SEC. 3 FurTHER ALGEBRAIC Properties 5 2. Show that 3. Show that (14)? = 1422427. 4. Verify that each of the two numbers z = | ++i satisfies the equation z? — 22 +2=0. 5, Prove that multiplication of complex numbers is commutative, as stated at the beginning of Sec. 2, 6. Verify (a) the associative law for addition of complex numbers, stated at the beginning of Sec. (b) the distributive law (3), Sec. 2. 7. Use the associative law for addition and the distributive law to show that 1 +z + 25) = 224 +229 + 203- + Y) + (tv) = (x,y) and point out how it follows that the complex number 0 = (0, 0) is unique as an additive identity. (b) Likewise, write (x, y)(u,v) = (x, y) and show that the number 1 = (1,0) is a unique multiplicative identity. 9, Use —1 = (=1,0) and z = (x, y) to show that (—1)z 10, Use i = (0, 1) and y = (y, 0) to verify that —(iy) = (= inverse of a complex number z = x-+iy can be written —z = ‘Thus show that the additive x —iy without ambiguity. 11. Solve the equation 2? + z + (x, YQ. Y+O,y) +1,0) and then solving a pair of simultaneous equations in x and y. Suggestion: Use the fact that no real number x satisfies the given equation to show that y £0. O for z = (x, y) by writing = (0,0) Dipindai dengan CamScanner—_— 1. (@) (NE ~i)~ill-V3) = V3-i-i-V3 =-2i; ©) BBA = (443,642) = (1.8); 4 ana-o($et)=ao(24)ec. 2 (a) Re(ie)= Refi(x + )]= Re(-y +i) =-y =—Imz; Rez. (0) Iran) = Iafi(x +99] = Im(-y + i) 3 (en) = (142K 2) = (42) 14 (L42)e = 1(142) 420142) sltztete a1+2c42, 4, Medi, then 2? -22+2=(140?-214/)+2 =£2-2F21+2=0. ‘5, To prove that multiplication is commutative, write 248, = AAI) = Or — Wars HHH) Gah a +N) = OH) Ee ey (a) To verify the associative law for addition, write (#2) +2 UG N+ II + GI) = OH tH AI) + EDI) ta) ay O49) +I)" GH +) FOI) = GWG Hay I +H) = GHAI) + I] =a +44). () To verify the distributive law, write Hy +2) MGI + GW BNR +I +I) 9 (5, +28 — 4 — he Yat + tH) = 0 = 9) +25 — ae I Ha tH +24) = (2 ~ Wie FA) CO We HH HDs) Maa) + eM) = a4 + 2. 10, The problem here is to solve the equation z+ 2+1=0 for z= (x,y) by writing CeyXx.9)+ (4.9)+(,0)= (0,0) Since (2 -y 441,224) = 0.0), itfollows that ayhtxtl=0 and Qyty=0. By writing the second of these equations as (2x-+1)y=0, we se that ether 2x+1=0 or y=0. If y=0, the first equation becomes x°-+2+1=0, which has no real roots (according tothe quadratic formula), Hence 2x+1=0, or x=-V/2. In that cate, the fist equation reveals that y* =3/4, o¢ y=23/2. Thus Dipindai dengan CamScanner1. Reduce each of these quantities to a real number: 1427 2 5i (6) ——_—___; 1), © ata © Te-0G—9' an ‘Ans. (a) ~ z ) - z © -4. 8 — Comptex NuMBERs cuar. | 2. Show that 1 le (40). 3. Use the associative and commutative laws for multiplication to show that )- 123)( (122) (e324) 0, then at least one of the three factors is zero. 0 and use a similar result (Sec. 3) involving two 4, Prove that i 5. Derive expression (6), Sec. 3, for the quotient z, /zp by the method described just after it. 6. With the aid of relations (10) and (11) in Sec. 3, derive the identity Dipindai dengan CamScannerSi) _ -5+10i , -5—10i _ 2. 