TR2011 - KHÍ ĐỘNG LỰC HỌC 1

Incompressible Aerodynamics

Chapter 2: Aerodynamics:
Some fundamental
principles and equations

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 Chương 2: Những nguyên l‎y và phương trình cơ‎bản
của khí động lực học
1.Nhắc lại một số tính chất toán học của các đại lượng vô hướng và vectơ
2.Các phương pháp mô phỏng chuyển động của lưu chất: phương pháp thể
tích kiểm soát và phần tử lưu chất
3. Đạo hàm toàn phần của vi phân thể tích khối – Transport theorem
4.Phương trình liên tục
5.Phương trình động lượng
6.Phương trình năng lượng
7.Các phương trình bảo toàn viết dưới dạng vi phân đạo hàm toàn phần
8.Một số khái niệm về đặc tính dòng chuyển động
1.Vận tốc góc, vecto quay và biến dạng
2.Lưu số
3.Đường dòng (lưu tuyến) và quỹ đạo
4.Hàm thế vận tốc-hàm dòng và mối liên hệ hàm thế-hàm dòng
9. Phương pháp giải các phương trình bảo toàn: phương pháp giải tích và
phương pháp số

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ROAD MAP
FOR
CHAPTER 2

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 1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics

Unit vector : n  A
A
Some vector algebra:

A B  C A.B  A . B cos AB

A B  D A B  ( A . B sin AB)e  G

Scalar and vector fields:

p  p(x, y, z,t)
   (x, y, z,t)
T  T (x, y, z,t)

V  ui  vj  wk with u  u(x, y, z,t) v  v(x, y, z,t) w  w(x, y, z,t)

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 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑦
𝛁=𝛻= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Gradient of scalar fields: p  p i  p j  p k Vector quantity

x y z
Significations:
a. Its magnitude is maximum rate of change of P per unit length in space at the given point

b. Its direction is that of the maximum rate of change of P at the given point

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝛻𝑷 = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝑷 = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics
Gradient of scalar fields:

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 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑦
𝛁=𝛻= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝐕 = V = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + 𝑤𝑘
Divergence of a vector fields:
𝐕 = V = 𝑉𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑉𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑉𝑧 𝑘

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝛁. 𝐕 = 𝛻. V = 𝒅𝒊𝒗V = + +
.V  u  v  w
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
x y z Scalar quantity
Curl of a vector fields: V Vector quantity

i j k
V    
x y z
u v w
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1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics
b
Line integrals:  Ads  Ads Scalar quantity
a C

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1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics

Surface integrals:  pdS  pdS Vector quantity

S S

 AdS
.  AdS
. Scalar quantity
S S

 A dS  A dS Vector quantity
S S
𝒅𝑺 = 𝒅𝑺 = 𝒏. 𝒅𝑺: normal vector to surface dS

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1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics

Volume integrals:  pdV Scalar quantity

V

 AdV Vector quantity

V

Relations between the integrals:

Gradient theorem
Stokes’‎theorem Divergence theorem Green-Ostrogradsky formulation
 Ads   ( A).dS .   (.A).dV
 AdS  pdS   p.dV
C S S V S V

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1. Introduction – Basic of Mathematics

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2. Models of the fluid: Control Volumes - Control Surfaces and
Fluid elements  Procedures

 What is a suitable model of the fluid?

(1)Finite Control Volume approach
(2)Infinitesimal Fluid Elements approach
(3)Molecular approach
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2. Models of the fluid: Control Volumes - Control Surfaces and Fluid
elements  Different Approaches: Finite Control Volume

The fundamental physiscal principles are applied to fluid

inside the control volume (C.V moving with fluid) and to
fluid crossing through control surfaces (C.V fixed in space)
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2. Models of the fluid: Control Volumes and Control Surface

Fixed in space Moving with fluid

Vm (t3)

