Republic of the Philippines

LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

College of Education
Tacloban City

Written Report in SNED-101 Learners with Emotional, Behavioral, Language, and

Communication Disabilities

MOOD DISORDERS AND OTHER BEHAVIOR

DISORDERS

Section:
ES11
Schedule:
TF 1:00 PM – 2:30 PM

Prepared by:
Amigable, MaryAnn
Balsamo, Josephine
Destrajo, Jahryn
Galanza, Jehq Jillian Joie
Ladrera, Carmela
Martinez, Hadassa Mae
Morada, Mae Joy
Quinte, Erick
Rangcodo, Nicole Keith

Submitted to:
Alexis B. Aniano, MA-SPED
 LESSON 2
MOOD DISORDERS AND OTHER BEHAVIOR
DISORDERS
DESCRIPTION
This lesson discusses the different types of mood disorders and other behavior
disorders. The lesson will revolve on discussing the causes and symptoms of the different
disorders and will try to suggest different interventions and approaches on how to effectively
manage these disorders.

GUIDE
1. Analyze the pictures in the ACTIVITY.
2. After analyzing the pictures, answer the questions in the ANALYSIS part.
3. Read and comprehend the ABSTRACTION.
4. Perform a role play about the different mood disorders and a poster slogan for the other
behavior disorders in the APPLICATION.
5. Write a reflection about your takeaway in your paper.

LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
- Learn the different mood disorders and other behavior disorders.
- Apply the different interventions to cater the needs of the students with the said
disorders in their future classroom.
- Formulate other strategies on how to manage different behavior disorders and other
behavior disorders.

REQUIREMENTS
The following are the requirements for this lesson:
1. Paper
2. Ballpen
3. Internet
4. Laptop/Cellphone

PURPOSE
The following are the purpose of this lesson:
1. To discuss the different mood disorders and other behavior disorders.
2. To deliberate about the causes and symptoms of the aforementioned disorders.
3. Illuminate different interventions to cater the needs of the students with mood disorders
and other behavior disorders.

ACTIVITY
Direction: Analyze the pictures below and answer the following questions in the ANALYSIS
part.
 ANALYSIS
After analyzing the pictures above, answer the following questions:
1. What are your observations in the pictures?
2. What do you think are its causes?
3. What are your ideas in terms of managing these problematic behaviors?

