{V:Ÿ& {d{eî`ÝV B{V {deofm: nXmWm©:Ÿ& AeofmUm_wê$Um_ZÝVmZm§ {deofmUm§
Ñ{e{d©f`rH$m[aUrŸ& A{Vñnï>V`m@eofnXmW©{dfòËòVX{n ~hþbm Mm{V{deXo{VdX² ì`m»ò`_²Ÿ& Ñ{e: gmjmËH$ma
B{V dmŸ& {ZË`_oH$àH$maoË`wËn{Îm{dZme-a{hVoË``_{n JwUmVrVËdo hoVw:Ÿ&
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Ÿ $ {ZaÝVam {Z^}oXo{VŸ& V{h© qH$ Vofw nXmW}fw
kmVofw {d{H«$`Vo ZoË`mhŸ {ZË`_{dH$m[aÊòdo{VŸ& H$WÝV{h© VÎm{Ûf`r-H$aU{_Ë`V Cº$_²Ÿ gy`}{VŸ& `Wm gy`©à^m
ñd`§ {Z{d©H$mam@{n Vm§ñVmZ² àmámZ² {df`mZ² àH$me`{V VWo`_nrË`W©:Ÿ& AÌM {deof Ed {Zdm©hH$:Ÿ& AV
Ed¡Ho$Ë`ZwŠËdm {ZaÝVaoË`wº$_²Ÿ& {Zb}nm drVXmofm Mo{V ewÕËdì`m»`mZ_²Ÿ& bon: H$_©gå~ÝY:& _hÀN>ãXì`m»`mZ§
nyd©dV²Ÿ& `Ûm {ZË`_odo{V VXW©-_Ìm{n `moÁ`_²Ÿ& nam ñdVÝÌoË`{VeãXñ` ì`m»`mZËdoZm{n ì`m»ò`_²Ÿ& AV Ed
""VÎmÝÌËdmƒ'' B{V dú`{VŸ&
[ bú_r-MVw_wIkmZ`mo: ^JdÁkmZVmo d¡bjÊ`_², gmÑí`§ M ]
EVm{Z {deofUm{Z bú_rkmZo@ß`{V{Xe{VŸ {deofm{Z{VŸ&
{deofm§ñVÒVm§ñË`ŠËdm àm`ñV„jUm {l`:Ÿ&

VW¡d ñnï>Vm^mdmV² VÎmÝÌËdmƒ Ho$db_²Ÿ&
Z VmÑerŸ~«÷UñVw àm` Ed§ {l`mo `WmŸ &&Ÿ20Ÿ&&
VÒVmZ² ^JdÒVmZ² Ÿ & Vm{Z bjUm{Z `ñ`m: gm VWmo º $mŸ& {l`mo _{V: à{VnÎmìò { V eo f :Ÿ&
^JdÒVmeof{deof{df`rH$m[aËd§ {dhm`mÝ`Y_©dVr kmVìòË`W©:Ÿ& àm` BË`wº$ñ` VmËn`©_mhŸ VW¡do{VŸ& `Wm
^JdÝ_Vo{Z©a{Ve`ñnï>Ëd§ VW¡dŸ& Ho$db§ VÎmÝÌËdmV² ^JdÝ_mÌmYrZËdmV²Ÿ& AÌ Ho$db{_{V ñdê$nH$WZ_²Ÿ&
namYrZËdm{XËòd hoVw:Ÿ& VmÑer ^JdÝ_{VgÑerŸ& AV: àm` BË`wº${_{V ^md:Ÿ&
896
bú_r_{V{deofUm{Z _wº$~«÷_Vmd{V{Xe{VŸ ~«÷UpñËd{VŸ& ~«÷UñVw _{V: {l`mo `Wm Ed§ àm`:, VWm
d¡eÚmÚ^mdmV² àm` BË`wº$_²Ÿ& Ho$db{_Ë`wŠË`^mdmƒŸ& AV Ed VÌ VXwº$_²Ÿ&
[ _wº$kmZñ` g_wÐVa“dV² g‘>moM{dH$mgdÎd_², g§gm[akmZñ` CËnÎ`m{X_Îd_² ]

~«÷U B{V {d{eî`m{^YmZo H$mo hoVw[aË`V AmhŸ _wº$mZm§ pËd{VŸ&
_wº$mZm§ Vw VXÝòfm§ g_wÐVabmon_mŸ&
A{¾ÁdmbmdXod ñ`mV² g¥{VJmZm§ Ñemo ^d:Ÿ &&Ÿ21Ÿ&&
{deof~boZ d¥{ÕõmgdVrË`W©:Ÿ& `Wmoº$_²Ÿ ""Ad¥{Õõmgê$nËd_²'' BË`m{XŸ& _wº$J«hUñ` VmËn`©_mhŸ
A¾r{VŸ& A{¾Ádmbm`m A¾o[ad g§gm[aUm§ Ñemo@ÝV:H$aUmX² ^d CËn{Îmaod ñ`mV², ZVw ì`{º$_mÌ_²Ÿ&
[ dm{X{^: _mojñdê$nñ`mÝ`Wm à{VnmXZo {Z{_Îm_² ]
^dËdod§ kmZmZm§ JwU{Z{_Îm§ ZmZm{dYËd_²Ÿ& àH¥$Vo Vw {H${_Ë`V AmhŸ Ed§{dYopîd{VŸ&
Ed§{dYofw kmZofw V_gm _wï>Ñï>`:Ÿ&
IÚmoVgÑemË`ënkmZËdmXÝ`WmÑe:Ÿ&
dXpÝV dm{XZmo _moj§ ZmZm_Vg_ml`mV²Ÿ &&Ÿ22Ÿ&&
kmZo î do d § { dYo f w gËgw _w ï > Ñ ï> ` mo @ nöVgå`½kmZm:Ÿ& gå`½kmZm^mdo @ Ý`WmÑŠËd_{n Zmo n nÚVo Ÿ &
A{Yð>mZgm_mÝ`kmZñ` ^«mÝË`wn`mo{JËdm{XË`V Cº$_²Ÿ IÚmoVo{VŸ& `Wm@ÝYV_go IÚmoVm A{n ^`hoVd:, VWm
{dn`©`~hþb_ën§ gå`½kmZ_{n Vm_g_odŸ& `Wmoº$_²Ÿ ""AVËdmW©dXën§ M'' B{VŸ& ZmZm_Vg_ml`mÞmZm dXÝVr{V
`moO ZmŸ& kmZmZm§ JwU demXZoH ${dYËdmonnÎmoñV_gm@@d¥Vm dm{XZ: à_mUmdYraUmV² gå`½kmZ{dH$bm
Am^mgmXaUmX{Yð> m Zgm_mÝ`kmZdÎdmƒ {dnarV-km{ZZmo _mo j § ZmZm{dY_mMjV BË`W© : Ÿ&
H$maU¡H$ËdmpÝ_Ï`mkmZoZmßòH${dYoZ ^mì`{_{V MoV², ZŸ& ghH$m[ad¡{MÍ`mX² d¡{MÍ`monnÎmo:Ÿ& V{XX_wŠº$_²Ÿ$
ZmZm_Vg_ml`m{X{VŸ& _VmZm§ M àdmhoU AZm{XËd_wº$_²Ÿ&(613) _ybH$maUo V_moJwUo@{n d¡{MÍ`mƒŸ& AV Edmoº$_² Ÿ
JwUôXV B{VŸ&
[ O¡ZoZ gÝVVmoÜd©J_Zñ` _mojËdà{VnmXZ_²Ÿ]