Vm (t2)
V
t3 Am (t3)
Vm (t1)
A t2 Am (t2)

t1 A (t )
m 1

Fixed control volume V Material control volume

Fixed control surface A The same fluid particles are always inside it
Control surface velocity is identical to local
fluid particles velocity

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2. Models of the fluid: Control Volumes - Control Surfaces and Fluid
elements  Different Approaches: Infinitesimal Fluid Element
 Consider a general flow field as represented by the streamlines in Figure 2.14.
 Let us imagine an infinitesimally small fluid element in the flow, with a differential
volume dV. The fluid element is infinitesimal in the same sense as differential
calculus; however, it is large enough to contain a huge number of molecules so that
it can be viewed as a continuous medium.
 The fluid element may be fixed in space with the fluid moving through it, as shown
at the left of Figure 2.14.
 Alternatively, it may be moving along a streamline with velocity V equal to the flow
velocity at each point. Again, instead of looking at the whole flow field at once, the
fundamental physical principles are applied to just the fluid element itself .
The fundamental
physical principles
are applied to fluid
elements instead of
looking at the whole
flow field
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 2. Models of the fluid: Control Volumes - Control Surfaces and Fluid
elements  Different Approaches: Molecular
 In actuality, of course, the motion of a fluid is a ramification of the mean
motion of its atoms and molecules. Therefore, a third model of the flow can be
a microscopic approach wherein the fundamental laws of nature are applied
directly to the atoms and molecules, using suitable statistical averaging to define
the resulting fluid properties.
 This approach is in the purview of kinetic theory, which is a very elegant
method with many advantages in the long run. However, it is beyond the scope
of the present book.
 In summary, although many variations on the theme can be found in different
texts for the derivation of the general equations of fluid flow, the flow model
can usually be categorized under one of the approaches described above. They
are (1) finite control volume, (2) infinitesimal fluid element, and (3) molecular.
 What is a suitable model of the fluid? How do we visualize this squishy
substance in order to apply the three fundamental physical principles to it?
  three different models have been used successfully throughout the modern
evolution of aerodynamics.

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2. Models of the fluid: Control Volumes - Control Surfaces and Fluid
elements
Physiscal meaning of the divergence of velocity

Same fluid particles in moving C.V 

conservation of mass i.e the moving C.V of
fixed mass increasing/decreasing and changing
shapes depends on the characteristics of local
flow field

Demonstration
(Ref. Anderson)

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 2. Models of the fluid: Control Volumes - Control Surfaces and Fluid
elements  Specification of the flow field

 Steady and unsteady concepts in the

specification of the flow field

See example 2.1- pp 104-105-106 – Ref.1

Anderson for the calculation of the time
rate of change of volume of the fluid
element at a given point over a cosine-
shaped (wavy wall)

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3. Introduction – Mass flow and Mass flux

Vdt
Mass flow:

A V m  dm   (Vndt) A  Vn A
dt dt
Mass flux:
Vndt dV  (Vndt) A Q  m  Vn A  Vn
A A

Lưu‎lượng‎khối‎lượng‎-Mass flow – Dạng‎vectơ:

m  Vn A  V .nA
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3. Introduction – Reynolds—Transport Theorem
(RTT) 3D
A system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity. No
mass can cross a system boundary.
A control volume is a region in space chosen for study.
Mass can cross a control surface.
The fundamental conservation laws (conservation of
mass, energy, and momentum) apply directly to
systems.
However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control
volume analysis is preferred over system analysis (for
the same reason that the Eulerian description is usually
preferred over the Lagrangian description).
Therefore, we need to transform the conservation laws
from a system to a control volume. This is accomplished
with the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).

