Engineering Electromagnetics and Waves 2nd Edition Inan Solutions Manual

Engineering Electromagnetics and
Waves 2nd Edition Inan Solutions

Manual
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7
Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell's

Equations
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
7.1 Stationary rectangular loop.

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
The voltage induced across the terminals of the single-turn rectangular loop of area A with its plane
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
perpendicular to a uniform time-varying magnetic flux density B(t) can be found using Faraday's
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
law (equation (7.1)) as

w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
∫ ∫
th nd wo
dΨ d dB(t) dB(t)
a his
9ind = − =− B(t) · ds = − ds = −A
T
dt dt S dt S dt
(a) For B(t) = B0 te−αt , the induced voltage is
9ind = −AB0 [e−αt − αte−αt ] = B0 Ae−αt [αt − 1]

(b) Similarly, for B(t) = B0 e−αt sin(ωt), we have
9ind = −B0 A[−αe−αt sin(ωt) + e−αt ω cos(ωt)]
= B0 Ae−αt [α sin(ωt) − ω cos(ωt)]
7.2 Stationary circular loop.

The induced voltage across the terminals of the N-turn circular loop of radius a with its plane
perpendicular to a uniform time-varying magnetic field is given by Faraday's law (equation (7.1))
as
∫ ∫
d dB(t) dB(t)
9ind = −N B(t) · ds = −N ds = −N(πa2 )
dt S dt S dt
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2 Chapter 7/ Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations
Substituting N = 20 turns, a = 7.5 cm, and B(t) = 10−3 cos(120πt) T yields
9ind ≃ 0.133 sin(120πt) V
The induced current through the R = 10Ω resistor can be found as
9ind
I(t) = ≃ 13.3 sin(120πt) mA
R
(a) At t = 0, the induced current is I = 0.
(b) At t = 10 ms, the induced current is I ≃ −7.83 mA. Note that at t = 10 ms, since
dBz (t)
>0
dt
based on Lenz's law, the induced current I through the 10Ω resistor must flow in the clockwise
direction.
(c) At t = 100 ms, the induced current is I = 0.
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
(d) At t = 1 s, the induced current is I = 0. w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
7.3 Two circular coils.

e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
(a) Using the result of Example 6.6, the magnetic flux density produced on the axis of coil 1 with
ity s w g us d S
radius a1 = 5 cm, current I1 = 100 cos(2000πt) A, and number of turns N1 = 10, at a distance of
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
z = 1 m away from its center can be calculated as

th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
µ0 N1 I1 a21
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
B1z =
w r sa co pro is
2(a21 + z2 )3/2
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
(4π × 10−7 )(10)[100 cos(2000πt)](0.05)2

T
= ≃ 1.56 cos(2000πt) µT
2[(0.05)2 + 12 ]3/2
The voltage induced across the terminals of coil 2 (a2 = 5 cm and N2 = 100) due to the time-
varying flux Ψ12 produced by coil 1 linking coil 2 can be evaluated as
dΨ12 dB1z
9ind2 = − = −N2 (πa22 )
dt dt
≃ −(100)[π(0.05)2 ][−(1.56 × 10−6 )(2000π) sin(2000πt)]
≃ 7.72 × 10−3 sin(2000πt) V
Therefore, the amplitude of the induced voltage 9ind2 is ∼ 7.72 mV.
(b) Repeating the same calculations for the same current I1 oscillating at 10 kHz (i.e., I1 (t) =
100 cos(20000πt) A) results in an induced voltage 9ind2 of amplitude ∼ 77.2 mV.
7.4 Two concentric coils.

(a) From Example 7.4, we have
µ0 N1 I
Bctr = ẑ = ẑ2.5 × 10−5 I T
2a
3
Figure 7.1 Figure for Problem 7.5.
Substituting N1 = 30, we find the radius of the larger coil as a ≃ 0.754 m.

(b) From Example 7.4, since a ≃ 75.4 cm ≫ 1 cm = b, the total flux linking the smaller coil can
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
be approximated as
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
.
r
µ0 N1 I
or ud a uc y
(πb2 ) = (75)(2.5 × 10−5 I)[π(10−2 )2 ] ≃ 5.89 × 10−7 I

w cl le tr p
Ψ12 = N2
e in nt ns co
2a
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
(c) For I(t) = 10cos(120πt) A, the induced voltage across the terminals of the smaller loop can be
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
found as
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
dΨ12
≃ −(5.89 × 10−7 )[−(10)(120π) sin(120πt)] V ≃ 2.22 sin(120πt) mV
w r sa co pro is
9ind = −
o eir is rk
dt
th nd wo
a his
T
Therefore, the current induced through the R = 10Ω resistor is
9ind
I2 = ≃ −0.222 sin(120πt) mA
R
7.5 Triangular loop and long wire.

Let I = I0 cos(2πf0 t), where f0 = 60 Hz. Based on the result of Example 6.3, the B-field due to
the current in the long wire is B = µ0 I/(2πr), where r is the radial distance from the wire. By
symmetry, we expect the magnetic fluxes linked by the two halves of the triangular loop to be the
same. Thus,
∫ √ √ √
d+a 3/2 ∫ a/2+d/ 3−y/ 3
µ0 I0 cos(2πf0 t)
Ψ△ = 2ΨS2 = 2 dxdy
d 0 2πy
∫ √ ( )
µ0 I0 cos(2πf0 t) d+a 3/2 1 a d √
= + √ − y 3 dy
π d y 2 3
[( ) ( √ ) ]
µ0 I0 cos(2πf0 t) a d 2d + a 3 a
= +√ ln −
π 2 3 2d 2
The induced emf is then given by

[( ) ( √ ) ]
dΨ△ a d 2d + a 3 a
9ind =− = 2f0 µ0 I0 sin(2πf0 t) +√ ln −
dt 2 3 2d 2
so that the peak value of induced emf (which is also equal to the product of the measured 1 mA
loop current and 0.01Ω loop resistance) is
[( ) ( √ ) ]
a d 2d + a 3 a
[9ind ]peak = 2f0 µ0 I0 +√ ln − = (1 mA)(0.01Ω) = 10 µV
2 3 2d 2
from which we can find I0 ≃ 6.96 A.
7.6 Faraday's law.

