TOPIC 1.

INTRODUCTION AND TIMELINE OF INVENTION

INTRODUCTION

The universe remains mysterious until now despite of technology advancement it remains a
quest and the search of explanation of beginning of life and how it began still continue. There
are many theories that out in the scientific community today to explain everything. There are
many laws, postulate and facts was formulated to fit and to what is acceptable. However, this
principles, belief, scientific understanding, religious belief are held together to allow us to
understand the society in the past, present and the future. In this topic, you will learn or inform
the ancient world and to the modern world both in inventions & philosophies.

OBJECTIVES

1. Explain the difference of science and technology.

2. Describe the inventions with respective to timeline.
3. Describe the biblical perspective of the beginning and time.

Lecture Notes

Science is interested in the laws of nature, while Technology applies scientific knowledge to
make new things, new machinery and it may be used to “dominate” nature and to improve our
life. The two aspects are deeply connected: without scientific research there is no
technological progress and without technology we would not have new instruments for
research. Usually the technological research improves and creates new instruments in known
scientific fields, while most of the great technological revolutions are spin off of fundamental
research. Just one example: WWW (World Wide Web), the key which opens every gate of
Internet, the prefix most used by web navigators, was invented for improving communication
in fundamental research in a large European Laboratory for fundamental physics, CERN in
Geneva.

Fig. 1. Two colliding galaxies. They are not a galaxy and an antigalaxy because from the
colliding region at the center of the picture we do not observe any drastic increase of
luminosity, as it would be expected from particle-antiparticle annihilations.

Why do we perform research in general, and in particle physics in particular? For particle
physics the standard answers are of the following type: 2 i) to understand the structure of
matter and of what holds it together (Fig. 1), ii) to satisfy our curiosity, iii) because we enjoy
doing it, iv) for technical spin-offs, v) for more modern teaching, others. Can we justify the high
costs of large scale research, like those in our field? It is now necessary to explain to the public
what we do and how we spend the taxpayer money, besides assuring that we are not spoiling
the environment. This is true in particular for research performed in the large international and
national laboratories, like Brookhaven, CERN, etc. Scientific outreach (including science
popularization, scientific awareness and appreciation of current research) has become an
essential task for the research community and these activities must be made in a professional
way 1,2. Technological development leads to economic progress, increased wellbeing, to new
medical applications and more. The applications coming from modern physics have changed
communications (TV, cellular phones, Internet) and make it possible to look inside the human
body without opening it (x-rays, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound, Positron Electron
Tomography, new computer applications, etc.). Biotechnology is changing and will change
biology, medicine and our lives even more. But we may have to face also ethical problems.
The recent scientific and technological progress has not been accompanied by appropriate
penetration in modern society of the fundamental scientific concepts, and in the media often
there is a considerable amount of “parascience” and even of antiscience 1, 2 .

Fig. 2. What is the World Made of? (Particle Data Group). Why do so many things in this
world share the same characteristics? People have come to realize that the matter of the world
is made from a few fundamental building blocks of nature. By fundamental building blocks we
mean objects that are simple and structureless -- not made of anything smaller. Since time
immemorial people have been trying to understand what the Universe is made of. One of the
earliest theories said that everything could be built from just four elements, Earth, Air, Fire and
Water. This was a great scientific theory because it was simple. But it had one big drawback:
it was wrong. The Greeks added also a fifth substance, quintessence, a term now used to
describe the energy of the vacuum. 3 Science and technology play an increasing role in
everyday life and progress in modern science and technology occurs quickly, both in specific
subjects and because of the opening up of new fields and new interests. We should consider
these changes in our school curricula, promote refresher courses, permanent education, and
proper scientific outreach. 2. Science popularization For researchers it is not easy to do
science popularization and outreach in a simple and appealing manner, and one may
remember what Gianni Puppi used to say in Bologna: “If you are not able to explain to your
aunt in less than 5 minutes what you are doing in physics, then you have not really understood
what you do”,

Fig. 2 3 . Scientific knowledge update is needed to understand the great scientific and
technological changes. But this must be done properly, stimulating the interest; the mass
media often do not help since they may insist on aspects which are doubtful or incorrect or not
scientific. An example: the press is full of articles about the “hydrogen economy”, but they
often forget to write that there are no “hydrogen mines”; they also write about getting hydrogen
from water, forgetting that water is the result of combustion (it is like ash) and that to break
water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen requires energy (which at the moment could only
come from fossil fuels or nuclear fuels). A second example: vaccinations saved millions of
people, but only the few unhappily lost lives become news in the press. Moreover the press
and TV give great emphasis to magic, horoscopes, divinations and not enough to proper
scientific information. Most of the high school teachers followed university courses several
years ago, when the teaching did not involve many of the present basic concepts, like
subnuclear physics, the quark model, neutrinos, etc. It is clear that they would benefit from
regular refresher courses. While in the past the experimental research was done by small
groups, now it is done by large collaborations involving many groups from different countries
and large detectors which may be very costly 4, 5.