ABSTRACTION

DEPRESSION
What is depression?
 Depressive disorder (also known as depression) is a common mental disorder. It
involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods
of time (World Health Organization, 2023).
 Depression is different from regular mood changes and feelings about everyday life. It
can affect all aspects of life, including relationships with family, friends and
community. It can result from or lead to problems at school and at work.
 Depression can happen to anyone. People who have lived through abuse, severe losses
or other stressful events are more likely to develop depression.
  An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults
(4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years.
 Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression.
 Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. Worldwide,
more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience
depression.
 More than 700, 000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the fourth leading
cause of death in 15–29-year-olds.
Causes of Depression
According to Cleveland Clinic, researchers don’t know the exact cause of depression.
They think that several factors contribute to its development, including:
 Brain chemistry: An imbalance of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and
dopamine, contributes to the development of depression.
 Genetics: If you have a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with
depression, you’re about three times as likely to develop the condition as the general
population. However, you can have depression without a family history of it.
 Stressful life events: Difficult experiences, such as the death of a loved one, trauma,
divorce, isolation and lack of support, can trigger depression.
 Medical conditions: Chronic pain and chronic conditions like diabetes can lead to
depression.
 Medication: Some medications can cause depression as a side effect. Substance use,
including alcohol, can also cause depression or make it worse.
Symptoms of Depression
Cleveland Clinic states that the symptoms of depression can vary slightly depending
on the type and can range from mild to severe. In general, symptoms include:
 Feeling very sad, hopeless or worried. Children and adolescents with depression may
be irritable rather than sad.
 Not enjoying things that used to bring joy.
 Being easily irritated or frustrated.
 Eating too much or too little, which may result in weight gain or weight loss.
 Trouble sleeping (insomnia) or sleeping too much (hypersomnia).
 Having low energy or fatigue.
 Having a difficult time concentrating, making decisions or remembering things.
 Experiencing physical issues like headache, stomachache or sexual dysfunction.
 Having thoughts of self-harm or suicide.
Types of Depression
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) classifies depressive disorders as the following:
 Clinical depression (major depressive disorder): A diagnosis of major depressive
disorder means you’ve felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks
while also having other symptoms such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities
 or change in appetite. This is the most severe form of depression and one of the most
common forms.
 Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): Persistent depressive disorder is mild or
moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe
than major depressive disorder. Healthcare providers used to call PDD dysthymia.
 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD): DMDD causes chronic, intense
irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms usually begin by the
age of 10.
 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): With PMDD, you have premenstrual
syndrome (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability,
anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after your period
starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with your life.
 Depressive disorder due to another medical condition : Many medical conditions can
create changes in your body that cause depression. Examples include hypothyroidism,
heart disease, Parkinson’s disease and cancer. If you’re able to treat the underlying
condition, the depression usually improves as well.
There are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including:
 Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression): This is a form of major depressive
disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the
spring and summer.
 Prenatal depression and postpartum depression: Prenatal depression is depression that
happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within
four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive
disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.”
 Atypical depression: Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive
disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main
difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events (mood
reactivity). Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity.
People with bipolar disorder also experience episodes of depression in addition to
manic or hypomanic episodes.
How is depression treated?
According to Cleveland Clinic, depression is one of the most treatable mental health
conditions. Approximately 80% to 90% of people with depression who seek treatment
eventually respond well to treatment.
Treatment options include:
 Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy (talk therapy) involves talking with a mental health
professional. Your therapist helps you identify and change unhealthy emotions,
thoughts and behaviors. There are many types of psychotherapy — cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common. Sometimes, brief therapy is all you
need. Other people continue therapy for several months or years.
 Medication: Prescription medicine called antidepressants can help change the brain
chemistry that causes depression. There are several different types of antidepressants,
and it may take time to figure out the one that’s best for you. Some antidepressants
 have side effects, which often improve with time. If they don’t, talk to your healthcare
provider. A different medication may work better for you.
 Complementary medicine: This involves treatments you may receive along with
traditional Western medicine. People with mild depression or ongoing symptoms can
improve their well-being with therapies such as acupuncture, massage, hypnosis and
biofeedback.
 Brain stimulation therapy: Brain stimulation therapy can help people who have severe
depression or depression with psychosis. Types of brain stimulation therapy include
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and vagus
nerve stimulation (VNS).
There are also things you can do at home to help improve depression symptoms,
including:
 Getting regular exercise.
 Getting quality sleep (not too little or too much).
 Eating a healthy diet.
 Avoiding alcohol, which is a depressant.
 Spending time with people you care about.
Meanwhile, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), effective
psychological treatments for depression include:
 behavioral activation
 cognitive behavioral therapy
 interpersonal psychotherapy
 problem-solving therapy
Self-care
Self-care can play an important role in managing symptoms of depression and
promoting overall well-being.
What you can do:
 try to keep doing activities you used to enjoy
 stay connected to friends and family
 exercise regularly, even if it’s just a short walk
 stick to regular eating and sleeping habits as much as possible
 avoid or cut down on alcohol and don’t use illicit drugs, which can make depression
worse
 talk to someone you trust about your feelings
 seek help from a healthcare provider.
If you have thoughts of suicide:
 remember you are not alone, and that many people have gone through what you’re
experiencing and found help
 talk to someone you trust about how you feel
 talk to a health worker, such as a doctor or counselor
 join a support group
How can we provide support to a person who is experiencing depression?
Here are some ideas for helping your loved one (Wolf, 2022):
 Encourage sticking with treatment.
- Help your friend or loved one remember to take prescribed medications and keep
appointments.
 Be willing to listen without judgment — when desired.
- When your loved one wants to talk, listen carefully and intently. Avoid giving too
much practical advice or opinions, or making judgments. Just listening and being
understanding can be a powerful healing tool.
 Give positive reinforcement.
- Remind your loved one about his or her positive qualities and how much the person
means to you and others.
 Offer assistance.
- Certain tasks for your loved one may be hard to do. Suggest specific tasks you're
able to help with or take on.
 Help establish a routine.
- Depression may make it hard for your loved one to make spontaneous healthy
choices. Developing routines and scheduling everyday activities becomes crucial.
Offer to make a schedule for meals, medication, physical activity and sleep, outside
time or time in nature, and help organize household chores.
 Make plans together.
 - Ask your loved one to join you on a walk, see a movie or work together on a hobby
or other activity. Don't try to force the person into doing something.
 Be patient.
- For some people, symptoms can quickly improve after starting treatment. For others,
it will take much longer.
Prevention of Depression
You can’t always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by:
 Maintaining a healthy sleep routine.
 Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms.
 Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga.
If you’ve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you
have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

BIPOLAR DISORDER
What is bipolar disorder?

 Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that
causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and
lows (depression) (Mayo Clinic, 2022).
  Episodes of mood swings may occur rarely or multiple times a year. While most
people will experience some emotional symptoms between episodes, some may not
experience any.
 Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings
and other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, bipolar disorder is
treated with medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy). (Mayo
Clinic, 2022)
Causes
According to Mayo Clinic, the exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but several
factors may be involved, such as:

 Biological differences: People with bipolar disorder appear to have physical

changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain but
may eventually help pinpoint causes.
 : Bipolar disorder is more common in people who have a first-degree relative,
such as a sibling or parent, with the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes
that may be involved in causing bipolar disorder.
Factors that may increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder or act as a trigger for
the first episode include:

 Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with bipolar disorder

 Periods of high stress, such as the death of a loved one or other traumatic event
 Drug or alcohol abuse
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
Mania and hypomania
According to Mayo Clinic, mania and hypomania are two distinct types of episodes,
but they have the same symptoms. Mania is more severe than hypomania and causes more
noticeable problems at work, school, and social activities, as well as relationship difficulties.
Mania may also trigger a break from reality (psychosis) and require hospitalization.