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3. Introduction – Reynolds—Transport Theorem (RTT) 3D
General RTT, nonfixed CV (integral analysis):

d  f 
dt V (t )  t 
f ( x, t )dV dV fVa .dA
a V (t )
a A (t ) a
Time rate of change Time rate of Flux of
of the integration change f(x,t) over the
of f(x,t) in control volume Va(t), of the integration control surface
limited by a control surface Aa(t) of f(x,t) in Va(t) Aa(t)

Mass Momentum Energy Angular

momentum
System 2
𝑉
𝑚= 𝜌𝑑∀ 𝑀= 𝜌𝑉𝑑∀ 𝐸= 𝜌(𝑒 + 2 𝑑∀
∀ ∀ ∀
H =  r V 
2
f(x,t) 𝜌 𝜌𝑉 𝜌(𝑒 + 𝑉
)
2

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 3. Introduction – Transport theorem 3D

d  f 
dt V (t )  t 
f ( x, t )dV dV fVa .dA
a V (t ) a A (t ) a
Time rate of change Time rate of Flux of
of the integration change f(x,t) over the
of f(x,t) in control volume Va(t), of the integration control surface
limited by a control surface Aa(t) of f(x,t) in Va(t) Aa(t)

Va (t t) Va (t) V2(t) V1(t)

A2(t)

A1(t)

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 3. Introduction – Transport theorem 3D
d  f dV 
dt V (t )  t  fVa.dA
f ( x, t )dV
a aV (t ) A (t )a
 
Demonstration:  
d  1 f ( x,t t)dV 
dt V (t )  
f ( x, t )dV lim  f ( x,t )dV 
t 0 t 
V (t t )


a  a
Va (t ) 

We have: Va (t t) Va (t) V2(t) V1(t)

A2(t)

A1(t)

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 3. Introduction – Transport theorem 3D




d  1 f ( x,t t )dV  f ( x,t t )dV
dt V (t )  

f ( x, t )dV lim
So: t 0 t 
 V (t )
a  a V2(t )
 (I )
 ( II )




  f ( x,t t )dV   f ( x,t )dV 

V1(t ) Va (t ) 

( IV ) 
( III ) 

 

lim 1 (I )  (IV )  lim 1


f ( x,t t)dV 

f ( x,t)dV  f dV
t 0 t   t 0 t

 
V (t )
 


 t
 a
Va (t ) 
V (t )
a

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3. Introduction – Transport theorem 3D

We have: dV  (Va.t)dA
So: lim 1 (II )  lim 1 f ( x,t t)dV 
t0 t   t 0 t   f (x,t )VadA
V2
(t ) A2(t )
 
 
lim 1 (III )  lim 1 
 f ( x,t t)dV  
 f ( x,t)VadA
t0 t   t 0 t  
 V (t )  A1(t )
 1 

We have: A1(t)  A2(t)  Aa (t)

So: lim 1 (II )  (III )   f ( x,t)VadA Va : velocity of surface Aa

t 0 t  
A (t ) a

d  f dV 
dt V (t )  t  fVa.dA
Finally, we have: f ( x, t )dV
a V (t ) a A (t ) a
 𝑚= 𝜌𝑑∀ 𝑑∀= 𝑑𝑉: 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
4. Continuity Equation ∀

  (x,t)dV  ( x,t)dV  ?
m dm  d
dt dt V (t )
Mass
Vm (t ) m
Transport theorem:
d  f dV  V Vm
dt V (t )  t  fV .dA
f ( x, t )dV with
m V (t )
m A (t ) m

Take  (x,t)  f (x,t)

  dV 
 V .dA
d 
dt V (t )  t
( x, t )dV
m V (t )
m A (t ) m

 dV 
 t  V .dA  0
V (t )
m A (t )
m

Divergence theorem:  Vm.dA   .(V )dV

Am (t ) Vm (t )
Integral form Differential form

 .(V ) dV  0  .(V )  0



Vm (t ) 
t 
 t
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5. Momentum Equation

Momentum quantity:  VdV 𝑀=

∀
𝜌𝑉𝑑∀
Vm (t )
𝑑∀= 𝑑𝑉: 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

 VdV
d
Newton’s‎second‎law:  F  dt
Vm (t )

