BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUONG DAI HOC CONG NGHIEP HA NOL KHOA CONG NGHE THONG TIN S50) (<<< NGUYEN LY HDH BAI TAP LON DE TAL Nghién cwu tim hiéu vé Bo nhé Ngoai trong HDH Linux. Nhom thyc hién: Nhom 6 Lép: DH Khoa Hoc May Tinh 2 - K7 y ‘ a h Truong: DH Céng Nghiép Ha NOi Bee Ha Noi 2013 ei a ee kee LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux kz GO~ ) BQ GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUONG DAI HOC CONG NGHIEP HA NOI KHOA CONG NGHE THONG TIN » ¢ BAI TAP LON dl: NGHIEN CUU TIM HIEU VE QUAN L¥ BO NHO NGOAI TRONG HDH LINUX NHOM 6 GV hwéng din: Th.s Nguyén Thanh Hai Nhom thwe hién gdm cc thanh vién: 1. Lim Van Thr 2. Nguyén Vin Quan 3. Nguyén Tién Trung 4 4, Ha Trong Tan §. Tran Van Thinh ( HA Noi, Ngay RA 7D) LuanVannet.vaLOT MO DAU. 1. Cae khai nigm co bin II. Cac phwong php quin ly khang gian nhé ty do. IIL. Cae phuong phap ep phat khong gian nhé ty do Iv. KET LUAN MUC LUC 1) Phuong phap ding Bit vector . 2) Phuong phip ligt ké (List) 3) Phuong phip lip nhom (Grouping) .. 4) Phuong phap dém (Counting). 1) Cap phat lién tue (Contiguous) .. 2) Céip phat lién két (Linked). 3) Cap phat theo chi sé (Index). ich cho dia (Disk-scheduling)... 1) Khai niém Disk-scheduling. 2) Mét sé phuong phap lap lich. a) First come first served (FCS) b) Shortest Seek Time ©) Thuit toan Sean... 4) Th ©) Thug f) Thuat toan C-Look... sé hé théng file trong Linux. 1) Gidi thigu.. 2) Hé théng Ext2 3) Hé théng Ext3 4) Hé théng Ext4 LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux LOI MO DAU Linux 1a tén goi ciia mét hé diéu hinh may tinh ma nguén mé va cling 1A tén hat nhan cua hé dieu hanh. Phién ban Linux dau tién do Linus Torvalds viét vao nim 1991, lie éng con la mét sinh vién ctia Dai hoc Helsinki tai Phan Lan, Ong lim vige mét cach hang say trong vong 3 nam lién tue va cho ra di phién bin Linux 1. 0 vao nim 1994, BO phan cha yéu nay duge phat trién va tung ra trén thj trréng dudi ban quyén GNU General Public License. Do a6 ma bat oi ai ciing ¢6 thé tai va. xem ma nguén cia Linux. Mét céch chinh xdc, thuat ngit “Linux” duoc str dung dé chi Nhan Linux, nhumg tén nay dutgc sit dung mot cach rong rai dé migu ta tong thé mot hé diéu han giéng Unix duge tao ra boi vige déng géi ahan Linux cing véi cde thi vin va cong cu GNU, cing nhu la ede ban phan phéi Linux, Thue té thi dé 1a tap hop mot sé rong In cde phin mém nhw may chit web, cde ngén ngit Lip trink, céc hé quan tri co s6 dit ligu, cde méi tring lam vige desktop nhtr GNOME va KDE, va cac tmg dung thich hop cho céng viée van phong nhu OpenOffice hay LibreOffice. Khoi dau, Linux duge phat trién cho dong vi xir ly 386, hign tai hé digu hinh nay hé tro mét sé Iuong Ién cdc kién trae vi xr ly, va duge str dung trong nhiéu img dung khde nhau tir may tinh cd nhan cho tdi cdc sigu may tinh va ede thiét bi nliing nhw 1a ede may dign thoai di déng. Ban dau, Linux dirge phat trién va sit dung bai nhtmg ngudi say mé. Tuy nhién, hién nay Linux da cé duoc su hé tro béi cdc céng ty Ion nhw IBM va HewlettPackard, ding thai né eiing bat kip durge cde phién ban Unix dc quyén va tham chi la mét théch tite di duge nhiing thanh céng mét cach nhanh chéng 1a nhi vao cae dic tinh ndi bat so véi cde véi su théng tri ciia Microsoft Windows trong