 Both a manic and a hypomanic episode include three or more of these symptoms:
 Abnormally upbeat, jumpy or wired
 Increased activity, energy or agitation
 Exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria)
 Decreased need for sleep
 Unusual talkativeness
 Racing thoughts
 Distractibility
 Poor decision-making — for example, going on buying sprees, taking sexual risks or
making foolish investments
Major depressive episode
 The Mayo Clinic states that a major depressive episode includes symptoms that are
severe enough to cause noticeable difficulty in day-to-day activities, such as work, school,
social activities, or relationships. An episode includes five or more of these symptoms:

 Depressed mood, such as feeling sad, empty, hopeless or tearful (in children and
teens, depressed mood can appear as irritability)
 Marked loss of interest or feeling no pleasure in all — or almost all — activities
 Significant weight loss when not dieting, weight gain, or decrease or increase in
appetite (in children, failure to gain weight as expected can be a sign of depression)
 Either insomnia or sleeping too much
 Either restlessness or slowed behavior
 Fatigue or loss of energy
 Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
 Decreased ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
 Thinking about, planning or attempting suicide
The symptoms of a mixed episode include both manic and depressive symptoms
together. For example, you may feel very sad, empty, or hopeless, while at the same time
feeling extremely energized. (National Library of Medicines, 2021)
According to the National Library of Medicines, some people with bipolar disorder
may have milder symptoms. For example, you may have hypomania instead of mania. With
hypomania, you may feel very good and find that you can get a lot done. You may not feel
like anything is wrong. But your family and friends may notice your mood swings and
changes in activity levels. They may realize that your behavior is unusual for you. After the
hypomania, you might have severe depression.
Your mood episodes may last a week or two or sometimes longer. During an episode,
symptoms usually occur every day for most of the day.
Types of Bipolar Disorder
According to the National Library of Medicine, There are three main types of bipolar
disorder:

 Bipolar I disorder involves manic episodes that last at least 7 days or manic symptoms
so severe that you need immediate hospital care. Depressive episodes are also
common. Those often last at least two weeks. This type of bipolar disorder can also
involve mixed episodes.
 Bipolar II disorder involves depressive episodes. But instead of full-blown manic
episodes, there are episodes of hypomania. Hypomania is a less severe version of
mania.
 Cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia, also involves hypomanic and depressive
symptoms. But they are not as intense or as long-lasting as hypomanic or depressive
episodes. The symptoms usually last for at least two years in adults and for one year
in children and teenagers.
With any of these types, having four or more episodes of mania or depression in a
year is called "rapid cycling."
When to see a doctor
According to Mayo Clinic, despite the mood extremes, people with bipolar disorder
often don't recognize how much their emotional instability disrupts their lives and the lives of
their loved ones and don't get the treatment they need. If you're like some people with bipolar
disorder, you may enjoy the feelings of euphoria and cycles of being more productive.
However, this euphoria is always followed by an emotional crash that can leave you
depressed, worn out — and perhaps in financial, legal or relationship trouble.
If you have any symptoms of depression or mania, see your doctor or mental health
professional. Bipolar disorder doesn't get better on its own. Getting treatment from a mental
health professional with experience in bipolar disorder can help you get your symptoms
under control.
Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by extreme mood, energy,
and activity swings, which can impair daily tasks. It cannot be diagnosed with a single test
but is based on symptoms and past experiences.
The following are the bipolar disorder criteria according to the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5):

 Greater vigor or activity: Is sign of mania, another name for bipolar disorder. A manic
episode lasts at least one week and is characterized by abnormally high levels of
energy, activity, and mood. People may experience euphoria, grandiosity, and
restlessness during a manic episode. They might also behave impulsively or riskily,
have racing thoughts, and need less sleep.
 A tendency to talk more or feel under pressure to do so: Is characterized by excessive
talkiness, a manic episode lasting at least a week, high energy, activity, mood,
euphoria, grandiosity, restlessness, impulsive behavior, racing thoughts, and sleep
deprivation.
 Flux of ideas or rushing thoughts: Bipolar disorder is characterized by racing
thoughts, often known as flight of ideas, in which a person has an uncontrollable flow
of ideas, thoughts, or visuals. These possibly difficult-to-control or stoppable thoughts
might cause irritation, distraction, and difficulties focusing. A disruptive and upsetting
symptom of a manic or hypomanic episode, racing thoughts can be.
 Absorbability: Is a mental illness that causes extreme swings in mood, energy, and
activity levels. People with bipolar disorder experience periods of mania or
hypomania and periods of depression. These mood swings can be severe and can
interfere with a person’s ability to function in everyday life
 Increased activity that is goal-directed or psychomotor agitation : Bipolar disorder
symptoms, particularly during manic or hypomanic episodes, include psychomotor
agitation. It is characterized by excessive movement, agitation, and an inability to sit
still or concentrate on one thing at a time. This increased activity may be
accompanied by a racing mind, rapid speech, and a decreased need for sleep. It can be
a disruptive and distressing symptom and can interfere with a person’s ability to
function in everyday life.
Treatment Options
According to the National Library of Medicine, Treatment can help many people,
including those with the most severe forms of bipolar disorder. The main treatments for
bipolar disorder include medicine, psychotherapy, or both:

