Fungsi Parameter

Permukaan

Normal Vector

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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 Normal Vector
Let's say you have
some surface, S.
If a vector at some
point on S is
perpendicular to S at
that point.
It is called a normal
a normal vector has magnitude 1, it is called a unit normal
vector
vector (of S at that
point).

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-
functions/flux-in-3d-articles/a/unit-normal-vector-of-a-surface
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 Normal Vector

Both partial derivative vectorsare tangent to the surface at the

point

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-
calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/flux-in-3d-
articles/a/unit-normal-vector-of-a-surface

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Normal Vector
a normal vector

a normal vector has magnitude 1, it is called a unit normal vector

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Normal Vector
• If surface is represented using g(x,y,z)= 0, for examples

unit normal vector

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Contoh Normal Vector

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Contoh Normal Vector-1

• Define normal vector at

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-
calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/flux-in-3d-
articles/a/unit-normal-vector-of-a-surface EDUNEX ITB
Contoh Normal Vector-1

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Contoh Normal Vector-1
Unit Normal Vector

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 Contoh Normal Vector-2
Normal vector of surface

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Sistem Koordinat Lain

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Sistem Koordinat Polar
Sistem koordinat polar terdiri dari titik asal O, kemudian titik P
dalam bidang dideskripsikan dari jaraknya (i.e., r) dari titik asal
dengan sudut θ, 0≤ θ ≤2
• Hubungan dengan sistem
koordinat kartesian :
x = r cos  ; y = r sin 
• Sebaliknya
y
r = x 2 + y 2 ; tan  =
x

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Sistem Koordinat Tabung
P(r,θ,z) • Sistem Koordinat Tabung merupakan
kombinasi koor. Polar dengan bidang
xy dengan penambahan koordinat z.
• Dimana :
2 2
x = r cos  ; y = r sin  ; z = z; r = x + y

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Sistem Koordinat Bola
• Dalam Koordinat Bola, titik P(x,y,z) yang dituliskan
sebagai (x,y,z) dalam kartesian, dituliskan (ρ, φ, θ)
dalam koordinat bola
• Dimana :

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Parameter Permukaan

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Parameter Permukaan

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/surface-
integrals-articles/a/surface-area-integrals EDUNEX ITB
Parameter Permukaan

https://youtu.be/T4Lz9ZUYTiY EDUNEX ITB

Parameter Permukaan
• We also need to know the region of the
parameter space that gets mapped onto the
surface.
• "Parameter space" is a fancy word for where the
point (t,s) parenthesis lives
• In this case, let's say it is the rectangle defined by

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 Parameter Permukaan
For one of these tiny rectangles, you can
Chopping up the rectangle T in the
think its width as being dt, a tiny change
parameter space into many tiny little
to the parameter t. Similarly for s
rectangles

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Parameter Permukaan
• Strictly speaking, the rectangle will
become slightly curved as it is pasted
onto S
• However, as you consider smaller
and smaller rectangles,
✓that curvature becomes more and
more negligible, and we can basically
treat this tiny piece as if it was flat

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Parameter Permukaan
• The function v (t, s) maps one of
these tiny rectangles onto the
surface.
• For one of these tiny rectangles ,
(tA, sA) represent the lower left
corner and (tB, sB) represent its
lower right corner.
• Now consider the vector pointing
from v (tA, sA) to v (tB, sB) on the
surface
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Parameter Permukaan Imagine traveling in the positive t direction of the
parameter space with a speed of 1

If you map your motion onto the surface S, our velocity

vector on that surface as a function of time is described
by:

Velocity passing the point (tA, sA)

Multiplying it by dt which can be thought of as a tiny

change in time

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Parameter Permukaan
whose magnitude equals the area of a
parallelogram spanned by those two
vectors

the area of that parallelogram

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Pengantar Integrasi
Permukaan

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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 Integrasi Permukaan • If R represents a metal sheet,
and f(x,y) is a density function, the
double integral will give you the
mass of the sheet.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariabl
e-calculus/integrating-multivariable-
functions/surface-integrals-articles/a/surface-
integrals https://mathinsight.org/surface_integral_ve
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ctor_field_introduction
Integrasi Permukaan

https://mathinsight.org/surface_integral_vector_f
ield_introduction
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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Perhitungan Integrasi
Permukaan

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Integrasi Permukaan Medan Skalar

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Integrasi Permukaan Medan Vektor

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Contoh Integrasi Permukaan

Medan Skalar

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Contoh dalam Medan Skalar
• For the cylindrical surface of radius 3 and height 5

