drugs is basically a chemical agent

drugs must be metabolized by the body. if them drug isn’t eliminated it will have a cumulative
effect

amoxicillin is a second generation penicillin

pharmacokinetic - movement of the drugs inside the body

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. biotransformation (metabolism of the drug)
4. elimination

pharmacodynamics - the study of the exact mechanism of the action of the drug

posology - drug dosing, cannot overdose or under-dose drug. the dosage must be exact and
precise

toxicology - refer to the toxic effect of the drug, we determine the antidote

Sources of Drugs
• Plants
• Animal products
• Inorganic compounds
• Synthetic sources

Drug names
• Chemical
⁃ (+/-)- 2 -(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid
• Generic
⁃ Ibuprofen
• Trade
⁃ Motrin®️, Advil®️

Types of drugs
• Over-the-counter drugs
• Prescription

Philippine nursing law (R.A. No. 9173) repealing the Philippines nursing act of 1991
⁃ responsibility of the nurse within the prescription and treatment to administer
drugs to a patient
⁃ student nurses are not allowed to administer drugs to patients but under training
they are allowed to do so, only under supervision by a licensed nurse or a medical professional
Legal Liability in Nursing:
• LIABILITY is an obligation one has incurred or might incur through any act or
failure to act.
• MALPRACTICE refers to the behavior of a professional person's wrongful
conduct, improper discharge of professional duties, or failure to meet the standards of
acceptable care, which result in harm to another person.
• NEGLIGENCE (breach of duty) is the failure of an individual to provide care that
a reasonable person would ordinarily use in a similar circumstances.
• Action contrary to the conduct of a reasonable person and results in harm is
considered to be negligent behavior.
• MALFEASANCE occurs when people are injured or die from poor treatment or
negligent care.
• MISFEASANCE is the willful inappropriate action or intentional incorrect action or
advice.
• NONFEASANCE is the failure to act where action is required-willfully or in
neglect (similar to omission)

Form of drugs
Solid - tablet, capsule, caplet, pills, and troches
Liquid - syrup, suspension, elixir

when solid drug is taken, the drug will undergo the process of pharmaceutic (dissolution). there
are two actions that will take place. first is, disintegration (refers to the breaking of the drug into
small particles). after the disintegration, the next action is dissolution (refers to the dissolving of
the small particles into the G.I.T. fluids). it’s important for drugs to be dissolved into solution so it
can cross the biological membrane

the relationship between pH and H+ is inversely proportional

considerations:
1. drugs are dissolved and absorbed faster in an acidic environment
2. enteric coated drugs bypass in the acidity of the stomach and dissolve until it
reached an alkaline environment
3. rate limiting factor: drugs have fillers and binders. oral drugs - slow rate of
absorption

there are 8 liters of G.I.T. fluids

borborygmi - peristalsis sound

after the drug is dissolved (pharmaceutic) the next step is pharmacokinetics

1. absorption - refers to the movement of the drugs from the G.I.T. to the body fluids
(blood).
2. distribution - movement of the drug in the bloodstream to the designated
destination (free drug - bind with the abdomen, inactive- did not bind with the abdomen)
 3. biotransformation

metabolism - transformation of the drug into an active metabolite

liver provides blood when there are sudden loss of blood in the body

liver convert bloods into an inactive metabolite

cytochrome p450 - liver enzymes that coverts drug into an inactive metabolite resulting it to be
water soluble

drug won’t be eliminated unless it’s acted upon by the liver

hepatotoxic - drugs that can damage the liver

liver profile will determine the adequacy of the liver function

if the enzymes value is high it is indicative of damage of the liver tissue/cell

drug - failure of metabolism

stored in the blood

cumulative effect toxicity and adverse

reaction

SGOT - ALT, AST

SGPT ALP

hepatomegaly - enlargement of the liver, upon palpation you can feel the margin and lobes of
the liver

conjugation with something to do

icteric - used to describe the yellowish-greenish color observed in the sclera of the eyes or in
plasma/serum samples of patients with very high concentrations of bilirubin.

4. Elimination - movement of the drug from the blood away from the body

Routes of elimination
lungs - breath
sweat
saliva
defecation
breastmilk - contains pregnanediol s21, colostrum
main route of elimination is governed by the kidney


drug does not stay in our body, it has to be eliminated

Safe Administration of Drugs

Basic Rights
1. Right Client
2. Right Drug
3. Right Dose
4. Right route of administration
5. Right Time
6. Right of the client to know the reason for the medication
7. Right to refuse medication
8. Right Assessment
9. Right Evaluation
10. Right Documentation

conscious, coherent, communicative

Components of Drug Order

• Date and Time the order is written;

• Drug Name (Generic Name)
• Drug Dosage
• Route of administration
• Frequency and Duration of Administration;
• Any special instructions for withholding or adjusting drug dose
• Physician or Health Providers Signatures
• Note: If any one (1) of the components is MISSING it is considered
INCOMPLETE ORDER and the drug SHOULD NOT be administered. CLARIFICATION of the
drug order must be done.

Order Sheet


Categories of Drug Order

• STANDING ORDER - may be carried indefinitely or for a specific number of days
until the order is discontinued or terminated. A renewal order must be written by the prescriber
before the drug is discontinued.
• SINGLE ORDER - an order of medication given only once.
• PRN ORDER - requires judgement in administering the drug,
• There is a condition in administering the drug.
• STAT ORDER - an order that medication shall be given immediately without fail
and only once.

Anti-Infective Therapy

General Considerations
• these are the drugs that intended to stop the process of infection
• Infection - Entrance of invading microbial pathogens
• There needs to be an entry of microorganism to the host
• Oil from the sweat glands also provide protection from microorganism
• Normal flora are microorganisms inside the body
• Skin - staphylococcus aureus, GIT - Escherichia Coli
• You need to kill the microorganisms for the infection to stop
• Penicillin is derived from penicillium notatum







• tRNA carries the code and pass it to mRNA to the reticulum
• when cells are damaged it needs protein
• DNA - deoxy ribose + nucleic acid
• RNA - ribose + nucleic acid
• antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid
• PABA - Para-aminobenzoic acid
• If the microorganisms mutated, it will become resistant
• In order to know the microorganisms inside us, there are three different methods
we can use: culture, gram-staining, and sensitivity test
• In culturing, we have to stain in for 48-24 hours
• In gram staining, we determine if it is gram negative or gram positive
• If the patient is already resistant to certain anti microbial drugs,