) | | | INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 5.1 INTRODUCTION Heat engines are classified as external internal combustion engines (IC en; engines and steam turbines used combustion engines (EC engines) and gines). External combustion engines are the steam in power plants. Internal combustion engines, also known as Power generating units in all the transport applic air. For example, these engines are found commo: buses, lorries, railway engines, ships and aircrafts 5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES IC engines are most widely used ations namely road, rail, sea and nly in motorcycles, scooters, cars, SL. NO. FACTOR 1 According to working cycle CLASSIFICATION Four stroke eycle engine and two stroke cycle engine 2 [According to type of fuel Petrol engine, diesel engine, gas engine and multi-fuel engine 8 [According to method of ignition |Spark ignition engine or SI engine; Compression ignition engine or CI engine. 4 [According to speed of engine |Low, medium and high speed engines ‘|__5 _ |According to cooling system | Air cooled engine, Water cooled engineSL. NO. FACTOR CLASSIFICATION 6 According to arrangement of Horizontal engine, Vertical engine, cylinders V — type engine, radial engine. Single cylinder engine; engine 7 '\According to number of cylinders * The classification of IC engines according to cycle of operation and type of fuel will be discussed in detail henceforth. FOUR-STROKE | PETROL WO-STROKE — IC ENGINES FOUR! KE HEEL, TWO-STROKE 5.3 MAIN PARTS OF AN IC ENGINE * IC engine consists mainly of the following parts namely, cylinder, cylinder head, piston, piston ring, inlet and exhaust valve, connecting rod, crank shaft, flywheel, cam and camshaft (Fig. 5a). * CYLINDER It is the cylindrical hollow Portion in which combustion of fuel takes place. The material of the cylinder is usually cast iron. It may also be steel or aluminum alloy. * CYLINDER HEAD The cylinder head cover Provisions to accommodat ts the top of the cylinder. It has ite valves, spark ph lug, fuel injector etc. * PISTON RING There are two types of piston tings namely upper piston rings and lower piston rings. The upper piston Tings serve the purpose of mixture inside the cylinder while the lower Piston rings are used to lubricat the cylinder walls. * PISTON PIN It is also called as gudgeon pin, and it connects the p; ‘ston to the smaller end of the connecting rod. aINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES = «VALVES Valves are present only in four-stroke engines. Valves are of two types namely inlet valve and exhaust valve. Through the inlet valve, air fuel mixture will be admitted into the cylinder and through the exhaust valve, burnt air-fuel gases go out to the atmosphere. Two-stroke engines have ports instead of valves. There are three ports in a two stroke engine namely, inlet port, exhaust port and transfer port. + CONNECTING ROD It is an I-sectional rod with a hole at its ends. One hole is joined to the piston with a piston pin and the other hole is joined to the crankshaft. It has an I-section to resist large bending forces exerted by air-fuel mixture. The holes of the connecting rod are provided with gunmetal pushes to minimize friction and stresses. The connecting rod is an important link, which converts the linear or reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion of crankshaft. + CRANKSHAFT It is the shaft that receives power for rotation from air-fuel ‘combustion through the piston and connecting rod. Alloy steels are used as. crankshaft material to withstand high stresses developed. + CRANK CASE It encloses the crankshaft, and bottom portion of eylinder against atmospheric dust, dirt etc. It also serves as a sump for lubricating oil. + FLYWHEEL It is a heavy disc that is connected to the crankshaft. It helps to minimize the fluctuation of energy in crankshaft during the operation of engine. INLET VALVE. SPARK PLUG OR FUEL INJECTOR EXHAUST VALVE. CYLINDER MEAD CYLINDER PISTON RING PISTON Pin (oUuDsEON Pin) CONNECTING ROD CRANK CASE Fig, 5a: IC Engine ~ PartsBASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICA, M5.4 Sy 5.4 TERMS USED IN IC ENGINE The following terms such as bore, TDC, BDC, Stroke, Swept volu ME (Piston, i i i ibe its o displacement), compression ratio are used in IC engine to describe it ype eration, Bore It refers to the inside diameter- ‘of the cylinder through which the Piston reciprocates. TDC It is the abbreviation of top dead center. Ii the piston on the cylinder head side. At this p: and the cylinder is minimum. dead center). BDC tt is the extreme position reached by oint, the volume between the piston In horizontal engines, TDC is known as IDC (Inner It is the distance traveled by the piston from TDC to BDC. (From top of the cylinder to bottom of the cylinder). SWEPT VOLUME (@ISTON DISPLACEMENT) It is the volume Swept through by the Piston during its travel from TDC to BDC. It is nothing but the Piston displacement, COMPRESSION RATIO ; It is the ratio of the maximum volume of the cylinder to the minimum volume of the cylinder. 