• The charge of density is

• Parametric Equation using cylindrical
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ; 𝑧 = 𝑡;
r = x2 + y2

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https://mathinsight.org/surface_integral_scalar_examples
Contoh dalam Medan Skalar

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Contoh dalam Medan Skalar

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Contoh Integrasi Permukaan

Medan Vektor

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Contoh Integrasi Permukaan Medan Vektor
• For the cylindrical surface of radius 3 and height 5

• Parametric Equation using cylindrical

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ; 𝑧 = 𝑡;
r = x2 + y2

https://mathinsight.org/surface_integral_vector_examples EDUNEX ITB

Contoh dalam Medan Vektor

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Contoh dalam Medan Vektor

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Integrasi Volume Pada

Medan Vektor

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Integrasi Volume
• Jika V adalah sebuah area tertutup
yang dibatasi oleh bidang S.
• F adalah medan vektor pada setiap
titik V dan batasannya bidang S.

• Sehingga integral volume dari F pada region

tersebut adalah:
x2 y2 z2
V
F dV =
  
x1 y1 z1
F dz dy dx
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Contoh Integrasi Volume
• Evaluasi integral volume dimana V adalah sebuah area yang dibatasi
oleh bidang x=0, x=2, y=0,y=3, z=0, z=4 dan F=xyi+zj-x2k.
• Langkah1: Gambarkan batasan yang akan dievaluasi

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Contoh Integrasi Volume
F = xyi + zj − x 2k dan dV = dx dy dz

(xyi + zj − x 2k )dx dy dz
4 3 2
V
F dV =
0 0 0
x=2
4 3 x 2 y x  3

V
F dV =


0 0  2
i + xzj − k
3 
 x =0
dydz

4 3
 8 
 
V
F dV =  2 yi + 2 zj − k  dydz
0 0 3 

V
F dV = 4(9i + 12 j − 8k )
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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Teorema Divergensi

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Teorema Divergensi
• Teorema Divergensi Gauss secara operasional digunakan untuk
merubah integrasi volume ke integral permukaan ataupun
sebaliknya.
• Sehingga dalam bidang tertutup S menutup region V pada medan
vektor F persamaan berikut berlaku :

V
div F dV =

S
F dS

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Contoh Teorema Divergensi
• Verifikasi teorema divergensi pada medan vektor
F=x2i+zj+yk,dimana V adalah sebuah area yang dibatasi oleh bidang
z=0, z=2, y=0,y=3, x=0, x=1.

V
div F dV =

S
F dS

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Contoh Teorema Divergensi
• Langkah Pertama :
V
div F dV

     2
div F = .F =  i + j + k .( x i + zj + yk )
 x y z 
x 2 z y
div F = + + = 2x + 0 + 0 = 2x
x y z

V
div F dV =

V
2 x dV =

V
2 x dxdydz = 6

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Contoh Teorema Divergensi
• Langkah kedua:


S
F dS =

S
F .nˆ dS

• S1 : z = 0; nˆ = −k

 F .nˆ dS =
S S1
( x 2i + yk ).(−k ) dydx

1 3
 
9
F .nˆ dS = (− y )dydx = − EDUNEX ITB
S 0 0 2
Contoh Teorema Divergensi
• S2 : z = 2; nˆ = k dS = dxdy


S
F .nˆ dS =

S2
( x 2i + 2 j + yk ).(k ) dydx

1 3
 
9
F .nˆ dS = ( y )dydx =
S 0 0 2
• S3 : y = 3; nˆ = j dS = dxdz
 F .nˆ dS =
S S3
( x 2i + zj + 3k ).( j) dxdz

1 2
 F .nˆ dS =
S 
0 0
( z )dxdz = 2
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Contoh Teorema Divergensi
• S4 : y = 0; nˆ = − j dS = dxdz


S
F .nˆ dS =
 S4
( x 2i + zj + 0k ).(− j) dxdz

1 2

S
F .nˆ dS =

0 0
(− z )dxdz = −2

• S5 : x = 1; nˆ = i dS = dydz
S
F .nˆ dS =
S5
(1i + zj + yk ).(i ) dydz

2 3
S
F .nˆ dS =

0 0
(1)dydz = 6
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Contoh Teorema Divergensi
• S6 : x = 0; nˆ = −i dS = dydz

S
F .nˆ dS =

S6
(0i + zj + yk ).(−i ) dydz

1 2

S
F .nˆ dS =

0 0
(0)dydz = 0

• Sehingga :

9 9
F dS = − + − 2 + 2 + 6 + 0 = 6
S 2 2

 div F dV =  F dS = 6
V S
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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Green Theorem

