Natural Disasters Canadian 4th Edition

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Tsunami is a Japanese word that means ________.

A) big wave
B) dragon wave
C) harbour wave
D) killer wave
E) island wave
Answer: C

2) Which of the following areas has the highest occurrence of tsunami?

A) Mediterranean Sea B) Indian Ocean
C) Pacific Ocean D) Atlantic Ocean
Answer: C

3) Wind caused waves undergo changes when they move into shallow water near the shoreline.
Friction with the floor of the shallow water results in the orbits of the water molecules at the bottom
of the wave to become more ________.
A) conical B) spherical C) circular D) elliptical
Answer: D

4) When wind caused waves approach the shoreline, friction causes them to slow and their
wavelengths ________ resulting in waves ________.
A) decrease; growing wider B) increase; growing smaller
C) increase; growing taller D) decrease; growing taller
Answer: D

5) Tsunamis typically have ________ relative to wind-blown waves.

A) long periods and short wavelengths
B) short periods and long wavelengths
C) long periods and long wavelengths
D) long periods and no measurable wavelength
E) short periods and short wavelengths
Answer: C

6) Tsunami wavelengths can be as great as ________.

A) 84 km B) 837 m C) 84 m D) 837 km E) 8,400 km
Answer: D

7) Tsunami can travel at speeds of ________ kilometres per hour.

A) 125 B) 550 C) 725 D) 25 E) 50
Answer: C

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8) Which of the following best describes what happens to tsunami waves as they move from the open
ocean and towards the shallow water near the shore of the coastline?
A) The waves increase in amplitude and increase in velocity.
B) The waves decrease in amplitude and their velocity remains constant.
C) The waves maintain a constant amplitude and velocity.
D) The waves increase in amplitude and decrease in velocity.
Answer: D

9) Tsunamis arrive as a series of several waves separated by periods typically in the ________ range.
A) 1-6 hours
B) 1-6 minutes
C) 10-60 seconds
D) 10-60 minutes
E) 1-6 seconds
Answer: D

10) The captain of a ship tells you that he once experienced a huge tsunami while sailing in the Pacific
Ocean several hundred miles from any landmass. You decide that this sounds a little farfetched
because ________.
A) earthquakes do not occur in deep ocean waters
B) tsunamis are rarely felt in deep water because they have long wavelengths and low heights
C) the ship could not have survived passing through a major tsunami in the open ocean
D) tsunami usually occur only in the Indian Ocean and Caribbean Sea
Answer: B

11) Tsunamis are typically about ________ high in the open ocean, and ________ high on reaching
shallow water.
A) 20 m; 0.1m
B) 0.1 m; 6-15m
C) 1 m; 6-15m
D) 5 m; 1m
E) 30 m; 30m
Answer: C

12) Tsunamis are created by massive jolts of energy delivered to a mass of water by all but which of the
following?
A) Earthquakes
B) Hurricanes
C) Meteor impacts
D) Volcanoes
E) Mass movements
Answer: B

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13) Themost common trigger for tsunami are ________.
A) mass movements
B) meteor impacts
C) hurricanes
D) volcanoes
E) earthquakes
Answer: E

14) Thetsunami that devastated the south coast of Newfoundland in 1929 was caused by a ________.
A) vertical ruptureof the seafloor in an earthquake
B) submarine landslide caused by an earthquake
C) volcanic flank collapse in the Canary Islands
D) meteor impact
Answer: B

15) Earthquake-related tsunamis are created by sub-sea fault movements with pronounced vertical
offsets of the sea floor. Such movements occur most commonly along ________.
A) hotspot island chains
B) continental rift zones
C) subduction zones
D) oceanic transform faults
E) seafloor spreading centres
Answer: C

16) Which of the following statements best explains how earthquakes trigger tsunamis?
A) Earthquakes crack the seafloor where trapped gases are released and bubble up to the surface.
Large bubbles generate large waves.
B) Earthquakes shake the water violently, causing ripples to become waves that move out rapidly
in all directions.
C) Earthquakes shift the sea floor up or downward, casing water to be displaced.
D) Earthquakes crack the seafloor where trapped heat is rapidly released. This heats the ocean
water causing it to expand and move like a wave.
Answer: C

17) The2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed an estimated 245,000 people in ________ countries.
A) 5 B) 8 C) 13 D) 50 E) 60
Answer: C

18) Most of the 245,000 deaths from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami occurred in ________.
A) Bangladesh B) India C) Thailand D) Indonesia E) Sri Lanka
Answer: D

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19) The2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was generated by huge earthquake along ________ off the shore of
Sumatra.
A) a seafloor spreading centre
B) a subduction zone
C) a continental rift zone
D) an oceanic transform fault
E) a hotspot island chain
Answer: B

20) The great 1960 Chile earthquake (M 9.5) unleashed a tsunami that killed over 1,000 Chileans. These
waves also killed 61 people in Hilo, Hawaii, 14 hours after the earthquake, and another 185 people
in ________, 22.5 hours after the earthquake.
A) Alaska
B) Australia
C) Japan
D) the Philippines
E) California
Answer: C

21) Thegreat 1964 Alaska earthquake (M 9.2) set off a tsunami that killed 122 people along the state's
sparsely populated coastline. This tsunami also killed 12 of the curious people in ________.
A) Hawaii B) Chili C) California D) Japan E) Vancouver
Answer: C

22) Tsunami threats in coastal British Columbia are due to ________.