mét sé link vie. So di Linux dat hé théng khéc: chi phi phan eitng thap, dé cao (khi so sanh véi cde phién ban Unix déc quyén) va kha ning bio mat tét, dé tin cdy cao (khi so sinh véi Windows) cting nur la cae dic diém vé gia thanh ré, khong bj phu thue vao nha cung cap. Mot dae tinh néi trdi ctia né la dutge phat trién béi mét mé hinh phét trién phan mém ngudn mé hiéu qua. Tuy nhién, hién tai sé hrong phan eting doe hé tro boi Linux van cén rat khiém tén so véi Windows Vi cac trinh diéu khién thiét bi twong thich voi Windows nhiéu hon 1a Linux. Mong ring trong tvong lai linux sé phat trién manh hon. LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux 1. Cac khai niém co ban - BO nh + B6 nhé la trang tam dé diéu khién hé théng may tinh hién dai. + Cpu lay cae chi thi tir b6 nhé dura theo gid tri ctia thanh dém chwong trinh. - BG nhé ngoai: + Gém céc thiét bi nhu: Thé nhé, 6 eimg, usb, hard disk, floppy disk, compact disk, digital video disk... - L¥ do phai quan lf bé nhé ngoai: Khi edn hum trit cée chwong trinh hode dit ligu, ede hé thong may tinh edn sit dung 9 nhé ngoai (dia tir, bing tir...) Nhiém vu chinh ctia hé digu hanh phai dam bao duge cae chite nang sau: + Quan ly khéng gian nhé ty do trén b6 nhé ngoai (Free space mange) + Cap phat khéng gian nhé ty do (Allocation methods) + Cung cap cac kha nang dinh vi bé nho ngoai. + Lap lich cho b6 nhé ngoai (Disk scheduling) - So luge cfu tric nguyén tic hoat déng cia dia tir: + Cau tao ciia dia tir: Xét edu trie vat ly etia dia tir thi dia tir bao gm 1 hay nhiéu a dia dat dong truc. Moi mat dia chia thanh cde rinh dong tam goi la track , mét track duge chia thanh cae cung goi la sector. Tap hop céc track cung thit te trén ede mat dia goi 1a Cylinder. Trén méi mat dia cé mot dau tir doe hay ghi dir ligu (read hay write heads). Dé diéu khién dau tir doc hay ghi dit ligu cén cé mét trinh dé diéu khién dia (disk controler). + Thu mye thiét bj: Théng tin trén dia dia duge tham chiéu bai cde thinh phin: © dia, mat dia, track, sector... Thwt mne thiét bi cho biét dia gdm nhitng théng tin gi, dé dai kiéu, ngwi sé hitu, th di diém khéi tao, vi tri, duroc phan bé khéng gian thé no? Thu muc thiét duge tgo ngay 6 trén dia tai mot ving nhé trén dia LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux Hinh duéi déy mé ta cau tric 1 dia tir Cau tric dia spindle arm assembly rotation LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux II. Cac phwong phap quan ly khong gian nhé ty do 1) Phuong phap dimg Bit vector Khong gian dia durge chia thinh cic khdi (block) va duge dank 36 tir 0... max. Vd: Dia mém 1. 44Mb, 2 mit, 80 track/Imat, 18 sector/Itrack duoc danh sé nhu sau: Head 0, track 0, sector 1 Block 0 Head 0, track 0, sector 18 Block 18 Head 1, track 0, sector 1 Block 19 Head 1, track 0, sector 18 Block 36 Head 0, track 1, sector ] Block 37 Head 1, track 79, sector 18 Block 2879 MGi khéi dia sit dung 1bit dé danh déu trang thai, Khéi dia nao da sit dung thi bit trang thai cé gid tri bing 1. chua str dung thi cé gid tri bing 0. Tap hop cde higu 0, 1 tao thanh 1 bit vector (bitmap). Doc thong tin trong bitmap hé digu hinh c6 thé xe dinh durge khong gian tyr do trén dia. Vd: Cho khong gian dia tir nhw hinh 5. 