5.5 FUNCTIONING OF IC ENGINES 5.5.1 Functioning of four-stroke Four stroke: 3) Power stroke Petrol engine S of a petrol engine are 1) Suction stroke 2) Compression stroke or Working stroke and 4) Exhaust stroke (Fig. 5b), Suction stroke * The piston Moves from TDC to BDC. First, inlet valve opens to admit air-fuel mixture into the cylinder.INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ea * During this stroke, exhaust valve is closed. + When the piston moves downwards from TDC to BDC, air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder. Compression stroke + Here the piston moves from BDC to TDC. + During this stroke, both inlet and exhaust valves are closed. + As the piston moves from BDC to TDC, the air-fuel mixture is compressed and meanwhile the pressure, temperature of the charge is increased. ‘The suction stroke and compression stroke are completed in one revolution of the crankshaft. Power stroke / expansion stroke / working stroke * During this stroke, both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed. * When the piston reaches TDC (at the end of compression stroke), a spark is introduced to ignite the air-fuel charge. * The temperature and pressure of ignited air-fuel charge tremendously increases... * Large amount of force is exerted on the piston by the burnt mixture and the piston moves from TDC to BDC. * As the-piston moves from TDC to BDC, the hot gases expand and hence this stroke is also known as expansion stroke. Exhaust stroke * The exhaust valve opens at the beginning of this stroke. * The piston moves from BDC to TDC. As the piston moves upward, the burnt gases are sent out through the exhaust “valve to the atmosphere. "The power stroke and exhaust stroke are completed’ in another revolution of crankshaft. Therefore, in a four stroke’ engine, all 4 strokes are completed in two Tevolutions of the crankshaft. Of all the four strokes, only one power stroke is available. fcT-INLET VALVE = S-SPARK PLUG E-EXHAUST VALVE Fig. 5b: Four strokes of a petrol engine 5.5.2 Functioning of two stroke petrol engine * In two stroke petrol engine, the suction, compression, power and exhaust are completed in two strokes of the engine (Figure 5c). The engine has only ports instead of valves. Ports are the openings cut on the cylinder walls to permit inlet and exhaust of air-fuel mixture. First stroke The piston moves from BDC to TDC. During this period, it first covers transfer port and then exhaust port. At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered and a partial vacuum is created in the crankcase. This vacuum causes fresh air - fuel charge to come into the crankcase. The suction takes place until the piston moves to TDC. Further movement of the pistori causes the charge inside the cylinder to be’ compressed. At the end of compression, the charge is ignited by an electrical spa"iwitRNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ut Second stroke « Here, the piston moves from TDC to BDC. * As the piston starts coming down, it uncovers the exhaust port and the exhaust gases are let out into atmosphere. + Downward movement of piston covers the inlet port to finish the in taking of air-fuel mixture. + Further movement of piston causes the air-fuel charge of crank case to be compressed to about 35 kN/m”. + Now, the transfer port is opened and some percentage of air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder to push out the exhaust gases. In this process some of the fresh charge is lost to the atmosphere which is called as scavenging. D-DEFLECTOR T-TRANSFER PORT E-EXHAUST PORT I-INLET PORT S-SPARK PLUG Fig. 5c: Two stroke petrol engine (spark ignition (S.!) engine) 5.5.3 Functioning of four-stroke diesel engine Four strokes of a diesel engine are 1) Suction stroke 2) Compression stroke 3) Power stroke or Working stroke and 4) Exhaust stroke (Figure 5d). Suction stroke + First, inlet valve opens to admit air into the cylinder. + During this stroke, exhaust valve is closed and the piston moves from top dead center to bottom dead center. to BDC, air is drawn into the a * When the piston moves downward from TDC cylinder.M5.8. BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICy, Compression stroke = During this stroke, both inlet and exhaust valves are closed. As the piston moves from BDC to TDC, the air is compressed and hence the Pressure, temperature of the air is increased. When the piston reaches TDC, * diesel is injected into the cylinder by a fuel, injector. The suction stroke and compression stroke are completed in one revolution of the crankshaft. Power stroke / expansion stroke / working stroke * * During this stroke, both the inlet and ‘exhaust