re woneceer 2 pesson — BODIES IN PURE ROLLING CONTACT eR iwTRODUCTION nas amstcneriptege tinder in pure rolling contact, both internal and extei Fo nced, & surface speed; the speed rat nal contact, the following topies were discussed: Determination diameters, regula 5 and center to center distance; and drawing the cylinders. rox cones in pure rang contact, davermiration of cone angles, Se Erne eer base diameters, angular velocity, and shaft angle were discussed, {onstruction of the , Using the Rraphical method, were also introduced and discussed. forthe drafting activities, two plates were scheduled for the students to graphically solve the problems aethe end of the lesson, additional problems are provided for student to further enhance bility in solving the problems. LESSON OBJECTIVES _avthe end ofthe lesson, the students will be able to: 12. Define bodies in pure rolling contact and its application Analyse cylinders in pure rolling contact both the internal and external contact, Determine the speed ratio, surface speed, angular velocities for cylinders rolling together without slipping Analyse the system of frustum of cones rolling together without slipping Determine the cones center angles and the shaft angie. Construct the frustum of cones using the graphical solution through dratting laboratory. Solve problems provided at the end of the lesson. CONDITON FOR ROLLING CONTACT 2 When two bodies in contact move with respect to each other in such e way that there is no relative motion at the point of contact, the bodies are said to have pure roling contact. Pure rol'ng conts.t cor sists of such a relative motion of two lines or surfaces that the consecutive points or elements of one come successively into contact with those of other in their order. It follows that the points in contact have, for instant, the same velocity relative to a third body. The instant center of the two bodies is located at the contact point. When two bodies with pure rolling contact turn about instant or permanent centers on a third body, the point of contact ‘must always lie on the straight line joining these centers. Figure 2.1. Bodies in pure rolling contact vere ee P, point of contact Ce OP +O,? 2 The sum of the radiants (QsP + Q,P) to any palr of points that pure rolling wl bring in contact must be constant, 35Machine Elements 2 ANGULAR VELOCITY RATIO. ‘The veloctty ratio of a pair of. totheirvespective pivets | PoMles In ure rolling contact is inversely proportional to the distance from thelr point of contact From gure 2.2, let SRis the speed ratio or veloc at, 2. QP My QP SR speed rato or velocity ratio {9 angulrvloty of boy ras Ny = rpm of body 3 Yeveal Qs? = distance of point P f QsP = distance of point Pf Where, FRICTION DRIVES a ooco Friction Drives are those in Feton Drives ate those in whic power wansmised by the fonnect surfaces being depended on ro avoid appreciable slippage. Fiction drives are practical applications of mechanism having pure Cilingrical wheels ae fiction drives of wheels with internal ar external contact commonly used to connect parallel shafts pm of body 2 rom the pivot of body 2 or the radius of body 2 rom the pivot of body 3 or the radius of body 3 ling contact of driving and the driven members, rolling contact Frustums of cones are friction drives used to connect intersecting shafts Srush wheel end plate is a friction drive used where it is desired to obtain a speed ratio that can be varied any time depending on the requirement of the system. CYLINDERS ROLLING TOGETHER WITHOUT SLIPPING 2 Gylinders in pure rolling contact are friction wheels used to connect parallel shafts; connection is either external contact or internal contact. 