g_{YJV_oVV² ZmZm{dYofw _mojdmXoîdoH$: à_mU_yb:, AÝò {_Ï`mkmZ_ybm B{V, ZVw {deof:, AV: nwZ: g§e`
EdoË`V: na_VmZm§ gd}fm§ ho`Ëd§ {XXe©{`fwamXm¡ Vmd{‚mZmo{XV§ _mojñd-ê$n_ZwdX{VŸ Am{lËò{VŸ&
Am{lË` à{V^m_mh {OZñVÌm{VVm_gr_²Ÿ&
kmZmV² H$_©j`mÝ_mojmo ^doX² Xohm»`nÄOamV²Ÿ &&Ÿ23Ÿ&&
nÄOamoÝ_wº$IJdXbmoH$mH$meJmoMa:Ÿ&
{ZË`_yÜdª d«OËòd nwÒbmo hñVnmXdmZ²Ÿ &&Ÿ24Ÿ&&
B{VŸ................................&
VÌ Vofw dm{XfwŸ& doXàm_mÊ`ñ`mZ“rH$mamX{VVm_gr{_Ë`wº$_²Ÿ& {H$_mhoË`V AmhŸ kmZm-{X{VŸ& kmZmV²
Ho$fm{#mV² H$_©Um§ j`mo ^d{VŸ& Ho$fm{#mX² ^mooJmV²Ÿ& VV: H$_©j`mV² n{jU: n#mam{Xd AmË_Zmo XohmÝ_mojmo ^doV²Ÿ&
XohmdñWmZñ` H$_©{Z{_ÎmËdmV²Ÿ&
897
VV: H$W§ dV©V BË`V AmhŸ nÄOao{VŸ& `Wm nÄOamoÝ_wº$: IJ D$Üdª d«O{V, Ed_odmoÜdª d«O{VŸ& A`§ Vw {deof:Ÿ
AbmoH$mH$memo JmoMamo `ñ` g VWmoº$:Ÿ& {ZË`_odo{V MŸ& Xohn[a_mUñ` AmË_Zmo Xohm^mdo n[a_mUm^mdàmámdwº$_²Ÿ
hñVnmXdm{Z{VŸ& Ma_Xohñ` `: g{Þdoe:, VWm^yV BË`W©:Ÿ& BË`mho{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ&
[ AZw_mZoZ O¡Zmoº$_mojñ` gXw:IËdgmYZ_² ]

AZy{XV§ Xyf`{VŸ V{X{VŸ&
....... VV² Ho$Z _mZoZ _mojê$n§ àXí`©VoŸ&
J{Vê$Üdm© M Xw:IoVm J{VËdm„m¡{H$H$s `WmŸ&
BË`wºo$ MmZw_mZ¡H$eaUñ` {H$_wÎma_²Ÿ &&Ÿ25Ÿ&&
àXí`©Vo na§ à{V {OZoZŸ& `Úß`ZÝVMVwï>`mdm{á_©wº$ñ`moÀ`Vo {OZoZ, VWm@{n gm gåà{V-nÞËdmÞmZy{XVm, Zm{n
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gmÜ`gmYZ^mdbjUmŸ& VWmg{V XodXÎmñ` gwImWm©`m§ _ÝXJVm¡ ì`{^MmamnmVmV²Ÿ& XyaËdñ` Mm{Z`VËdmV²Ÿ&
Vrd«Ëdñ`mß`n[a{Z{ð>-VËdmV²Ÿ& {H$ÝV{h©Ÿ? g_mZH$mbrZoZ Xw:IoZ gh¡H${YH$aUËdbjUmŸ& H$Xm{MX² XodXÎm: Xw:IoZ
{dZm@{n JÀN> { V, VÌ ì`{^Mma B{V Mo V ² , ZŸ& Xo d XÎmñ` H$Xm@{n {ZXw © : IVm`m AZ“rH$mamV² Ÿ &
AmÜ`mpË_H$m{XîdÝ`V_oZ _hVm@ënoZ dm@`§ Ibw gXm g§d{bV:Ÿ& MoVZeãXoZ OmJ«Vmo@{^YmZmÞ gw{áJVm¡ ì`{^Mma:Ÿ&
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àË`Zw_mZo Ho$Z{MXwºo$, EH§$ M VÀN>aU§ M¡H$eaU_², AZw_mZ-_oH$eaU§ `ñ`mgm¡ VWmoº$:Ÿ& AÝ`Wm ""nyd©H$mb¡H$-''
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902
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903
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904
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905
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906
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907
_¡d_²Ÿ& H$mo@`§ Ord^mdmo Zm_Ÿ? H$ü ~«÷^md:Ÿ? `Ú{dÚmH$m_H$_m©{X~ÕËd§ OrdËd_², na_m-ZÝX^moº¥$Ëd§ M

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Ñï>ËdmV²Ÿ& ~«÷^mdü Z eyÝ`^mdmX² {^ÚV BË`wn-nm{XV_²Ÿ& (1313) AmZÝXê$nVm M dm¶mÌ{_Ë`wº$_odŸ&(1316)
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[ AmË_{dZmeñ` _mojËdgmYH$mZw_mZñ` gËà{VnjËd_² ]

908
{H$#mmoº$ê$no eyÝ`dm{X_m`mdm{Xä`m_wËào{jVo _mojo Z {H${#mV² à_mU_pñVŸ& VWm{hŸ Z VmdXÌ àË`j§ à_mU_²Ÿ&

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909
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910
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911
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912
A`_{^gpÝY:Ÿ A{ÛVr`ñ` eyÝ`ñ` ~«÷Umo dm@dñWmZ§ _w{º$[a{V VmdXoH$Orddm{Xä`m§ Vmä`m_{^Yr`VoŸ&