 (V ) dV 
 (V )V .dA
d 
dt V (t )  t
Time rate of change of VdV
momentum: m V (t ) m A (t ) m

Force: body force and surface force

a/ Body force: gravity force,
electromagnetic‎force‎…
Fb    fdV
Vm (t )

b/ Surface force: pressure, Fs    t (n)dA

shear‎stress‎… Am (t )

(V ) dV 
So that: d  VdV    (V )V .dA    fdV   t (n)dA
dt V (t ) V (t )
t A (t ) V (t ) A (t )
m m m m m

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 5. Momentum Equation
Projection on i direction:
(Vi )
 t dV   (Vi )V .dA    fidV   ti (n)dA
V (t )
m A (t ) V (t )
m A (t ) m m
Surface force element on i direction:
ti (n)  Tij n j  Ti1n1 Ti2n2 Ti3n3 With: Tij   pij ij

 ti (n)dA   ( pij  ij )n j dA
Am (t ) Am (t )
b j
Application of Green-Ostrogradsky:  b j n jdA   x j dV
A (t ) V (t ) m m

(Vi ) p dV   ij
 t dV   .( ViV ).dV    xi  i  f dV   x j dV
V (t )
m V (t )m V (t ) mV (t ) mV (t ) m

(Vi ) p   f   ij ui u j  2 
 
.( V V )    
with  ij   x  x   3   .V ij
 
Or t i xi x j 
 

j i 
 
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 2
6. Energy Equation 𝐸= 𝜌(𝑒 +
𝑉
)𝑑∀ 𝑑∀= 𝑑𝑉: 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
2
∀
First law of thermodynamics:
d
  (e  1V 2)dV W  Q
dt V (t ) 2
m
Rate of work: W   f .VdV   t (n).VdA
Vm (t ) Am (t )

Rate of heat added: Q  q.dA

Am (t )

So we have:
d   1V 2)dV 
  f .VdV   t (n).VdA   q.dA
dt V (t )
(e
2 V (t ) A (t ) A (t )
m m m m
Or:
d   1V 2)dV 
  f i.uidV   ti (n).uidA   q.dA
dt V (t )
(e
2 V (t ) A (t ) A (t )
m m m m

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6. Energy Equation
First law of thermodynamics:
d
  (e  1V 2)dV    f i.uidV   ti (n).uidA   q.dA
dt V (t ) 2 V (t ) A (t ) A (t )
m m m m

We have: ti (n)  pni  ij n j

 

  ( pui )   ( ijui ) dV
 
 ti (n).uidA   ( pniui  ijuin j )dA    

Am (t ) Am (t )

Vm (t ) 
xi x j 



qi
And Q  q.dA    xi .dV
Am (t ) V (t )
m

So we have:
 
qi
  ( pui )   ( ijui ) dV  
 
d   1V 2)dV 
  f i.uidV 
dt V (t ) 
(e   .dV
2 V (t )

Vm (t ) 
xi x j 

x
V (t ) i
m m  m

   (e  1V 2)    (e  1V 2)V    ( pu )   ( u )   f .u  qi

t  2  
 
2 

xi i x j ij i i i x
i

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2.4 Energy Equation

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 Navier-Stokes Equations

Continuity Equation
 .(V )  0
t
Momentum Equation
(Vi ) p  ij
.(ViV )     f 
t xi x j

Energy Equation
   (e  1V 2)    (e  1V 2)V    ( pu )   ( u )   f .u  qi
t  2  
  2 
 xi i x j ij i i i x
i

ui u j  2 
 
 

with ij       .V 
x j xi  3 


 ij

 