142i 42zie (1+2i)(3+4i) | (2-2 25 25 5° MO) rae G—anaediy” GDS Si Si = (-)2-)GB-i) G-3)G-i) (b) () (i =(d-)0-af =(-2i? =-4. 2 (a) (-Nz=-z since z+ (-I)z =2[l+(-)]=z-0=0; 3. Ge Mqeq) = lz (Z24)] = BG_Z)24] = GUZ,% z= Gls (Z2)] = (ZzZZ)- 442 22(1)a22(14)-.(4),(24)-(4 2) 6 2% (4) (22) (Z}() (Zé (#0.24#0) 7 DIOR ere arte Dipindai dengan CamScanner. Locate the numbers z; + z2 and z — z2 vectorially when 2 (a) z = 2i, Bagok 6) u=CV3,D, 2 = (3,0); (c) z1 = (-3, 1), 1,4); (d) u=x+iy1, x —fy. . Verify inequalities (3), Sec. 4, involving Re z, Im z, and [z]. . Use established properties of moduli to show that when |z3| # |z4l, Re(zi +22) Iz3 +24] . Verify that V2 |z| > [Re <| + [Imz]. Suggestion: Reduce this inequality to (|x| — ly)? = 0. . Ineach case, sketch the set of points determined by the given condition: (a) |z—1+i/=1; (b) |z +i] <3; (c) |z—4i| = 4. lal + Iz2l Iles] — Izall Dipindai dengan CamScannerf@ g2can g-0.0) Coe 2 oui Se de RecsiRedSid ant Imeslindels, asus QF ond ite (PF A Moxkr owen teinapy VTldztte! snc ween kn flog ware PTF autos, Ae yah eaten ttaay ene, ania. Panty feet he wed sro sn ed ia a) Wee LeAnn a eA Ae Do ea er isch a desman encms at (0) et Ltt a tke (0 ee at i mf pi ah then be peptic Dani of eine segment fom tok Dipindai dengan CamScannerAL. Use properties of conjugates and moduli established in Sec. 6 to show that (© THE =3— ai, HEH SNVE-II= VERE 5 2. Sketch the set of points determined by the conition @Ree-)=2 — @ REFT=4 2. Vey properties (3) and 4 of conjugates Se. 6 4. Use property (4) of conjugates in Sec. 6 to show that o Fae 5. Verify propery (9) of moduli in Sec. 6 6 Use results in Sec. 610 show that when zy and z are nonzero, o (2) 7. Show that ) Ret 8 Its shown in Sec. 3 that 2122 =O, then atleast one ofthe numbers: and z> must be 2210. Give an alternative roof based on the corresponding result for rel numbers and using identity (8), See. 6. 2 + 3 mo two quadratic factors and using inequality (2, See. 5, Wes on the circle Ie] = 2, then Sys when|s] <1 sec.7 EXPONENTIAL Fors 17 12. Let ap.ay. dz. --+4 (n 2 1) denote real numbers, and let z be any complex number. With the aid ofthe results in Exercise 11, show tha ay Faye aye oF es Io baie + md +o ay 13. Show that the equation |= ~ zo R of acircle, centered at zp with radius R, can be le? 2Re(ez) + Keal? = R. 14. Using expressions (6), See. 6, for Rez and Im, show thatthe hyperbola cean be writen S4P=2 1S. Follow the steps below to give an algebraic derivation ofthe triangle inequality (Sec. 5) (@) Show that I () Poin out why + (0) Use the results in parts (a) and (b) to obtain the inequality leat anl < dal + and note how the triangle inequality follows. Dipindai dengan CamScanner‘SECTION 5 1 @ FFBaE+Hee- 3 ©) Baie=-z; (©) Dri = (FF) = 0-9 4-44? 2A: (@) 122+ SYNE —ial2e+ SINE ~itnlTeFSWVI+1 = V3 122+ 51, 2 (@) Rewrite Re(2—i)=2 as Relx+i(-y-1]=2, or x=2, This is the vertical ine Uough the point z =2, shown below. 