1. External Contact is @ connection of parallel shafts, as shown in the figure below. Figure 2.2. External Contact Cylinders ae ‘+ Characteristics of Cylinders in External Contact © Rotates in opposite directions © The same surface speeds Let, _Dp=diameter of eyiinder 2, inches, mm, cm. radius of cylinder 2, inches, em, mm pm of cylinder 2 y= angular velocity of cylinder 2, rad/s. \V; = surface speed of cylinder 2, m/s, fps «Surface Speed, Vi=Vs 2nR2Nz_ _ BEN R2No 0 + speedorVelotyRatio | N Ba -2 Pe SRN DR 36 ‘Lecture & Drafting Manual yngular velocity of boty 2, rad/s No slipping on the surface of contact Connecting parallel shafts Dy = diameter of ylinder 3, inches, cm, mm. y= radius of cylinder N= rpm of evinder 3 My = RAN5 &A we inches, cm, mm. ingular velocity of cylinder 3, rad/s. surface speed of cylinder 3, m/s, fps. Diger Cont / Siraller cont| ween i Lecture & Orang Manat Center Distance: C= Da, 2 | que 23.0fndern eral Contac * Characteristics of Cylinders in Internal Contact © Rotates in the same direction No slipping onthe surface of contact © The same surface speed ¥. Connects parallel shafts + Surface Velocity, Vz = V, + SpeedRatio: SR =. 2C#05-D CONES IN PURE ROLLING CONTACT GIs often required to connect two shafts that lie inthe same piane but make some angle with each other. This is done by means of right cones or frusturns of cones, the cones having a common vertex. 1. Cones With Opposite Direction of Rotation ‘+ The figure shown below composed of two frustums of cones rolling together without slipping. These frustums of cones have @ common vertex at point A. Figure 2.4. Cones with Opposite Direction of Rotation sone angle or center angle of cone 2, the larger cone, in degrees. u 7 sne angle or center angle of cone 3, the smaller cone, in degrees, {Sots ange, degrees ts therpmel core 2 fustherometane3 Aiba rads of oe 2 nhs om Ry = base radius of cone 2, inches or mm, «characters of ones ln Oppose Deton sy peates in oppose rectors Hoping on the surace of contact &Thessme suacvlty Connect vo trectig sa 37Machine Elements 2 Lecture & Orating Manual + Speed Ratio: sreNs_ R WR Where, Rr (AC) (sin ca}; Ry® (AC) (sin) Ten R= NLR ACHING sine 2 Ry AC Sin ‘Therefore, the angular ee sera NA seed two Cones rolling together without slipping are inversely proportional as the o Shoftsangle: Gna +8:Beo-g Cone Angte,e Equation: aalt= a} Where, sin (0) = Sin 0 Cos e- Cos 6 Sin a oereer nrg ‘Mutiphing the right side ofthe equation by (Cos a) (Cos a), 2. Wi" tavanaoatina (oe) tana WO-cntame Then, sin® ~ cos0 tana N, 2+ €0s0 | tana = sind No ) + Cone Ante, f, Equation; Ns. Ro Ry. sina se, 20-B, Substuting, 2. = Ra. sin(0-8) Noms Where, 20+, Substuting, 5 = 52 = Ae But sin(0-B)=Sin0CosB-Cos0sinfh __Substtutng, N2.» neve cos sinh a sins Multiplying the right side of the equation by (sin B/ sin B} N3__ sin8 cosfh—cos0 sins (#3) sinQeosB N sip (sing )" snp Therefore, 2. Cones of the Same Direction of Rotation (© Frustums of cones rotating at the same direction of rotation are ° shown in the figure below. Figure 2.5. Frustums of cones at the same direction © Characteristics: = The same direction of = Connecting an intersecting shafts ©The same surface velocity at the surface of contact * No slipping at the surface of contact © Shafts Angle: O=a-B Ns Rp _ OPsina | sina © Cone Angel A Equation: SR =" ROP sin” sinB 38oe an Lecture & Orang Manual B, and Sin (0 + B)= sin 0 Cos 8 + Cos 0 Sin R Substiuting, SR = SS = Ra. sins 8) Ny. _ sind cosis + cos sind sinO cO88 , cog ne Cr rT) sind, ap co: Therefore, © Cone Angle, @ Equation, Raa-g From Speed Ratio, Sk OP sina sina Ny __ sina OP sin sinB Ny” Sin(ue-8) ‘Where, Sin (a-0) = Sina Cos 0 - Cos. Sin Ne Substituting, Na2____sina_ Nz" Sing. c0s@ = cosa sind Dividing both the numerator and denominator of the ht side of the equation by Sin a, Ns Nr sing Na ‘ana Ny cos0— Therefore, & # 2.1] A oylinder 61 em in diameter on shaft A drives, by pure rlling contact, another cylinder 2 on shaft B. Shaft A has an angular speed of 600 radians per