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[ H$mbËdhoVwZm _mojH$mbñ` àn#mdÎdgmYZ_² ]

dm{XÌ`gmYmaU_Zw_mZmÝVa_mhŸ {d_V B{VŸ&
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Cº$m{VXoeoZmÛ¡V_VmÝVam{U Xyf`{VŸ H$mbo{VŸ&
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[ d¡^m{fH$gm¡ÌmpÝVH$moº$_mojñdê$nmZwdmX:, V{Þamgü ]
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kmZ§ ñdag^“çod {ZË`gÝVmZ{_î`VoŸ&
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_mojmo Z ewÕ{dkmZgÝVmZr H$mbJËdV:Ÿ&
à{VnÞmo `WoËòVXZw_mZ§ VXwÎma_²Ÿ &&Ÿ69Ÿ&&
AZw_mZm{Z gdm©{U à{VgmYZ`moJV:Ÿ&
913
{Z{fÕmÝ`wº$^“ç¡dŸlwV`ümñ_Xw{º$Jm:Ÿ &&Ÿ70Ÿ&&
EdeãXoZ {df`gå~ÝY§ ì`mdV©`{VŸ& Bî`Vo _wº$m¡Ÿ& A`_W©:Ÿ kmZ_odm@Ë_mŸ& Vƒ kmZ§ ñdm^mdoZ¡d ^“xa_²Ÿ& AV
Ed j{UH$_²Ÿ& VËgÝVmZñVw {ZË`:Ÿ& Vñ`mZm{XdmgZmdemX² `mo {df`mon-aº$ñ`moËnmX: g g§gma:Ÿ& ^mdZmàH$f©deoZ
dmgZm`m_wËgÞm`m§ `mo {df`monßbd§ {dZm ewÕñ`¡d CX`: g _moj: BË`w^`g_mZ_²Ÿ& gm¡ÌmpÝVH$mñVw g§gmao gmH$maËd§
_wº$m¡ {ZamH$maËd§ M {deof_mhþ-[a{VŸ& {ZamH$amo{VŸ VÌmnr{VŸ& {d_V: H$mbmo Z {Z{d©f`¡VÄkmZgÝV{V_mZ²,
H$mbËdmV²Ÿ; BXmZrÝVZH$mbd{XË`m{Xéº$m Cº$gê$nm@Zw_m [anw{d©amo{YZrË`W©:Ÿ&
AZw_mZmÝVa_mhŸ _moj B{VŸ& ewÕ{dkmZgÝVmZr {Z{d©f`{MËgÝVmZgå~ÝYr, H$mbJËdV: H$mbgå~pÝYËdmV²Ÿ&
à{VnÞ: g§gma:Ÿ& VXwÎma§ VËnjñ` XyfU_²Ÿ& Aàm_m{UH$üm`§ _moj:Ÿ& nyd©dV² àË`jmJ_`moa^mdmV² Ho$dbmZw_mZm{Z
dmÀ`m{ZŸ& VÌm@hŸ AZw_mZmZr{VŸ& Cº$^“ç¡d à{V-gmYZgå~ÝYoZŸ&
lw{V{déÕËdoZ H$mbmË``mn{Xï>m{Z Mo{V ^mdoZm@hŸ lwV`üo{VŸ& CÀ`V B{V C{º$:Ÿ& Añ_Xwqº$ JÀN>pÝV
à{VnmX`ÝVrË`ñ_Xw{º$Jm:Ÿ& Añ_X{^_V_od _mojñdê$n§ à{V-nmX`ÝVrË`W©:Ÿ& lw{Vàm_mÊ`§ Vw àmJod g_{W©V{_{VŸ&
(138, 468)
[ gm’çZ¡`m{`H$d¡eo{fH¡$: _mojñ` gwIm{Xa{hVËdà{VnmXZ_² ]

gm’çmÚ{^_V§ _moj_ZwdX{VŸ gm’ço{VŸ&
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ZŸ& à{V^mg_mZñ`mZm{XVm`m§ gmYZmonmXmZd¡`Ï`m©nÎmo:Ÿ& Aì`º$ËdmV² g§gmao Z à{V^mgVo, ì`º$ËdmÎmw _wº$m¡à{V^mgV
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BË`wº§$ ñ`mV²Ÿ& {H$#m àVr-{VH$maUmÝV:H$aUgØmdo g§gmao Z àVr`VoŸ& _wº$m¡ Vw VXnJ_o àVr`V B{V gw^m{fV_²Ÿ&
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gwIVËàVrË`moaZm{XVm`m§ à{_Vm`m_od M¡fm H$ënZm `wº$mŸ& ZM VÌ à_mU§ ní`m_:Ÿ& VV: gwIñ` VËàVrVoü
_wº$mdwËn{Îmaod dº$ì`mŸ& gm@{n Z gå^d{VŸ& H$maUm^mdmV²Ÿ& earao g{V VXmlòpÝÐ`gØmd:, V¡aWm©bmoMZ_², VV:
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M, VV: gwImoËnmX:, VXZ-ÝVa§ VËàVr{V[aËòf Ñï>H$maUH«$_:Ÿ& AÑï>§ M gd©Ì {dO`VoŸ& ZM¡f H$maUàdmhmo
_wº$mdpñVŸ& Vñ_mV² gwIa{hV Ed _moj:Ÿ&
[ _mojñ` {Z:gwIËdo@{n Xw:I{Zd¥{Îmê$nËdmV² nwéfmW©Ëd_² ]