0 Rew iiet sana 3. Wie g 3; 4ijand 244i. Then (0 —2) 10, ~ 2) = 4, i) GD) =H -E, GAR Th) GR OD = C689) Hye +N) = Des “DEEL 4 0) 23, =Galm ae = aaa () FaBI AFF Bee) Hi -7 6 @ (&)-2-=: an) be BS J] tet tel 4% | lege) lzllel” 8, Inthis problem, we shall use the inequalities (see See. 4) IResislel and f,+2,+541<|e|+Le+f6)- Specifically, when lS, Reatres'fsizeescis24in stem 2slaltlels24141=4, Dipindai dengan CamScanner10, Fitts a= 42! 43=(@' =e" =. Then observe that when Ia 2, 1-1 etan] aie wd tet —r2fie143 lets] ‘Tras when t= 2, let nde ¢3ate the -3123-183, Consequenty, when Heson te cel Ie, bates 1, (a) Provetat¢ inal» Ee, Ce) Seppote that Fz, 0 that x—iysm iy, This means that (2y=0, of y=0. Thos em 34 10=3,0¢ eleva, (>) Soppse tat «ive, sothat gx 410, Then Ea x-iOez+/0me, (2) Poveda isle real or pure imaginary > 2 = (o>) Suppose hat Faz. Then (xi) = (xi, or i4zy =O. Bu this can be oly iether x=0 or y=0, of posibly x=y=0." Thos is eter real or pore inaginay (2) Suppose that «Is ler eal or pore imaginary. fz is rea, 0 tat z=, then Peewee Isis pur imagbary so hat ei, ten B= ip! = ip = 12 (a) Weel we mathematical induction wo show tat TETRA hte 223.3. ‘Tis iaknown when n=2 (Se. 5. Assuming now tat itis tue when m=, we may FES a cena athe te ‘ (0) tae sameway, we can show at TENE 023.3. ‘This ste when n=2 (See. 5) Assuming thait iste when m= m, we we Tee ES (ei EN AR Bree 14, Theideniies (See 5) ef ot and Ree = ££E enable usto wie ele Ras (e-n)e-n)=R B-(asZ)ouyeR, a 2Refe) +h. 18, Since x= 22 and y=255, te hyperbola 3*y" = can be writen inthe flowing woe Dipindai dengan CamScannerEXERCISES: 1, Find the principal argument Arg when wens ige wen (4-i) Ans.) 23; 2% Show that (a) le" = 1; (b) FF =e” 24 commaxnonnns cuw.t ‘3. Use matbematialindoeton to show that eh 44, Using the fet that tbe modulus fe I ithe distance betwen the points?” and 1 (sce Sec. 4, give a geometric argument w fad a value of # in the inieval 0 = 0 < 2x that satis the eqation fe” =I] = 2 Ans. 5, By writing the individual factor onthe left in exponential form, performing the needed ‘operations and finally changing back to rectangular coordinates, show that (2) 10 = VIDS +H) = 20+ VI; (SHAH =H: 21+ V5. ent) 42,3, ©) 5+ =- 64 a+ V5i" 6, Show that if Res) > Oand Rezs > 0. then Argia) = Arg) + ‘where principal arguments re used, 7. Letz bea nonzero complex number and a negative integer (n = re an 1,2... Using the expressions vere nd verify that (oY and ence that the df hve ben writen alematvely x= ()"" 1. Prove tat two nonzero complex numbers ‘here are complex umber and ¢:soch tha Suggestion: Note that oo) oo and sce Exercise 20] <0 <2) and consider Suggestion: As for the fist identity, write S= 1+ 2 in the fist one, the wiference § ~28. To derive the second identity, wi sc.10 Roots oF ConmusxNumaens 25 10. Use de Moivee's formula (See. 8) 10 deve the flowing tgomometrichentes (a) c0s30 = co — 30s sin?