valves remain closed. Due to high temperature of the com automatically without the need of a Large amount of force is exerted on the piston by the charge and the piston moves from TDC to BDC. pressed air, the diesel injected ignites spark plug. As the piston moves from TDC to BD stroke is also known as expansion Exhaust stroke C, the hot gases expand and hence this stroke, + The exhaust valve opens at the beginning of this stroke. The piston moves from BDC to TDC. ‘+ As the piston moves upward, the burnt gases are sent out through the exhaust valve into atmosphere. Tr E ee} 6 * 2) compression STROKE TVIMLET VALVE F- FUEL INJECTOR €- EXHAUST VALVE Fig. 5d: Four strokes of a diesel engineey INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES tea 5.5.4 Functioning of two stroke diesel engine + Ina two stroke diesel engine, the suction, compression, power and exhaust ‘are completed in two strokes of the engine (Fig. 5e). + The engine has only ports instead of valves. Ports are the openings cut on the cylinder walls to permit inlet and exhaust of air. First stroke + The piston moves from BDC to TDC. * During this period, it first covers the transfer port and then the exhaust port. * At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered and a partial vacuum is created in the crank case. This vacuum causes fresh air to come into the crank case. The suction takes place until the piston moves to TDC. * Further movement of the piston causes the charge inside the cylinder to be compressed. * At the end of compression, diesel is injected by a fuel injector. Due to high temperature of air, diesel burns automatically and the charge explodes. Second stroke +. Here, the piston moves from TDC to BDC. * As the piston starts coming down, it uncovers the exhaust port and the exhaust gases are let out into atmosphere. * Downward movement of piston covers the inlet port to finish the in taking of air. z * Further movement of piston causes the air of crank case to be compressed to about 35 kN/m*. Now, the transfer port is opened and.some percentage of air enters the cylinder to push out the exhaust gases. In this process, some of the fresh charge is lost to the atmosphere, which is called as scavenging.5.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN FOUR STROKE ENGINE AND TWO STROKE D-DEFLECTOR I- INLET PORT T- TRANSFER PORT E- EXHAUST PORT F- FUEL INJECTOR Fig. Se: Two stroke diesel engine (Compression Ignition (C.I.) engine) ENGINE [SL.No.| FOUR STORKE ENGNE TWO STROKE ENGINE | | 1 (There is one power stroke for two |There is one power stroke for one | |revolutions of crankshaft revolution of crankshaft | 1 | 2 |For the same power, engine size |For the same power, engine size | lis large is small | | 3 [Inlet and exhaust valves are Inlet port, exhaust port and | | present transfer port are present | t 4 |Valves move frequently and hence |'There is no problem of lubrication lubrication is essential for ports i | 5 [Large flywheel is required Small flywheel is sufficient | 6 [Engine is water cooled Engine is air cooled ! 7 . f | 7 |Complicated design and Simple construction of the engine i construction of the engine | | 8 |More thermal efficiency Less thermal efficiencyINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES M5.14 |SL. No. FOUR STORKE ENGNE TWO STROKE ENGINE 9 Direction of rotation of crankshaft is not reversible. Engine starting is difficult More power can be developed. Direction of rotation of crankshaft is réversible and engine starting is easy Limited power can only be developed 10 11 _ | Less noise in exhaust More noise in exhaust 12 | Causes less pollution Causes more pollution. ie 5.7 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIESEL AND PETROL ENGINE SL. No.| PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE bE oo 4 |Compression temperature is about 8 | Due to low peak pressure, thickness of parte is less~ 9 Weight of the engine is less 10 | Cost of the engine is less ‘M1 | [Better mixing of air-petrol 1 Compression ratio is 7 - 10 2 |Air — fuel mixture is compressed 8 — |Compression pressure is 15 - 20 bar 400 deg C 5 |Peak pressure is in the range of 50 - 70 bar 6 |Thermal efficiency is low in the range of 20 - 25 % due to low compression ratio 7 |Spark plug is necessary to ignite the fucl-air mixture Compression ratio is 15 — 20 Only air is compressed Compression pressure is 20 - 40 bar Compression temperature is above 550 deg C Peak pressure is high in the range of 80 - 100 bar 25 - 30 % due to high compression ratio ‘The compression temperature is enough to ignite the charge Due to high peak pressure, thickness of parts is more Weight of the engine is more Cost of the engine is more Poor mixing of air and dieselSTEAM GENERATORS - BOILER _——SEFEPEpEepax>ep"bm === 3.1 BOILER * Boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted into steam by the application of heat. This steam is above atmospheric pressure. 