Furthermore the decision on which experiments to perform may involve not only scientists, but
larger communities, including bureaucrats, politicians, citizens. This means that the science
communication should involve a broader community, using all available media, written
journals, conferences, TV, Internet, etc. Both in developed and developing countries there has
been a consistent decrease of university applications in basic scientific fields (physics,
chemistry, mathematics, ....). It seems that in the young generations there is a decreasing 4
interest in sciences, even if the students, the teachers and the people would like to know more
about science. The Universities worry about it and they ask their scientists to increase their
efforts for scientific outreach, in newspapers, TV, conferences, debates and by innovative
means. Also for developing countries there are many initiatives, see 6 . It may be worth
recalling the following statement by a Peruvian officer: “Peruvian society is not well informed
about science and people think that it is something too difficult to be understood by lay people.
We need to change this scenario in order to promote debate in science and technology issues,
using as many different tools as possible” 6.

Fig. 3. My aunt after my explanation of particle physics (P. Waloscheck, DESY) 3 .

3. Scientific outreach in Internet. The web site in Internet is one of the new methods of
scientific outreach. All international and national large laboratories like CERN, NASA, ESA,
INFN, have prepared nice outreach sites 7 . Now this is also done by smaller labs and by
universities. Efforts are made to create simple and stimulating web sites, using interesting new
approaches, with nice figures, often animated or interactive. The multidisciplinary outreach
web site of the University of Bologna is mainly addressed to last year high school students
and university students, but it is also for a wider audience . The purpose is to provide and
promote scientific popularization and outreach in simple and appropriate ways, stimulating at
the same time the curiosity of the younger generation. The site is “multidisciplinary”: with topics
such as The Brain, Antimatter, Molecular machines, Electrosmog, The radio window on the
cosmos, Pollution of the environment, Artificial intelligence, Dark matter, Physics and fantasy,
etc. Every page has a minimal text and uses photographs, figures, animated figures, and
whatever can make the reading more inviting, without losing scientific correcteness. Particular
notes are also devoted to scientists from Bologna: Luigi Galvani (Animal electricity), Guglielmo
Marconi (Wireless telegraphy), etc.

Fig. 4. Astronomy picture of the day (23/7/04): Saturn's Rings. Astronomy, astrophysics and
space science pictures provide an incredible amount of beautiful pictures, which can easily be
used for science popularization.

In order to facilitate the comprehension of technical terms an interactive dictionary is readily

available on line for each subject. There are links to science popularization journals, to
scientific web sites, with the purpose to help students to widen their interests. The site contains
also “articoli di approfondimento”. An example of the content of the topic Antimatter, written in
cooperation with CERN, is: Antimatter: what is it? Something exotic and not real? Everything
you wanted to know about antimatter Short history of antimatter From the first revolutionary
ideas to the present situation Antimatter around us From antimatter in cosmic rays to
antimatter use in the PET Antimatter at the beginning of the Universe How much antimatter
was there? How did it disappear? Antimatter today in the Universe Recent searches for
Antimatter at the University of Bologna Questions & answers Glossary
In the section “Antimatter around us”, practical examples are given using cosmic rays,
radioactive decays and their use in Positron Electron Tomography 7 (PET). Fig. 1 is a figure
from the section on “Antimatter today in the Universe”. Examples of other figures used in other
topics discussed in the site are Figures 5, 6, 7, 8.