The current induced on the loop is given by
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
1 dΨ
itt W tio
9ind w
t p W em ch
=−
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
I=
Rloop Rloop dt
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
where Rloop is given by (5.5) as

th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
l
te f t ss th nite
2πa
Rloop = =
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
σA σA
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
where A = 1 mm2 is the cross sectional area of the wire. Evaluating the total magnetic flux Ψ, we
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
have
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
∫
T
Ψ= B · ds
S
∫ 2π ∫ a
= B(r, t)rdrdϕ
0 0
∫ 2π ∫ a
= B0 (1 − 10r) cos(2πft)r drdϕ
0 0
[ 2 ]
a 10a3
= 2πB0 cos(2πft) −
2 3
Hence we can find 9ind from (7.1) as
dΨ
9ind = −
dt
[ ]
a2 10a3
= 2πB0 − 2πf sin(2πft)
2 3
Thus the current is given by
5
9ind 9ind σA
I= =
Rloop 2πa
( )
σA dΨ
= −
2πa dt
[ 2 ]
σA a 10a3
= 2πB0 − 2πf sin(2πft)
2πa 2 3
[ ]
a 10a2
= σAB0 − 2πf sin(2πft)
2 3
The maximum value of I must be less than Imax =20 A, which occurs when sin(2πft) = 1.
Thus from I < Imax , we have the equivalent inequality
Imax
f< [ ]
a 10a2
)
−
eb
σAB0 2π
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
2 3 w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
Imax
[ ]
.
r
or ud a uc y
=
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
1 10a
−
th k ( de f i es
2πσAaB0
of or stu e o tat
2 3
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
20 A
[ ]
e rt ss fo U
=
gr hi in e
1 (10 m−1 )(0.05 m)

th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
2π(5.8 × 107 S-m−1 )(1 mm2 )(5 cm)(10 mT) −

ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
2 3
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
≃ 330 Hz.
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T
7.7 Toroidal coil around a long, straight wire.

The total magnetic flux linking the N = 200-turn rectangular toroid with radii a = 6 cm and b = 8
cm, and thickness t = 3 cm, and core material with µr = 1000 due to the long, straight wire with
I = 100 cos(377t) A can be calculated using the result from Example 6.15 as
∫ ∫ 0.5t ∫ b
µr µ0 I
Ψ12 (t) = N B · ds = N ϕ̂ϕ · ϕ̂ϕdrdz
S −0.5t a 2πr
µr µ0 NI(t)t b
= ln
2π a
1000 × 4π × 10−7 × 200 × 100 cos(377t)(0.03) 8
= ln
2π 6
−2
≃ 3.45 × 10 cos(377t) Wb
Thus the induced voltage 9ind across the terminals of the toroidal coil is found using Faraday's law
(equation (7.1)) as
−dΨ12 (t)
9ind = ≃ −(3.45 × 10−2 Wb)(−377 rad-s−1 ) sin(377t) ≃ 13.0 sin(377t) V
dt
Figure 7.2 Figure for Problem 7.8. (Left) Top view of the toroid. (Right) Cross-sectional
view.
7.8 Current transformer.
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
The voltage induced in the toroidal coil due to the current flowing in the long wire is determined
m ld a
by the mutual inductance between the wire and the circular toroidal coil. To find the mutual induc-
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
tance, we assume current I to flow in the wire and determine the magnetic flux produced by this
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
current and linked by the toroid. The magnetic field which is produced by the long wire, is given
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
by
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
µI
st f a s d s ec
B = ϕ̂ϕ
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
2πr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
where we have taken the z axis to be along the wire, so that the ϕ̂ϕ direction encircles the wire
a his
along the toroid. Using B given above along with the definitions shown in Figure 7.2, the mutual
T
inductance between the circular toroid and the wire can be written as
∫ ∫
Λ N N µI
L12 = = B · ds = ϕ̂ϕ · ϕ̂ϕdsϕ
I I S I S 2πr
∫ ∫
µN 2π a R dRdθ
=
2π 0 0 rm − R cos θ
where rm is the mean radius of the toroid. From integral tables1 we have
∫ π
du π
=√
0 1 ± k cos u 1 − k2
Using this integral in the inductance expression obtained above, we find
∫ [ ] [ √ ] [ √ ]
a a
µN 2π
L12 = √ R dR = µr µ0 N − rm − R
2 2 = µr µ0 N rm − r2m − a2
2π 0 r2m − R2 0
1
H.B. Dwight, Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data, 4th ed., p.218, Macmillan, 1961.
7
where µr is the relative permeability of the core material used.

The magnetic flux linkage through the circular toroidal coil with n = 300, rm = 3 cm, cross-
sectional radius a = 0.5 cm, and core material with µr = 200 due to the 1000-A, 60-Hz current
flowing through the high-voltage line is thus given by
[ √ ]
Ψ12 = L12 I = µr µ0 N rm − rm − a I(t)
2 2
Substituting values, we have

[ √ ]
Ψ12 = (200)(4π × 10−7 )(300) (0.03) − (0.03)2 − (0.005)2 I(t)
≃ 3.16 × 10−5 [1000 cos(120πt)] ≃ 3.16 × 10−2 cos(120πt) Wb

From Faraday's law (7.1), the rms value of the induced voltage across the terminals of the toroid
can be calculated as
1 dΨ12 11.9
)
eb
9indrms = − √ ≃ √ sin(120πt) ≃ 8.43 sin(120πt) V
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
2 dt
e
d on g. in t la
2
m ld a
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
7.9 Sliding bar in a constant magnetic field.

th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
(a) Initially, the source drives a clockwise current I = V/R through the loop. Due to the presence
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
of the magnetic field, this current produces a magnetic force acting on the bar given by
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
∫
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
Fm = Idl(−x̂) × (B0 ẑ) = IlB0 ŷ

de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
bar
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
0+ ,
th nd wo
At time t = this force acts on the bar to accelerate it from rest. The acceleration can be found
a his
from Newton's law:

T
Fm B0 lV0
a= = ŷ = ŷ1.5 m-s−2
m mR
As the bar starts to move in the y direction with an increasing velocity v, current is induced in the
loop via the motional emf v × B0 , which flows in the counterclockwise direction, thus opposing the
current driven by the source, consistent with Lenz's law. This process continues until the velocity
of the bar reaches a value vfinal such that the induced emf is equal to the source voltage making
the net current in the loop zero. Beyond that point, there is no current, hence no force, hence no
acceleration, and the bar simply continues to move at velocity vfinal . The terminal velocity v0 can
be found by simply equating the motional emf to v0 . We have
∫
V0
9emf = (vfinal ŷ × B0 ) · dl = vfinal B0 l = V0 → vfinal = ≃ 13.3 m-s−1
bar B0 l
(b) If the source voltage is turned off while the bar is moving in the y direction with velocity
v0 ≤ vfinal , the magnetic force due to the induced current (pointing in the −y direction) is then the
only remaining force acting on the bar and slows it down, with the available kinetic energy of the
bar (i.e., 21 mv20 ) eventually being dissipated as I2 R loss in the resistor R, in the same manner as the
case described in Example 7.5.
(c) If the magnetic field B0 is turned off while the bar is moving at a velocity v0 , all magnetic forces
cease to exist and, assuming there is no friction, the bar continues to move at a constant velocity
v0 .
7.10 Oscillating bar in a time-varying magnetic field.