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

7. Phương trình bảo toàn viết dưới dạng đạo hàm

Ref.1 Anderson -pp 134

Continuiity

Momentum

toàn phần
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.1 Quỹ đạo (pathline - trajectory) và lưu tuyến (streamline)
 Knowing the density, pressure, temperature, and velocity fields from the Navier Stokes
(conservations equations) is important for the aerodynamic forces and moments calculation.
 In aerodynamics we like to draw pictures of ―where the flow is going.‖ To accomplish this, we
construct diagrams of pathlines and/or streamlines of the flow.
 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.1 Quỹ đạo (pathline - trajectory) và lưu tuyến (streamline)
how can obtain a mathematical equation of a streamline
 Given the velocity field of a flow, how can we obtain the
mathematical equation for a streamline? Obviously, the
streamline illustrated in Figure 2.29
is a curve in space, and hence it can be described by the
equation f (x, y, z) = 0. How can we obtain this equation?
 To answer this question, let ds be a directed element of the
streamline, such as shown at point 2 in Figure 2.29. The
velocity at point 2 is V, and by definition of a streamline, V Stream function
is parallel to ds. – Hàm dòng

In 2D

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

Streamlines
 A Streamline is a curve that is
everywhere tangent to the
instantaneous local velocity
vector.
 Consider an arc length

dr  dxi  dyj  dzk

 drmust be parallel to the local
velocity vector

V  ui  vj  wk
 Geometric arguments results in
the equation for a streamline
dr dx dy dz
  
V u v w
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.2 Angular velocity, vorticity and strain

 The motion of a fluid element along a streamline is a combination of

translation and rotation, in addition the shape of the element can
become distorted (Ref 1- Anderson –pp 168)
 The amount of rotation and distortion depends on the velocity field

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.2 Angular velocity, vorticity and strain
Angular velocity Vorticity
 The fluid element is generally moving in Denote vorticity by the vector ξ: ξ ≡ 2ω
three-dimensional space, and its angular
velocity is a vector ω that is oriented in
some general direction, as shown in Figure
2.34
 The resulting angular velocity of the fluid
element in three-dimensional space is
 ω = ωxi + ωyj + ωzk In a velocity field, the curl of the velocity is
equal to the vorticity.
The above leads to two important definitions:
1. If ∇ × V = 0 at every point in a flow, the flow
is called rotational.  This implies that the fluid
Important elements have a finite angular velocity 
classification viscous/friction flow
of 2. If ∇ × V ≠ 0 at every point in a flow, the flow
aerodynamic is called irrotational.  This implies that the fluid
s problems elements have no angular velocity; rather, their
motion through space is a pure translation 
inviscid /frictionless flow
 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.2 Angular velocity, vorticity and strain
Vorticity/Note on classification of aerodynamics problems
 Why is it so important to make a distinction between rotational and irrotational flows? The
answer becomes blatantly obvious as we progress in our study of aerodynamics; we find that
irrotational flows are much easier to analyze than rotational flows. However, irrotational flow
may at first glance appear to be so special that its applications are limited.
 There are a large number of practical aerodynamic problems where the flow field is essentially
irrotational, for example, the subsonic flow over airfoils, the supersonic flow over slender bodies
at small angle of attack, and the subsonic-supersonic flow through nozzles.
 For such cases, there is generally a thin boundary layer of viscous flow immediately adjacent to
the surface; in this viscous region the flow is highly rotational. However, outside this boundary
layer, the flow is frequently irrotational.
 As a result, the study of irrotational flow is an important aspect of aerodynamics.
 Thin boundary layer
viscous flow: highly
rotational
 Outside the boundary
inviscid: irrotational
potential flow
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.2 Angular velocity, vorticity and strain
Strain - Time rate of strain
 Let the angle between sides AB and AC be denoted by κ. As the fluid element moves
through the flow field, κ will change. In Figure 2.33, at time t, κ is initially 90◦.
 At time t + t, κ has changed by the amount κ, where ∆κ = -∆θ2 -(∆θ1)
 By definition, the strain of the fluid element as seen in the xy plane is the change in κ,
where positive strain corresponds to a decreasing κ.