 Medicines can help control the symptoms of bipolar disorder. You may need to try
several different medicines to find which one works best for you. Some people need
to take more than one medicine. It's important to take your medicine consistently.
Don't stop taking it without first talking with your provider. Contact your provider if
you have any concerns about side effects from the medicines.

 Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can help you recognize and change troubling emotions,
thoughts, and behaviors. It can give you and your family support, education, skills,
and coping strategies. There are several different types of psychotherapy that may
help with bipolar disorder.
Other treatment options include:

 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a brain stimulation procedure that can help relieve
symptoms. ECT is most often used for severe bipolar disorder that is not getting better
with other treatments. It may also be used when someone needs a treatment that will
work more quickly than medicines. This might be when a person has a high risk of
suicide or is catatonic (unresponsive).
 Getting regular aerobic exercise may help with depression, anxiety, and trouble
sleeping.
 Keeping a life chart can help you and your provider track and treat your bipolar
disorder. A life chart is a record of your daily mood symptoms, treatments, sleep
patterns, and life events.

Coping Strategies
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, living with bipolar disorder can be
challenging, but there are ways to help make it easier.

 Work with a healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan and stick with it.
Treatment is the best way to start feeling better.
 Follow the treatment plan as directed. Work with a healthcare provider to adjust the
plan, as needed.
 Structure your activities. Try to have a routine for eating, sleeping, and exercising.
 Try regular, vigorous exercise like jogging, swimming, or bicycling, which can help
with depression and anxiety, promote better sleep, and support your heart and brain
health.
 Track your moods, activities, and overall health and well-being to help recognize your
mood swings.
  Ask trusted friends and family members for help in keeping up with your treatment
plan.
 Be patient. Improvement takes time. Staying connected with sources of social support
can help.
Long-term, ongoing treatment can help control symptoms and enable you to live a healthy
life.

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

What is TBI?
 IDEA defines traumatic brain injury as an acquired brain injury brought on by an
external physical force that results in entire or partial functional disability, psycho-
social impairment, or both, and has a negative impact on a child's academic
performance.

 IDEA also defined that congenital, degenerative, and birth-related brain injuries are
not considered to be traumatic brain injuries.

 The degree of traumatic brain injuries may vary. TBIs frequently lead to quick
recovery for victims, but more severe cases might result in death or lifelong brain
damage (Cleveland Clinic, 2021)

What are the types of TBI?

According to FlintRehab, there are two main categories of traumatic brain injuries:
 Closed injuries: refer to TBIs that do not fracture the skull.

 Open injuries: occur when the skull bone breaks or is penetrated, leaving the brain
exposed to the elements.

There are several different traumatic brain injuries that can occur within these two
broad categories:
 Concussion: are the most prevalent kind of traumatic brain damage. When a powerful
force strikes your head, your brain goes in that direction until it slams into your skull
and is hurt. It is quite likely that you have post-concussion syndrome if your
concussion symptoms last longer than a month.

 Contusions: these frequently come with concussions. It is a minor sort of bleeding

since a contusion is essentially a bruise on the brain. A coup-contrecoup injury is one
type of contusion where damage is sustained to two different areas of the brain.

 Brain Hemorrhages: uncontrolled bleeding on the brain's surface or within the brain
tissue is referred to as a brain hemorrhage. Subarachnoid hemorrhages are those that
 happen in the region around the brain, whereas intracerebral hemorrhages are those
that start inside the cerebral tissue.

 Intracranial Hematomas: There are several different types of brain hematomas,

including:

 Epidural hematomas: Blood collection between the skull and brain

 Subdural hematomas: Blood collection under the thin layer of protection

surrounding the brain

 Intracerebral hematoma: Collection of blood within the brain itself

 Coup-Contrecoup Brain Injury: the words "coup-contrecoup injury" actually relate to

two different injuries because they are French for "blow" and "counterblow,"
respectively.

 Coup injury: which occurs directly under the point of impact.

 Contrecoup injury: which occurs on the opposite side of the brain from where
the blow struck.

 Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI): when the brain is jostled or contorted inside the skull,
they happen. The cerebral tissue moves back and forth as the brain twists, causing the
lengthy axons—the brain's connecting fibers—to rip. The medical community calls
this axonal shearing. Loss of function results from the axonal shearing, which messes
up the messages that neurons deliver.