We have
B(t) = ẑB0 sin(ωt) and v(t) = x̂v0 cos(ω0 t)

The position of the bar is given by
∫ t
v0
x(t) = x0 + v0 cos(ω0 t)dt = x0 + sin(ω0 t)
0 ω0
The magnetic flux linked by the loop formed by the bar, the rails and the resistor is
v0
Ψ(t) = Bz (t)A(t) = B0 sin(ωt)l[x0 + sin(ω0 t)]
ω0
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
The induced current is given by
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
.
r
 
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
( )
th k ( de f i es
1 dΨ 1 N0 lv0 
of or stu e o tat
9ind
Iind − = −B0 x0 lω0 cos(ω0 t) − 2 sin(ω0 t) cos(ω0 t)
ity s w g us d S
= =
R R dt R ω0 | {z }
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
sin(2ω0 t)
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
B0 l
ro n an o te
cos(ω0 t)[−x0 ω0 − 2v0 sin(ω0 t)]

st f a s d s ec
=
de o rse de ot
R
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
7.11 Moving square loop.

a his
T
For −1 ≤ x ≤ 0 and 5 ≤ x ≤ 10, the flux through the loop is constant and the induced emf is zero.
For other values of x, the emf is given by
dΨ d
9ind = − = − (xlB0 ) = −|vb|lB0 = −(10 cm-s−1 )(5 cm)(1 T) = −5 mV
dt dt
The particular sign of the emf depends on how we assigned polarity to the terminals, which are not
shown. The important point to note is that the emf induced when the loop enters the region has the
opposite sign to that induced when it leaves the region. A sketch of 9ind is shown as a function of
x in Figure 7.3.
7.12 Rectangular loop and long wire.

Since the B-field produced by the wire is into the paper, its is convenient to choose the area element
(for the loop) to also be into the paper, in which case the associated (via the right hand rule) dl
element is outward at the terminal of the loop farther away from the wire. Based on the discussion
on pages 538 to 540 of the text in connection with Figure 7.4 of the text the general rule here is that,
in order for (7.1) to be valid, 9ind must be defined to be positive on the terminal at which the dl
element, the polarity of which is associated with that of ds via the right hand rule, points outward.
9
With the loop moving to the right with a velocity v0 , the distance between the left edge of the
)
eb
loop and the long wire varies as r(t) = v0 t + r1 , where r1 is the initial distance between the loop
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
and the wire. The flux linked by the loop is given by
.
r
∫ ( )
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
µIb v0 t+r1 +a dr µ0 Ib a
th k ( de f i es
Ψ= = 1+
of or stu e o tat
2π v0 t+r1 r 2π v0 t + r1
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
The induced voltage is then given by

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
( )[ ]
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
dΨ µ0 Ib v0 t + r1 −v0 a µ0 Iabv0
ill le u vi pr
=− =− t≥0
w r sa co pro is
9ind =
o eir is rk
dt 2π v0 t + r1 + a (v0 t + r1 )2 2π(v0 t + r1 )(v0 t + r1 + a)

th nd wo
a his
T
7.13 Rotating wire in a constant magnetic field.

The total flux through the loop can be expressed as
Ψ = B0 Atotal = B0 Asemi−circ + B0 Aconst

where Asemi−circ is the projection of the area of the semi-circular ring onto the plane of the paper and
Aconst is the rest of the area other than the rotating part; it is clear that the flux linked by Aconst does
not contribute to the induced voltage since it does not change with time. When the semicircular
wire rotates at an angular frequency ω, and assuming that it is at the position shown at t = 0, the
projection of its area varies as
( 2)
πa
Asemi−circ = (1 − cos ωt)
2
Thus, using Faraday's law (7.1), we have
( )
dΨ πa2
9ind =− = B0 sin ωt
dt 2
and the induced current is
9ind B0 πa2 ω
Iind = = sin ωt
R 2R
7.14 Rotating rectangular loop in a constant magnetic field.

We can simply use the expression for induced voltage which is derived in Example 7.6, namely
9ind = baω0 B0 sin(ω0 t)
where ω0 = (2π)(1500 rpm)/(60 s), B0 = 50 mT, a = 5 cm, and b = 10 cm, yielding
9ind ≃ 39.3 sin(50πt) mV
7.15 Rotating rectangular loop in a nonuniform magnetic field.

Since B is nonuniform, it is convenient to first express it in rectangular coordinates. With refer-
ence Section A.3.1 and Example A.1 of Appendix A, we can express the vector B = r̂3 cos ϕ in
)
eb
rectangular coordinates by determining its x and y components. We have
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
Bx = B · x̂ = 3 cos ϕ(r̂ · x̂) = 3 cos2 ϕ

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
By = B · ŷ = 3 cos ϕ(r̂ · ŷ) = 3 cos ϕ sin ϕ

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
We now note that

in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
y x y
; cos ϕ = √ ; sin ϕ = √
w r sa co pro is
tan ϕ =
o eir is rk
x 2 2 x + y2
2
th nd wo
x +y
a his
T
so that we have
3x2 3xy
B = x̂ 2 2
+ ŷ 2
x +y x + y2
As the loop rotates around the z axis, the orientation of its area varies in the following manner
ds = dz[x̂dy sin(ωt) + ŷdx cos(ωt)]

Note that at t = 0, ds = dxdzŷ, meaning that the loop is in the xz plane as shown in Figure 7.31 of
the text.
The magnetic flux linked by the loop is then given as
∫ [ ]
3x2 3xy
Ψ(t) = x̂ 2 + ŷ 2 · [dxx̂ sin(ωt) + dyŷ cos(ωt)]dz
S x + y2 x + y2
∫ 0.1 ∫ 0.05 2 ∫ 0.1 ∫ 0.05
3x sin(ωt) 3xy cos(ωt)
= 2 2
dxdz + dydz
−0.1 −0.05 x + y −0.1 −0.05 x2 + y2
∫ 0.05 ∫ 0.05
0.6x2 sin(ωt) 0.6xy cos(ωt)
= 2 2
dx + dy
−0.05 x +y −0.05 x2 + y2
11
We now note that for all points on the plane loop, the coordinates x and y are related by y = xtan(ωt),
as is apparent from the right hand panel of Figure 7.4. Thus, we can write the above integrals as
∫ 0.05 ∫ 0.05
0.6x2 sin(ωt) 0.6[ycot(ωt)]y cos(ωt)
Ψ(t) = 2 + [xtan(ωt)]2
dx + dy
−0.05 x −0.05 [ycot(ωt)]2 + y2
)
eb
[ ] ∫ 0.05 [ ] ∫ 0.05
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
0.6 sin(ωt) 0.6cot(ωt) cos(ωt) w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
= dx + dy
1 + tan2 (ωt) −0.05 1 + cot2 (ωt)

.
r
−0.05
or ud a uc y
{ }
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
= 0.6 sin(ωt) cos2 (ωt) [x]0.05 0.05

th k ( de f i es
−0.05 + [y]−0.05
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
= [(0.6)(0.1 + 0.1)] sin(ωt) cos2 (ωt)

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
= 0.12 sin(ωt) cos2 (ωt) = 0.12[sin(ωt) − sin3 (ωt)] Wb

in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
The voltage induced across the terminals of the loop is given by Faraday's law (7.1) as
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
dΨ
9ind = − = −0.12 cos(ωt) + (3)(0.12) sin2 (ωt) cos(ωt) V
a his
T
dt
7.16 Extracting power from a power line.