3.2 REQUIREMENTS OF A BOILER Following are the basic requirements of a boiler. * Safety — the boiler should be safe against high steam pressure and temperature under all working conditions. Accessibility — Various parts of the boiler should be accessible for easy cleaning and inspection. Capacity — the boiler should be capable of meeting the required rate of steam production. Efficiency — The overall efficiency of the boiler should be as high as possible. The boiler should be simple in construction and maintenance cost should be low. The boiler’s initial cost should be low. The boiler should be capable of quick starting and loading.waz BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICAL AND cy 33 CLASSIFICATION OF BOILERS . SL. NO. CONDITION DESCRIPTION | 1 [According to flow of + Water tube boiler and fire tube bier flue gases/water ~ *2When the furnace is located within the » *) Stationary, Mobile - 14, locomotive * When the wat In water tube boiler, water passo, through the tubes while the hot flue gases surround the tubes, + Examples for water tube boiler: Babcock and Wilcox boiler; Lamont) boiler; Loeffler boiler. | In fre tube boiler, hot flue gases passes, through the tubes and the water surround the tubes. Examples for fire tube boiler: _ Cochran and locomotive boiler, boiler shell, the boiler is said to be internally fired, When the furnace is located outside the boiler shell, the _ oiler is said to be externally fired, * ‘Vertical, Horizontal and Inclined. Example for. mobile boilers are, boilers used in trains and| boilers used in marines, | er flow. is caused by ence, the flow is said to be Pumps oF other similar Te used to'cireulate water, $ said to be forced density diffeSTEAM GENERATORS ~ BOILER M3.3 3.4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIRE TUBE AND WATER TUBE BOILERS SL.NO.| WATER TUBE BOILERS FIRE TUBE BOILERS 1 | Water passes through the tubes [Hot flue gases pass through the tubes 2 |Less liable to explosion More prone to explosion or damage of boiler parts 3 |Can meet quickly the changes in | Not possible steam demand 4 |Small water tubes and water drum |Size of fire tubes and steam drum are large 5 _ |Basy transportation of boiler Difficult transportation of boiler 6 | High working pressures of steam |Low working pressure (10 bar) (100 bar) 7 |Used for power plants Used for industrial applications 8 |Less steam space More steam space 9 |More number of parts Less number of parts 10 |More maintenance cost Less maintenance cost 11 | High thermal efficiency Low thermal efficiency 12 Skilled operator is required Skilled operator is not required Tn this section we will study about various fire tube and water tube boilers. Among the fire and water tube boilers, the following will be discussed in detail. Cochran boiler, locomotive boiler and Babcock and Wilcox boiler. 3.5 BOILER MOUNTINGS: ‘The following mountings are provided on a boiler for its safe operation. SLNo. Mounting Remarks 1 |Water.evel indicator |It shows the water level inside the boiler. 2 [Presi ip gauge It shows the pressure of steam inside the boiler ~|particles enter the flue tubes. ‘Dampers These dampers are in the form of doors (sliding type). They are | + ) |used to control the flow of gases from side flues to the chimney _ | flue. > zt ‘The various boiler mountings are also provided. _ Operation” © * NOTE: * Coal is fed to the grate through the fire hole and is burnt. _ Hot gases produced move through the two fire tubes and go to the bottom. The bottom of the shell is thus first heated. After this, the flue gases go to the side tubes. and finally escape to the chimney. : 3 2 Dampers control the combustion rate and rate of steam generation. More heating surface. 24) Easy maintenance. + Super heaters can be added to improve efficiency. 3.6.3 Locomotive boiler |‘ ng Construction It is a fire tube boiler. ° af a % “It consists of a fire box, a°Horizontal steam drum, a super heater, a smoke box and other parts’ such as’ grate, ash pan,’ fire tubes, steam chamber, chimney and damper (Fig. 3)). on I ay ‘The firebox is at the! right end of the steam drum ‘and smoke box is at the left end of the steam' drum.” Gs. The steam drum consists of smaller and larger tubes through which the flue gases flow. Larger tubes also accommodate the super heaters.” * 2 aS alaiey A steam dome is fitted at the top of the steam drum where the steam will be collected before it is sent to the engine. * * SG ae3.19 pipe is provided at the left end of the steam drum which will supply air to the furnace. 