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BONDING
STATES OF MATTER
Key 1 2
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
*P71894A0228*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.
The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
1 This question is about sodium oxide, Na2O
(a) The diagram shows the electronic configuration of atoms of sodium and oxygen.
Sodium Oxygen
Describe the changes in the electronic configuration of the atoms of sodium and
oxygen to form the ions in sodium oxide.
(3)
(b) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr ) of sodium oxide, Na2O, using information
from the Periodic Table.
(1)
Mr = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) Explain why solid sodium oxide does not conduct electricity.
(2)
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2. Diamond and graphite are giant covalent structures made of carbon atoms.
The diagram shows their structures.
Diamond Graphite
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(b) C60 fullerene is a simple molecular substance made of 60 carbon atoms.
The diagram shows its structure.
The table shows the approximate melting points of diamond, graphite and
C60 fullerene.
diamond 4000
graphite 3600
Explain why C60 fullerene has a much lower melting point than diamond
and graphite.
(4)
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3 Silicon hydride (SiH4) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) both contain covalent bonds but they
have different structures.
(a) Describe the forces of attraction in a covalent bond.
(2)
(b) Complete the diagram to show the outer shell electrons in a molecule of
silicon hydride (SiH4).
(1)
H Si H
(c) The diagram represents part of the structure of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
(i) State how the diagram shows that the atom labelled A is oxygen, not silicon.
(1)
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(ii) Silicon hydride has a simple molecular structure.
Silicon dioxide has the same type of structure as diamond.
Explain why silicon dioxide has a much higher melting point than
silicon hydride.
Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(4)
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4. This question is about elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table and their compounds.
(a) (i) Give the name of this group of elements.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) A student compares the reactivity of the elements bromine, chlorine and iodine.
He mixes these pairs of solutions and observes the reactions that occur.
• chlorine solution and potassium bromide solution
• bromine solution and potassium iodide solution
Explain how the reactions can be used to show the order of reactivity of the
three elements.
Include the colour change that the student would observe in each reaction.
(6)
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5. This question is about some of the Group 1 elements and their compounds.
(a) A teacher adds a small piece of lithium to water in a trough.
(i) Give three observations that are made when lithium reacts with water.
(3)
1. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) After the reaction has finished, the teacher adds a few drops of
universal indicator to the solution in the trough.
Explain the colour of the universal indicator after it is added to the solution.
(2)
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of lithium with water.
.(2)
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6 This question is about some of the alkali metals and their compounds.
(a) When a teacher drops a small piece of sodium into a trough of cold water, she
observes bubbles of gas.
Give two other observations that would be made when sodium reacts with
cold water.
(2)
1 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Lithium reacts with fluorine to form the compound lithium fluoride.
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)
(iii) Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of the electrons in a lithium ion and
in a fluoride ion.
Include the charge on each ion.
(3)
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(c) The table shows the electronic configurations of sodium and potassium.
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7. Sea water contains bromide ions.
Bromine can be obtained by bubbling chlorine through a sample of sea water.
The ionic equation for the reaction is
(ii) The reaction occurs because chlorine is more reactive than bromine.
Bromine is below chlorine in Group 7.
Explain the decrease in reactivity from chlorine to bromine.
(3)
(c) Elements in Group 7 react with elements in Group 1 to form ionic compounds.
Which pair of ions both have the electronic configuration 2.8.8?
(1)
A Li+ and Cl–
B K+ and F–
C Li+ and F–
D K+ and Cl–
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Question 8
Answer ALL questions.
This question is about the three states of matter, solid, liquid and gas.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
(a) Solids, liquids and gases can be changed from one state to another.
condensing evaporation melting sublimation
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