(a) The constraint due to the length of the wire in hand can be expressed as
2a + 2b = 200 m → a = 100 − b
Let the current flowing in the power line be I = I0 sin(2πft), where I0 = 4000 A. The magnetic
flux linked by the pick-up loop is
∫ 20+a ( ) ( )
µ0 I µ0 I0 sin(2πft) 20 + a µ0 I0 sin(2πft) 120 − b
Ψ=b dr = b ln = b ln
20 2πr 2π 20 2π 20
The induced voltage is then found using Faraday's law (7.1) as
( )
dΨ 120 − b
9ind = − = fµ0 I0 cos(2πft)b ln
dt 20
Power extracted is maximized if 9ind is maximized. Hence we need to find the value of b that
maximizes b ln[(120 − b)/20]. This can be done by differentiating with respect to b and setting
equal to zero or by simple plotting or by trial and error. The result is b ≃ 62 m, which means in
turn that a ≃ 38 m.
The choice of the optimum loop dimensions maximizes the induced voltage. Since the wire
has nonzero resistance Rwire , we can view the induced voltage and the wire as a voltage source with
voltage Vs = 9ind and source resistance Rs = Rwire . To extract maximum amount of power from
such a source, we must use a load `matched' to the source, i.e., RL = Rs . The wire resistance can
be calculated using (5.5) simply as
l l 200 m
Rwire = = = ≃ 0.261 Ω
σA σcopper π(d/2)2 (5.8 × 107 S-m−1 )π(4.1 × 10−3 /2)2
Thus we choose RL ≃ 0.261 Ω. We then have

[ ( )]
120 − 62
9ind = fµ0 I0 cos(2πft) 62 ln ≃ 19.9 cos(2πft)
62
The power extracted by the load under conditions of maximum power transfer (i.e., RL = Rs ) is
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
( )
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
92ind
m ld a
1
≃ 379.3[cos2 (2πft)] W → (PL )avg ≃ 190 W
PL =
.
r
2 RL + Rs
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
(b) Try N = 2. Now our constraint is a + b = 50, or a = 500 − b. The flux linked is
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
∫ 20+a ( )
is
te f t ss th nite
µ0 I µ0 I0 sin(2πft) 20 − b
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
Ψ = Nb dr = 2b ln
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
2πr 2π b
ro n an o te
20
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
Thus, the induced voltage 9ind is maximized if 2b ln[(20 − b)/b] is maximized, which occurs for
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
b ≃ 29.16. Using this value of b to calculate 9ind as before, we find a smaller value for PL . The
th nd wo
a his
same result holds true for other values of N ≥ 2. Therefore, we conclude that using more turns
T
does not allow us to extract higher power.
7.17 Induction.
The flux linked by the loop is the sum of the fluxes produced by the two wires. Based on the
discussion on pages 538 to 540 of the text in connection with Figure 7.4 and the definition of
the polarity of 9, we choose the ds element pointing inward (i.e., in the −z direction, so that
ds = −ẑds). The general rule here is that, in order for (7.1) to be valid, 9 must be defined to be
positive on the terminal at which the dl element, the polarity of which is associated with that of ds
via the right hand rule, points outward.
(a) The fluxes produced by each of the two wires and linked by the loop are then
∫ ∫ ∫ d+a ( )
µ0 I1 (t) µ0 b d+a
Ψ1 = B1 · ds = (−ẑB1 ) · (−ẑds) = b dr = ln cos(ωt)
d 2πr 2π d
∫ ∫ ∫ d+b ( )
µ0 I2 (t) −µ0 a d+b
Ψ2 = B2 · ds = (−ẑB2 ) · (−ẑds) = −a dr = ln sin(ωt)
d 2πr 2π d
13
Thus the total flux linked is

[ ( ) ( ) ]
µ0 d+a d+b
Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ2 = b ln cos(ωt) − a ln sin(ωt)
2π d d
[ ( ) ( ) ]
dΨ µ0 d+a d+b
9ind =− = bω ln sin(ωt) + aω ln cos(ωt)
dt 2π d d
(b) Noting that the loop is located in the second quadrant, where x is positive and y is negative, we
can write the total magnetic field in this quadrant as
( )
µ0 I µ0 I µ0 I 1 1
B = B1 + B2 = − ẑ − ẑ = − + ẑ
2πx 2πy 2π x y
The motional emf can be calculated from
I I
9ind = (v × B) · dl = [x̂vy Bz − ŷvx Bz ] · dl
)
eb
We assume that the loop is moving at some velocity v = x̂vx + ŷvy . Recognizing that the problem
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
statement restricts the motion of the loop to be away from both wires, we define the velocity di-
m ld a
rection angle θ to be measured downward from the x axis, so that vx = v cos θ and vy = −v sin θ,
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
where v = |v|. We now separately integrate over each side of the loop:
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
dl = x̂dx → (v × B) · dl = vy Bz dx
is
te f t ss th nite
Top :
∫ d+a [ ( ) ]
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
µ0 I d+a a
in o e r
y y p d le d
Top
vy Bz (x, −d)dx = −vy −
ro n an o te
9ind = ln
st f a s d s ec
2π d d
de o rse de ot
d
[ ( ) ]
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
µ0 I d+a a
o eir is rk
= v sin θ ln −
th nd wo
2π d d
a his
T
Right : dl = −ŷdy → (v × B) · dl = vx Bz dy
∫ −d−b [ ( )]
Right µ0 I −b d+b
9ind = vx Bz (d + a, y)dy = vx + ln
−d 2π d + a d
[ ( )]
µ0 I −b d+b
= v cos θ + ln
2π d + a d
Bottom : dl = x̂dx → (v × B) · dl = vy Bz dx
∫ d [ ( ) ]
Bottom µ0 I d a
9ind = vy Bz (x, −d − b)dx = −vy ln +
d+a 2π d+a d+b
[ ( ) ]
µ0 I d+a a
= −v sin θ ln −
2π d d+a
Left : dl = −ŷdy → (v × B) · dl = vx Bz dy
∫ −d [ ( )]
Left µ0 I b d
9ind = vx Bz (d, y)dy = vx + ln
−d−b 2π d d+b
[ ( )]
µ0 I b d+b
= v cos θ − ln
2π d d
The total induced emf is then given by
[ ]
Top Right µ0 I −ab ab
9ind = 9ind + 9ind + 9Bottom
ind + 9Left
ind = sin θ + cos θ
2π d(b + d) d(a + d)
To determine the angle θ for which 9ind is a maximum we can examine the derivative of 9ind with
respect to θ:
[ ]
∂ 9ind vµ0 I ab ab
= − cos θ − sin θ
∂θ 2π d(b + d) d(a + d)
For 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, the above quantity is always negative, a fact which might lead us to conclude
that the motion should be in the θ = 0 direction. However, we should note that our goal is to
maximize |9ind |, without regard to the polarity of 9ind . Thus, it might be the case that as θ varies
from 0 to π/2, 9ind might start at a positive value but then decrease and eventually go negative
with |9ind (θ = π/2)| > |9ind (θ = 0)|. To see this, let 9ind = 0, i.e.,
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
[ ] w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
µ0 I −ab ab b+d
sin θ0 + cos θ0 =0 → tan θ0 =

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
2π d(b + d) d(a + d) a+d

e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
indicating that 9ind does indeed cross zero. Therefore, we can maximize |9ind | in two different
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
ways:
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
vµ0 I ab
→ |9ind | = 9ind =
w r sa co pro is
θ=0
o eir is rk
2π d(a + d)
th nd wo
a his
π vµ0 I ab
T
θ= → |9ind | = −9ind =
2 2π d(b + d)
Comparing these two cases, it appears that our solution depends on the relative values of a and b.
For a > b, we should choose θ = π/2, with |9ind |max = vµ0 Iab/[2πd(b + d)], while for a < b, we
should choose θ = 0, with |9ind |max = vµ0 Iab/[2πd(a + d)]. For a = b, either solution produces
maximum emf.
7.18 Induction.
We adopt a coordinate system in which the z axis points out of the page. With the polarity of 9ind
as defined in Figure 7.34 of the text, and based on the discussion on pages 538 to 540 of the text
in connection with Figure 7.4 of the text, we must have the ds element pointing out of the page,
i.e., in the z direction, or ds = ẑds. The general rule here is that, in order for (7.1) to be valid, 9ind
must be defined to be positive on the terminal from which the dl element, the polarity of which is
associated with that of ds via the right hand rule, points out of.
(a) Since I2 is constant, it does not contribute to induced emf, which is thus due entirely to I1 .
Noting that by the right hand rule, the B-field produced by current I1 on the loop is in the −z
direction, we have
15
∫ ∫
dΨ d d (b+a)/2 µ0 I1 (t)
9ind =− =− B1 (−ẑ) · (ẑds) = adr
dt dt S dt (b−a)/2 2πr
( ) ( )
aµ0 b + a ∂I1 (t) −aµ0 b+a
= ln = ln I0 e−t
2π b−a ∂t 2π b−a
The induced voltage starts at a large negative value and exponentially decays to zero as the current
I1 decreases.
(b) All of our formulation in part (a) is applicable here until we take the time derivative of I1 (t).
We have
( ) ( ) ( )
aµ0 b+a ∂I1 (t) aµ0 b+a ∂(sin ωt) aωµ0 b+a
9ind = ln = ln = ln cos ωt
2π b−a ∂t 2π b−a ∂t 2π b−a
Thus the induced voltage exhibits a simple cosine variation. As the sinusoidal current I1 increases
starting at t = 0, until ωt = π/2, the magnetic flux into the page (−z direction) increases, so that by
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
Lenz's law the induced current must be counterclockwise, corresponding to positive 9ind , as given
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
by the cos(ωt) variation. After ωt = π/2, current I1 starts to decrease, and 9ind is appropriately
.
r
or ud a uc y
negative.
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
7.19 Wave propagation.

is
te f t ss th nite
(a) Note that the front of the pulse reaches the observer at t = (d − l)/vp and the tail of it leaves the
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
observer at t = d/vp . With this sequence in mind, %z versus x is sketched as shown in Figure 7.5
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
at t1 = (d − l)/vp , t2 = (d − l/2)/vp , t3 = (d + l/2)/vp , and t4 = (d + 3l)/vp respectively.

de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
(b) The %z measured by the observer located at x = d at t1 = (d − l/3)/vp , t2 = (d − 2l/3)/vp ,

th nd wo
a his
and t3 = (d + l)/vp are E0 /3, E0 and 0 respectively.

T

(a) Sketch of *z versus y at t = 2t1 is as shown in Figure 7.6.
(b) Sketch of *z versus y at t = 4t1 is as shown in Figure 7.6. Note that the observer can not
measure the pulse at this time.
7.21 Interference of two waves.

Based on the electric field measured by the observer over the time interval t1 = d/(2vp ) to t2 =
(d/2 + l)/vp , the electric field waveform %B is as shown in Figure 7.7.

(a) An observer located at z = z1 detects the signal as long as |%y | ≥ 10−7 V-m−1 . In addition, an
observer located at z = z1 observes the signal for ∆t seconds regardless of his location z1 . So, if
we consider an observer at z1 and represent the time interval during which the observer detects the
signal as ∆t, we can find ∆t through the following steps:
%y = 75e−π(z1 −vp t) = 10−7 V-m−1 → (z1 − vp t)2 ≃ 6.50

2
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
Figure 7.5 Figure for Problem 7.19. %z (x) versus x at four different times.
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T
Figure 7.6 Figure for Problem 7.20. *z versus y at t = 2t1 and t = 4t1 .
17
Figure 7.7 Figure for Problem 7.21. Pulses %A and %B versus z at t = 0.
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
Figure 7.8 Figure for Problem 7.22. %y versus z at t = 5 µs. Note that the field decreases
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
to a very low value within few meters of z = 1.5 km, so that it is negligibly small at the
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
location of the observer (i.e., z1 = 1 km).

ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
z1 ∓ 2.55
T
→ z1 − vp t ≃ ±2.55 → t1 , t2 ≃
vp
2(2.55) 2(2.55)
∆t = t2 − t1 ≃ ≃ s ≃ 17 ns
vp 3 × 108
(b) The observer located at z = z1 measures the maximum electric field amplitude of %max = 75 V-
m−1 when z1 − vp tmax = 0. So, the observer located at z1 = 1 km measures the maximum electric
field amplitude at
z1 1000
tmax = ≃ ≃ 3.33 µs
vp 3 × 108
(c) Figure 7.8 shows %y (z, t) as a function of z at t1 = 5 µs. At t1 = 5 µs, an observer located at
z1 = 1 km does not measure any electric field at t = t1 since %y (z1 , t1 ) ≪ 10−7 V-m−1 .
7.23 Phasors.
(a) We can write
{ }
%(z, t) = ŷ cos(ωt − z) = 5e ŷe−jz ejωt
Since
%(z, t) = 5e{E(z)ejωt }
by inspection we have
E(z) = ŷe−jz V-m−1

Similar arguments by inspection apply to parts (b) − (d).
(b) H(x) = 0.1[ŷe−j0.3x + ẑ0.5ej(0.3x−π/2) ] mA-m−1
(c) B(y, z) = x̂40ej(0.8y−0.6z−π/4) µT
(d) E(x, y) = ẑE0 sin(ax)ejby
7.24 Phasors.
(a) Using %(y, t) = 5e{E(y)ejωt }, the real-time expression is given by
%(y, t) = 5e{ẑ5e−j40πy ejωt } = ẑ5 cos(ωt − 40πy) V-m−1
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
(b) Noting that j = ejπ/2 , the real-time expression for B(z) can be found as
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
@(z, t) = 5e{x̂0.1e−j2πz ejωt } − 5e{ŷ0.3ejπ/2 e−j2πz ejωt }

of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
= x̂0.1 cos(ωt − 2πz) − ŷ0.3 cos(ωt − 2πz + π/2) µT

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
(c) The real-time expression %(x, t) can be written as

in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
%(x, t) = 5e{ẑ(0.1e−j18x − 0.5ej18x )ejωt }

w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
= ẑ0.1[cos(ωt − 18x) − 0.5 cos(ωt + 18x)] V-m−1

a his
T
(d) The real-time expression *(x, z, t) corresponding to the phasor expression H(x, z) is given by
*(x, z, t) = 5e{ŷe−j48πx ej64πz ejωt } = ŷ cos(ωt − 48πx + 64πz) mA-m−1

(e) The real-time expression )(y, t) can be found as
)(y, t) = 5e{x̂40e−j0.1y e−j(0.1y−π/3) ejωt } = x̂40e−0.1y cos(ωt − 0.1y + π/3) µA-m−2
7.25 Displacement current in a capacitor.

(a) Following an approach similar to Example 7.11, the displacement current through the capacitor
can be found as
dD dE ϵr ϵ0 A dV(t) 10ϵr ϵ0 A(2πf)

Id = Jd A = A = ϵA = =− sin(2πft)
dt dt a dt a
Substituting A = 1 cm2 , ϵr = 6, a = 1 mm, and f = 10 kHz yields Id ≃ −3.34 sin(2π × 104 t) µA.
Note that the displacement current is 90◦ out of phase with the applied voltage across (or the electric
field inside) the capacitor.
19
(b) Repeating the calculations in part (a) for f = 1 MHz results in Id ≃ −0.334 sin(2π × 106 t)
mA. Note that the displacement current increases in amplitude with an increase in frequency, i.e.,
displacement current becomes more and more important at higher frequencies.
7.26 Propagation through lake water.

(a) Noting that the conduction-and the displacement-current densities are given by
∂D ∂%
)c = σ % and )d = =ϵ
∂t ∂t
their peak (maximum) values can be written as
)cpeak = σ %peak
)dpeak = ωϵ%peak
where %peak = 10e−0.08z mV-m−1 , σ = 4 × 10−3 S-m−1 , ϵ = ϵr ϵ0 = 81ϵ0 , and ω = 2.7π × 106
)
rad-s−1 . Therefore, at z = 0, the peak values of the conduction- and displacement-current densities
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
are
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
)cpeak = 4 × 10−3 × 10−2 A-m−2 = 40 µA-m−2

th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
)dpeak ≃ 2.7π × 106 × 81(8.85 × 10−12 ) × 10−2 A-m−2 ≃ 60.8 µA-m−2

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
(b) Repeating the same calculations in part (a) at z = 10 m yields )cpeak ≃ 18 µA-m−2 and )dpeak ≃
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
27.3 µA-m−2 respectively. Note that the peak amplitude of the electric field at z = 10 m is %peak =
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
10e−0.08(10) ≃ 4.49 mV-m−1 .

a his
T
(c) At z = 100 m, we find )cpeak ≃ 1.34 × 10−2 µA-m−2 and )dpeak ≃ 2.04 × 10−2 µA-m−2
respectively.
7.27 Sea water.

(a) Similar to Example 7.12, the ratio of the magnitudes of the conduction-current density to the
displacement-current density is given by
|Jc |max σ σ
= =
|Jd |max ωϵ (2πf)(ϵr ϵ0 )
For sea water with σ = 4 S-m−1 , ϵr = 81 and µr = 1, we find
|Jc |max 8.88 × 108

≃
|Jd |max f(Hz)
So, using this expression, the ratio of the magnitudes |Jc |max /|Jd |max at 10 kHz, 1 MHz, 100 MHz,
and 10 GHz are ∼ 8.88 × 104 , ∼ 888, ∼ 8.88, and 8.88 × 10−2 respectively.
(b) The frequency at which the magnitude of the conduction-current density is equal to the magni-
tude of the displacement-current density can be found as
|Jc |max 8.88 × 108

≃ = 1 → f ≃ 888 MHz
|Jd |max f(Hz)
7.28 Dry soil.

Using a similar approach as done in Example 7.12, the frequency at which the magnitude of the
conduction-current density is equal to the magnitude of the displacement-current density in dry
soil (σ ≃ 10−4 S-m−1 , ϵr = 3, and µr = 1) can be found as
|Jc |max σ 10−4 5.99 × 105

= = ≃ = 1 → f ≃ 600 kHz
|Jd |max ωϵ (2πf)(3ϵ0 ) f(Hz)
7.29 Maxwell's equations.

Maxwell's equations in a source-free () = 0, ρ̃ = 0) nonconducting (σ = 0) medium represented
with simple constants ϵ and µ can be written as
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
∂@ ∂*
∇×%=− = −µ
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
∂t ∂t
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
∇ · D = ϵ∇ · % = 0
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
∂D ∂%
ill le u vi pr
∇×*= =ϵ
w r sa co pro is
∂t ∂t
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T
∇ · @ = µ∇ · * = 0
Substituting the electric field expression given as
%(z, t) = x̂%x (z, t) = x̂[p1 (z − vp t) + p2 (z + vp t)]
into the first equation and performing the partial differentiation and integration yields
∂ %x (z, t) ∂*
∇ × % = ŷ = −µ
∂z ∂t
1 ∂*
→ − ŷ [p′1 (z − vp t) + p′2 (z + vp t)] =
µ ∂t
∫
1
→ * = −ŷ [p′1 (z − vp t) + p′2 (z + vp t)]∂t
µ
1
= −ŷ [−p1 (z − vp t) + p2 (z + vp t)]
µvp
Next, we substitute the * expression into Maxwell's third equation as
21
∂ *y (z, t) ∂%
∇ × * = −x̂ =ϵ
∂z ∂t
1 ∂%
→ x̂ [−p′1 (z − vp t) + p′2 (z + vp t)] =
µϵvp ∂t
∫
1
→ % = x̂ [−p′1 (z − vp t) + p′2 (z + vp t)]∂t
µϵvp
1
= x̂ [p1 (z − vp t) + p2 (z + vp t)]
µϵv2p
This % expression must be identical to the % expression we started with and as a result of that,
√
(µϵv2p ) = 1 or vp = 1/ µϵ. Note that the % expression also satisfies Maxwell's second equation
since
∂ %x (z, t)
∇·%= =0
∂x
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
Similarly, the * expression satisfies Maxwell' fourth equation as w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
.
r
∂ *y (z, t)
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
∇·*=
e in nt ns co
=0
th k ( de f i es
∂y
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
Therefore, the % and * pair satisfy all of Maxwell's equations.

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te

st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
From the expression

w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
@(x, y, t) = x̂ sin x cos y cos 100t − ŷ cos x sin y cos 100t

T
we have ω = 100. The phasor form expression for @ is
B = x̂ sin x cos y − ŷ cos x sin y

Applying the time-harmonic version of the generalized Ampere's law (equation (7.23c)) in a
lossless (σ = 0) medium, we get
∇ × B = ∇ × µ0 H
= µ0 ∇ × H
= µ0 jωD
= µ0 ϵjωE
Since
∇ × B = ẑ (sin x sin y + sin x sin y)

= ẑ 2 sin x sin y
we have
2
E= sin x sin y ẑ
jωµ0 ϵ
From the time-harmonic version of Faraday's law (equation (7.23a)), we also have
∇ × E = −jωB
( ) ( )
2 2
= x̂ sin x cos y − ŷ cos x sin y
jωµ0 ϵ jωµ0 ϵ
Comparing the resulting expression for B with the phasor form written above, we can evaluate ϵ as
2 2
=1 → ϵ=
ω 2 µ0 ϵ ω 2 µ0
Plugging this value for ϵ in the expression for E above gives
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
2
.
r
E = −j
or ud a uc y
sin x sin y ẑ
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
ωµ0 ϵ
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
2ω 2 µ0
ity s w g us d S
= −j sin x sin y ẑ
is
te f t ss th nite
ωµ0 2
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
= −jω sin x sin y ẑ

in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
= ω sin x sin ye−jπ/4 ẑ

de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
The time-domain expression for % is thus

a his
T
π
%(x, y, t) = ω sin x sin y cos(ωt − )ẑ
4
π
= 100 sin x sin y cos(ωt − )ẑ
4
The expressions for the electric field % and the magnetic field @ do no have a (ωt − βr) depen-
dence, so they do not represent solutions to propagating electromagnetic waves.
7.31 AM radio waves.

Substituting
% = x̂%x (z, t) = x̂E0 cos(7.5 × 106 t − βz)
and
* = ŷ*y (z, t) = ŷ(E0 /η) cos(7.5 × 106 t − βz)
into (7.23a) yields
23
∂@ ∂ %x ∂ *y
∇×%= → ŷ = −ŷµ0
∂t ∂z ∂t
E0
→ (−β)E0 [− sin(7.5 × 106 t − βz)] = −µ0 (7.5 × 106 )[− sin(7.5 × 106 t − βz)]
η
resulting in
µ0 (7.5 × 106 )
→ β=
η
Similarly, substituting % and * into (7.23c), we have
∂D ∂% ∂ *y ∂ %x
∇×*= = ϵ0 → − x̂ = x̂ϵ0
∂t ∂t ∂z ∂t
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
E0
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
→ −(−β) [− sin(7.5 × 106 t − βz)] = ϵ0 E0 (7.5 × 106 )[− sin(7.5 × 106 t − βz)]
.
r
η
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
resulting in
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
β
gr hi in e
→ = ϵ0 (7.5 × 106 )
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
η
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
Solving these two equations simultaneously, the values for β and η can be calculated as
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
7.5 × 106
a his
β 2 = (7.5 × 106 )2 µ0 ϵ0 → β ≃ = 0.025 rad-m−1

T
3 × 108
√
µ0 µ0
η2 = → η= ≃ 377 Ω
ϵ0 ϵ0
Note that the % and * expressions also satisfy (7.23b) and (7.23d) as
∂ %x (z)
∇ · D = ϵ0 ∇ · % = ϵ0 =0
∂x
∂ *x (y)
∇ · @ = µ0 ∇ · * = µ0 =0
∂y

(a) We follow an approach similar to Example 7.13. Substituting the H(y) phasor into the phasor
form of (7.23c), we first find the corresponding electric field phasor E(y) as
( )
1 1 ∂Hz (y)
E= ∇×H= x̂
jωϵ0 jωϵ0 ∂y
(−j4) 4 × 1.83 × 10−4 −j4y

= x̂ 1.83 × 10−4 e−j4y = −x̂ e V-m−1
jωϵ0 ωϵ0
Next, we substitute E in the phasor form of (7.23a) to find H as
( )
1 1 ∂Ex (y)
H=− ∇×E=− −ẑ
jωµ0 jωµ0 ∂y
1 1
= ẑ (−j4)2 1.83 × 10−4 e−j4y
jωµ0 jωϵ0
16
= ẑ 2 1.83 × 10−4 e−j4y A-m−1
ω µ0 ϵ0
Note that for this expression to be the same as the H(y) expression given as
H(y) = ẑ1.83 × 10−4 e−j4y A-m−1
the following condition must hold:
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
16 4
m ld a
=1 → ω= √ ≃ 4 × 3 × 108 = 1.2 × 109 rad-s−1
ω 2 µ0 ϵ0
.
r
µ0 ϵ0
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
With this value of ω, H(y) and its counterpart E(y) satisfy both (7.23a) and (7.23c). In addition,
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
E(y) satisfies (7.23b) (since E(y) = x̂Ex (y) and therefore ∇ · D = ϵ0 ∇ · E = 0) and H(y) satisfies
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
(7.23d) (since H(y) = ẑHz (y)) and so ∇ · B = µ0 ∇ · H = 0).

gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
(b) Substituting ω = 1.2 × 109 rad-s−1 into the E(y) expression found in part (a) yields
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
E(y) ≃ −x̂0.069e−j4y V-m−1

th nd wo
a his
T
(c) The electric flux density D and the displacement-current density Jd in phasor form can be found
as
D = ϵ0 E ≃ −x̂0.611e−j4y pC-m−2
and
Jd = jωϵ0 E ≃ −x̂(1.2 × 109 )(8.85 × 10−12 )(0.611 × 10−12 e−j4y )(ejπ/2 )

≃ −x̂733e−j(4y−π/2) µA-m−2
7.33 Superposition of two waves.

(a) Using the trigonometric identity
1
sin ϕ sin θ = [cos(ϕ − θ) − cos(ϕ + θ)]
2
we can write the %(z, t) expression as
%(z, t) = x̂47.5[cos(21π × 109 t − βz) − cos(21π × 109 t + βz)] mV-m−1
25
This expression consist of two waves, one traveling in the positive z direction (the first term) and
the other traveling in the negative z direction (the second term). Following an approach similar to
Example 7.13, we substitute the phasor E(z) given by
E(z) = x̂47.5[e−jβz − ejβz ] mV-m−1
into (7.23a) to obtain the corresponding H(z) phasor
47.5 −jβz
H(z) ≃ ŷ [e + ejβz ] mA-m−1
377
We then substitute H(z) into (7.23c) to find E(z) which has to be the same expression above result-
ing in
√ 21π × 109
β = ω µ0 ϵ0 ≃ = 70π rad-m−1
3 × 108
)
eb
er or in ing
(b) The *(z, t) can be found from H(z) as
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
.
r
*(z, t) = 5e{H(z)ejωt } ≃ 5e{ŷ0.126e−j70πz ejωt + ŷ0.126ej70πz ejωt }

or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
= ŷ0.126[cos(ωt − 70πz) + cos(ωt + 70πz)] mA-m−1

of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
where ω = 21π × 109 rad-s−1 .