5 STEAM: DOME —— 5 are “deflected » ‘the firebrick arch to utilize maximum—————— wa.14 CHANICAL AND Ciyi, NEERING Ml BASIC eNGII it. i in a valve seat. d with @ hand wheel and is held is wil ‘The valve is fitte i. is held in position and screwed on to the ; ‘The hand wheel is valve. Operation * Steam occupies the space below the valve. valve can be moved upwards or downwards by the rotation of the h; ‘The valve e hang \e val wheel. aoen iam in reed atthe lth hand wheel i rotatd to Tf the vahe Soffcient amount of steam is let to pass out through the steam pipe connected to the other flange. ‘To cut off the steam supply, the hand wheel is rotated in the opposite direction, ‘The valve is held rigidly in the valve seat to block the flow of steam. 3.6 FIRE TUBE BOILERS 3.6.1 Cochran boiler Specification No of tubes ~ 165 § . External diameter of fire tubes — 63 mm Diameter of boiler shell - 1. to 2 meters Height of boiler shell ~ 4 to 6 meters Capacity of boiler - 20 ~ 3000 KethourSTEAM GENERATORS - BOILER 3.15 WATER LEVEL, WATER GAGE FEED CONTRO ce vATV COMBUSION CHAMBER BOILER SHELL FIRE BRICK FLUE PIPE PRESSURE GAGE STOP VALVE WASTE GASES SAFETY. VALVE DAMPER. MAN HOLE, CHIMNEY SMOKE BOX Door FIRE TUBES FUSIBLE PLUG Fig. 3h: Cochran boiler Construction (Fig. 3h) * It is a vertical fire tube boiler. This boiler consists of the following parts namely boiler shell, grate, furnace (fire box), flue pipe, fire tubes, combustion chamber, chimney with smoke box, manhole and other mountings. (such as pressure gauge, water gauge, and steam valve). Details of these parts are shown in table. Boiler shell It is a cylindrical structure. Its height is 4 to 6 m and diameter is. 1 to 2 m. It is hemispherical at its top to store the steam generated. Grate T Grate is the bottom plece| of the furnace where coal is burnt. Furnace (fire box) 1 It is dome shaped.’ To it is /attached the fire door, ash pit and blow off valve.—n SOURCES OF ENERGY eS: rr INTRODUCTION: There are mainly two types of energy sources namely, (a) Non-renewable or conventional sources of energy (energy capital). (b) Renewable or alternate or non-conventional sources of energy (energy income). + The following table lists the various energy sources. [ Non-renewable energy sources Renewable energy sources ‘Solid liquid and gaseous fuels namely (fossil fuels) + Coal | + Crude oil _* Natural gas * Nuclear fuel * Hydro electric energy + Solar energy * Wind energy * Tidal energy * Geothermal energy * Bio mass energy * Studies have revealed that oil reserves are available only to last for around 25 years and coal reserves to last for around 100 years. Moreover, nuclear energy is posing a high risk to mankind.M12 BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICAL AND Cy Wy + Hence, it has become necessary to concentrate on renewable sources of en, for survival. Moreover, fossil fuels when used for producing energy pp) the atmosphere. ergy Hate * NOTE: Certain types of fuels with examples. | Example \a Coal. Varieties of coal such as anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite etc. Liquid fuel Petroleum and its derivatives Gaseous fuel Natural gas, producer gas and blast furnace gas. «=.=» - NOTE: Non-renewable energy: sources such as ‘solid; liquid and-gaseous fuels can be stored. It is not Beeb lere 7 store reqepeple sources of energy. A ; make use of ‘non-conventional sources of energy. Presently, India is generating around 1309 MW energy from various renewable sources, 12 PRINCIPLE OF POWER ENE ve RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY {5 t ene enti, Renewable sources of energy (Type) Principle of power generation Hydro power Potential energy of water at a certain height from ground is used for power generation. Toa from/sunrays isused to | boil water and generate steam. High ee as is used for power | generation. | Kinetic energy of high whee air is used for, power generation. ‘7+ | ‘The potential energy of tides is used to generate power. Geothermal energy vous vil Hot steam coming out of volcanic regions is used for power generation. Bio mass energy Bacteria acts upon complex organic f materials ( sence of ‘dung etc.) in the | bio gas rich+ No pollution ~ Use efficient photovoltaic cell in power _ generation f Het eee e+) * Not available at night times * High initial investment Limitations / Disadvantages * Problem _ condition of weather * Huge area is required \ * Unsteady wind veleotiy results in varying power production + Noisy * Less power to weight ratio ‘s Power generation is not + High initial cost + Long power transmission distances continuousTe es rae .