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DISTANCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

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Kerala, India- 691533.
____________________________________________________________

Book of Acts: Authorship. Title, Relationship with

ASSIGNMENT TITLE / TOPIC:______________________________________
rest of New Testament books, Sources and Purpose.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

SUBJECT: INTRODUCTION TO THE MISSION AND EVANGELISM BASED ON BOOK OF ACTS

SUBMITTED TO: Rev. Suneesh Johnson

NAME OF THE STUDENT: Cressida Shindle M

PROGRAM: M. DIV / B.TH YEAR OF ADMISSION: 2021

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20/10/23 REG NO.

Academic Office Use Marks Awarded :

Grade :

Teacher’s Signature:______________________________ Date:____________________

 CONTENTS

Authorship 2

Title 4

Relationship with the rest of New Testament Books 6

Important Sources 7

The Purpose Behind the Writings 8

Bibliography 12
 Cressida 1

The Book of Acts is traditionally attributed to Luke, a physician and companion of the

apostle Paul. This paper explores the evidence for Luke's authorship, the significance of the

book's title, its role in connecting the Gospels and the Epistles, Luke's sources, and the purposes

behind his writings. These aspects collectively shed light on the formative years of Christianity

and its enduring influence.

Authorship

The authorship of the Book of Acts is attributed to the physician Luke, a close travelling

companion of the apostle Paul. This identification is substantiated by several pieces of evidence

found within the text of Acts. Just as Luke's Gospel begins with a dedication to a certain

individual named Theophilus, Acts follows suit in its opening verses. Moreover, the vocabulary

and writing style in both Luke and Acts bear striking similarities, reinforcing the case for Luke's

authorship.1

Another noteworthy piece of evidence is the frequent use of medical terminology

throughout Acts, aligning with the notion that Luke was indeed a physician.2 The unanimous

testimony of the early church further supports this attribution. The Muratorian Canon Fragment,

dated to around AD 180-200, explicitly attributes the work to "Luke the physician." Additionally,

the writings of early church fathers like Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and Origen,

dating from the second and third centuries, consistently ascribe Acts to Luke.

1
“Who Wrote the Book of Acts?,” web log, Zondervan Academics (blog), February 19, 2019,
https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/who-wrote-the-book-of-acts.
2
In his 1882 book "The Medical Language of St. Luke," W. K. Hobart compared 400 medical
expressions from Luke-Acts with the terms used by Greek physicians like Hippocrates and
Galen. In light of his findings, "Luke the beloved physician" (Col 4:14) was the most likely
author. See John A. Battle, “Chapter 2 The Book of Acts” (Puyallup: Western Reformed
Seminary, August 20, 2020), 2.3.
 Cressida 2

When we look at the titles of the first editions of the third Gospel, we see the notation

"KATA LOUKAN," which means "According to Luke." These titles date back at least to AD

130. This evidence supports Luke's authorship because it is generally agreed that whoever wrote

Luke also wrote Acts.3

Within the text of Acts itself, some passages imply the author's direct involvement in the

events described. For instance, the use of "we" in certain passages narrating Paul's journeys (such

as Acts 16:10-17, Acts 20:5-21:18, and Acts 27:1-28:16) suggests that the author was a firsthand

witness and travelling companion of Paul. This identification narrows the list of possible authors,

as other companions like Timothy and lesser-known individuals are mentioned separately from

the "we" and "us" passages (Acts 20:4-6). Even individuals like Titus and Silas, who

accompanied Paul to various places, are excluded from the "we" passages that detail the journey

to Rome.4

Furthermore, the author of Acts employs the first person when discussing his

involvement in certain events, such as in Acts 27:1. This indicates that he was actively engaged

in building and nurturing the early Christian community. This direct involvement would have

granted him access to the disciples and firsthand accounts, which he used to compile the Gospel

of Luke, as mentioned in Luke 1:2. Hence, Luke remains the only person who stands a chance of

being the author of Acts.5

3
John A. Battle, “Chapter 2 The Book of Acts” (Puyallup: Western Reformed Seminary, August
20, 2020), 2.1.
4
“Who Wrote the Book of Acts?,” web log, Zondervan Academics (blog), February 19, 2019,
https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/who-wrote-the-book-of-acts.
5
“15 Interesting Facts About The Book of Acts,” Jesus Film Project, August 22, 2023,
https://www.jesusfilm.org/blog/acts-facts/.
 Cressida 3

Title

The title of the Book of Acts, found in ancient Greek texts, exhibits some variations.