1, ede khdi 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 143, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27 14 cde khdi dia te do. Khi dé bitmap quan ly khong gian nhé nr do: 1100001 1000000111001111110001111.. LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux M6 ta khéng gian dia tir - Uw diém: Phtrong phap bitmap cai dat don gian, dé quan ly, dé tim kiém nhiing khoi lién tuc trén dia - Nhuge diém: Tén khéng gian hru trit dinh cho bitmap (vi méi khéi sé tén 1 bit dé luru trang thai cua khéi) 2) Phuong phap liét ké (List) Trong phwong phap nay, hé théng sit dung 1 danh sch mée néi dé lidt ké ede khéi dia tw do. Con tro du danh sich chi t6i khdi dia tw do dau tién, mdi khéi e6 1 con tro dé tro t6i khdi ké tip. Ui digm cia pong phap nay 18 tiét kim khong gian nhé nhumg né lai lam ting thoi gian truy nhap dir ligu. 6 LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux 3) Phuong phap Lip nhom (Grouping) Trong phwong php nay, hé théng cho phép nhém cdc khéi dia tr do lién tigp thin 1 nhém, Khéi dia ty do dau tién trong nhém hu trit dja chi cua céc khdi dia tr do trong nhém. Khéi dia cudi cling trong nhém luu triw dia chi ctia khdi dia tr do dau tién ctia nhém tigp theo. - Theo hinh duréi day, ta e6 bang quan ly khong gian nhé tir do ahwr sau: Khoi dau 2 (2,3,4,5) 8 (8,9,10,11,12,13) 17 (17,18) 25 (25,26,27) Khéi cuéi 5 (8) 13 (17) 18 (25) 27...) 4) Phuong phap dém (Counting) Phuong phap dém la su bién déi cia phurong phap lap nhém. Trong phurong phap nay, hé théng lap dank sich quan ly dia chi cia cde khdi dia tw do dau tién va sé luong cac khéi dia ty do lién tuc ké tiép cdc khdi dia do. Vd: Theo hinh diréi, ta c6 danh sch quan ly khéng gian nhé tr do nhtr sau: Danh sich | — Sé luong 2 4 8 6 17 2 25 3 a LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b6 nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux III. Cac phuong phap cp phat khéng gian nhé ty do 1) Cap phat lién tue (Contiguous) Bé phan bé khéng gian nhé cho mét file, hé théng chon mét doan lign tue cdc khéi dia tyr do dé cap phat cho file 46. Voi phuong phap nay, 4é dinh vi file hé théng chi cén (block) da din, biét dia chi cia khdi dia tyr do dau tign va sé long Directory File Stat — Length fl 0 2 R 14 3 8 19 6 f4 28 4 6 6 2 So do cap phat lién tuc - Uv diém: +H6 tro cho phuong phap truy nh4p tuan tu va truy nhap truc tigp. - Nhuge diém: LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux + Phai chon duge thuat todn téi uu dé tim duge cde ving khéng gian ty do cap phat cho file (First Fit, Best Fit ho’c Worst Fit) + Cé thé xay ra trrdng hop khéng dii sé khéi dia tr do lign tip can thiét dé cap phat cho file (kich thirée file lon hon viing céc khdi dia lién tuc lén nhat). + Trong trong hop cdc khoi dia tr do nam tan man sé khong sit dung duoc, gay lang phi khong gian nhé. Céic thudt todn téi wu: i ma du lin. Vige tim kiém c6 thé bat dau hode + First fit. Cap phat hole dau tién : tir dau tp hole hoc noi ma tim kiém firstfit trude da két thiic. Ching ta ¢6 thé dimg viée tim kiém ngay khi ching ta tim thay mét hole tu do dit lén, + Best fit. Cép phat hole nhé nhét edi ma di én. Ching ta phai tim kiém toan b6 danh sdch d6, trit khi danh sich dé duge sap sép theo kich ed. Chién luge nay tao ra mot hole dua thira nho nhat. + Worst fit. Cép phat hole In nhét. Neuoc lai, ching