914
H$W_`§ nw é fmW© B{V Mo V ² Ÿ eara_², f{S> p ÝÐ`m{U, f{S‰> f `m:, fS² >~ wÕ`:, gwI _², Xw: I§ Mo Ëò-
H$qde{VôXXw: ImË`ÝV{Zd¥{ÎmËdm{X{V ~«y_:Ÿ& Xw: I{Zd¥{ Îm: nwéfmW© Ed Z ^d{V, VXr`nwé fmW©-Ëdñ`
gmonm{YH$ËdmV²Ÿ& gwI§ Xw:Im^mdo gËòd ^dVr{V gwImWª Xw:Im^mdmo _¥½`Vo ZVw g Ed nwéfñ` g_r{hV B{V MoV²,
ZŸ& {dn`©`ñ`m{n gØmdmV²Ÿ& ^moOZm{XgwIo gËòd ~w^wjm{XXw:I§ {ZdV©V B{V Xw:I{Zd¥Î`W©_od ^moOZm{XgwI§ _¥½`Vo
Z nwZñVXod nwéfñ` g_r{hV{_{V H$ëß`VoŸ& ¹${MX² Xw:I{Zd¥Î`^mdo@{n gwIñòî`_mUËd{X{V MoV², ZŸ& Xw:I{Zd¥Îmoa{n
¹${MV² gwIm^mdo@-nrî`_mUËdmV²Ÿ& Xw:I{Zd¥Îmm¡ gË`m§ gwI_od ^{dî`VrË`{^gpÝYñVmdXñVr{V MoV²Ÿ& gwImdñWmm̀§
{Z`Vmo Xw:I{dahmo ^dVrË`{^gÝYoñVÌm{n gØmdmV²Ÿ& Vñ_mX² `Ú{n Xw:Im^mdo gwI_², gwIo M Xw:Im^mdmo {Z`V:Ÿ&
VWm@{n nañna§ {Zanoj_od nwéfmW©Ëd_Z`mo:Ÿ& BÀN>m`m Ag‘>rU©-{df`Ëdm{X{VŸ&
^d{V Xw:Ihm{Z: nwéfmW©:, {H$ÝËdZw^y`_mZV`mŸ& Z{h {dfm{XOÝ`_mohmdñWm`m§ Xw:I{Zd¥-{Îm[a{V VÌ
ào j mdÝV:ŸàdV© Ý Vo Ÿ & Vñ_mÝ_mo j o Xw : IhmZo a ZZw ^ y ` _mZËdmÞ nw é fmW© Ë d{_{V Mo V ² , ZŸ&
nwÌm{X{d`moJOÝ`Xw:Ihm{Z{_ÀN>Vm§ Ho$fm{#mX² {dfeómoÛÝYZmXmd{n àd¥{ÎmXe©ZmV²Ÿ& àojmdÝVmo Z¡d§ Hw$d©ÝVr{V MoV²,
ZŸ& nwéfmW©Ëdm{damoYmV²Ÿ& Z{h naXmaofw emó{ZfoYm‘x>edm[aVm: àojmdÝVmo Zm{^dV©ÝV B{V Z VÌ H$m_: nwéfmW©:Ÿ&
A{nËdënr`: gwI§ _hr`mZZW© B{V {Zd¥{Îm:Ÿ& VWm {dfmXmd{n àd¥Îmñ` emóo J{h©VËdmXënr`mZZWm} {ZdV©Vo _hr`mZ²
àdV© V B{V Z Vo àdV© Ý Vo Ÿ & B`_o d {h ào j m `V² nw w é fmW} @ {n emóbmo H ${damo Y nam_e© : Ÿ&
ñdê$noUoî`_mUVm_mÌ{Z~ÝYZËdmV² nwéfmW©Vm`m:Ÿ& AV Ed `Ì bmoH$emóm{damoY:, VÌ ì`mÜ`m{Xn[anr{S>Vm:
à`mJdm[anmVmZe-Zm{XZm@{n Xoh§ ËÒÝV: àojmdÝVmo@{n Ñí`ÝVoŸ& Z ¹${MX² Xw:I{Zd¥{Îm_Zw^{dî`m_r{V VËgmYZo
àdV©ÝVoŸ& A{nVw Xw:I§ hmñ`m_r{VŸ& A{nM Xw:I{Zd¥ÎmoaZw^y`_mZVm_mÌ§ {dd{jV_², Xw:I{Zd¥{Îm- gÎmm@{n dmŸ&
AmÚüo V ² Vw î `Vw Xw O © Z :Ÿ& Ma_o OÝ_Ý`Zw ^ y ` V EdŸ& g_m{Y^mdmXmË`pÝVH$s Xw : I-
{Zd¥{Îmaß`ZmJVm@dV©_mZm@ß`{Ma_Zw^y`V EdŸ& {ÛVrò Vw àgº$H$ÊQ>H$m{XhoVwH$Xw:I{Zd¥Îmoa-nwéfmW©Ëdàg“:Ÿ&
gd©Xm@ZZw^y`_mZËdmV²Ÿ& VWmËdo dm {df`mÝVag#mmam^mdàg“:Ÿ& {Zd¥Îmo: gd©Xm VmXdñÏ`mV²Ÿ& Vñ_mV² gwIa{hVmo
_moj: nwéfmW© B{VŸ&
[ _mojñ` {Z:gwIËddmX: lw{V{déÕËdmXàm_m{UH$: ]

{ZamH$amo{VŸ Z¡V {X{VŸ&
........Z¡VXß`Ì emo^Z§ lwV`mo `V:Ÿ&
_hmZÝX§ M ^moJ§ M {Z`_oZ dXpÝV {hŸ &&Ÿ72Ÿ&&
AÌ _wº$m¡Ÿ& EVV² gwIam{hË`_V_{n Z emo^Z_²Ÿ& Hw$V BË`V AmhŸ lwV` B{V>Ÿ& AÌo{V dV©VoŸ& ^moJ§ VXZw^d_²Ÿ&
{Z`_oZ A{dJmZoZŸ& hr{V lwVrZm§ à{gÕVm_mMï>oŸ& VmümoXmh[aî`ÝVoŸ& (1344)
[ {à`mñn¥{ï>lwË`m _wº$m¡ àmH¥$VgwIm^md EdmoÀ`Vo, ZVw gdm©Ë_Zm gwIm^md: ]

ZZw ""Aeara§ dmd gÝV§ Z {à`m{àò ñn¥eV:'' B{V _wº$ñ` Xw:IdV² gwIñ`m{n hm{Z: ly`VoŸ& VWm ""Z àoË`
gÄkm@pñV'' B{V kmZm^mdüŸ& VV² H$W_oV{XË`V: gwImñn¥{ï>lwqV VmdX² ì`mMï>oŸ àmH¥$Vo{VŸ&
àmH¥$V{à`hm{ZñVw {à`mñn¥{ï>[aVr`©VoŸ&
Añ`m§ lwVm¡ àmH¥$V§ `XÝV:H$aUn[aU{Vê$n§ {à`§ VÕm{Zaod {à`mñn¥{ï>[a{V eãXoZ à{VnmÚVoŸ& ZVw gd©Wm
gwIm^md:Ÿ&
[ Xw:I_mÌñ` A{Zï>ËdmV², _mojñ` A{Zï>{Zd¥{Îmê$nËdmV² Z VÌ Xw:Imä`wnJ_àg“: ]