 Penetrating Brain Injury: compared to those who had other forms of brain injuries,
those who have suffered piercing head wounds frequently experience seizures and are
more likely to develop epilepsy after TBI.

 Second Impact Syndrome: this kind, also known as a recurrent traumatic brain injury,
happens when you sustain a second brain injury soon after your first one.

Causes of TBI
According to Mayo Clinic the common events causing traumatic brain injury include
the following:
 Falls: The most frequent cause of traumatic brain injury overall, especially in elderly
individuals and small children, is falls—from a bed or ladder, down stairs, in the bath,
and other falls.

 Vehicle-related collisions: TBI is frequently caused by collisions involving

automobiles, motorbikes, or bicycles, as well as pedestrians involved in such
accidents.
  Violence: The most frequent causes include gunshot wounds, domestic violence, child
abuse, and other types of assault. A traumatic brain injury brought on by forceful
shaking in neonates is known as "shaken baby syndrome."

 Sports injuries: Numerous sports, such as soccer, boxing, football, baseball, lacrosse,
skateboarding, hockey, and other high-impact or intense activities, can result in
traumatic brain injury. These are especially prevalent in young people.

 Explosive blasts and other combat injuries: A penetrating wound, a severe blow to the
head from shrapnel or other debris, a fall or a contact with an object after a bomb are
some causes of traumatic brain damage.

Symptoms of TBI?
According to Mayo Clinic, wide-ranging physical and psychological repercussions
may result from traumatic brain injury. While some indications or symptoms may develop
right away following the traumatic experience, others may take days or weeks to manifest.
 Mild traumatic brain injury

The signs and symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury may include:
 Physical symptoms

 Headache

 Nausea or vomiting

 Fatigue or drowsiness

 Problems with speech

 Dizziness or loss of balance

 Sensory symptoms

 Sensory problems, such as blurred vision, ringing in the ears, a bad taste in the
mouth or changes in the ability to smell

 Sensitivity to light or sound

 Cognitive, behavioral or mental symptoms

 Loss of consciousness for a few seconds to a few minutes

 No loss of consciousness, but a state of being dazed, confused or disoriented

 Memory or concentration problems

  Mood changes or mood swings

 Feeling depressed or anxious

 Difficulty sleeping

 Sleeping more than usual

 Moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries

Moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries can include any of the signs and
symptoms of mild injury, as well as these symptoms that may appear
within the first hours to days after a head injury:
 Physical symptoms:
 Loss of consciousness from several minutes to hours

 Persistent headache or headache that worsens

 Repeated vomiting or nausea

 Convulsions or seizures

 Dilation of one or both pupils of the eyes

 Clear fluids draining from the nose or ears

 Inability to awaken from sleep

 Weakness or numbness in fingers and toes

 Loss of coordination

 Cognitive or mental symptoms:

 Profound confusion

 Agitation, combativeness or other unusual behavior

 Slurred speech

 Coma and other disorders of consciousness

 Children's symptoms

Infants and young children with brain injuries might not be able to communicate
headaches, sensory problems, confusion and similar symptoms. In a child with traumatic
brain injury, you may observe:
 Change in eating or nursing habits
  Unusual or easy irritability

 Persistent crying and inability to be consoled

 Change in ability to pay attention

 Change in sleep habits

 Seizures

 Sad or depressed mood

 Drowsiness

 Loss of interest in favorite toys or activities

How is TBI diagnosed and treated?

The following are the TBI diagnoses, per the National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke:
 A neurological examination will assess hearing, speech, coordination, balance, mental
condition, changes in mood or behavior, as well as motor and sensory capabilities.

 Initial evaluations could rely on standardized tools like the Sport Concussion
Assessment Tool 2 or the CDC's Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) form.

 Brain imaging: If required, medical professionals will utilize brain scans to assess the
severity of the primary brain injuries and decide whether surgery will be required to
assist repair any damage to the brain.

 Computed tomography (CT) is the most commonly used imaging technology to assess
people with suspected moderate to severe TBI.

 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces detailed images of body tissue.

 In patients with mild TBI, neuropsychological tests are frequently utilized in

conjunction with imaging to assess brain function.

 The Glasgow Coma Scale is the most popular instrument for determining the degree
of awareness following a TBI.

The following are the TBI treatments, per the MedlinePlus:

 For mild TBI, rest is the primary therapy.

 Taking over-the-counter painkillers may help if you have a headache.

  It's critical to adhere to your doctor's recommendations for total rest and a gradual
return to regular activities.

 If you start working out too soon, your recovery time can be lengthier.

 If your symptoms don't go away or if you start experiencing new symptoms, speak
with your doctor.

 For moderate to severe TBI.

 The first step medical professionals do is to stabilize you to stop additional injury.
They'll control your blood pressure, monitor your skull's pressure, and make sure
your brain is receiving enough blood and oxygen.

