Read Generously to Understand, Then Critically o Engage and Evaluate For an advanced project take the ue to red your most promising sources twice ise quickly and generuly rounders thes om het ‘own tems. Ifyou disagree foo soon you CA msndestand or eaggee tte a weaknes, Then reread chem slowly and erally, ar if you were smably bur poled qusioning fends imagine hit or her answers then question them. Ifyou diagres, do just eee a source read ein ays that wil encourage our own vigial inking You probably won' be able to engage your sources fully uni afer youive dane some reading and developed few ideas of your wa. But from the oust, be alee for ways to read your sources not patil, s+ 4 consumer, bu actively and creatively a an engaged partner. At some point, beer eal than later, you must look for ways go deond your uray, even when ou agree wil them. Lok for Creative Agreement Teisa happy moment when &souree confers your views. Buc if you jst pasely agree, you woat develop any of your own ies. So ey eo ex tend what your source claims What new cue sigh ic cove? What new insights can ie provide? Is thee coating evidence your source ast considered? Here are some way to agree crest ‘orreRanomonasuPron, You have new evidence to suppor: a sources chim, 1. Source suppor elim with old evidence, but mye you can offer ew evidence, 2 Source supports a aim with weak evidence, but maybe you en offer tanger evidence. cour unsure cuuns. You cn prove someting hat a source has only assumed speculated. 1. Source only speculates that X might be eae, bu maybe you canoer evidence show that it defy i 2 Source assumes that Xs ee, bak maybe you cea provearvtyactam wane woe. You can extend 2 postion 10 new aes, 4, Soutce corey applic is claim 0 one suaton, but maybe fan apply ew ones 2 Source lems chat Xs toe a specifi stuaon, bur in gener 2 may i eve 1412 Look for Creative Disagreement [Creve ore important to note whe you disagree witha source, be cute cht night suggest 2 working hypothe for your whole por. So fnotad of jst noting that you dirsgre with is wews, se that disagee- tno o encourage yor own pesctve thinking. Here ae ome kinds of ‘Gangeeement hese ae sharply defined etegries; many ves). conraaoieansor mo, A source sy something i one kind of hig, bu maj its another nd 1. Source aims that Xie a kindof ¥(r ike, but maybe is nt 2, Source claims chat Xalvays Bas Yap one its etureso¢qualies, ba maybe iedonnt. a Sout lame that X is normllgnodhffcanfusefil'morafoer ting but aye (You can ers those lms and the ones tha fallow to tte che oppo ‘See choug source sys maeakind of you cam show cae ii) ancacecontesoicnons. You can show that source mistakes how hi puts of omeching ae lad Source lms that Xis a pare of ¥; ba maybe it’ not Source claims that pat of X telates o another of is pats in a ceri vray, bat nape ees. Soutce aims that every Xbas Yas oe of is pars bur maybe it doo eveLorwenraL on stock couriers. You can show tha sour trntaker the ougin aad developmen of ope1. Source elms tha Xs changing, but maybe is noe 2 Source cms thar Xoiginated in but maybe ie dd 4. Source cals that X develope in a certain way, but maybe e doen. xTemA ene FFE cowTRADIeTONS, You can show tha a source mis- takes aul elation 1. Source aims char Xcause ¥, bt mabe it doesn 2. Source claims that X causes ¥, but maybe they ar both caused by Z 3. Source aims that Xie sunt io cause ¥, but maybe is noe & Source aims that Kerem I bu maybe ial exes Z. ons oF Pensescrve. Most contaitions don change acon ‘epual Framework; but when you can contact » standard view of| things, you ure others to ehink in 2 new way. 1. Source dicuises Xin the conten fo from che point of view of ¥, bat maybe new content ox pot of we reveals a ew uh the new oF old context can be socal poll pilosphicl histori, economic, tibial gender speci te) Source snaaee X using sheryvalue system Y, but maybe you ean analyeX from snow poinc of view and seit in anew wa -Aawe sid, ou probably won't be able wo engage sousce in these wayt sunt fer youve ead enough 0 Form sme views oF your own: Bur fo [ep chee ways ofchinking in mind as you begin o red, youl engage your source soone and eoore productively «OF eure, once you discover that you san producvely agro or die gre with «source, you should then ak So wha? So what Hf you can ‘hv that while Sth claims chat Eaten didn embrace the tory of the Alamo