@©})D0D.DrhdWuTd— e | ce auhie Advantages / Merits Limitations / Disadvantage, source) *, Varying power production * No pollution Wave power * Locating site is difficult * No land is required * Minimized sand erosion * High capital investment * Underground steam, * Inexhaustible contains toxic gases Geothermal * Corrosion of turbine blades | * Scope for Low temperature applications * Frequent maintenance and * No radiation hazards ene * No pollutionbasic necessity for the economic development of a reall ations, offices and homes need electric power for various purposes. is electricity to run machines or equipment; Offices and homes need comforts, entertainment, lighting ete. There is a great demand daily life. The standard of living in a country is normally nption of el ty in that country. This electricity is obtained nt is a power generating system with input such as steam! to produce electric power. |w22 ) BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ayy ¢, Mit Solar power plant Hydro power plant | ‘Tidal power plant Wind mill Geothermal power plant Ocean thermal energy conversion ~- OTEC * Steam is Produced at high pressure a ie. + Bebe pressure steam rushes through ‘the blades of the. turbine. a oe ei : 2 1 eho a, jf + (The turbine transfers its momentum _ to produce electricity. 2.3.1 Lape ‘ofa steam power plant Re The Tpab cen stun Nerret lant ig. a) can be explained by four circuits, namely Meet see coal and ash flow (a) _Cireuit showing the, path’o Dee te { (b) Circuit showing the path of Air and flow of flue gas (c) Circuit showing the’ can of cee and feed water flow. A Wier (a) | Circuit Mine the path of flow of, cooling water, SS The above circuits are now exp block diagram. ;coat STORAGE as STORAGE COAL Asn WANDLING WANOLING DUST COLLECTOR suPER WEATED STEAM SI Hee —— = - GENERATOR7 iC ENGINEERING MECHANICAL AN oh wt : ishers. st ma oct 4 sized by erishe . in the yord is : col pe handling system. sind cool taken e heat water- 7 bole jaro dling system. ‘ oa rembyed by ash han ig ate resulting ash is ash (100 MW power plant produce, pear at “ si hou) tons 8 prea ie geet i of air flow ! “" ir goes tothe air filter. to ine. 2 a Frost tbe a shel 4 ” as inning wif" tie upped to the oiler famase ; h Path of flow of flue gas y aitune ¢ 73 Flue gas first passes around boiler Flue as then gon'to the dust acon chimney respectively. a Flue gas heats water in the eemomiser-during.its flow. A hate 74 Ria economiser, air preheater and + Flue gas heats air in the air preheater during its flow.. ° ieee t. rh 4 : at Path of steam i + The steam from boiler first goes to s leat (not shown in fig). + The super heated steam riext goes to turbine. * The momentum of steam is transferred to the turbine. ' Lows om i re nd haste tthe nde. Path of condensed steam/feed water * Condensed steam / hot water is pumped to the LP heater. + Next, hot water is pumped to the HP heater, i (Feed iti water for steam and water leakages). me near iMONO toca FIP hectar goes to sosstsciocs, ‘hot water from economiser goes to the boiler. circuit: It may be an open circuit or closed circuit. water in open circuit eres © the condenset, am is condensed when ‘it comes in contact with the cool water tubes after receiving heat from wet steam is taken to river,lake etc. ‘from river or lake is taken back to the condenser. ter in closed circuit fae wet steam is taken to the cooling tower Vas LAR f the power plant should be optimum to reduce 500 MW power plant Tequires as much as 7000 Be tang Plant to the load center should be optimum to ion losses. is generated by thermal power plants. The Tamil Nadu and the total installedBasin Bridge (Gas fired) North Madras (coal fired) Enhore (cual fired) ‘Tuticorin (coal fired) 840 MW 10 MW 2110 MW 24 HYDRO POWER PLANT na ’ 24.1 Principle Water from the dam flows through penstock to the turbine. The water is transferred to the turbine Momentum, of The turbine. is connected to Produce electricity. i the generator ;, SL.NO.) HEAD | TYPE OF POWER. PLANT 1 | Above 500 m/|High head hydro, power plant, ‘Medium: head hydro power plant; 25 to 80 m,’|Low head oui power plant TYPE OF TURBINE Pelton. wheel 2 |30 to 500 m 3 Francis turbine Kaplan or Francis turbine 24.2 Components of wa Power plant Od 2b) Water reservoir + It is the area near the dam, where large quantity of water is collected during Tainy seasons, Dam Dam is the huge walls erected over water reservoir to store water and manta, the required level is we ater. The ei of water in the dam is known as Head: race.pOWER PLANTS 2.13 Life of the diesel power plant is 7 to 10 years. its life period, effici of plant is less than 10%, nana Diesel fuel is expensive than coal. 26 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 2.6.1 Principle . Large amount of heat is liberated inside the nuclear reactor from the nuclear fission process. ‘The heat is transferred to the coolant at high pressure. Coolant transfers its heat to the hot water to convert it to steam in the steam generator. Steam at high pressure runs the turbines. Turbines are coupled to generator to produce electricity. 2.6.2 Nuclear fission process (Fig. 2d) ’ Uranium U** exists in an unstable form. Uranium atoms are split to produce heat energy equivalent to 200 MeV, releasing 2.5 fast moving neutrons with the velocity of 1.5 10” metres / sec. Other neutrons released in the process again split uranium atom to continue the fission process. reactor Fig. 2d: Controlled chain reaction in a nuclearM214 > BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICAL AND Cy, ! i 2.63 Comparison of nuclear power plants with thermal power plants jeans .| NUCLEAR POWER PLANT THERMAL POWER PLAN; 1 [This plant is more economical in ~ Not e¢ondmical in areas that a; areas that are remote remote from coal fields 2 [No fuel transportation, handling Coal is to be transported, storeg- and storage problems i and handled 3 [No ash disposal \ Ash disposal is a problem 4 |The operational cost is less, since |The operational cost in more ~ the number of persons employed for |since the number of) persons ~' J operating ‘nuclear plant is less || |! employed in more 5 |For large units capital cost is Ie For large units capital cost is more. Initial expenditure on ‘ structural materials, piping, t | storage etc. is high” ~ 6 | Less fuel is needed ‘Large quantity of coal is needed ; 7 [Requires well trained personnel Does not require well trained i sh 5, _|personnel [Not suited i varying load gel noxe Suited for varying load Bpaitoas 2.6.4 Parts of a neléat power’ ‘plant < é and other accessories (Fig. 2c). + “High pressure of coolant is m pressure enables the coolant to Coolant nica 4 absorb It coma, of the nuclear reactor, = caeear, steam turbine, generator ined by, the Pressure equiliser. The high ‘More amount of heat. * The path’of the coolant is an. nuélear Feaétor ‘and steam generator. i a E } ia) M215 the coolant passes through the reactor, large amout of heat is absorbed coolant. - heat absorbed by the coolant is transferred to the hot water inside the am generator. nt losing its heat is now recirculated back to the reactor. ABE esearon of water and steam is via the steam generator, turbines and generator goes to turbine. pressure steam, from the 2 ine blades, "5 condenser is now recirculated to the steam generator. J} ae - £ oF He a : , es of water from’ steam leakages ets |are met by the feed pump. e amount of heat is got from small amount of fuel. city of the plant can be larger unlike diesel plant. of fuel transportation and storage is Tess.BASIC ENGINEERING SM wa.t6 pisodvantages + High installation cost.” + Scarcity of nuclear fuel. + Need for skilled personnel to operate the plant.» + Hazardous environment. + Higher maintenance cost. 2.7 GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT 2.7. Applications + Gas turbines are used in’ ait + Gas turbine power plants are hydro power plants at peak loads. + ‘They afevalso used'as standby plants to hydro power plants. a Gas Turbine Power Plant. (GTPP) afts} jet and ships. ‘used as supplementary units to steam an, iyi 2.7.2 Elements | . aes ny power plant (Fig, 2) consists of low-pressure ait compress CL, hei emi Pao): EERE, ), low pressur h i b fae oP “ie turbine (LPT), combustion chamber (CC) an: CUCL JAIR FILTER S80 eh ee INTER _ COOLER Figs cos, as * Gas Turbine Power i i PlantING MECHANICAL ay, BASIC ENGINEER! Cy wie See fon and buildings. a juire heavy foundation an‘ tin + It-does not et is very large, (40000 to 100000 + The running 5 fant turbine power pl 2.15 Disadvantages of gas bits raat ofthe fied to nun the Compress, low since +» Net work output is f power plant, since 4, 1 ired for the parts of : . : en dy Chad ht speeds (100000 RPM) are involveg temperature ( ; * Part load effcieney is poor compared to diesel power plan * High pitch noise due to very high speed. * Shed high temperature alloys are needed in the eombus tion chamber ang in the turbine to compensate for the higher operating temperature, Large size exhaust duct due to increased requirement of air for combustio,, and also for cooling, 28 RENEWABLE ENERGY BASED POWER PLANTS Renewable energy based power plants are mainly of the types given below * Solar power plant oe of conventional energy Sources ji 8eneration is Prevalent i 8 ent us te a pore ever increas; g ‘and electrig Power j, exhausting ‘oon. Tn fut : a ae Fe Meee rs neat ay @ le Tequirement of electrig : ee ie Ney ete ee a velop ie ce it new we Tenewable energy Sources, nner * Tehas been estimat ted that the every year earth Tectives abou t 1918 kwh ‘ of so}, ‘Total World wide annual energy “ me * Way TE i eecingy CMe ig 80x you can be easily Athioveg. tlized, Sufficiency CY inM219 © semi-conductor device, which Produces electricity when exposed to ‘pons! of solar cells: ‘ Be Bh aid © which intercepts and absorbs solar radiation. rays are in a-scattered or, diffused form, solar collectors are “focus or collect solar energy. (Fig. 2g) are made of highly heat conducting materials like copper, ibsorb maximum radiation. ¢ arrangement i is ‘enclosed in a transparent oo in order to reduce fi “HOT WATERVv Parabolic collector \ * Here a parabolic reflector is used as collector (Fig. 2h). * At the focal point of the parabolic reflector, i heat fe black ty carrying water is fitted. by * Parabolic reflector when exposed to sunlight aha the sunlight ont, 0 1) water tube to produce hot water or steam. he WOT WATER our COLD water in PARABOLIC REFLECTOR te CYLIMDRICAL PARABOLA coLLecton Solar tower concept _ * It consists of a mirror field, a nee and a boiler or absorber. mounted on top of the tower (Fig. Pi. * Mirrors when a to sunlit reflest the heat energy on. in the boiler to * Mirrors can be turned to' various bec A 50 KW solar Papa taselta operated in Italy. aLoRRoiaTiON) PARABOLIC MIRRORS (HELIOSTATS)ee “ly sued 4amod 480s 4o ynokey waivan USLVM 033d He “B14Ma 2.23 condenses the exhaust steam of turbine. ip adds additional water if necessary and sends it to the steam of solar energy os es of Solar Energy areas are required.M224 7823 Advantages of wing pew, BASIC ENGINEERING MECHAN og , 7 foil cross section. standard aerol Blades have the type i (2k), Different of blade patterns are shown in figure ifferent ly positioned roughly at right angle to the Girection Blades are usual ini of 5 m/sec. Wind velocity should be minimum 3 blades is transmitted to turbines though control drive, o Momentum of bla the generator. %i uy als are usually, aluminium, sheet metal or composite Mat Blade materis HORIZONTAL AXIS THREE BLADED A: BLADE = ouBLE BLADE. * VERTICAL AXIS 5 oo et LT! BLA SAVOMIUS, wat ORTADED PLATES cubed Fig. 2k: Type of blades Inexhaustible, Low cost of Power Production, Pasy maintenance, Widely available, No pollution,I axis wind power generator (Aerocenerator) with double blade rotor (wind mill) © B : a . ia BASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ay, ce M226 283 TIDAL POWER PLANT i as tides. + The rise and fall of water level in the sea is known igh as 20 m. * The amplitude of tide can be as low as 1 m to as high as m. ——————_——_ level is i igh tic ‘|The rise of water above’ mean sea Flood tide (or) high tide get pace * N i i If the level of water is below mean sea Teer level, then it is called as low tide. 28.3.1 Principle Kinetic energy of tide is used to run the turbine and thus the Benerator , Produce electricity. i 2.8.3.2 Parts of a tidal Power plant (Fig. 2m) A barrage with gates and sluices, * One or more basins, * A power house, . ai Bet) Barrage j {tis a barrier constructed aeross the water where tides frequently occur. Tt separates the sea from the basin, we The barrage should resist: the shock of waves and the Pressure of water hea: Basin th | It is the area where water is Tetained. The electric generator and a numer turbine components are enclosed of water tight bulb, with the whole hydroelectig a a |L LOW HEAD REVERSIBLE TURBINE HIGH’ TIDE POWER PLANT TIDAL BASIN lue at sea shore places.) 1t of rain conditions as compared to hydro power plant. at an: ah DP Daa cee a Mle $s ith ait a iis ar plants can be developed only if natural sites are available on theBASIC ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ay, %, ozs + Navigation is obstructed. G Utilization on small seale is not e me 284 GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT (Fig. yurces There are four categories of geothermal sot oa ion eystem [Dry steam fields 200 deg C cs. {0 |Wet steam fields 175 = 315 deg ¢ seo i ture fron, water Atmospheric pressure and peat Hot water resources a ee Petrothermal or hot dry rocks | Temperature Tange 150 - 290 deg C aroung energy sources [frocks é ; ‘Magma resources perature: tange 650 deg C around Tocks 28.4.1 Principle ae te * Steam available at high temperatures and pressure in the earth's interio, ‘sed for production of electricity, : Holes are drilled to these and Pressure around 30 bh; Steam at high pressure and te 280 deg C and 14 any 10° Nim?quejd semod jeuueyjoey :uz “614 SMD0u 10H OBuNLIvES ‘Qnnowo 3KL OLN! 0330 ~ Q3L23¢NI $1 WSLYM 40 ‘MOTE WBAD- $539 x3 sovauns nnwa nvais wormaanas,10 ENGINEERING | C + Underground steam + Corrosion of turbine blades. 9 Teen ¢ and repairs. + Froquent maintenane’ 285.1 Principle } | * The warm water at the Maer region of ocean is used in OTEC for pox generation. ‘The working fluid hich is Liquid ammonia has very low boiling point. Hex 3 la is condensed and recireulated, ol “Rt a i conde ner The OTEG C system is of types (8) Open, i ©) Closea x end" to Condense ammoni:‘7 M2.31 POWER PLANTS ‘Aumont varour AMMONIA VAPOUR AMMONIA LauID [= WATER OUT ee nw ~ OCEAN ~— ~~ ~oeep corn= WATER IN) ~—~ iste) — ~_— — 3 a ee —— Location Any place Near water resourcesEnerey |oapacity et plant | availability pees Tow initial Diesel Diesel Low Beit, D tution | cost Powerplant [limita air po 7 availability i Nodear = /Uranium, [High Hazardous | High initial pUWAEIpMAR oa thoribin te cost and Teast Tuning cost Solar, wind Tnexhaustible |Low, [No pollution | High inital and tidal : cost Power. generation by Beneration by nuclear power plant. Disadvantages ‘of renewable energy. sources are * > Rajasthan; Uttar Pradesh