Once you are stable, the treatments may include:

 Surgery to reduce additional damage to your brain, for example to

 Medicines to treat the symptoms of TBI and to lower some of the risks associated
with it.

 Rehabilitation therapies can include therapies for physical, emotional, and cognitive
difficulties.

What are the long-term and possible short term effects of TBI?
The following are the long-term and possible short term of TBI, per the Health
University of Utah:
 The long-term repercussions of head trauma depend on how severe the injury was.
Long-term consequences of severe TBI could include:

 Memory loss

 Headaches

 Seizures

 Dizziness

 Visual changes

 Fatigue

 Paralysis

 Balance problems

 Reduced language skills

 Mood swings
  For concussions and other less severe traumatic brain injuries. Recovery typically
takes between 30 and 90 days. Potential short-term effects include:

 Headaches

 Light sensitivity

 Noise sensitivity

 Balance disruption

 Vertigo

 Mental fatigue or difficulty concentrating

 Confusion

Preventions of TBI
These tips are according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Stroke to reduce the risk of brain injury:
 Seat belts and airbags: Always wear a seat belt in a motor vehicle. A small child
should always sit in the back seat of a car secured in a child safety seat or booster seat
that is appropriate for his or her size and weight.

 Alcohol and drug use: Don't drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs, including
prescription medications that can impair the ability to drive.

 Helmets: Wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, skateboard, motorcycle, snowmobile

or all-terrain vehicle. Also wear appropriate head protection when playing baseball or
contact sports, skiing, skating, snowboarding or riding a horse.

 Pay attention to your surroundings: Don't drive, walk or cross the street while using
your phone, tablet or any smart device. These distractions can lead to accidents or
falls.

 The following tips can help older adults avoid falls around the house:

 Install handrails in bathrooms

 Put a nonslip mat in the bathtub or shower

 Remove area rugs

 Install handrails on both sides of staircases

 Improve lighting in the home, especially around stairs

  Keep stairs and floors clear of clutter

 Get regular vision checkups

 Get regular exercise

 The following tips can help children avoid head injuries:

 Install safety gates at the top of a stairway

 Keep stairs clear of clutter

 Install window guards to prevent falls

 Put a nonslip mat in the bathtub or shower

 Use playgrounds that have shock-absorbing materials on the ground

 Make sure area rugs are secure

 Don't let children play on fire escapes or balconies

FRAGILE X SYNDROME
What is Fragile X Syndrome?

 Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects a person’s development,

especially that person’s behavior and ability to learn (National Institute of Child
Health).
 Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental
problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Usually, males are
more severely affected by this disorder than females (National Library of Medicine).
 Affected individuals usually have delayed development of speech and language by
age two.
 Children with fragile X syndrome may also have anxiety and hyperactive behavior
such as fidgeting or impulsive actions. They may have attention deficit disorder
(ADD), which includes an impaired ability to maintain attention and difficulty
focusing on specific tasks.
 About one-third of individuals with fragile X syndrome have features of autism
spectrum disorder that affect communication and social interaction. Seizures occur in
about 15 percent of males and about 5 percent of females with fragile X syndrome.
 Most males and about half of females with fragile X syndrome have characteristic
physical features that become more apparent with age.
 Fragile X syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell syndrome, is an inherited
condition that causes developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, learning and
behavioral issues, physical abnormalities, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder and/or autism spectrum disorder, among other problems.
  It’s the most common form of inherited intellectual and developmental disability
(IDD). FXS is named fragile X syndrome because, when looked at through a
microscope, part of the X chromosome looks “broken” or “fragile” (Cleveland
Clinic).

Causes of Fragile X Syndrome

 According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH),
Fragile X is caused by a change or mutation in the Fragile X Messenger
Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene, which is found on the X chromosome.

Symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome

According to the National Institute of Health, the symptoms of fragile x syndrome are
the following;

 Intelligence and learning: fragile X individuals often experience intellectual

functioning issues, ranging from mild to severe, and may have more capabilities than
their IQ score suggests due to attention disorders, hyperactivity, anxiety, and
language-processing issues.
 Physical: infants and young children with Fragile X typically lack specific physical
features, but during puberty, they develop typical features like a narrow face, large
head, ears, flexible joints, flat feet, and prominent forehead.
 Behavioral, social, and emotional: fragile X children often experience behavioral
issues like fear, anxiety, eye contact difficulties, attention issues, shyness, attention
disorders, and hyperactivity.
 Speech and language: fragile X children may struggle with speech, language, and
social cues, with some beginning to talk later than typically developing children.
Some may remain nonverbal throughout their lives.
 Sensory: children with Fragile X often experience sensory issues like bright light,
loud noises, or clothing sensations, which may lead to behavioral issues.