#: (0) sin30 = 3eoe? sind — sino, Dipindai dengan CamScanner5 (0) Since arg(v3 — if = Garg(v3 -0, one value of arg(V3 ~i)* is 6-2). orm, So the principal value is —r+2n, or x. ‘The solution 6 = x of the equation le” ~1=2 in the interval 0S 0<2r is ‘geometrically evident if we recall that e" lies on the circle Izl= 1 and that le” ~ 11 is the distance between the points e” and 1, See the figure below. We know from de Moivre's formula that (cos 6 + isin 6)’ = cos30+isin30, cos? 8+ 3cos* O(isin 8) +3cos O(isin 8} + (isin8) = cos38 + isin36. (cos? @-3cos Osin* 8) + i(3cos? Asin 6 — sin” 8) = cos36 + isin36. ing real parts and then imaginary parts here, we arrive at the desired trigonometric (@) c0s38 = cos’ @-3cosOsin* 6; (b) sin30 = 3cos* @sin@—sin’ 8. is any nonzero complex number and a negative integer (n= .» By writing T-Grregen we see that (2")"=(z"')". Thus the definition z*=(2")" can also be written as eeey Dipindai dengan CamScanner10 1% Pasta, given to nonzero complex tubers an eps a er ae compen femten cy tne, w2heat =f, ne Soe J and tate foow tf Sipps co ther hand at we know oly at. We may geneseia) sed sp =nensiay, we noes emotes ecerenf8$) atc xen(i854), wteton cevenon( 54) neateg “ aennh 8S a 84) no mas sree id net au Settee oot ten SoSaser sents con Now hel par fe ethan ie bees ede ema ¢eaa20h cand sooo te alpha side, we we at sien for Aeoxfieena] © Tren) a eee seh comes ‘empress licety @ceerm. Dipindai dengan CamScannerEXERCISES 1. Find the square rots of (a) 2; (b) 1 — Vi and express them in rectangular coordinates a Ans.(a) (40; (0) 2. Findthe three cue rote (k = 0, 1,2) -8i, express them nreetangular coordinates, ‘and point out why they areas shown in Fig. 15. Ans. 2/3 FIGURE 15 ste, Bows 31 3. Find (8 — 87%) veties of certain square, and pot out which i the pi Ans #5 ~0, 4014+ SRD. 4. Ineach case ind all of the roots in rectangular coordinates, exhibit them as veces of ‘certain regulae polygons, and identify the principal root express the rots in rectangular coordinates, exhibit them ax the ipa oot. Ge) Ct, 88, LJ 1 Ans.(b) #43, 31 1 gb ve ve '. According to Sec. 10th thre eube roots ofa nonzero complex nummer canbe writen ‘a, ues, a} where cq isthe principal eube root of 2 and one) a5 ‘Show that if zo = ~4V7-4+-4V3, then in rectangular form, the numbers (1+ i) and the other two cube rots ae, on = LEAD vi, (=) i+ i vi 6 Find the four 210 of te polynomial +4, one of them being Viet a4 “Then we tote 27010 ator #4 ino quadratic factors with eal eoefcens Ans. (2422-4 202" 2242) 7. Show that if is any mh root of uty other than unity sl then Thebebontes =o. Suggestion: Use the fit ienity in Exercise 9, See.9, 8. (a) Prove thatthe usual formula salves the quadratic equation 0 weo when the coefficients a,b, and are complex numbers. Specifically, by completing the square on the left-hand sid, derive the quadratic formula ad thet ee bday" pq te ‘where both square oots are tobe considered when B? — dac #0, (b) Use the result in prt (a) to find the roots ofthe equation 2? 