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
7.34 Electromagnetic wave in free space.

ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
We start with
th nd wo
a his
T
%(x, z, t) = ŷ4.9 cos(1.8 × 109 πt − ax − 2.5az) V-m−1
Using Maxwell's equation (7.23a) and noting that %x and %y are both zero, we have
∂ %y ∂ %y
∇ × % = −x̂ + ẑ
∂z ∂x
= −x̂4.9(−2.5a)[− sin(1.8 × 109 πt − ax − 2.5az)]
+ ẑ4.9(−a)[− sin(1.8 × 109 πt − ax − 2.5az)]
= (−2.5ax̂ + aẑ)(4.9) sin(1.8 × 109 πt − ax − 2.5az)
∂ @(x, z, t)
=−
∂t
from which @(x, z, t) can be found by integration over time. We find
@(x, z, t) = −(2.5ax̂ + aẑ)(4.9)(1.8 × 109 π)−1 cos(1.8 × 109 πt − ax − 2.5az)
We can now use Maxwell's equation (7.23c) to find %(x, z, t) from @(x, z, t). We have
( )
∂ϵ0 %(x, z, t) 1 ∂Bx ∂Bz
= ∇ × @ = ŷ −
∂t µ0 ∂z ∂x
( )
1 2 2 4.9
= ŷ [(−2.5a) + a ] [− sin(1.8 × 109 πt − ax − 2.5az)]
µ0 1.8 × 109 π
4.9[(2.5a)2 + a2 ]
→ %(x, z, t) = ŷ cos(1.8 × 109 πt − ax − 2.5az) V-m−1
ϵ0 µ0 (1.8 × 109 π)2
Equating above to the original expression for %(x, z, t) given in the problem statement we find
a ≃ 6.97 rad-m−1 , and substituting in to the expression for *(x, z, t) we find
√
ϵ0
*(x, z, t) = (−4.56x̂ + 1.81ŷ) cos(1.8 × 109 πt − 6.97x − 17.41z) A-m−1
µ0
)
7.35 Coaxial lines.
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
We are given the electric field
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
E0 −jβz
e in nt ns co
e a≤r≤b
E = r̂
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
r
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
(a) To find the associated magnetic field we use (7.23a), namely

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
∇ × E} = −jωµH
ill le u vi pr
| {z
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
↓
th nd wo
√ ( )
a his
∂Er −jβ(E0 /r)e−jβr ϵ E0

T
ϕ̂ϕ = −jωµH → H = ϕ̂ϕ = ϕ̂ϕ e−jβr

∂z −jωµ µ r
(b) We have
E0
cos(ωt − βz)
%(r, z, t) = r̂
r
√ ( )
ϵ E0
ϕ
*(r, z, t) = ϕ̂ cos(ωt − βz)
µ r
(c),(d) The radial variation of the fields is in the form of simple decrease as r−1 , while the variation
of the fields along the z axis is sinusoidal at any instant of time.

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Engineering Electromagnetics and Waves 2nd Edition Inan Solutions Manual

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Engineering Electromagnetics and

Waves 2nd Edition Inan Solutions

Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell's

7.1 Stationary rectangular loop.

law (equation (7.1)) as

9ind = −AB0 [e−αt − αte−αt ] = B0 Ae−αt [αt − 1]

9ind = −B0 A[−αe−αt sin(ωt) + e−αt ω cos(ωt)]

= B0 Ae−αt [α sin(ωt) − ω cos(ωt)]

7.2 Stationary circular loop.

Substituting N = 20 turns, a = 7.5 cm, and B(t) = 10−3 cos(120πt) T yields

9ind ≃ 0.133 sin(120πt) V

The induced current through the R = 10Ω resistor can be found as

7.3 Two circular coils.

z = 1 m away from its center can be calculated as

(4π × 10−7 )(10)[100 cos(2000πt)](0.05)2

7.4 Two concentric coils.

Figure 7.1 Figure for Problem 7.5.

Substituting N1 = 30, we ﬁnd the radius of the larger coil as a ≃ 0.754 m.

(πb2 ) = (75)(2.5 × 10−5 I)[π(10−2 )2 ] ≃ 5.89 × 10−7 I

Therefore, the current induced through the R = 10Ω resistor is

7.5 Triangular loop and long wire.

The induced emf is then given by

from which we can ﬁnd I0 ≃ 6.96 A.

7.6 Faraday's law.

where Rloop is given by (5.5) as

Hence we can ﬁnd 9ind from (7.1) as

Thus the current is given by

1 (10 m−1 )(0.05 m)

2π(5.8 × 107 S-m−1 )(1 mm2 )(5 cm)(10 mT) −

7.7 Toroidal coil around a long, straight wire.

7.8 Current transformer.

where µr is the relative permeability of the core material used.

Substituting values, we have

≃ 3.16 × 10−5 [1000 cos(120πt)] ≃ 3.16 × 10−2 cos(120πt) Wb

7.9 Sliding bar in a constant magnetic ﬁeld.

Fm = Idl(−x̂) × (B0 ẑ) = IlB0 ŷ

from Newton's law:

7.10 Oscillating bar in a time-varying magnetic ﬁeld.

B(t) = ẑB0 sin(ωt) and v(t) = x̂v0 cos(ω0 t)

cos(ω0 t)[−x0 ω0 − 2v0 sin(ω0 t)]

7.11 Moving square loop.

7.12 Rectangular loop and long wire.

Figure 7.3 Figure for Problem 7.11.

The induced voltage is then given by

dt 2π v0 t + r1 + a (v0 t + r1 )2 2π(v0 t + r1 )(v0 t + r1 + a)

7.13 Rotating wire in a constant magnetic ﬁeld.

Ψ = B0 Atotal = B0 Asemi−circ + B0 Aconst

7.14 Rotating rectangular loop in a constant magnetic ﬁeld.

9ind = baω0 B0 sin(ω0 t)

where ω0 = (2π)(1500 rpm)/(60 s), B0 = 50 mT, a = 5 cm, and b = 10 cm, yielding

9ind ≃ 39.3 sin(50πt) mV

7.15 Rotating rectangular loop in a nonuniform magnetic ﬁeld.

Bx = B · x̂ = 3 cos ϕ(r̂ · x̂) = 3 cos2 ϕ

By = B · ŷ = 3 cos ϕ(r̂ · ŷ) = 3 cos ϕ sin ϕ

We now note that

ds = dz[x̂dy sin(ωt) + ŷdx cos(ωt)]

Figure 7.4 Figure for Problem 7.15.

1 + tan2 (ωt) −0.05 1 + cot2 (ωt)

= 0.6 sin(ωt) cos2 (ωt) [x]0.05 0.05

= [(0.6)(0.1 + 0.1)] sin(ωt) cos2 (ωt)

= 0.12 sin(ωt) cos2 (ωt) = 0.12[sin(ωt) − sin3 (ωt)] Wb

7.16 Extracting power from a power line.

Thus we choose RL ≃ 0.261 Ω. We then have

does not allow us to extract higher power.