Characteristics of Fragile X Syndrome

No individual will have all the features of FXS, and some features, such as a long face
and macroorchidism, are more common after puberty. Some of the features are due to poor
connective tissue, such as flexible joints, flat feet, and high arched palate. Below are some
characteristics of fragile x syndrome according to the National Fragile X Foundation.
Physical features may include:

 Large ears
 Long face
 Soft skin
 Flexible joints — particularly fingers, wrists, elbows
 Low muscle tone
 Flat feet
  High arched palate
 Large testicles (called “macroorchidism”) in post-pubertal males
Behavioral characteristics may include:

 Sensory processing challenges (sensitive fabrics or clothing, loud noises, crowds,

food textures, etc.)
 Hand-flapping, hand-biting
 Poor eye contact
 ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactive disorder)
 Anxiety
 Autism spectrum disorders
 Increased risk for aggression
 Sleep disorders
 Behavioral characteristics seen in males can also be seen in females, though females
often have a milder presentation of the syndrome’s behavioral, physical, and
connective tissue features.
Disposition characteristics often include:

 Very social and friendly

 Excellent imitation skills
 Strong visual and long-term memory
 Especially nice, likes to help others
 Wonderful sense of humor

Diagnosis and Testing for Fragile X Syndrome

As stated by the Better Health Channel, fragile X syndrome and associated illnesses
can only be detected through DNA testing, typically blood or cheek swab, and if possible, at
a reputable genetics service.
DNA testing is recommended for:

 Individuals with a family history of Fragile X syndrome or intellectual disability.

 Individuals with intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, learning disabilities, and
Fragile X syndrome features like anxiety, ADHD, or autism spectrum disorder.
 Over 50s, individuals with balance or gait issues, tremor, or dementia.
 Women under 40 who are experiencing fertility issues or early menopause.
 Women with a family history of primary ovarian insufficiency should undergo testing
before or during pregnancy.

What are some treatment options for fragile X syndrome?

As indicated in Cleveland Clinic, fragile X syndrome is a condition that cannot be
cured and there is no specific medicine for fragile X syndrome, however, symptoms can be
managed through medication and therapy focusing on coping and behavioral skills.
 Additionally, a range of professionals can assist people with Fragile X syndrome and
their families in managing the disorder’s symptoms (National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development).
Those suffering from Fragile X may benefit from the assistance of a variety of
specialists, including:

 Speech-language therapists: can help persons with Fragile X syndrome enhance their
word and phrase pronunciation, slow down their speech, and use language more
efficiently
 Occupational therapists: assist in adjusting tasks and conditions to suit a person’s specific
needs and abilities.
 Physical therapists: create activities and exercises that enhance motor control, posture,
and balance.
 Behavioral therapists: aim to understand why someone with Fragile X acts out, and they
develop methods and tactics for avoiding or preventing these events from recurring, as
well as teaching better or more constructive ways to respond to situations.

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

What is fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
 According to the Cleveland Clinic, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition that
develops in a fetus (developing baby) when a pregnant person drinks alcohol during
pregnancy. A syndrome is a group of symptoms that happen together as the result of a
particular disease or abnormal condition. When someone has fetal alcohol syndrome,
they’re at the most severe end of what is known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
(FASDs).
 FAS is a life-long condition that can’t be cured. This condition can be prevented if
you don’t drink any alcohol during pregnancy. It’s possible that even small amounts
of alcohol consumed during pregnancy can damage your developing fetus (Cleveland
Clinic).
Characteristics and Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
It was stated by Teresa Kellerman of Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board
that a diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is based on certain criteria: facial features,
small birth weight, central nervous system dysfunction, and history of prenatal exposure to
alcohol. Babies who do not have all the physiological symptoms may be given a diagnosis of
Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE).
 Facial Features: Babies with FAS have many (but not always all) of the following
characteristics:
 Epicanthal folds
 Small, widely spaced eyes
 Flat midface
 Short, upturned nose
 Smooth, wide philtrum
  Thin upper lip
 Underdeveloped jaw
 Physiological Anomalies: Babies with FAS may have low birth weight, and may have
trouble gaining weight. The head circumference may be smaller than normal. Some
infants may have heart defects or suffer anomalies to the ears, eyes, liver, or joints.
 Developmental Delays: Most children with FAS have developmental delays and some
have lower than Normal IQ. The degree of physiological characteristics usually
correspond with the degree of developmental delays. Most children with FAS have
IQs that are legally considered in the “normal” range.
 Central Nervous System: Most infants with FAS are irritable, don’t eat well, don’t
sleep well, are extra sensitive to sensory stimulation, and have a strong startle reflex.
They may hyperextend their heads or limbs, and can exhibit hypertonia (too much
muscle Tone) or hypotonia (too little muscle tone) or both
 Invisible but Serious: The most serious characteristics of FAS are the invisible
symptoms of neurological damage that results from prenatal exposure to alcohol,
These symptoms can occur in FAS or FAE:
 Attention deficits
 Memory deficits
 Hyperactivity
 Difficulty with abstract concepts (math, time, money)
 Poor problem-solving skills
 Difficulty learning from consequences
 Poor judgment
 Immature behavior
 Poor impulse control