915
EdÝVø©{à`mñn¥{ï>aßòd§ {d^mJoZ ì`m»`mVì`m, {deofm^mdmV²Ÿ& VWmM _mojo Xw:IgØmd-àg{º$[aË`V AmhŸ

A{à`{_{VŸ&
A{à`§ à{VHy$b§ VX{deofoU epãXV_² &&Ÿ73Ÿ&&
`ñ_mV² gH$b_ß`{à`§ Xw:I§ à{VHy$b§ _w_wjmoaZno{jV_², VV² Vñ_mX{à`_Ìm{deofoU epãXV_²Ÿ& EVXwº§$ ^d{VŸ
gdm©Ë_Zm@{Zï>{Zd¥{Îm_m}j B{V VmdX{ddmX§ gd©dm{XZm_²Ÿ& Xw:I§ Vw `mÑe-VmÑe_ß`{Zï>_odŸ& AVmo Z VX² {d^mJoZ
ì`m»`mVw§Ÿ `wº${_{VŸ&
`Ûm òZ Ý`mòZ {àò {d^mJ: {H«$`Vo VX{deofüoX{àò ñ`mV², VXm VX{n {d^mJoZ ì`m»`mVì`§ ^doV²Ÿ& ZM¡d_²Ÿ&
gm_ñËòd {à`hm{Za{Zï>mŸ& A{Zï>àmám¡ M _mojñ`mnwéfmW©Ëd§ ñ`m{XË`Vmo {h {àò {d^mJ: H$ëß`VoŸ& VWmM dú`m_:Ÿ&
(1333) ZM gm_ñËòd Xw:Ihm{Za{Zï>mŸ& gd©ñ`m{n Xw:Iñ` A{Zï>ËdoZ VÕmZo[aï>ËdmV²Ÿ& V{h© gd©ñ`m{n gwIñòï>ËdmV²
àmH¥$VgwIhm{Za{n Zm“r-H$aUrò{V MoV², ZŸ& Vñ` Xw:ImZwfº$ËdoZ {dfgån¥º$_YwdXZ{Zï>nj{Zjonm{X{V ^md:Ÿ&
[ AàmH¥$VXw:Iñ` CÎm_Ordgå~pÝYV`m Aà{_VËdmƒ _mojo Z VXä`wnJ_àg“: ]

BVü Zm{à`§ àmH¥$VËdoZ {deofUr`{_Ë`mhŸ ZmñVr{VŸ&
ZmpñV øàmH¥$V§ Xw:I§ gVmo Ordñ` Hw$Ì{MV²Ÿ&
AàmH¥$Vo Xw:Io g{V VÛçmd¥Îmò àmH¥$V{_{V {deofUr`§ ñ`mV²Ÿ& gVmo _w{º$`mo½`ñ` Ordñ` AàmH¥$V§ Xw:I§ ZmpñV,
à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ& AVmo ì`Wª {deofU{_{VŸ& Hw$Ì{MÀN®>Vm¡ Mmoº${_{V eof:Ÿ&
[ _mojgwIñ` AàmH¥$VËdg_W©Z_² ]
EdÝVø©àmH¥$Vñ` gwIñ`mß`à{_VËdmV² VÌm{n {deofUàjonoU ì`m»`mZ_`wº${_Ë`V AmhŸ {à`{_{VŸ&
{à`§ ñdê$n_odmñ` ~bmZÝXm{XdmŠ`V:Ÿ &&Ÿ74Ÿ&&
""~b_mZÝX AmoOü ghmo kmZ_ZmHw$b_²Ÿ&
ñdê$nmÊòd Ordñ` ì`Á`ÝVo na_mX² {d^mo:''
B{V lw{VdmŠ`mXñ` gVmo Ordñ` {à`§ ñdê$n_odoË`dJå`VoŸ& ñdê$n§ MmàmH¥$V_²Ÿ& AVñVÛçd-ÀN>oXm` {deofUàjonUo
ì`m»`mZ§ `w Á `Vo Ÿ & EVo Z gw I ñ`mo Ë n{Îm_Îdo `mo Xmo f mo @ {^{hV:, gmo @ Z“r-H$manamñVmo do { XVì`:Ÿ&
ñdê$nËdoZmZm{XËdñ`moº$ËdmV²Ÿ& `XÌmoº§$ VXß`gV²Ÿ& Amd¥Vm: gÝVmo ì`Á`ÝV B{V lwVËdmV²Ÿ& AmdaU§ M
_m`m{dÚm{Xg_m»`mVm àH¥${VaodŸ& ZM {deXlw{V{gÕo@W} H$m{MXZwnn{Îm:Ÿ& kmZñ` ñdê$nËdoZmZm{XËdo@ß`{dÚ`m
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[ _wº$m¡ àmH¥$VgwIm^md:, AàmH¥$VgwIgØmd:, Xw:I_mÌm^mdü lwË`W©: ]

Cº$_Wª g{¬ß`m@hŸ ho`Ëdm{X{VŸ&
ho`ËdmX{à`ñ`¡d {à`hmZoa{Zï>V:Ÿ&
Z g_ñV{à`m^mdmo _mojo àmoºo$ Vw `wÁ`VoŸ &&Ÿ75Ÿ&&
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g_ñV{à`m^mdmo Z ì`m»`mVw§ `wÁ`VoŸ& Hw$V:Ÿ? {à`hmZoa{Zï>ËdV:Ÿ& {H$ÝVw àmH¥$VËd{deofUàjonoUo{V VweãX:Ÿ&
A{à`hmZ§ Ëd{deofoU ì`m»ò`{_Ë`wnñH$V©ì`_²Ÿ& VÌ hoVw: A{à`ñ` gd©Wm ho`Ëdm{X{VŸ& CnbjU§ M¡VV²Ÿ& gVmo
916
Ordñ`màmH¥$VXw:Im^mdmƒoË`{n Ðï>ì`_²Ÿ&
[ AY_OrdmZm§ Xw:Iñdê$nËdo@{n Vofm§ _wŠË`^mdmV² Z _wº$m¡ Xw:Imä`wnJ_: ]

ZZw g‚mrdñ`mß`m{à`§ ñdê$n^yV_àmH¥$V_pñVŸ& VV² H$W_oV{XË`V AmhŸ A{à`ñò{VŸ&
A{à`ñ` ñdê$nËd_gwaoîdod {h lwV_²Ÿ&
Agwam Z¡d_od§ M Z¡d§ Mm{Ib_mZwfm:Ÿ&
B{V................................... &&Ÿ76Ÿ&&
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na_mË_m na_oœa:Ÿ& g‚mrd B{V dmŸ& Z¡d{_{V EV{Û-éÕñd^mdm BË`W©:Ÿ& Ed_Zod§ Mo{V C^`ñd^mdm BË`W©:Ÿ&
Agwam Z¡d_², A{Ib_mZwfm Ed§ M Z¡d§ Mo{V `moOZmŸ& B{V lwV{_{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ&
[ _wº$m¡ gwIgØmdmZ“rH$mao Vñ`m AnwéfmW©Ëdàg“: ]