ta phai tim kiém toin b> danh séch trit khi né ditge sp xép theo kich thurée. Chién htge nay tao ra mét hole dura thira lon nb besttit. , cai ma c6 thé hitu ich hon nhiéu so véi hole dua thira nh6 hon ti tigp can Nhiing mé phong vita trinh bay thi ca first fit va best fit 1a tot hon worst fit trong vige gidm thdi gian va tin dung lun tre. 2) Cap phat lién két (Linked) Trong phwrong php nay, méi file duoc dinh vi trong th mue thiét bi bing hai con i tro tdi khdi dia cud 1rd, mét cai tr6 t6i khéi dia dau tién, mot ¢: cling dé cap phat cho file. Trong méi khéi dia da cap phat cing c6 mét con tro dé tré t6i khdi dia ké tigp. Vidu: File F1 duge cap phat 5 khdi dia 06 sé higu 9, 16, 1, 11, 25; khdi dau 1a 9, khéi eudi 1a 25. LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux So dé cap phdt lién két -Uu + Sit dung durge cae khéi dia ty do nim tan man, - Nhuge diém: + Chi hé tro try nhap tuan tu khong hé tro tray nhap true tiép, 46 tin cay khong dm bao néu bi mat ede con tr6 ign 3) Cap phat theo chi sé (Index) Trong phuong phap nay, dé cap phat khong gian nhé cho mét file, hé thong sit dung mét khéi dia dic biét goi la khéi dia chi sé (index block) cho méi file. Trong khéi dia chi sé chita dia chi ctia cdc khdi dia da cap phat cho file, trong thu muc thiét bi dia chi ctia cde khéi dia chi 6. Khi mt khéi dia dirge cp phat cho file thi hé théng loai be dia chi ctia khi nay khoi danh sdch cd \i dia tu do va cp nhat vao khoi chi sé cua file. 10 LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux Directory “OMe tl:! 19 ats oe: >O°o@-Meo »efeOes 4 > 16 6 BRS 5 25 oat =feoo uf ]= MeL] sOeCleOo Cap phat theo chi sé - Uu diem: + H6 tro truy nap true tigp. - Nhuge diém: + Lang phi khong gian nhé dink cho khéi dia chi sé. LuanVannet.va rtQuan ly b6 nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux IV. Lap lich cho dia (Disk-scheduling) 1) Khai niém Disk-scheduling - Théi gian truy nhap dia phu thuéc ba yéu té: + Thoi gian di chuyén dau tir doc ghi dén track or cylinder can thiét (Seek time) + Thdi gian dinh vi dau tir doc/ghi tai khéi dia can truy nhdp (Lateney-time) + Thoi gian tuy nhdp dit Ligu (Transfer-time) Ma Seek-time va Transfer-time thong c6 dinh va phy thude vao cau tric k¥ thudt cua 6 dia nén hé diéu hanh quan tim dén Latency-time khi muén ting téc dé truy nhap dia. ing: - Nhu vay chiing ta ¢6 thé dinh nghia + Lp lich cho dia Li xay dymg ede thugt todn dich chuyén dau tir doe/ghi sao cho thoi gian truy nhap dia 1a téi wu nit. 2) Mot sé phuong phap lip lich a) First come first served (FCFS) Dé truy nhfp tdi 1 file, hé théng sé 16 chife mot hing dgi cée yéu cu phue vu cée track (luru trit dit ligu ctia file can truy nhap). Track nio ¢ yéu edu phye vu trude thi diu tit doc ghi sé dich chuyén toi dé trnde. VD: File F1 dirge phan bé lan lurgt tai cdc track o6 s6 thir ty sau day: 98, 183. 122, 14, 124, 65, 67. Dau tir doc/ghi dang dinh vi tai track e6 sé thit ty 53 thi so dé dich chuyén dau tir doc ghi theo thudt toan FCFS duge the hién nhu sau: 53 - 98 - 183 - 37 - 122 - 14 - 124 - 65 - 67 b) Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF) - Thuat toan SSTF sé chon track nao cé thdi gian di chuyén dau tir doc ghi ngin nhat thi wu tign phue vu track dé trade. 