422 + (=i) ann (4B) ee (1-%)- Dipindai dengan CamScannera eee: can” «ftenf (5-+48)] aan, nse Alo oi est each)tet Ga Eee anes, Gq tlag te picpal wot These a sktcod low B- 0) omc at 1-Siaaenf{—E42te)tha0ht2.) Hae we 0-sn*= Fef(-Z sas) enon. sense = Sco —inin) = tear eine eye ‘mare 2 (a) Soe “16=I6expe 2b] (b= 0.41.2.) he ede ota 10)" ~20nf(4)] (noua. Tepe tis eonne™ ofeer sisin) aa Fo) ase, Tae er ee ote GAO wale AIO, MNEs, “ eB we = VEL K- = VE~0. ‘eben (9 mnt -bitonf (2st eens Tan Caw arenf{-Eo42)] 0,129. pt en2e wr(cor8 snd) Dipindai dengan CamScannerA Oe Wenge To, eae aon =-te fin ‘eset al town blow, (a) By wing te tenien + 2h) (b= 02142.) wesc ta oP wonf (E22) ean, Mec ai 21 ene nea ss altd Treat 0 rt we ws eee nett wees tn ‘ee mot ae showe ew as (0) Sc He Hesti04 2h) (40.22. Be ed mo es) arouasan sepa eee Destenee onset) eee (con eo 4 Tete esbe ots he mmber «= 4VF + 41 = eng 2 arr otef (502) sais, se eviety parca, Dipindai dengan CamScannermi ene (60, Bot) Bn aSoy (a) Lae dese any fel alma, I or ind et gu ot of in © Spa tm, we we AstesteVTF ant andaiar. tie Aerie 2k} sottt2..0. (=o. Ve aad ieee hd. (2) Sac #41 ier hove he eal eit, wekow dat O< ec Ths O< Ze %, ands tie sont SE oA) = VATED). n $40 are the fur fourth ots of te umber “4. To lexis 2h) = O1,42...). Then nae =09ie eget anal “Thinner ws to we BdnlemelemeXementeme) lle gXe-@)hlle~ekt6) Her -Me+ D+Mtee-D-Ae—D+ =[een* [fon] n(2s2eea\e-2042), 7. Late de any mth root f unity oer than unity il, With he dof the emit (ce Esecte f6)sce 7 aa 7 Late tanto en, wef ar Mesdansert Dipindai dengan CamScannerEXERCISES 1. Sketch the following sets and determine which are domains: (@ |z-2+i) <1 (b) Pz +31 > 4; © Imz> 1; @ Imz=1 (©) O sarge sr /4 (2 #0); @ kk—41 = lel Ans. (b), (©) are domains. 2. Which sets in Exercise | are neither open nor closed? Ans. (e). 3. Which sets in Exercise 1 are bounded? Ans. (a). SEC. 12 REGIONS IN THE COMPLEX PLANE 35, 4, Ineach case, sketch the closure of the set: (a) 1 0. nis 2| < 1. State 7. Determine the accumulation points of each of the following sets: (a) tn =i" (N= 1,2,.-.)5 (b) tn = i"/n (9 = 1,2, (0) O4|e-(-2]o2 wn tt etn ques cm el ener ec wi cra 92 aah dea {c) Write Imz>I a8 y>1 to see that this isthe haf plane consisting of all points tying shove the horizontal line y= 1. Itisa domain. (d) The set Imz=1 is simply the horizontal line y=, Itis not adomain. y Toe set le~A’ale can be written inthe form ( x52, This tel, which is indicated below, is not a domain. geometrically evident since it consists of all points 2 such thatthe distance between z Eats pence than or equal ote distance Seween ¢ andthe origin Dipindai dengan CamScanner2» 4 (@) The closure ofthe set —x- 0, or Iyi>O. Hence the closure ofthe st Resell athe cre ple. ince Hn Ee Em AB, te set Re)! canbe writen a8 p24 oe to Sac Pa arsenate te mR) canbe wien as ES (=2x)+y'20. Finally, by completing the square, we arrive at the inequality (Ge-! +y? 21°, which describes the circle, together with its exterioe, that is centered 1 eat wihrais 1 The clue of his ti el a (@) Since 2! = (xiy)'=x°~y" +i2ay the set Re(e!)>0 can be writen as 7 <2, oF Iylcial, The closure ofthis set consists of the lines y =x together with the shaded rion showa below. 5% ‘Since every polygon! line oining and s; must contain at east one point thats notin, it isclear at Sis ott Dipindai dengan CamScanner