minute. Shaft 6 turns 143.25 rpm in the opposite direction from A. Calculate the diameter of cylinder 2 and the distance between the axes of the shaft, "T-Abcom > fot) 4 n GIVEN: Cylinders in pu. rolling contact N= 143.25 rpm ‘8, = 600 rad/s #9549 rpm D,= 61cm REQUIRED: The diameter of ler 2 and the center distance of the shafts SOKUTION: ‘Solving the diameter of cylinder 2, van oi(Rt)-er(Z585) 2) aes ‘Solving for the center distance of the shafts, 40.66cm ans. PLDs, O40). so33em ans Ex. #22] Two parallel shafts, 61 cm apart and having a speed ratio of 3, are connected by cylinders in pure rolling contact. Determine the diameter of the cylinders: a) when they turn in opposite directions; and b) when they turn in the same direction GIVEN: Cylinders in pure rolling contact : em SR=3 Required: “The diameters for a) opposite directions; and b) the same direction SOLUTION: a) Consider the opposite directions From the speed ratio equation, D2 =SR(D})= 3D, eat 39.Lecture & Drafting Manual From the centerto sro center datance equation, Dy +; =2C=2(6I)=122 ea. Substituting ea, 1t0.e9.2, D, +30, 122 4, =122 Dy=(122/4)=305em ans. Therefore, D; = 3(30.5) = 915m ans 1b) Consider the cylinders in the sainediretion From the speed ratio, D: = SR(D,)= 30, et From the. eee ee, equation, i , j= 122 q.2 i mein, REBAR = (escnea {#23} 1 and 2 are rolling cylinders connecting the sha ater at. Fndthe diameters of and sifted and. 3 an 4 are ender fst these sats and sping on exch 24 of 4 is twice that of 3. GIVEN: Figure shown REQUIRED: Find the diameters of cylinders 3 and 4 if the speed of 4is twice that of 3. SOLUTION: Solving for the center-to-center distance, C= D2*Di _ 41+15 9g oy 2 2 Considering cylinders 3 and 4, Dy + Dy =2(28)= 56 eq Considering the surface speed of 3and4,V4=2Vy; xX DgNe= RD Ny Therefore, Ny =2N,{ D3 coideretesoetataettagsNy=n(2)-n(!) as camgen anton 3 204(22) en) sna, = 5 sessing toentetssntr0, (2!}s04=56 Dye aasssom Solving for the diameter of cylinder 3, D; = 56 - Dg = 56 -23.66 = 32.24em ans. Ex. # 2.4] A brush-wheel-and-plate friction drive Is required to convert two shafts, the river turning at 300 rpm, and the driven plate to turn at a maximum speed of 100 rpm {and @ minimum of 25 rpm. The driving wheel |s 127 mm in diameter and 25.4 mm wide, Find the maximum and minimum diameter required for the plate. GIVEN: Brush wheel and plate = 300 rpm nae = 100M Nin = 25 REQUIRED: Determine the minimum and maximum diameters of the plate. SOLUTION: © Let, Nerpmofthe plate ‘n= rpm of the wheel d= diameter of the wheel D=dlameter of the plate 40Machine Elements 2 Lecture & Drafting Marl ving forthe min © Solving forthe min. diameter of the plate, Dan =f =n align ane Nima 100 " © Sobing forthe maximum da Sere diameter ofthe plate, Diy 4 ef 200) 324mm an ein 28 . 1. #5] Two shafts, having axes inthe sam fe aeneter of sraller enna 50 mee Dee ane intersecting at an angle of 45%, tur in opposite senses at 30 rom and 90 ‘Pm The termine a) the base diameter of the bigger cone; and b) the cone angles GIVEN: Figure shown REQUIRED: Determine the a} diameter of the bigger cone and b) cone angles. sowumOn: 2: Solving for the diameter of the bigger cone N De =. Ba} anf 7 Ne |=) =150mm ans 'b. Solving for the cone angles, tana = SiN ™ (®) +030 ceunt|—200 |, B2) + ens0 Ns ‘Therefore, B=0-a=45°- 34.2" B=108° ans, x. #26] How far rom the axis of Awill the center ofthe roller R be located ifthe angular speed of shaft Bis three times as that of A? GIVEN: Ficure shown REQUIRED: Determine the distance vif No= 3 Na SOLUTION: ‘© Consider AR, Ng Ra 7 Ne oRa, 4 Nake =NaR an inRa =NaRa © Consider R5, Nake, 4, NgRe=NaRe Np Ne Re : o equing and, Na Na RE) 8H. Ra =208-% a) @os-y = Nae’ ,[ 3020.5) y5375cm ans Therefore, y= 20, then, y=30205-y) y CONSTRUCTION OF FRUSTUMS OF CONES IN PURE ROLUNG ‘CONTACT (Graphical Solution) Procedure: 1. Layout