A) all of these choices are correct
B) regional tsunami from active tectonics in western North America
C) local tsunami from earthquakes offshore British Columbia
D) basin-wide tsunami generated by earthquakes in the Pacific "Ring of Fire"
Answer: A

23) In 1883, this volcano exploded and the resulting tsunami killed 36,000 people on Java and Sumatra.
A) Mt. St. Helens B) Vesuvius C) Krakatau D) Santorini
Answer: C

24) Priorto the 2004 event, the last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean struck in 1883 and killed about
36,000 people. This tsunami was caused by ________.
A) a large earthquake off the coast of Sumatra
B) the collapse of Indonesia's Krakatau volcano
C) a massive undersea landslide near Sri Lanka
D) a meteor that struck in the central Indian Ocean
E) a large earthquake off the coast of India
Answer: B

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25) In1927 the building of a new volcanic cone began, called Anak Krakatau. Which of the following
statements regarding this volcano is false?
A) It is still growing.
B) Anak Krakatau means "child of Krakatau."
C) It is unlikely that this volcano poses a hazard to the Java Sumatra region.
D) It is a stratovolcano built above a subducting tectonic plate.
Answer: C

26) A
tsunami source was revealed by the mapping of the ocean bottom around the Hawaiian Islands.
What did geologists discover on the seafloor in this area?
A) A major undersea volcano
B) A system of 25 major oceanic transform faults
C) A huge undersea meteor crater
D) A deep ocean trench along a subduction zone
E) Slumps and debris avalanches formed by at least 70 volcanic flank collapses
Answer: E

27) Worldwide, approximately one volcano flank collapse occurs every ________ years.
A) 10 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 10,000 E) 100,000
Answer: D

28) The 1975 tsunami at Kitimat, BC was generated by ________.

A) the eruption of an underwater volcano
B) construction work in the local area triggering underwater slope failure
C) an earthquake at the subduction zone at the mouth of the fjord
D) massive rock fall from the cliff face
E) a flank collapse of a fjord volcano
Answer: B

29) A________ is an oscillating wave that sloshes back and forth within an enclosed body of waters
such as a sea, bay, lake, or swimming pool.
A) serape B) seraglio C) sushi D) seiche E) sake
Answer: D

30) In1959, the water stored behind Hegben Lake Dam in Montana began to slosh violently back and
forth in a series of oscillating waves. These seiches were caused by ________.
A) a sudden drop of the lake bottom during an earthquake
B) a large landslide into the lake
C) a small meteor crashing into the lake
D) the collapse of the dam
E) a freight train plunging off a track and into the lake
Answer: A

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31) ThePacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) declares a "tsunami watch" when an earthquake
meeting three criteria is identified. Which of the following characteristics is not one not needed for a
watch to be issued?
A) Epicenter on ocean floor
B) Richter magnitude of 7.0 or greater
C) Reports of shaking for more than one-minute
D) Hypocentre shallower than 100 kilometres
Answer: C

32) Modern tsunami warning systems make use of ________ to issue a "tsunami warning."
A) tidal gauges
B) seafloor pressure sensors
C) radio reports from ships in the open ocean
D) all of these are correct
E) only A and B are correct
Answer: E

33) Japan hadseveral countermeasures against tsunami in place prior to the 9.0 magnitude Tohoku
earthquake of 2011. Why then was the death toll so high?
A) The tsunami run-up was underestimated in many locations therefore the countermeasures were
under designed and fell short of mitigating the hazard.
B) The earthquake triggered landslides destroying natural and manmade high ground so there was
no place to take refuge.
C) The earthquake destroyed the breakwater seawalls leaving the coastline vulnerable.
D) Faulty equipment design resulted in no tsunami warning being issued.
Answer: A

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34)

Figure 7.5

This photograph shows:

A) a wind-blown wave rolls onto the beach
B) a tsunami flows as a long-lasting sheet of water
C) tornado pushing waves
D) river flooding
E) None of these choices are correct.
Answer: B

35) Before the first big wave of a tsunami, the sea may either ________ or suddenly ________.
A) none of these choices are correct
B) withdraw; be calm
C) churn up; withdraw
D) withdraw; rise
E) be calm; rise
Answer: D