Fig.7 (a). Satellite photo of the Etna eruption in July 2002. (Credit: Kathy Strabala and NASA)
7, 8 ; (b). Electrosmog (Electromagnetic pollution) is a term which generates wide discussions,
often with exaggerated fears 8.
B. TIMETABLE

Date Invention or discovery Articles on

Explain that stuff
Prehistory
4–5 bya Sun starts to produce energy. Solar cells
Energy
10 mya Humans make the first tools from stone, wood, Tools & machines
antlers, &bones.
1–2 mya Humans discover fire. Biofuels, Candles
Car & Jet engines
25,000– Humans first wear clothes. Biomimetic
50,000 BCE clothing
10,000 BCE Earliest boats are constructed. Ships and boats
8000– 9000 Beginnings of human settlements and agriculture. Biofuels, Water
BCE
6000– 7000 Hand-made bricks first used for construction in the Brick (ceramics)
BCE Middle East.
Ancient
times
4000 BCE Iron used for the first time in 6 decorative ornaments. Iron and steel
3500– 5000 Glass is made by people for the first time. Glass
BCE
3500 BCE Humans invent the wheel. Tools and
machines
Wheels and axles
3000 BCE First written languages are developed by the Digital pens
Sumerian people of southern Mesopotamia (part of Typewriters
modern Iraq).
~2500 BCE Ancient Egyptians produce papyrus, a crude early Paper
version of paper.
3000– Bronze Age: Widespread use of copper and its Copper,
600BCE important alloy bronze. Alloys,Metals
2000 BCE Water-raising and irrigation devices like the shaduf Elevators, Tools
(shadoof), invented by the Ancient Egyptians, & machines,
introduce the idea of lifting things using Water
counterweights.
c1700 BCE Semites of the Mediterranean develop the alphabet. Digital pens
1000 BCE Iron Age begins: iron is widely used for making tools Iron and steel
and weapons in many parts of the world.
600 BCE Thales of Miletus discovers static electricity. Electricity
Static electricity
~250 BCE Ancient Egyptians invent lighthouses, include Fresnel lenses
Lighthouse of Alexandria.
~300– 200 Chinese invent early magnetic direction finders. Compasses
BCE
~250 BCE Archimedes invents the screw pump for moving water Tools and
and other materials. machines
c.150– 100 Gear-driven, precision clockwork machines (such as Clockwork
BCE the Antikythera mechanism) are in existence.
c.50 BCE Roman engineer Vitruvius perfects the modern, Turbines
vertical water wheel.
62 CE Hero of Alexandria, a Greek scientist, pioneers steam Steam engines
power.
105 CE Ts'ai Lun makes the first paper in China. Paper
27 BCE–395 Romans develop the first, basic concrete called Steel and
CE pozzolana. concrete
Middle Ages
~600 CE Windmills are invented in the Middle East. Wind turbines
700–900 CE Chinese invent gunpowder and fireworks. Bullets, Fireworks
Space rockets
800–1300 CE Thanks to inventors such as the Banū Mūsā brothers Clockwork
and al-Jazari, the Islamic "Golden Age" sees the Cams and cranks
development of a wide range of technologies, Robots
including ingenious clocks and feedback mechanisms
that are the ancestors of modern automated factory
machines.
1000 CE ?? Chinese develop eyeglasses by fixing lenses to Lenses
frames that fit onto people's faces.
1206 Arabic engineer al-Jazari invents a flushing hand- Toilets
washing machine, one of the ancestors of the
modern toilet.
1232 CE Chinese repel Mongol invaders using early rockets. Space rockets
1450 Johannes Gutenberg pioneers the modern printing Printing
press, using rearrangeable metal letters called
movable type.
1470s The first parachute is sketched on paper by an Parachutes
unknown inventor.
16th century
1530s Gerardus Mercator helps to revolutionize navigation Satellite
with better mapmaking. navigation
1590 A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen Microscopes
makes the first compound microscope. Electron
microscopes
1596 Sir John Harington describes one of the first modern Toilets
flush toilets.
17th century Scientific revolution
~1600 Galileo Galilei designs a basic thermometer. Thermometer
1600 William Gilbert publishes his great book De Magnetism
Magnete describing how Earth behaves like a giant
magnet. It's the beginning of the scientific study of
magnetism.
1609 Galileo Galilei builds a practical telescope and makes Space telescopes
new astronomical discoveries.
mid-17th Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke Microscopes
century independently develop microscopes. Electron
microscopes
1643 Galileo's pupil Evangelista Torricelli builds the first Barometers
mercury barometer for measuring air pressure.
1650s Christiaan Huygens develops the pendulum clock Pendulum clocks
(using Galileo's earlier discovery that a swinging
pendulum can be used to keep time).
1687 Isaac Newton formulates his three laws of motion. Motion
1700s Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano. Pianos
18th century Industrial revolution
1701 English farmer Jethro Tull begins the mechanization Tractors
of agriculture by inventing the horse-drawn seed drill.