53 - 65 - 67 -37- 14-98 - 122 - 124-183 ©) Thu§t ton Sean - Trong thuat toan nay dau tir doc/ghi quét tir track nho nhat dén track lon nhat sau dé quét nguoc lai, track nao cé nhu cau thi phue vu LuanVannet.vaQuin If b6 nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux 4) Thuft ton C-Scan - Thugt ton nay twwong tye nhw scan nhung khong quét chiéu nguge lai ©) Thuat ton Look - Twong tu nhu thudt toan Scan nhung trong thuat todn nay dau tir doc/ghi chi quét trong pham vi cdc track c6 yéu cau phuc vy, khéng quét t6i track dau tién hode cudi cing (néu ede track niy khong ¢6 nhu cau phuc vu). f) Thuft toan C-Look ~ Twong tr nhu Look nhung dau tir dgc/ghi khong phue vu dudng va, Lieu ¥: Thuat ton FCFS va SSFT 1a 2 thuat toan dang duoc sir dung rat phd bién. B LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux V. Mét sé hé thong file trong Linux 1) Gidi thiéu He théng tap tin Linux durgc td chtte theo dang cay. Cé mét vi tri khéi diém, goi la root (g6c). Bat ky mot hé thong Unix/Linux nao eding co mot the muc die bigt goi La thir muc géc (root directory) ki higu [A déu slash (*/” . Day 1 diém bit déu dé gin (mount point) tat ca cae phan tir cn lai nlur hé thong disks, partitions, CD ROM... vao hé thong Linux/Unix. Hién nay, cdc hé thong file tién tién due sir dung trong Linux nlur Ext2, Ext3. Ext4 06 d6 tin edy cao va c6 kha ning ghi nb6 qué tinh thao tae trén dit Tén truy cp 6 dia theo dinh dang sau: /dev/xxyN Trong dé: "dev” — a tén cia thie mc chita tat c@ cdc tap tin thiét bi. “xx” — chi ra kiéu ctta thiét bi ma phin chia nim trén d6. “Y"— Chi chit cai nay xdc dinh thiét bi ma phan chia nam trén 6. “N” — Sé cudi cing bidu thi cho phin chia. 2) Hé thong Ext2 - Dic trung: + Hé théng tap tin Ext2 hé tro cdc kiéu tap tin Unix chudn. + Hé théng tap tin Ext2 cung cap tén tap tin dai, LuanVannet.va Tinh nang Minix EXT EXT2 Kich thuée hé thong file lon | 64 MB | 2GB 4TB nhat Kich thuée file lén nhat 64 MB 2GB 2GB Chigu dai téi da tén file 30 ky te Kich thude block tuy biéa | Khong 1 (journaling). 14Quan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux + Hé thong tap tin Ext2 du trit mét vai block cho super user (root). + Hé théng tap tin Ext2 cho phép tray xuat dén cdc hé théng khde nhw FAT, FAT32, MSDOS trén Windows 9.x va DOS mét cach dé dang va ngugc lai. Block Group 0 Block Group N-] Block Group N 1 Kha | Métd [Bitmap] Bitmap] Bang Cac kha dt ia dgc_| group | khét | Inode | I-node bit Téng quan vé hé théng tap tin EXT2 3) Hé thong Ext3 Duc xay dung dita trén co s6 ctia hé théng file chuan ext? ma Linux dang sit dung. ext3 dua vio thém eltte nang méi v6 cing quan trong, journaling file system (JES), gitip thao tac dir liéu an toan hon. Ngoai ra, hé théng ext cén ¢6 thém co ché JBD (Journaling Block Device) 48 bao é théng chi Vé thong tin thao téc trén dit ligu, duge dinh gid la tin cy hon so véi cae thu hién journaling trén chi mue dit ligu (journaling of metadata only) nhur Reiserfs, XFS hay JES. V6i cdch bao vé hai Lin nb vay thi hiéu sudt ghi dit ligu c6 phin nio chim hon ext2; nhung trong mot vai trong hgp, nhé théng tin trong journal log ma dau tir 6 eting di chuyén hop ly hon, nén téc 46 thao tae dit ligu nhanh hon. - Nhiing uu diém ciia hé théng tap tin Ext3: + Linh khé_dung: Khi b nguén bj héng hay hé théng dé ver bat chot, méi phan wing dinh