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 36) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear incident (11 March 2011) happened when:
A) a tsunami burst through the plant's defences and damaged the emergency back-up generators
B) a landslide damaged the nuclear reactor
C) the Tohoku earthquake damaged reactors 1 and 2
D) a series of malfunctions affected the reactors following a severe storm.
E) none of these choices are correct
Answer: A

37) A Grand Banks earthquake (18 November 1929) triggered the ________.
A) upliftof ocean floor which set off tsunamis
B) ocean ridge spreading which didn't set off a tsunami.
C) down-drop of ocean floor which set off tsunamis
D) submarine movement of a sediment mass which set off tsunamis
E) landslide on the Burin Peninsula which set off tsunamis toward Europe
Answer: D

38) The pressure sensors employed in tsunami warning system by the U.S. National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) exploit a fundamental feature of tsunami waves:
A) tsunami waves travel very slowly so pressure sensors can detect their existence in advance.
B) tsunami waves create a turbulence of a few tens of metres.
C) tsunami waves disturb the entire water column up to the ocean floor.
D) none of these choices are correct.
E) tsunami waves increase in height close to the shore so the pressure sensors will be activated.
Answer: C

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

39) The English language term tidal wave is a good description of a tsunami because of their
relationship to ocean tides.
Answer: True False

40) Most tsunamis are generated in the Pacific Ocean basin.

Answer: True False

41) The Grand Banks tsunami sped up over the shallow waters of the Grand Banks trough.
Answer: True False

42) Canadian coasts have never been hit by tsunami waves.

Answer: True False

43) Wind-caused waves are generated by the friction between wind and the water's surface.
Answer: True False

44) The destructive power of a tsunami is due mostly to the great height of the wave.
Answer: True False

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45) Tsunamis have long wavelengths and very short wave heights in the open ocean.
Answer: True False

46) It is virtually impossible for ships in the open ocean to survive a passing tsunami.
Answer: True False

47) Before a tsunami arrives, the ocean always draws down water away from the coastline, exposing the
sea floor.
Answer: True False

48) Usually, there is only one wave from the tsunami, and once it recedes, people may return safely to
the beach.
Answer: True False

49) Tsunamis often arrive as a series of waves and the first wave is always the biggest.
Answer: True False

50) While California has experienced many deadly earthquakes, it has never experienced fatalities from
tsunami.
Answer: True False

51) There is little threat of a tsunami striking the crowded beaches of southern California.
Answer: True False

52) Tsunami generated from a megathrust earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone could devastate
the cities of Vancouver and Victoria.
Answer: True False

53) The Hawaiian Islands cover less surface area than the slumps and debris avalanches that have fallen
from them.
Answer: True False

54) There is no threat of a tsunami striking the east coast of Canada and the United States.
Answer: True False

55) The sloshing of a swimming pool during an earthquake is called a seiche.

Answer: True False

56) There is no way to know where a tsunami is likely to occur.

Answer: True False

57) Buoys are used to trigger tsunami warnings because the large wave passing under them lifts them
much higher than wind generated waves, signaling a tsunami wave.
Answer: True False

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58) To know whether an earthquake has triggered a tsunami, pressure sensors anchored at the sea bed
relay measurement to the buoys they are attached and signals are sent by satellite to warning
stations.
Answer: True False

59) Japan's
2011 tsunami was so devastating because the largest magnitude earthquake ever recorded
generated it.
Answer: True False

60) Project NEPTUNE was launched in 2003 as part of the Indian Ocean tsunami warning system.
Answer: True False

61) A knee-high tsunami wave is less dangerous than a taller wave.

Answer: True False

62) Ina tsunami hazard map of Canada, Hudson Bay was labelled as a coastal area exposed to tsunamis
from local sources: landslides and earthquakes.
Answer: True False

63) In general, any fault movements, but especially transform faults, can produce tsunamis.
Answer: True False

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7

1) C
2) C
3) D
4) D
5) C
6) D
7) C
8) D
9) D
10) B
11) C
12) B
13) E
14) B
15) C
16) C
17) C
18) D
19) B
20) C
21) C
22) A
23) C
24) B
25) C
26) E
27) D
28) B
29) D
30) A
31) C
32) E
33) A
34) B
35) D
36) A
37) D
38) C
39) FALSE
40) TRUE
41) FALSE
42) FALSE
43) TRUE
44) FALSE
45) TRUE
46) FALSE
47) FALSE
48) FALSE
49) FALSE
50) FALSE
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7

51) FALSE
52) FALSE
53) TRUE
54) FALSE
55) TRUE
56) FALSE
57) FALSE
58) TRUE
59) FALSE
60) FALSE
61) FALSE
62) FALSE
63) FALSE

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