enchusatialy in face many did? ERE Toke Notes systematically ike the other sepa in a research projet, note-taking goes beter with apa.aces depo age, ny 75h ae leech es aetna tao aan coa psy an sage sn ed tas ied enn of ng eo os peng scl sae copes hm oe sn ey arate hen named Si tle sto? Ceesons cue hye ce? Mares ete? CCeate Templates fr Notes {You wil eke oes more relbly you sc up a system shat encourages jou to think beyond the mere conrene af your sources by analyzing and iganiing tae conent into wslul ategoies. A few instructors til ec arrnend aking ote longhand on 3% 5 cards aj gure 4.1. Acad Tie che may seem old-fashioned, bute povides a template for efit ree aking en iyo take tes on peop (Sear anew page ar cach ‘etc ide or dai chat you record fom x source) Here ia plan Such a emplane: ss Arche rp of each new page crete spice or bibligraphic as (author, short ee, page umber a Cone anater space at he wp for keywords (ce upper sight adore ‘Shove words wl later wile you wort and ee-sort your noes by suber mate ior more on keywords se 4.3.4). ss Crete diferene places on each new page or deer kinds of noes, Yo fag crea Ibe he places Gee Big 4, wich paces fra Clim, Da and My Qh ts Inari, create a section specially dedicated to your on eponse sgrexmens, dispreements, speculations and 50 on- That wil encourng eso do mote chan simply record the content of what you read «When you quote the wont oF source, reoord them In distinctive eaor fonesze and style so that you can recognize question at glace, and ‘enclose them in large quotation marks in cate thei oe es formating 1 When you paraphrase «pastage ce 4.2.2), second the paraphrase in a istincive color or fon so chat you cant possibly make ifr your ow eas, and eaclos in curly Bracke Gn case thee loves its aati) If you cane cake notes dteely on a compute, make paper copes af the template Know When to Summarize, Paraphrise or Quote Terwould take you freer to eansrbe the exact words of very source yea igh want ee 20 you must know when not ute, bu osm mart or paraphrase, ‘Summarize whea you need only the general pon oF pasags, scion, ‘or run whole eile ne bone. Sotmmay is wef for general ste ot ‘aed bur noe apecifalyrevane dts o views, A summary os source nevetseres a god evidence ee 54.2 for more on evident) Parphase when you can represent what «source says more cleat poinedly than ic does, Paraphrve docs mean jut changing a word or ‘wo, You must ute our oun words and your oun phrasing replace most ofthe words and phrasing ofthe page (oe 79.2) A paraphrefneer 2 good evidence aa diet quotation Record erat quotacions when thy seve chete purposes 1 The quoted words consti evdence that backs up you reasons. If for cxample you wanted o aim that iferenereplons responded othe Bat Ue ofthe Alamo diferedy, you would quote exact words from difeens newspapers. You would paraphae them iF you needed only thle general 1 The words are from an authocity whe back up your view 1 They ae serikingly original 1 They express our ident 0 compelingly ha the quotation can fame the reso our discussion. 1 They ste view tht you disgre with and ro be fie you want ro sate thar view exactly Iyou don rend important words now, you cant quote ther ct So ‘npy or phaxocopy pasages mare ofen shan you think youl eed or ‘more on phoroopying sce 43.1). Neer abbreviate 2 quotation chinking you can accurately reconstruct i ater. You ean (F you migiot, you Fally undersine your crediily,s9 double check your quote unt the rig. Then chek again1623 Guard aginst Inadverten Plagiariom Sloppy note taking has caused gre For sadens and profesional alike, ranging fom iil fo evil eors to profesional ee for inadvertent Plagiansn, To avoid chat risk, commit eo heart these two ito eles fo Fecording information in noe: 1 Ales unambiguously Sdeify words and eas from a source so tha treks oe anh ter you canner possibly sake chem for your own. fecommended above, eecond quotcions and paraphrasce wich quotation marks aswell sin fons that unambiguously disinguises them from Jour own ideas, Never paapae source so cloely that a reader ean match the pas an senae of our words with those in your Source (ee 79.2). In act, rather ehanteyping quocations of more than 2 few ins, dows lend ot phorocopy them. Add co the top of che downloaded or phot ‘opi page the ame ofthe source and Keywords for sorting This important: aver assume chat