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Green Theorem
• Green's theorem transforms the line integral around C into a double
integral over the region inside C
“macroscopic circulation ”

If F were the velocity field of water flow

https://mathinsight.org/greens_theorem_idea#:~:text=Green's%20the EDUNEX ITB

orem%20is%20simply%20a,in%20red)%20in%20the%20plane.
Green Theorem

Green's theorem is simply a relationship between the macroscopic

circulation around the curve C and the sum of all the microscopic
circulation that is inside C

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Green Theorem

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/greens-
theorem-and-stokes-theorem/greens-theorem-articles/a/greens-
theorem
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Green Theorem

When Green's theorem applies

• Green's theorem works only for the case where C is a simple closed
curve
• Green's theorem can be used only for vector fields in two dimensions,
such as the F(x,y)=(y,xy). It cannot be used for vector fields in three
dimensions

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Contoh Green Theorem

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Contoh Teorema Green [1]
• Hitung integral garis pada bidang berikut, jika diketahui terdapat medan
vector F=y2i+3xyj, serta region D dilingkupi kurva C dengan informasi
berikut

𝐹1 = 𝑦 2 , 𝐹2 = 3𝑥𝑦

https://mathinsight.org/greens_theorem_examples
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Contoh Teorema Green [2]
𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬1 d𝑥 + 𝐹2 d𝑦 = ‫𝑅׭‬ − d𝑥d𝑦 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥
− 𝜕𝑦 = 3y−2y=y

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 Fungsi Parameter
Permukaan

Teorema Stokes

Dr. Eng. Febri Zukhruf

KK Rekayasa Transportasi-FTSL Matematika Rekayasa

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Teorema Stokes
• Teorema Stokes dapat digunakan untuk merubah integral permukaan
menjadi integral garis dan sebaliknya.
• Karena dalam beberapa aplikasi terkadang ditemui bahwa lebih
mudah menyelesaikan salah satu bentuk (i.e., garis atau permukaan)
ketimbang bentuk lainnya.

S
curl F .dS =

c
F .dr

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Teorema Stokes
• Green's theorem applies only to two-dimensional vector fields and to
regions in the two-dimensional plane.
• Stokes' theorem generalizes Green's theorem to three dimensions.
https://mathinsight.org/stokes_theorem_idea

Contoh penggunaan :

https://mathinsight.org/stokes_theorem_examples

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 Contoh Teorema Stokes


S
curl F .dS =
c
F .dr

https://mathinsight.org/stokes_theorem_examples EDUNEX ITB

Contoh Teorema Stokes

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Contoh Teorema Stokes

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Dummy

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Contoh Teorema Stokes
• Sebuah setengah bola S didefinisikan oleh x2+y2+z2=4. Sebuah medan
vektor F=2yi-xj+xzk eksis pada bidang tersebut dan kurva batasnya c.
Verifikasi teorema stokes

S 
curl F .dS = F .dr
c

S : x2 + y2 + z 2 − 4 = 0
F = 2 yi − xj + xzk
c adalah lingkaran x 2 + y 2 = 4

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Contoh Teorema Stokes
 
c
F.dr = (2 yi − xj + xzk ).(idx + jdy + kdz )
c

 
F.dr = (2 ydx − xdy + xzdz )
c c
Ubah menjadi koordinat Polar

x = 2 cos  ; y = 2 sin  ; z = 0
dx = −2 sin  d ; dy = 2 cos d ; batasi  = 0 hingga 2
2
 
c
F.dr =
0
(4 sin  [−2 sin d ] − 2 cos  2 cos  d )

 2
 
F.dr =
c
− 4(2 sin  + cos  ) d = −12
0
2 2
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Contoh Teorema Stokes
S
curl F .dS =

S
curl F .nˆ dS

i j k
  
curl F =   F = = − zj − 3k
x y z
2y −x xz

S 2 xi + 2 yj + 2 zk xi + yj + zk
nˆ = = =
S 2
4x2 + 4 y2 + 4z 2
 xi + yj + zk 
S
ˆ

curl F .n dS = (− zj − 3k ).
S  2
dS


 2
1
ˆ
curl F .n dS = (− yz − 3 z )dS EDUNEX ITB
S S
Contoh Teorema Stokes
x = 2 sin  cos  ; y = 2 sin  sin  ; z = 2 cos  ; dS = 4 sin dd

(2 sin 2  cos  sin  + 3 sin  cos  )dd
2
 0 0
2
curl F .nˆ dS = −4
S

S
curl F .nˆ dS = −12

S 
curl F .dS = curl F .nˆ dS = −12
S

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