Manuscripts N (Sinaiticus), Tertullian, Didymus, and Eusebius use the title "Acts," as seen in

versions like the ASV and NIV. On the other hand, manuscripts such as B (Vaticanus), D

(Bezae), and N in a subscription, along with early Christian writers like Irenaeus, Tertullian,

Cyprian, and Athanasius, employ "Acts of the Apostles," corresponding to translations like KJV,

RSV, and NEB.

The title "The Acts of the Apostles" is inscribed on almost every manuscript from the

early second century CE. The anti-Marcionite Prologue to Luke (about 150–80 C.E.) also uses

this title. The title suggested means "Some of the Acts of Some of the Apostles," however, this

interpretation doesn't make sense in the Greek context. Nevertheless, according to Daniel B.

Wallace, the title is only partly true, as the story focuses on Peter and Paul - a fact that will

become clear when contemplating the book's aim and occasion for composition.6

Yet, it is to be argued that the title "Acts of the Apostles" remains fitting as it narrates the

early Church's glorious and tumultuous beginnings. It abounds with drama, adventure, suspense,

and thrills, captivating readers from the casual to the devout as they delve into the Word of God.

This book serves as the primary historical record of early church events, distinct from other New

Testament books, which often reflect the perspectives of individual apostles or their followers.

The Book of Acts stands as a comprehensive collection chronicling the acts of various apostles

within a single narrative.

6
Daniel B. Wallace, “5. Acts: Introduction, Outline, and Argument,” Bible.org, June 28, 2004,
https://bible.org/seriespage/acts-introduction-outline-and-argument#_ftn1.
 Cressida 4

Certain manuscripts, such as A2 (first corrector of Alexandrinus), E.G, and Chrysostom,

adopt the title "Acts of the Holy Apostles." This title encapsulates the central theme of the

book—the initiation of a new life through the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. In contrast to many

other books in the New Testament, which primarily elucidate the importance and role of the Holy

Spirit, the Book of Acts uniquely captures the enduring indwelling of the Holy Spirit within

every individual who embraces faith in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This profound

truth is exemplified through the momentous Pentecostal events that unfold in Jewish and Gentile

communities. As a result, the book serves as a compelling testament to the Holy Spirit's

transformative power, vividly illustrated through the actions and endeavours of the apostles.

With the Holy Spirit's name appearing seventy times in the Book of Acts, it could also aptly be

titled the "Acts of the Holy Spirit."

Furthermore, it is plausible that the Greek word "praxeis" or "praxis" (meaning "acts,"

"ways," "behaviour," "deeds," or "practise") refers to a type of ancient Mediterranean literary

genre that describes the lives and deeds of famous or influential people like John, Peter, Stephen,

Philip, and Paul. Like Luke's Gospel, the book may have once been untitled.7 Nonetheless, the

title aptly aligns with the book's substance—a collection of vignettes chronicling the journeys

and experiences of the apostles, with a particular focus on the lives of Peter and Paul, during the

decades that ensued after Christ's ascension into heaven.8

7
Bob Utley, “Introduction to Acts,” essay, in New Testament Survey Matthew - Revelation (St.
Marshall, Texas: Bible Lessons International, 2000), 43–54,
http://www.ibiblio.org/freebiblecommentary/pdf/EN/NTSURVEY.pdf, 43.
8
Charles R. Swindoll, “Acts,” Book of Acts Overview - Insight for Living Ministries, 2010,
https://insight.org/resources/bible/the-history-of-the-early-church/acts.
 Cressida 5

Relationship with the rest of New Testament Books

The Book of Acts, traditionally attributed to Luke, holds a unique and pivotal place in the

New Testament. It serves as a crucial bridge between the Gospels and the Epistles, facilitating a

seamless connection between the life and teachings of Jesus and the burgeoning Christian

community's growth and theological evolution.