1703 Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the binary number system How computers
now used in virtually all computers. work
History of
computers
1712 Thomas Newcomen builds the first practical (but Steam engines
stationary) steam engine.
1700s Christiaan Huygens conceives the internal Car engines
combustion engine, but never actually builds one.
1737 William Champion develops a commercially viable Zinc
process for extracting zinc on a large scale.
1757 John Campbell invents the sextant, an improved Satellite
navigational device that enables sailors to measure navigation
latitude.
1730s– John Harrison develops reliable chronometers Quartz clocks and
1770s (seafaring clocks) that allow sailors to measure watches
longitude accurately for the first time. Satellite
navigation
1751 Axel Cronstedt isolates nickel. Nickel
1756 Axel Cronstedt notices steam when he boils a rock— Zeolites
and discovers zeolites.
1769 Wolfgang von Kempelen develops a mechanical Speech
speaking machine: the world's first speech synthesizers
synthesizer.
1770s Abraham Darby III builds a pioneering iron bridge at a Bridges
place now called Ironbridge in England.
~1780 Josiah Wedgwood (or Thomas Massey) invents the Pyrometers
pyrometer.
1783 French Brothers Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Hot-air balloons
Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier make the first practical
hot-air balloon.
1791 Reverend William Gregor, a British clergyman and Titanium
amateur geologist, discovers a mysterious mineral
that he calls menachite. Four years later, Martin
Klaproth gives it its modern name, titanium.
19th century
1800 Italian Alessandro Volta makes the first battery Electricity
(known as a Voltaic pile). Batteries
1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents the automated cloth- History of
weaving loom. The punched cards it uses to store computers
patterns help to inspire programmable computers.
1803 Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier develop the Paper
papermaking machine.
1806 Humphry Davy develops electrolysis into an Electrolyzers
important chemical technique and uses it to identify a
number of new elements.
1807 Humphry Davy develops the electric arc lamp. Xenon lamps
1814 George Stephenson builds the first practical steam Steam engines
locomotive.
1816 Robert Stirling invents the efficient Stirling engine. Stirling engines
1820s– Michael Faraday builds primitive electric generators Electricity
1830s and motors. generators
Electric motors
Hub motors
1827 Joseph Niepce makes the first modern photograph. Photography
Digital cameras
1830s William Sturgeon develops the first practical electric Electric motors
motor. Hub motors
1830s Louis Daguerre invents a practical method of taking Digital cameras
pin-sharp photographs called Daguerreotypes. Photography
1830s William Henry Fox Talbot develops a way of making Digital cameras
and printing photographs using reverse images called Photography
negatives.
1830s– Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke, in England, Telephones
1840s and Samuel Morse, in the United States, develop the
electric telegraph (a forerunner of the telephone).
1836 Englishman Francis Petit-Smith and Swedish- Propellers
American John Ericsson independently develop
propellers with blades for ships.
1839 Charles Goodyear finally perfects a durable form of Rubber
rubber (vulcanized rubber) after many years of
unsuccessful experimenting.
1840s Scottish physicist James Prescott Joule outlines the Energy
theory of the conservation of energy. Great physics
experiments
1840s Scotsman Alexander Bain invents a primitive fax Fax machines
machine based on chemical technology.
1849 James Francis invents a water turbine now used in Turbines
many of the world's hydropower plants. Water
1850s Henry Bessemer pioneers a new method of making Iron and steel
steel in large quantities.
1850s Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of Pasteurization
preserving food by heating it to kill off bacteria.
1850s Italian Giovanni Caselli develops a mechanical fax Fax machines
machine called the pantelegraph.
1860s Frenchman Étienne Lenoir and German Nikolaus Car engines
Otto pioneer the internal combustion engine. Cars, history of
1860s James Clerk Maxwell figures out that radio waves Radio
must exist and sets out basic laws of
electromagnetism.
1860s Fire extinguishers are invented. Fire extinguisher
1861 Elisha Graves Otis invents the elevator with built-in Elevators
safety brake.
1867 Joseph Monier invents reinforced concrete. Reinforced
concrete
1868 Christopher Latham Sholes invents the modern Typewriters
typewriter and QWERTY keyboard.
1871 Frank Wenham, a British aeronautical engineer, Wind tunnels
invents the wind tunnel. Aerodynamics
1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone, Telephones
though the true ownership of the invention remains
controversial even today.
1870s Thomas Edison develops the phonograph, the first CD players
practical method of recording and playing back sound MP3 players
on metal foil.
1870s Lester Pelton invents a useful new kind of water Turbines
turbine known as a Pelton wheel.
1877 Thomas Edison invents his sound-recording machine Record players
or phonograph—a forerunner of the record player Sound
and CD player.
1877 Edward Very invents the flare gun (Very pistol) for Flares
sending distress flares at sea.
1880 Thomas Edison patents the modern incandescent Incandescent
electric lamp. lamps
1880 Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie discover the Piezoelectricity
piezoelectric effect.
1880s Thomas Edison opens the world's first power plants. Power plants
1880s Charles Chamberland invents the autoclave (steam Autoclaves
sterilizing machine).
1880s Charles and Julia Hall and Paul Heroult Aluminum
independently develop an affordable way of making
aluminum.
1880s Carrie Everson invents new ways of mining silver, Copper
gold, and copper. Gold
Silver
1881 Jacques d'Arsonval suggests heat energy could be OTEC (Ocean
extracted from the oceans. Thermal Energy
Conversion)
1883 George Eastman invents plastic photographic film. Digital cameras
Plastics
1884 Charles Parsons develops the steam turbine. Steam turbines
Turbines
1885 Karl Benz builds a gasoline-engined car. Car engines
1886 Josephine Cochran invents the dishwasher. Dishwashers
1888 Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals. LCD screens and
displays
1888 John Boyd Dunlop patents air-filled (pneumatic) tires. Pneumatics
1888 Nikola Tesla patents the alternating current (AC) Electricity
electric induction motor and, in opposition to Thomas Electric motors
Edison, becomes a staunch advocate of AC power. Induction motors
Power plants
1899 Everett F. Morse invents the optical pyrometer for Pyrometers
measuring temperatures at a safe distance.
1890s French brothers Joseph and Louis Lumiere invent Camcorders
movie projectors and open the first movie theater. Projection TV
1890s German engineer Rudolf Diesel develops his diesel Diesel engines
engine—a more efficient internal combustion engine
without a sparking plug.
1890s Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky figures out the theory Space rockets
of space rockets.
1894 Physicist Sir Oliver Lodge sends the first ever Radio
message by radio wave in Oxford, England.
1895 German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X rays. X rays
1895 American Ogden Bolton, Jr. invents the electric Electric bikes
bicycle.
20th century
1901 Guglielmo Marconi sends radio-wave signals across Radio
the Atlantic Ocean from England to Canada
1901 The first electric vacuum cleaner is developed. Vacuum cleaners
1903 Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright build first engine- Airplanes,Jet
powered airplane. engines
1905 Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect. Photoelectric
cells
1905 Samuel J. Bens invents the chainsaw. Chainsaws
1906 Willis Carrier pioneers the air conditioner. Air conditioners
1906 Mikhail Tswett discovers chromatography. Chromatography
1907 Leo Baekeland develops Bakelite, the first popular Plastics
synthetic plastic.
1907 Alva Fisher invents the electric clothes washer. Clothes washer
1906-8 Frederick Gardner Cottrell develops the electrostatic Air pollution,
smoke precipitator (smokestack pollution scrubber). Electrostatic
smoke
precipitators
1908 American industrialist and engineer Henry Ford Car engines
launches the Ford Model T, the world's first truly Cars, history of
affordable car.
1909 German chemists Fritz Haber and Zygmunt pH meters
Klemensiewicz develop the glass electrode, enabling
very precise measurements of acidity.
1912 American chemist Gilbert Lewis describes the basic Lithium-ion
chemistry that leads to practical, lithium-ion batteries
rechargeable batteries (though they don't appear in a
practical, commercial form until the 1990s).
1912 Hans Geiger develops the Geiger counter, a detector Geiger counters
for radioactivity.
1916 Robert Hutchings Goddard, an American physicist, Space rockets
publishes influential ideas on building space rockets.
1919 Francis Aston pioneers the mass spectrometer and Mass
uses it to discover many isotopes. spectrometers
1920s John Logie Baird develops mechanical television. Television
LCD TV
1920s Philo T. Farnsworth invents modern electronic Television
television. LCD TV
1920s Robert H. Goddard develops the principle of the Bullets
modern, liquid-fueled space rocket. Space rockets
1920s German engineer Gustav Tauschek and American OCR
Paul Handel independently develop primitive optical
character recognition (OCR) scanning systems.
1920s Albert W. Hull invents the magnetron, a device that Magnetrons
can generate microwaves from electricity. Microwave ovens
1921 Karel Capek and his brother coin the word "robot" in Robots
a play about artificial humans.
1921 John Larson develops the polygraph ("lie detector") Polygraphs
machine.
1928 Thomas Midgley, Jr. invents coolant chemicals for air Air conditioners
conditioners and refrigerators. Refrigerators
1928 The electric refrigerator is invented. Refrigerators
1920s– Frank Whittle of England and Hans Pabst von Ohain Jet engine
1930s of Germany develop rival jet engines.
1930s Peter Goldmark pioneers color television. Television
LCD TV
1930s Laszlo and Georg Biro pioneer the modern ballpoint Digital pens
pen.
1930s Maria Telkes creates the first solar-powered house. Passive solar
Solar cells
1930s Wallace Carothers develops neoprene (synthetic Kevlar, Nomex
rubber used in wetsuits) and nylon, the first popular Nylon, Wetsuits
synthetic clothing material.
1930s Robert Watson Watt oversees the development of Radar
radar.
1930s Arnold Beckman develops the electronic pH meter. pH meters
1931 Harold E. Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp for Xenon lamps
high-speed photography.
1932 Arne Olander discovers shape memory effect in a Shape memory
gold-cadmium alloy. alloys
1936 W.B. Elwood invents the magnetic reed switch. Reed switches
1938 Chester Carlson invents the principle of photocopying Photocopiers
(xerography).
1938 Roy Plunkett accidentally invents a nonstick plastic Gore-Tex
coating called Teflon. Nonstick pans
1939 Igor Sikorsky builds the first truly practical helicopter. Helicopters
1940s English physicists John Randall and Harry Boot Magnetrons
develop a compact magnetron for use in airplane Radar
radar navigation systems.
1942 Enrico Fermi builds first nuclear chain reactor at Nuclear power
University of Chicago.
1945 US government scientist Vannevar Bush proposes a Electronic books
kind of desk-sized memory store called Memex, World Wide Web
which has some of the features later incorporated
into electronic books and the World Wide Web
(WWW).
1945 Arthur C. Clarke conceives the idea of the Satellites
communications satellite, a space-based signal
"mirror" that can bounce radio waves from one side
of Earth to the other.
1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley Amplifiers
invent the transistor, which allows electronic Electronics
equipment to made much smaller and leads to the History of
modern computer revolution. computers
Transistors
1949 Bernard Silver and N. Joseph Woodland patent Barcodes and
barcodes—striped patterns that are initially barcode scanners
developed for marking products in grocery stores.
1950s Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invent the Lasers
maser (microwave laser). Gordon Gould coins the
word "laser" and builds the first optical laser in 1958.
1950s Stanford Ovshinksy develops various technologies Batteries
that make renewable energy more practical, including Electric bicycles
practical solar cells and improved rechargeable Electric cars
batteries. Solar cells
1950s European bus companies experiment with using Flywheels
flywheels as regenerative brakes
1950s Percy Spencer accidentally discovers how to cook Microwave ovens
with microwaves, inadvertently inventing the
microwave oven.
1954 Indian physicist Narinder Kapany pioneers fiber Fiber optics
optics. Endoscopes
1956 First commercial nuclear power is produced at Calder Nuclear power
Hall, Cumbria, England. plants
1957 Soviet Union (Russia and her allies) launch the Satellites
Sputnik space satellite.
1957 Lawrence Curtiss, Basil Hirschowitz, and Wilbur Endoscopes
Peters build the first fiber-optic gastroscope.
1958 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, working independently, History of
develop the integrated circuit. computers
integrated circuits
Transistors
1959 IBM and General Motors develop Design Augmented Computer
by Computers-1 (DAC-1), the first computer-aided graphics
design (CAD) system.
1960s Joseph-Armand Bombardier perfects his Ski-Doo® Snowmobiles
snowmobile.
1960 Theodore Maiman invents the ruby laser. Lasers
1962 William Armistead and S. Donald Stookey of Corning Photochromic
Glass Works invent light-sensitive (photochromic) lenses
glass.
1963 Ivan Sutherland develops Sketchpad, one of the first Computer
computer-aided design programs. graphics
1964 IBM helps to pioneer e-commerce with an airline E-commerce
ticket reservation system called SABRE.
1965 Frank Pantridge develops the portable defibrillator for Defibrillators
treating cardiac arrest patients.
1966 Stephanie Kwolek patents a super-strong plastic Kevlar
called Kevlar.
1966 Robert H. Dennard of IBM invents dynamic random Computer
access memory (DRAM). memory
1967 Japanese company Noritake invents the vacuum Vacuum
fluorescent display (VFD). fluorescent
displays
1968 Alfred Y. Cho and John R. Arthur, Jr invent a precise Molecular beam
way of making single crystals called molecular beam epitaxy
epitaxy (MBE).
1969 World's first solar power station opened in France. Solar cells
Energy
1969 Long before computers become portable, Alan Kay Electronic books
imagines building an electronic book, which he
nicknames the Dynabook.
1969 Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invent the CCD CCDs
(charge-coupled device): the light-sensitive chip used Digital cameras
in digital cameras, webcams, and other modern
optical equipment.
1969 Astronauts walk on the Moon. Space rockets
1960s Douglas Engelbart develops the computer mouse. Computer mouse
1960s James Russell invents compact discs. CD players
1971 Electronic ink is pioneered by Nick Sheridon at Xerox Electronic ink and
PARC. paper
1971 Ted Hoff builds the first single-chip computer or History of
microprocessor. computers
1973 Martin Cooper develops the first handheld cellphone Cellphones
(mobile phone).
1973 Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple way of linking Computer
computers together that he names Ethernet. networks
Internet
1974 First grocery-store purchase of an item coded with a Barcodes &
barcode. scanners
1975 Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invent public-key Encryption
cryptography.
1975 Pico Electronics develops X-10 home automation Smart homes
system.
1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs launch the Apple I: History of
one of the world's first personal home computers computers
1970s– James Dyson invents the bagless, cyclonic vacuum Vacuum cleaners
1980s cleaner.
1970s– Scientists including Charles Bennett, Paul Benioff, Quantum
1980s Richard Feynman, and David Deutsch sketch out computers
how quantum computers might work.
1980s Japanese electrical pioneer Akio Morita develops the CD players
Sony Walkman, the first truly portable player for MP3 players
recorded music.
1981 Stung by Apple's success, IBM releases its own History of
affordable personal computer (PC). computers
1981 The Space Shuttle makes its maiden voyage. Space Shuttle
1981 Patricia Bath develops laser eye surgery for removing Lasers
cataracts.
1981 Fujio Masuoka files a patent for flash memory—a Flash memory
type of reusable computer memory that can store
information even when the power is off.
1981– 1982 Alexei Ekimov and Louis E. Brus (independently) Quantum dots
discover quantum dots.
1983 Compact discs (CDs) are launched as a new way to CD players
store music by the Sony and Philips corporations.
1987 Larry Hornbeck, working at Texas Instruments, DLP® projectors
develops DLP® projection—now used in many
projection TV systems.
1989 Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web. Internet, WWW
1990 German watchmaking company Junghans introduces Radio-controlled
the MEGA 1, believed to be the world's first radio- clocks, Quartz
controlled wristwatch. clocks and
watches
1991 Linus Torvalds creates the first version of Linux, a Computers
collaboratively written computer operating system. Linux
1994 American-born mathematician John Daugman Iris scans
perfects the mathematics that make iris scanning
systems possible.
1994 Israeli computer scientists Alon Cohen and Lior VoIP
Haramaty invent VoIP for sending telephone calls
over the Internet.
1995 Broadcast.com becomes one of the world's first Streaming media
online radio stations.
1995 Pierre Omidyar launches the eBay auction website. E-commerce
1996 WRAL-HD broadcasts the first high-definition HDTV
television (HDTV) signal in the United States.
1997 Electronics companies agree to make Wi-Fi a Wireless Internet
worldwide standard for wireless Internet.
21st century
2001 Apple revolutionizes music listening by unveiling its MP3 players
iPod MP3 music player.
 2001 Richard Palmer develops energy-absorbing D3O Energy-absorbing
plastic. materials
2001 The Wikipedia online encyclopedia is founded by Electronic books
Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales.
2001 Bram Cohen develops BitTorrent file-sharing. BitTorrent
Internet
2001 Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and colleagues ; self- Self-healing
healing materials. materials
2002 iRobot Corporation releases the first version of its Roomba
Roomba® vacuum cleaning robot. Robots
2004 Electronic voting plays a major part in a controversial Touchscreens
US Presidential Election.
2004 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discover Graphene
graphene.
2005 A pioneering low-cost laptop for developing countries Computers
called OLPC is announced by MIT computing pioneer
Nicholas Negroponte.
2007 Amazon.com launches its Kindle electronic book (e- Electronic books
book) reader.
2007 Apple introduces a touchscreen cellphone called the Cellphones
iPhone.. Touchscreens
2010 Apple releases its touchscreen tablet computer, the Computers
iPad. Touchscreens
2010 3D TV starts to become more widely available. 3D Television
Television
2013 Elon Musk announces "hyperloop"—a giant, Pneumatics
pneumatic tube transport system. Pneumatic
transport tube
2015 Supercomputers (the world's fastest computers) are Supercomputers
now a mere 30 times less powerful than human
brains.
2016 Three nanotechnologists win the Nobel Prize in Nanotechnology
Chemistry for building miniature machines out of
molecules.
2017 Quantum computing shows signs of becoming a Quantum
practical technology. computers

C. BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE BEGINNING OF TIME AND HUMAN EXISTENCE

C.1. BEGINNING OF TIME

Gen 1:1-13
1
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now the earth was a formless and
empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the
waters.
3 And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. 4 God saw that the light was good, and
he separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light "day," and the darkness he
called "night." And there was evening, and there was morning — the first day.
6 And God said, "Let there be an expanse between the waters to separate water from water." 7
So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above
it. And it was so. 8 God called the expanse "sky." And there was evening, and there was morning
— the second day.
9 And God said, "Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground
appear." And it was so. 10 God called the dry ground "land," and the gathered waters he called
"seas." And God saw that it was good.
11 Then God said, "Let the land produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land
that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds." And it was so. 12 The land
produced vegetation: plants bearing seed according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with
seed in it according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening,
and there was morning — the third day.
14
And God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night,
and let them serve as signs to mark seasons and days and years, 15 and let them be lights in
the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth." And it was so. 16 God made two great lights
— the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. He also made the
stars. 17 God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth, 18 to govern the day
and the night, and to separate light from darkness. And God saw that it was good. 19 And there
was evening, and there was morning — the fourth day.
20 And God said, "Let the water teem with living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth
across the expanse of the sky." 21 So God created the great creatures of the sea and every
living and moving thing with which the water teems, according to their kinds, and every winged
bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, "Be
fruitful and increase in number and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds increase on the
earth." 23 And there was evening, and there was morning — the fifth day.
24 And God said, "Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock,
creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals, each according to its kind." And it was
so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the livestock according to their kinds,
and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their kinds. And God saw that it
was good.
26 Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the
fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, b and over all the
creatures that move along the ground."

C.2. HUMAN EXISTENCE

27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female
he created them.
28 God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and
subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature
that moves on the ground."
29 Then God said, "I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every
tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food. 30 And to all the beasts of the earth
and all the birds of the air and all the creatures that move on the ground — everything that has
the breath of life in it — I give every green plant for food." And it was so.
31 God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was
morning — the sixth day.

C.3. Garments
Gen 3:21-22
21 The LORD God made garments of skin for Adam and his wife and clothed them.

C.4. Varying Time

Joshua 10:12-14
12 On the day the Lord gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the Lord in the presence
of Israel:

"O sun, stand still over Gibeon,

O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon."
13 So the sun stood still,
and the moon stopped,
till the nation avenged itself on its enemies,

as it is written in the Book of Jashar. The sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going
down about a full day. 14 There has never been a day like it before or since, a day when the
Lord listened to a man. Surely the Lord was fighting for Israel.

REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS

Concept 1. There were two emerging concepts in understanding the world, the scientific facts
and the biblical perspective. Scientific facts in short do include the idea of God and opposite
to the bible perspective that everything is created by God. Research and what surround us is
the key to understand the universe and that can be understand by theoretical perspective or
experimental studies.

Concept 2. Technological development leads to economic progress, increased wellbeing, to

new medical applications and more. The applications coming from modern physics have
changed communications (TV, cellular phones, Internet) and make it possible to look inside
the human body without opening it (x-rays, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound, Positron
Electron Tomography, new computer applications, etc.). Biotechnology is changing and will
change biology, medicine and our lives even more. But we may have to face also ethical
problems.

REFERENCES

Giacomelli, G. and Giacomelli, R. 2005. Science,technology and society

DOI: 10.1142/9789812701893_0020

Woodford, C. 2019. Information Resources: https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html

PC Bible.