Strain = −∆κ = ∆θ2 − ∆θ1  Time rate of strain εxy in the xy plane

 Similarly, time rate of strain εyz in

the yz plane, εzx in the zx plane

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.2 Angular velocity, vorticity and strain
Strain - Time rate of strain

 The sum of the diagonal terms # the time rate of

change of volume of a fluid element;
 the diagonal terms represent the dilatation of a fluid
element
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝛁. 𝐕 = 𝛻. V = 𝒅𝒊𝒗V = + + = 𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 The off-diagonal terms are cross derivatives:
rotation and strain of a fluid element.

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.2 Angular velocity, vorticity and strain

The study of irrotational flow is an

important aspect of aerodynamics:
subsonic flow over airfoil,
supersonic flow of slender bodies
at small angle of attack and the
Fluid elements in rotational flow subsonic-supersonic flow through
nozzles.

Fluid elements in irrotational flow

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.3 Circulation - Lưu số  fundamental to the calculation of
aerodynamic lift
 This tool was used independently by Frederick Lanchester (1878–1946) in England,
Wilhelm Kutta (1867–1944) in Germany, and Nikolai Joukowski (1847–1921) in
Russia to create a breakthrough in the theory of aerodynamic lift at the turn of the
twentieth century.
 Consider a closed curve C in a flow field, as sketched in Figure 2.38. Let V and ds
be the velocity and directed line segment, respectively, at a point on C.
 The circulation, denoted by Г, is a kinematic property depending only on the
velocity field and the choice of the curve C.

 It does not necessarily mean that the fluid

elements are moving around in circles within
this flow field—a common early misconception
of new students of aerodynamics.
 Rather, when circulation exists in a flow, it
simply means that the line integral in Equation
(2.136) is finite.

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.3 Circulation - Lưu số  fundamental to the calculation of
aerodynamic lift

 Circulation is also related to vorticity from Stoke’s Theorem

 The circulation about a curve C is equal to the vorticity integrated over any open
surface bounded by C
 If the flow is irrotional everywhere within the contour of integration (i.e., if ∇ × V = 0 over
any surface bounded by C ), then Г = 0
 Letting the curve C shrink to an
infinitesimal size, and denoting the
circulation around this infinitesimally small
curve by dГ

 At a point P in a flow, the component of vorticity

normal to dS is equal to the negative of the
―circulation per unit area,‖, where the circulation is
taken around the boundary of d S.
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.4 Stream function – Velocity potential –Relationship between
the stream function and the velocity potential
8.4.1 Stream function (1) In 2D
 If u and v are known functions of x and y, then
can be integrated to yield the algebraic equation
for a streamline: f(x, y) = c || ψ( x, y) = c
where c is an arbitrary constant of integration, with
different values for different streamlines ψ¯
 The mass flow between streamlines ab
and cd per unit depth perpendicular to the
page is ∆ψ¯ = c2 - c1
 The mass flow through the streamtube per
unit depth perpendicular to the page is
Physiscal meaning:
Chênh lệch giá trị Δψ giữa hai
đường dòng = khối lượng/lưu lượng
lưu chất chuyển động giữa hai
đường dòng (qua 1 đơn vị diện tích)
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
8.4.1 Stream function (1)
Physiscal meaning: further demonstration
Chênh lệch giá trị Δψ giữa hai đường dòng = khối lượng/lưu lượng lưu chất
chuyển động giữa hai đường dòng (qua 1 đơn vị diện tích)
B B B B

q AB   un ds   u n ds   u x nx ds  u y n y ds   u x cos ds  u y sin ds
A A A A

 
B B B
  u x dy  u y dx   dy  dx   d   B  A
A A
y x A

qAB   B   A
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
8.4.1 Stream function (2)