you can xe what you fad oa wlehou cing its soure, eve Ii fee and publicly avlable. Nec Teeties you ffom the ducy to acknowledge your use of enohing yo d tot personally reste youre, (For more on plagiarism, se 79.) ERB Toke User Notes Readers wl udge your repor not ust by the quality of your source a how aceuratly you report them, but alo by how dep you engage the To do tha, you mistake ots in away chat px only reflets but enc ges gioming undertnding of your project Use Note-Taking to Advance Your Thinking Many inexperienced rrearchers think that note-aking is « mater rerelyseconding dts. Once they ind a source, they downlad o phot Copy pages or we down exactly whats on then. Recording and pot copying can elp you quote or paraphrase accurately, bu if eal ‘dui you done engage your sources sci, you wil imply accumula loc ofinere daca chat ae kel uo he equally ier in your por If you photocopy os of text, annotate iin a way cha engages yo cic chinking Sart by picking ow those sentences tha expres ‘al clement in cape o are its him, major reasons and so Highligh or label them inthe margin. Then mak des or dae tha expect to inde in your report. (you wie highligh, use die ‘olor o indicate shes dren clements) Then on the back ofthe photocopled pages, sammarie what you‘lghighte or sete a reponse to to mike note in the margin chat hep you inerree the highlighting. The more you write abou 4 source nowy the beter you wil understand and remember tet 2 Take Nort Relevant to Your Question and Working Hypothesis “To.make your noes mow sel record noc just the acts hat you think You ean use a evidence, but data that bel you explain thowe fc and thei relationship to your dim. You an ceate «notes template to help you emembar look fr sever diferent kind of information (ee 4.2.0, “The thee tems ae directly relevant to your working hypothesis 1 reasons tha support your hypothesc or sgger new one s evdence that supports your reasons 1 vews thar undermine or even contadict your hypothesis Da mo limi rr none n opring do. You will nod o respond to dat tha qualify o even contradict yous hypothesis when you make your casei mppor of Gee 5.4.3). “These next ems might not suppor or challenge your hypothe, but they may help you explain ies context simply make your report one readable: * hicorcl background of your qusson, what auhortes have sid shout i partially ear esarch xe 6.2.2 and 10.1) 1 historical oe contemporary contexe that erlains the importance of your ‘weston 1 importan definitions ad principles of sali 1 analogies, comparions, and anecdotes that might nt dicedy support your hypothesis bu do explain o laste complied ses spy make your anabsis more interesting 1 serkngly orginal language reewnt co your opie 423 Recoud Relevant Context, “Those who mirtepor sources dlibesty are dishonest, ba an honest 1 + searcher can misead inadverteneyifshe merely records words nd ignores thei sole or quaieatone To guard aginst miseadng your cade, low these guidelines 4. Do nocastume tha source agree with a wre when the source sun- rmaras tha writer line of rsoning, Quote oa wha a source be Hewes no ts acount of somone eli’ belief, unless that account 2. Recotd why sources apres, Beaute why chey aise can be a ienpor tant at why they dont. Two ppchaloite eight agree that cenagesinking caused by social nfluens, bu round, he oer per Presse a Reond the coment of quotation When you Thao, eon te autho’ ie of reson a important vs Burt ur Bai Te war a causey Yn p12 atte osm vara: Pip Wea Sen 8 Tren f you eae only abou concn, youl ws it mae accra ow reco how a wre reached it rafdence of cach sstement. Do ot male 1 Record he sope and ro eapansve than ie. The second Sentes Felow doc report he Sst aly or accurately. a veatement, Not wheter ifs an impor 5. Record how a source Wes sifeaion or concesdon, and 5000 Sud ‘Guim, minor point 2 q “Tatncins bel you avoid isa ike his Categorize Your Notes for Sorting cao ely demanding wk 5 you take notes, cater aaa emake under two oF moc diesen keyword ee che Scant of he oer in, 41) Aoi mechanical ong os we he nove eg the nt by wha impli, Oy 2 Ee ie er dan he spec coment of he noe, Kp of dhe wae ovand use she ee nes lal ats. Do nt st Mow keyword for every new note This ep is exci because nou ivena ward or evo and #700 take notes on 8 compu Tear we ou nan group melted nore wih nee Pg forces you to del the conten of