the two intersect 2. Compute for the speed rath given cones; whe ratio in the lowest term (fractional frm); 4 ing axes of the fo and reduceMachine Elements 2 3. Lay out the coresponding uns of th Lecture & Orang Manual straight ine onthe last unt paral to tne mothe a ofthe smaller cone with equal distances as desired the, daw 4 4. yout the conesponannt 28 ofthe bigger cone; ceone; for opposite farce us Ka \enorinator along the axe ofthe biege” cone with equal distances as in the sinaller outside the cone; then, draw astragnr lone the aris Inside the cone; forthe same direction of rotation, along th 5. Mack the intersection of the wns gen Ineo the st unit paral tthe aif the smaller cone, this ine is called as the contact ines "> On 4: Then draw a line connecting the vertices ofthe cones and the intersection; 6. Then, draw the diameters of the ea 7. Measure the length of cont 8. Constructor draw the compl 2.7] Shaft A makes 360 rpm and shaft 8 13 em long. Shafts angle is 30 degrees, Draw, imakes 120 rpm, Base of the smaller cone i 4 cm in diameter ard the element of contact is the shafts tur in the same direction, Pair of frustums to connect them, when a) the shafts turnin opposite dictions; and b) Solution: (To be discussed by the Profesor/nstructor during the dating period) ° a) When the shafts turn in opposite direction 'b) When the shafts turn in the same direction PROBLEMS: @ a) what do you mean by bodies in pure ron regarding the location of the contact 16 contact? 8) When two bodies are in pure rolling contact, what can you say conditions must be satisfied in regard Point? <) When two bodies turn about fixed axes and are in pure rolling contact, what to their profiles? Two cylinders with rolling contact rotate in the same direction with a velocity ratio of 5. The center distance is 25.4 em. What i the diarneter of each cylinder? ‘Two parallel shafts connected by rolling cylinders turn in the same direct ‘cclinder's 40 er in diameter. How far apart are the axes ofthe shafts? tion 300 rpm and 200 rpm respectively, The smaller the diameters ofthe cylinders if a) in opposite directions; nd bin the same direction of rotation. Shaft A turns 200 rpm and shaft © 300 rpm as; they are connected by rolling cones. Calculate the cone angle of each cone. f the base on Ais Bm from the vertex and the shafts angle is 60, calculate the diameters of kth cones and the cone angles, What maximum and minimum speeds are obtainable st the driven shat in a brushawheel-and-disk friction drive in which the wheel, 203.2 mm in diameter and 38.1 mm wide, rotates at 400 rpm and in which the dsk has a maximum diameter on the contact surface of 660.4 mm, the minimum diameter being 355.6 mm? Allow 3 percent for slippage. Shafts A, 8, and Care connected by cones in external rolling contact so that the revolutions A:8:C = 3:2:4if the diameter of cone B 1s 25 em draw in the three cones giving the diameters of cone Aand C. Show method cealy. 2 ® ec peraliel shafts 28 cm apart, rotating at 150 rpm and 400 rom are connected by cylinders in pure cling contact. Determine 5. A 18. Rolling cones with internal contact are to be used to secure a speed ratio of 4:1. The smaller cone has a center angle of 10°. What isthe center angle ofthe larger cone, and what isthe angle between the shafts? Two shafts intersecting at an angle of 60° are connected by means of rolling cones with external contact. One cone has a center angle of 20° and rotates at 300 rpm. Find the center angle ofthe ather cone and tsrpm, ‘ brush-wheel-and-plate friction drive Is to connect two shafts, the driver turning 450 rpm, and the deven plate to turn a tmaximum speed of 250 rpm and a minimum speed of 125 rpm. The diving wheel ls 15 mm in diameter. Determine the masierere tnd minimum diameter required for the plate a) If there sno slippage; and b) 3% slippage Is allowed, 42