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.....AmË_{à`hmZm` H$mo `VoV M ~w{Õ_mZ²Ÿ &&Ÿ76Ÿ&&
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gå^d{V, VWm@{n Z H${üX²> ~w{Õ_mZmË_Z: gwIhmZ-{_ÀN>{V, VXWª à`VVo dmŸ& d¥{Îmê$ngwIñ`m{Zï>^y{`ð>ËdmV²
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[ ""Z àoË` gÄkm@pñV'' B{V lwË`m _wº$mZm§ _mZwf¡anamojVmo@ko`Ëd_wÀ`Vo,

ZVw Vofm§ kmZm^md: ]
Ed§ gwImñn¥{ï>lw{V§ ì`m»`m` kmZm^mdlwqV M ì`m»`m{VŸ gÄko{VŸ&
gÄkm ZmñVrË`{n øñ` Zm_wº$ko`Vo{V {hŸ&
Y_m©ZwpÀN>{Îm_odmñ` `Vmo dŠË`wÎmalw{V:Ÿ &&Ÿ77Ÿ&&
lw{Vd©º$s{V dú`_mU_mÌm{n gå~ÕçVoŸ& ""Z àoË` gÄkm@pñV'' BË`{n lw{Vañ` _wº$ñ` A_wº$ko`Vm ZmñVrËòd
d{º$Ÿ& ZVw _wº$mo Z OmZmVr{VŸ& EH$mo {heãX EdmW©:Ÿ& {ÛVr`ñVw ñdmoº$mW©ñ` eãXeŠË`Z{VH«$_§ gyM`{VŸ&
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917
A_wº$mZm_ß`ñ_XmXrZm_namojkmZñ`m`§ à{VfoY:Ÿ& ZmaXm{X{âmnamoúòU, Añ_Xm{X{^ü emóoU VÄkmZmV²Ÿ& AV

Ed g§eãXà`moJ B{VŸ&
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`V: H$maUmV² ""A`_mË_m@ZwpÀN>{ÎmY_m©'' BË`wÎmalw{Vañ` _wº$mË_Zmo Y_m©Zw-pÀN>{Îm_od d{º$Ÿ& Z {dÚVo CpÀN>{Îm`}fm§
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926
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927
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928
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929
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Vñ_mV² Vpñ_{ÞÝÐmXrZm§ àb`monnÎmo:, àYmZdm`wpñËdh dm`wZm_o{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ&
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_hm§ümgm¡ _mZr Mo{V _hm_mZr gdm©{^_mZr{V `mdV²Ÿ& `Wm g_ñVamï´>m{YnVr amOm VXÝVJ©Vñ` J«m_ñ`{Yn{V^©d{V,
Ed§ gdm©{ ^_mZr àYmZ-dm`w a ënñ` dm`mo^ y ©V ñ`m{^_mZr ^do X od Ÿ& VÀN> ãXo Z ^yV eãXo Z Ÿ& Z Ho $ db§
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[ XodmZm§ MVw_w©IÛmam {dîUm¡ b`: ]

""Vm{Z nao VWm ømh'' B{V gyÌ_²Ÿ&
› Vm{Z nao VWm ømh ›Ÿ&&15Ÿ&&
Añ`mW©:Ÿ Vm{Z ^yVm{^_m{Zà^¥Vr{Z X¡dm{Z nao na_mË_{Z br`ÝVo VWmømh lw{V[a{VŸ&
[ gd}fm§ XodmZm§ BÝÐH$m_`mo:, V`mo: dméUrgwnUuÛmam eofJéS>`mo:,

930
V`mo©dm©UrÛmam {d[a#mo b`:, VVmo {dîUm¡ b`: ]

AÌ gd}fm§ XodmZm§ na_mË_{Z gmjm„`: àVr`VoŸ& VËn[ahmam` ^mî`§ ""àmUÛmaoU'' B{VŸ& VÌm{n àmUo gd}fm§
gmjm„`: àVr`VoŸ& AVmo {dñnï>§ ì`mMï>oŸ Vpñ_{Þ{VŸ&
Vpñ_Z² b`§ `mpÝV ^yVmÝèofH«$_m{damoYoZ g Ed {dîUm¡Ÿ&

BÝÐmXrZm§ VÌ b`: H«$_§ Vw àmoº§$ {deofmXZwg¥Ë` ZmÝ`V²Ÿ &&Ÿ121Ÿ&&
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{dîUm¡ b`§ `m{VŸ& `ü ""dm`m{dÝÐ:'' B{V lwVm{dÝÐmXrZm§ àYmZdm`m¡ b`mo@{^{hV: gmo@{n Z gmjm{XË`mhŸ
BÝÐmXrZm{_{VŸ& VÌ àYmZdm`m¡Ÿ& {deofm{X{V V¥Vr-`mW} n#m_rŸ& {deofdmŠòZ àmoº$_Zwg¥Ë` ì`m»`mVì`:Ÿ&
ZËdÝ`X² ì`m»`mZ_²Ÿ gmjmV² VÌ b` B{VŸ& {deofdmŠ`{damoYm{X{V ^md:Ÿ&
V_od H«$_§ g¬onoU VmdXmhŸ Vñ_m{X{VŸ&
Vñ_mXeofm {J[aOm§ à{dí` V`¡d éÐ§ gh VoZ dmUr_²Ÿ&

V`m nqV àmß` gh¡d VoZ b`§ ham¡ `mpÝV g_ñVOrdm:Ÿ &&Ÿ122Ÿ&&
{deofà_mUñ` gd©Wm@ZwgV©ì`Ëdm{X{V ^md:Ÿ& AÌ {J[aOmeãXmo dméUrgm¡nUunamo ì`m»ò`:Ÿ& VWm éÐeãX:
eofJéS>na:Ÿ& VWmM dú`{VŸ& (1353) V`m {J[aO`m gh¡d éÐ§ àmß`Ÿ& nqV dmÊ`m:Ÿ& g_ñVOrdm BË`ñ`¡d
{ddaU_²Ÿ Aeofm B{VŸ& `Ûm éÐ§ à{deÝVrË`Ü`mhmaoU ì`m»ò`_²Ÿ& Añ`¡d {ddaU_wÎmadmŠÒmV_²Ÿ&
[ MÝÐdéU`moa{ZéÕo, Vñ` H$m_o, Vñ` dméÊ`m_², Vñ`m: eofo,

Vñ` dmÊ`m_², Vñ`m: {d[a#mo b` B{V eof_mJ©: ]
VÌ ""dm`m{dÝÐ:'' B{V lwVmdwº$mZm{_ÝÐmXrZm§ MVwUmª n¥{Wì`mXrZm§ ^yVmZm§ M H«$_oU¡d dm`m¡ àdoe B{V `Xwº$_²,
VV² VmdV² àn#`VoŸ& Bh Ûm¡ _mJm£ eof_mJm} JéS>_mJ©üŸ& VÌ eof_mJ©-_mXmdmhŸ gmo_pñËd{VŸ&
gmo_ñVw dmare`wVmo@{ZéÕ§ {deË`gm¡ H$m__gm¡ Vw dméUr_²Ÿ&
gm eofXod§ g {Ja§ M g¡d dm`w§ {deË`ÄO BVrh {ZU©`:Ÿ &&Ÿ123Ÿ&&
dmare`wV BË`ZoZmãXodVm`m déUñ` gmo_o b` BË`wÀ`VoŸ& BhoÝÐm{XMVwï>ò gmo_ñ` ^yVoîdnm§ M dm`wàdoeo {ZU©`:Ÿ&
[ _w{º$àH$aUo C_méÐeãX`mo: dméUreofnaËd_²,
^maVràmUeãX`mo: dmUr{d[a#mnaËd_² ]
àmJ² {J[aOm§ éÐ{_Ë`wº$_²Ÿ& BXmZt M {Ja§ dm`w{_{VŸ& EVo MËdma: eãXm: à{gÕnXmW©H$m B{V àVrqV dma{`Vw_hm Ÿ
C_o{ VŸ&
C_m{Jaremd{n ^maVram{d{V ñ_ dmJ² doXJVm ~«dr{VŸ&
AhrÝÐnËZr_{hn§ {d[a#mnËZt {d[a#m§ M {d_w{º$H$mboŸ &&Ÿ124Ÿ&&
C_m{Jarem{d{V ^maVram{dË`{nŸ& B©a: g_ra:Ÿ& dm{JËòVV² n`m©`g_wXm`mo J¥øVoŸ& àVrVmW©Ëdo qH$ ~mYH${_Ë`V
Cº$_²Ÿ {d_w{º$H$mb B{VŸ& {d_w{º$à{VnmXZmdgaoŸ& EVoZmo_mXrZm§ MVwUm©{_h OÝ_{Z _wŠË`^mdm{X{V ~mYH§$ gy{MV§
^d{VŸ& doXdmŠ`mZwgm[aUmo d`_{n VW¡d à`wº$dÝV: ñ_ B{V ^md:Ÿ&
931
[ C_m{XnXmZm§ dméÊ`m{XdmMH$Ëdo {Z{_Îmmo{º$:, bmj{UH$eãXà`moJo à`moOZmo{º$ü ]

C_m{XeãXmZm§ dméÊ`m{Xd¥Îmm¡ qH$ {Z{_Îm{_Ë`V AmhŸ V Edo{VŸ&
V Ed `V² VËnX_mßZwdpÝVŸVËH$mb EVmZ² g_wnmñ` Ordm:Ÿ&
~«÷ËdH$mbo à{depÝV M¡Vm{Z{V ñ_ dmH²$ VmÑeVm_wn¡{VŸ &&Ÿ125Ÿ&&
`X² `ñ_mV² V C_mÚm Ed VËnX§ dméÊ`m{XnX_wÎmaH$ëno àmßZwdpÝV Vñ_m{X{V nyd}U gå~ÝY:Ÿ& AZoZmo_mËdmXrZm§
dméUrËdmXrZm§ M¡H$Ðì`gå~ÝYmo bjUm~rO{_Ë`wº§$ ^d{VŸ&
à{gÕnXË`mJoZmà{gÕnXà`moJo qH$ à`moOZ{_Ë`V AmhŸ VËH$mb B{VŸ& VËH$mbo C_m-Ëdm{XH$mboŸ&
EVmZw_mXrZ² XodmZ²Ÿ& ~«÷ËdH$mbo Vofm_od dmædmXrZm§ ~«÷ËdmXo: H$mboŸ& EVmZ² dmé-Ê`mXrZ²Ÿ& Mmo `ñ_m{XË`W}Ÿ& B{V
Vñ_mV²Ÿ& dmJ²$ doXdmUrŸ& VmÑeVm§ C_m{XeãXdÎmm_²Ÿ&
EVXwº§$ ^d{VŸ `mo `pñ_Þ{Vn[aM`dmZ² Vñ`m@l_mÝVaàmßË`m{XZm Zm_mÝVao àmáo@{n VX-{^kmñV§ à{V V§
nyd©ZmåZ¡d ì`dhaÝVr{V bmoHo$ gwà{gÕ_²Ÿ& VWm@Ìm{n à`moJ B{V qH$ à`moOZmÝdo-fUoZo{VŸ&
[ A¾o: gy`}, Vñ` ~¥hñnVm¡, Vñ` BÝÐo, Vñ` gm¡nÊ`m©_², Vñ`m: gwnUo©,
Vñ` dmÊ`m_², Vñ`m {d[a#mo b` B{V JéS>_mJ©: ]
BXmZt JéS>_mJ©_mhŸ gy`© B{VŸ&
gy`m}@{¾`wº$mo Jwé_mß` VoZ eH«§$ gh¡VoZ gwnU©nËZr_²Ÿ&
V`m gwnUª gh VoZ dmUt ~«÷mU_oVÒV Ed `m{VŸ &&Ÿ126Ÿ&&
A{¾`wº$ BË`ZoZm¾o: gy`} b` BË`wÀ`VoŸ& AZoZ ""A{¾[aÝÐo'' B{V lw{V: naånamnojoË`wº§$ ^d{VŸ& EVÒVmo dmUrJV
EdŸ& EVoZoÝÐm{XpîdÝÐm{XË`~¥hñnVrZm_², ^yVofw VoOgmo dm`m¡ b`mo {dd¥Vmo ^d{VŸ&
[ BÝÐb`mo{º$g_ò C_méÐnX`mo: gwnUugwnU©naËd_² ]

ZÝdoVV² ""BÝÐ C_m`m_w_m éÐo {dbr`V'' B{V lw{V{déÕ_²Ÿ& C_méÐeãX`mo: ñdmW©n[aË`mJo-@{n dméUreofnaV`m
ì`m»`mVËdm{XË`V AmhŸ BÝÐo{VŸ&
BÝÐàdoeñVw `XmoÀ`Vo@Ì VXm øw_oËòd gwnU©nËZrŸ&
Cº$m gwnU©ü {JareZmåZm VVmo {damoYü Z H$üZmÌŸ &&Ÿ127Ÿ&&
`XmVXmeãXmd{YH$aU_mÌñ` CnbjH$m¡Ÿ& `Ì lwVm¡Ÿ& AÌ C_m`m{_ÝÐàdoe CÀ`VoŸ& Vñ`mü C_m`m éÐoŸ&
gwnU©nËÝòdŸ& {JareZmåZm {Jaren`m©òUŸ& gm¡nÊ`m©{_ÝÐb`ñ` ~bdÀN®>{V{gÕ-Ëdm{X{V {heãX:Ÿ& AÌ nXgmÑí`§
àd¥{Îm{Z{_Îm{_{V ^md:Ÿ&
[ ^¥½dmXrZm§ XjÛmam BÝÐo b`:, d¡dñdVm{X_ZyZm§

{à`d«Vm{Xamkm§ M ñdm`å^wd_ZwÛmam BÝÐo b`: ]
AYwZm ""Vm{Z nao'' BË`wº$mZm§ {haÊ`J^} b`àH$ma_mhŸ ^¥½dmX` B{VŸ&
^¥½dmX`mo Xj_dmß` VoZ àmßòÝÐ_oVoZ gwnU©nËZr_²Ÿ&
{depÝV ò _Zdmo amO_w»`m _Zw§ à{dí`mÌ JVm _hoÝÐ_²Ÿ &&Ÿ128Ÿ&&
932
gwnU©nËÝ`m: gwnU} b`: {gÕ EdŸ& BÝÐn`©ÝV_od dº$ìò@{YH$dMZ_wº$XmT>çm©W©_²Ÿ& Ed_wÎm-aÌm{nŸ& ò _Zdmo

d¡dñdVmÚm:, ò M amO_w»`m: {à`d«VmÚm:, Voo ñdm`å^wd_Zw§ à{dí` AÌ ñdm`å^wdo _Zm¡ JVm dV©_mZm _hoÝÐ§
{deÝVr`w^`Ì gå~ÕçVoŸ&
[ Yam{dZm`H$`mo: ~¥hñn{VÛmam BÝÐo b`:,

gZH$gZÝXZgZmVZmZm§ H$m_o b`:, Cº$mÝ`XodmZm§ A¾m¡ b`: ]
^yVofw n¥{Wì`mH$me`mob©`àH$mamo dº$ì`ñV_mhŸ AmH$me B{VŸ&
AmH$me Cdu M Jwé§ à{dí` VoZ¡d `mV: nwéhÿVXod_²Ÿ&
gZmX`mo `V`: H$m__od {depÝV {eï>m A{n hì`dmh_²Ÿ &&Ÿ129Ÿ&&
dm`w^yVñ` _w»`m{^_mZr àYmZdm`w[aË`wº$_²Ÿ& A_w»`m{^_m{ZZñVw ""eH«§$ _éÒUm:'' B{V b`mo dú`VoŸ&(1358)
gZmX` B{VŸ& gZËHw$_maì`{V[aº$m:Ÿ& Vñ` H$m_mdVmaËdmV²Ÿ& H$m_ñ` Vw dméÊ`m_wº$ Ed b`:Ÿ& {eï>m Cºo$ä`:Ÿ& EVoZ
""A¾m¡ gd} Xodm {dbr`ÝV'' BË`ñ` {df`mo X{e©V:Ÿ&
[ dUm©l_mMmadVm§ _Zwî`mUm§ `_o àdoe:, {nV¦Um§ b`:,

Vñ` ñdm`å^wdo b`:, JÝYdm©XrZm§ Hw$~oaÛmam MÝÐo b`: ]
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V_od gd} {nVa: gwamZwJm: gd} Hw$~oa§ g M gmo__odŸ &&Ÿ130Ÿ&&
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dUm©l_mMmaaVm BË`ZoZ _Zwî`mUm§ _wº$m¡ dUm©l_dÎd_ñVr{V gyM`{VŸ& Y_©ñ` Vw ñdm`å^wdo _Zm¡ b` EdŸ& H$mbo
_mojH$mboŸ& gd} {nVa: V§ Y_©_od g§`mpÝVŸ& gd} gwamZwJm JÝYdm©Úm Hw$~oa_²Ÿ&
[ gm`wÁ`_mojñdê$n_² ]
Cng§ha{VŸ {d_wº $s{VŸ&
{d_w{º$H$mbo à{deÝË`^rúU§ ^moJm§ü VÔohJVm: à^wÄOVoŸ&
AmZÝXgwì`{º$a_wÌ Vofm§ ^dË`Vüoï>V Ed {ZJ©Vm:Ÿ&
H«$sS>pÝVŸ ^y`ü g_m{depÝV VmZodŸgm`wÁ`{_X§ dXpÝVŸ &&Ÿ131Ÿ&&
gm`wÁ`hrZmñVw bò Vw gd} àmoºo$Z _mJ}U {depÝV g¥ï>m¡Ÿ&
~{hü {Z`m©pÝVŸVVmo@Ý`Xm@{n gm`wÁ`^mOm§ ^d{V àdoe: &&Ÿ132Ÿ&&
Ed§ gd} `Wmoº$àH$maoU {d_w{º$H$mbo à{deÝË`wÎm_m{Z{V eof:Ÿ& Z Ho$db§ à{depÝV,Ÿ {H$ÝV-huË`V AmhŸ
A^rúU{_{VŸ& Am{dï>J«hd{XË`W©:Ÿ&
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AVüo{VŸ& AV Eä` CÎm_oä`mo {ZJ©Vmüo{V gå~ÝY:Ÿ& Bï§ BÀN>mŸ& Znw§gHo$ ^mdo º$:Ÿ& {ZJ©VmZm§ nwZ: àdoemo@pñV ZdoË`V
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933
b` EdŸ& {deÝË`wÎm_mZ²Ÿ& ~{hñVoä`:Ÿ& EVV² gm`wÁ`^mOm_{n g_mZ{_{V ZoË`mhŸ VV B{VŸ& VVmo b`H$mbmV²Ÿ&
[ na_lw{V:, g¥{ï>H«$_d¡narË`_², {~å~à{V{~å~^mdü Cº$bò à_mU_² ]

ZÝdoVV² gdª Hw$V: à_mUmV² à{VnÎmì`{_Ë`V AmhŸ Cº${_{VŸ&
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`ñ`mñ_m{^b©` Cº$: g {~å~:, Ana: à{V{~å~ BË`wº$_ñVrË`W©:Ÿ& VV: {H${_Ë`V AmhŸ {~å~ B{VŸ&
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[ _w»`dm`mo: búå`m§ b`:, nwZ: g¥ï>m¡ ~«÷ËdoZ O{Z:, VVmo _w{º$: ]

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934
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935
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936
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938
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939
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