First and foremost, Acts is a direct continuation of the Gospel of Luke, both ascribed to

the same author. This connection ensures narrative continuity as Acts seamlessly picks up where

the Gospel of Luke left off. Addressed to Theophilus, both works collectively offer a

comprehensive account of Jesus' earthly ministry and the subsequent propagation of the Gospel

by the apostles.

Acts play a vital role in providing historical context for the Epistles, shedding light on the

situations and challenges encountered by early Christian communities. It meticulously

documents the activities and journeys of key figures such as Peter, Paul, and other apostles, thus

enriching our understanding of the contexts in which various Epistles were composed. For

instance, Acts furnishes the backdrop against which we can better comprehend Paul's letters,

revealing the circumstances of his conversions, missionary journeys, and interactions with

diverse Christian communities.

Moreover, Acts seamlessly interweaves with the Pauline and Petrine Epistles, as

references to events and individuals mentioned in Acts can be found in various letters. A notable

example is the Jerusalem Council, meticulously documented in Acts 15, which directly correlates

with the discussions surrounding Gentile inclusion in the Christian community. This theme is

also addressed in Paul's letters, including Galatians and Romans.

 Cressida 6

Additionally, Acts and the Epistles share common theological themes and teachings. Acts, for

instance, underscores the significance of the Holy Spirit in the spread of the Gospel. This

emphasis on the Holy Spirit's role aligns with the theological doctrines expounded in various

Epistles, particularly those attributed to Paul and Peter.

In essence, the Book of Acts serves as an essential link between the Gospels and the

Epistles. It offers historical context, seamlessly connects Jesus' life with the early Christian

community, and shares theological themes and references with other New Testament books. Its

relationship with the rest of the New Testament is fundamental for a comprehensive

understanding of the development and dissemination of Christian teachings.

Important Sources

Luke extensively utilized his recollections as a foundational source, supplementing them

with invaluable insights acquired from interactions with figures like Paul and the earliest

adherents of the Christian faith in various regions, including Jerusalem, Syrian Antioch, and

places he visited, often accompanied by fellow travellers like Silas and Timothy. Additionally,

his reservoir of knowledge drew from the rich accounts provided by prominent individuals such

as Philip, the deacon and evangelist, whose firsthand experiences and perspectives enriched

Luke's narrative. Furthermore, Luke's meticulous work tapped into the wealth of information

accessible through the homes of devout early disciples, such as Mnason, with whom he not only

found hospitality but also gained historical insights (see Acts 21:8-16). Notably, his endeavour

was not confined to oral sources alone. He also judiciously employed written materials,

including the authoritative decree of the Jerusalem Council as recorded in Acts 15:23-29.

Beyond this, there is a strong indication that Luke may have consulted Aramaic and Hebrew
 Cressida 7

documents that shed light on the formative years of Christianity in and around Jerusalem. This

intricate web of sources and references underscores the comprehensive and meticulous approach

undertaken by Luke as he crafted the narrative that would become the Book of Acts.9

The Purpose Behind the Writings

The Book of Acts, authored by Luke, serves multiple significant purposes within the

context of the early Christian church and its interactions with the Roman Empire. One of its

central objectives is to establish the continuity between the gospel preached by Paul in Rome and

the message initiated by Jesus in Galilee and Judea. If Theophilus, a potential financial sponsor

for Luke's project, was indeed involved, this two-volume work of Luke-Acts would have been

used both for evangelism and as doctrinal reinforcement for the predominantly Gentile church in

Rome and the broader Roman Empire.

Secondary objectives emerge from the book's contents. