Today, the internet is dominated by Web 2.

0, but the researchers have

been working on another aim of making the internet behave more
intelligently, which is referred to as Web 3.0 or Semantic Web. In the
Semantic Web, the web content becomes more understandable by
machines and it can be processed and shared by the machines
themselves. The machines and search engines behave more
intelligently without the need for human intervention (Whitmore et al.,
2015).

It was expected that there will be 7 trillion wireless devices to serve 7bn
people (1,000 devices/person). This ultra-huge number of connected
devices or things and the new techniques have introduced a paradigm,
commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) (Razzaque et al.,
2016).

IoT started in 1998, and the term IoT was originally coined by Kevin
Ashton in 1999. IoT is an expansion of Mark Weiser’s vision of
ubiquitous computing (UbiComp), which aims to produce a global
network that supports UbiComp and context awareness among
devices. Establishing IoT is based on the proliferation of wireless sensor
network (WSN), mobile computing (MobiComp), UbiComp and
information technologies. Ambient intelligence is one of the key
components of IoT. IoT application scenarios require applications to
demonstrate their adaptability to very diverse contexts with different
available resources and possibly changing deployment environments
over time. Since the origin of IoT, it has been evolving in a tremendous
way and it is still an emerging trend for researchers in both academia
and industry (Miorandi et al., 2012; Porkodi and Bhuvaneswari,
2014; Whitmore et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2011).
IoT architecture
Currently, the internet is using TCP/IP protocol layered stack, which was
introduced long time ago for communication between network hosts.
IoT will include an increasing number of interconnected sensors and
smart devices and an extremely wide range of technologies.
Architecture solutions will need to include all those diverse devices and
technologies. IoT architecture solutions should also be flexible to meet
the needs of identification (RFID tags), intelligent devices and smart
objects (hardware and software solutions). Single reference
architecture cannot be used as a blueprint for all applications; thus,
heterogeneous reference architectures in IoT have to coexist (Chen et
al., 2014; Khan et al., 2012).

IoT components
5.1 Hardware
Most of the hardware upon which the IoT is built already exists and is
used pervasively. The most important hardware infrastructure
comprises RFID, NFC and sensor networks (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).