Causes of FAS
According to the Cleveland Clinic, fetal alcohol syndrome happens when a person
drinks any alcohol during pregnancy, including wine, beer, hard ciders and “hard liquor”.
Without alcohol use, FAS doesn’t happen. One reason alcohol is dangerous during pregnancy
is that it’s passed through your bloodstream to the fetus through the umbilical cord. The baby
doesn’t metabolize (break down) alcohol in the same way an adult does – it stays in the body
for a longer period of time.
Alcohol can interfere with the normal development of the fetus, particularly the brain
and central nervous system. This occurs in any of the following ways:
 Alcohol can kill cells in different parts of the fetus, causing abnormal physical
development.
 Alcohol interferes with the way nerve cells develop, how they travel to form different
parts of the brain and their functioning.
 Alcohol constricts blood vessels, which slows blood flow to the placenta (food supply
while in the uterus). This causes a shortage of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
 Toxic byproducts are produced when the body processes alcohol. These can then
concentrate in the baby’s brain cells and cause damage.
Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mayo Clinic stated that diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome requires expertise and a
thorough assessment. Early diagnosis and services can help improve your child's ability to
function. To make a diagnosis, your doctor:
 Discusses drinking during pregnancy: If you report the timing and amount of alcohol
consumption, your obstetrician or other health care provider can help determine the
risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. Although doctors can't diagnose fetal alcohol
syndrome before a baby is born, they can assess the health of the mother and baby
during pregnancy.
 Watches for signs and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome in your child's initial
weeks, months, and years of life: This includes assessing physical appearance and
distinguishing features of your baby and monitoring your child's physical and brain
growth and development.
Treatment of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
According to the Cleveland Clinic, fetal alcohol syndrome isn’t curable, and the
symptoms will impact your child throughout life. However, early treatment of some
symptoms can lessen the severity and improve your child’s development.
Treatment options can include:
 Using medications to treat some symptoms like attention and behavior issues.
 Undergoing behavior and education therapy for emotional and learning concerns.
 Training you as a parent to best help your child.
Parental training is meant to help parents to help families cope with behavioral,
educational and social challenges. Parents might learn different routines and rules that can
help their child adapt to different situations. Often, having a stable and supportive home can
help children with FAS avoid developing mental and emotional difficulties as they get older.
There are also certain “protective factors” that help reduce the negative impact of
FAS on a child. These factors can include:
 Diagnosis before age 6.
 A loving, supportive, stable home environment during the school years.
 Absence of violence in the child’s life.
 Use of special education and social services.
Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Cleveland Clinic
 Using alcohol during pregnancy is the leading cause of preventable birth defects,
developmental disabilities and learning disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a
preventable condition. However, the only way to prevent FAS is to avoid drinking
beverages containing alcohol during pregnancy.
 It’s also recommended that you not drink alcohol if you’re sexually active and not
using effective birth control. It can take four to six weeks before you know you’re
pregnant. During early pregnancy, the fetus is already developing rapidly. Alcohol
 consumption could harm the developing fetus at any time during pregnancy —
especially early on in the development process.
 If you’ve already consumed alcohol during pregnancy, it’s never too late to stop.
Brain growth in the fetus takes place throughout pregnancy, so stopping alcohol
consumption as soon as possible is always best.
 After delivery, you should continue to pay attention to when you drink alcohol if
you’re breastfeeding your baby. Alcohol can pass through your breast milk to your
baby. Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about the best practices for alcohol use
during breastfeeding, but the general rule is to wait at least two hours after having one
drink before nursing your baby or pumping your milk.

APPLICATION
I.
Direction. For the mood disorders (depression and bipolar disorder), you are tasked to
perform a role play on the causes and their possible solutions based on the discussion. You
will be guided with the rubric below for your performance.
Criteria Percentage
Accuracy and believability of role 40%
Point-of-view, arguments, and solutions proposed were always
realistic and consistently in character.
Clarity of Speech 25%
Speech is always clear and easy to understand.
Expression and body language 25%
Expresses emotion through voice, facial expression, and gestures.
Audience Impact 10%
The performance is captivating and gains the attention of the
audience.
TOTAL 100%

II.
Direction. For the other behavior disorders, you are tasked to create a poster slogan in a long
bond paper depicting how to prevent the aforementioned disabilities. You will be graded
based on the following criteria:
Criteria Percentage
 Craftmanship 40%
The poster slogan is exceptionally attractive
in terms of neatness, well-constructed, and
not messy.
Creativity 30%
The poster slogan is exceptionally creative.
A lot of thought and effort was used to
make the art.
Originality 30%
Exceptional use of new ideas and originality
to create the poster slogan.
TOTAL 100%

REFLECTION
In not less than 300 words, write a narrative essay about your take away in this lesson and on
how you are going to enforce punishment in the future endeavor as you teach the children
with additional needs.

Photo Courtesy: Research Gate