 The most important property of the stream function, namely, derivatives of ψ¯ yield
the flow-field velocities
 The stream function is a powerful tool in aerodynamics
 ψ¯ = constant (or ψ = constant) gives the equation of a streamline.
 The flow velocity can be obtained by differentiating ψ¯ (or ψ)
Incompressible flow Compressible flow
 Derivatives of stream
function give velocity
components of flow-field
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.4 Stream function – Velocity potential Relationship between the stream
function and the velocity potential
8.4.2 Velocity
potential –
irrotational/invi
scid flow

Hàm thế vận

tốc – dòng
chuyển động
không
quay/không ma
sát

Definition

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 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.4 Stream function – Velocity potential Relationship between the stream
function and the velocity potential
8.4.2 Velocity potential: comparision with stream function
Stream function Velocity potential
The velocity potential is
analogous to the stream
function in the sense that
derivatives of φ yield the
flow-field velocities
Space The stream function is The velocity potential
defined for two- applies to three-
dimensional flows only dimensional flows
Flow properties The stream function can be The velocity potential is
used in either rotational or defined for irrotational
irrotational flows. flow only.

 Irrotational flows can be described by the velocity potential φ, such flows are called potential flows.
 There is a tremendous simplification in the solution of the flow field: dealing with the velocity
potential as one unknown, therefore requiring the solution of only one equation for the flow field.

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

 8. Đặc tính của dòng chuyển động
8.4 Stream function – Velocity potential – Relationship between
the stream function and the velocity potential
8.4.3 Relationship between the stream function and
the velocity potential
 Đường dòng – streamline ψ=cste và đường đẳng thế Φ=cste equipotential line
 Họ đường dòng và đường đẳng thế trực giao

Stream lines and Equi-potential Orthogonality of Stream lines and

lines for flow through a bend Equi-potential lines
HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering
 8.4.3 Relationship between the stream function and the velocity potential

Streamline ψ(x, y) = constant Equipotential line φ(x, y) = constant

 The differential of ψ along the  The differential of φ(x, y) along the for an
streamline is zero equipotential line is zero

 The slope of the ψ = constant line,  The slope of the φ = constant line (i.e., the
that is, the slope of slope of the
the streamline equipotential line

 Showing that equipotential lines and streamlines are orthogonal to each other
 Enabling one to calculate the stream function when the velocity potential is given
and viceHCMUT
versa. - Department of Aerospace Engineering
 9. Phương pháp giải các phương trình bảo toàn:
phương pháp giải tích và phương pháp số
 Theoretical (Analytical) Solutions  Numerical Solutions—Computational Fluid
 The governing equations of aerodynamics, such as the Dynamics (CFD)
continuity, momentum, and energy equations are highly
nonlinear, partial differential, or integral equations; to
date, no general analytical solution to these equations
has been obtained.
 The history of the development of aerodynamic
theory is in this category—the simplification of the full
governing equations apropos a given application so
that analytical solutions can be obtained.
 The resulting simplified equations are linear and can be
solved analytically. This is an example of an approximate
solution, where certain simplifying assumptions have
been made in order to obtain a solution.
 closed-form solutions— straightforward algebraic
relations.
 simple tools for rapid calculations: important in the
preliminary design process and in other practical
applications.

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering

 9. Phương pháp giải các phương trình bảo toàn:
phương pháp giải tích và phương pháp số
 The evolution of our intellectual understanding of
aerodynamics is over 2500 years old, going all the
way back to ancient Greek science.
 The development of the experimental tradition in
fluid dynamics, which took place in the middle of
the seventeenth century, principally in France, and
the introduction of rational analysis in mechanics
pioneered by Isaac Newton toward the end of the
same century.
 If you were learning aerodynamics as recently as,
say 1960, you would have been operating in the ―
two-approach world‖ of theory and experiment.
 Computational fluid dynamics has revolutionized
the way we study and practice aerodynamics today.
 Each of the equal partners constantly interact with The bigger picture – The three
each other—they do not stand alone, but rather equal partner of modern
help each other to continue to resolve and better
aerodynamics
understand the ―big picture‖ of aerodynamics.

HCMUT - Department of Aerospace Engineering