dang theo ext2 trén méy tinh phai dirge kiém tra viée ding nhat cia ching bang chtrong trinh e2fsck. Vige nay edn khoang thai gian dé tién hanh kim thdi gian khoi dong hé théng bi tré dang ke, de bigt la véi phan ving dn. Trong sust thoi gian nay di lig én phan ving khong durgc ding dén. Ext3 dirgc dura ra dé khong c id tra dé khi hg thong may tinh bj tt dt ng64, vige kiém tra chi xiy ra khi phan etmg bj hie hong, chang han nhw 6 dia cig bj hi. Théi gian kiém tra khong phu thuge vio dung lugng hay so lugng file cua phan ving 15 LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux - Tinh tod ven ctia dit liéu: Hé théng tap tin ext3 cung cap vige bao toan dit ligu trong viée hé théng tit dét ngét, va cho phép ta chon loai va mtte dé bao vé dit ligu. Mac inh 18 mite bao vé cao nhat (high level) Bat chap viée ghi dit ligu nhiéu Lin hay mét lan, ext3 cd sé Itong dit ligu dua vao qua trink ghi nhiéu hon hin so voi ext2 béi ext3 da tdi wu héa dau doc chuyén Ong clia 6 dia cig. Ta cé thé chon mét trong ba mite dé téi wu téc 46 nhung diéu nay cd thé lam gidm tinh toan ven cia dit ligu. ~ Dé dang chuyén déi: That dé dang 4é ta chuyén doi tit ext2 lén ext3 va dat dirge nhiing Igi ich ctia mét hé théng tap tin manh ma khéng can phai dinh dang lai. Dé chuyén di tir ext2 sang ext3, ding nhap bing root va g6 lénh: /sbin/tune2fs —j /dev/hdbx /dev/hdb : thay bing tén thiét bi va x la sé thir tr ctia phan ving can chuyén déi. 4) Hé thong Ext4 Dung long 32 bit trong phign ban 3 timg li nguyén nhan lim gidi han kich thude hé théng tap tin 16 TB hién hanh. Dé mo rdng gidi han cia hé théng tép tin, phtong phap don gian la ting dung hrong bit dutge sir dung dé dai dign cho sé hrong khéi va sau dé sta chifa tit cd cae tham chiéu cho cae dit ligu va cdc khéi sigu dit ligu. 6 phién ban 4, thay vi mo rong s6 wong khoi lén dén 64 bit, ngudi phat trién phién ban 4 quyét dinh mé rong bin dé vi sé khdi 48 bit. Nguyén do 1a vi néu sir dung 64 bit thi sé rét khé dé kiém soat duge tron ven bé nhé khéng 16. Ké tir khi dia chi ede khdi thay ddi trong hé théng tip tin duge ding trén tap c khéi lp nhat ki (IBD) cing duoc yéu cau dé hé tro cae dia chi khéi it nat 1a 48 bit. thé, JBD phan nhanh thanh JBD2 dé hé tro sé khdi hon 32 bit, cing ac 46 thi phién ban 4 cng durge chia hai. Mac dii hign tai chi ¢6 phign ban 4 1a str dung JBD2, né 6 thé cung cap hé tro ghi lai nhat ki chung ctia ca hai hé théng tap tin 32 bit va 64 bit. 16 LuanVannet.vaQuan ly b nhé ngoai trong HDH Linux KET LUAN ‘Nhu vay ta c6 thé thay tir khi ra di dén nay, tinh dén thoi diém hign tai, Linux d& rit nhigu bign thé va phién ban khac nhau, doe xay dung va phat trign rigng biét boi cée céng ty phin mém va ete ca nb Sn tai va phat tidn, ‘in. Hign nay, sau hon 20 nam Linux duge sit dung rong rai trén toin thé gidi, trén cde may tinh c4 nin, ce may cht, dén cdc thiét bj di dng, may nghe nhae, may tinh bang, cde may ATM va tham chi trén e& cac siéu may tinh, gay nay, Linux diroe xem 1a biéu trong cua si chia sé céng don; duoc phat trién béi céng déng va dug ting hé vi hon toan mién phi. V6i nhiing tinh nding ngay cing tin tién, hé thong File duge nang cap, hoan thién dap img nhu cau ca nguéi sir dung. Hé diéu hanh Linux sé ngay cing phat trién trong tuong lai, Linux 7 LuanVannet.va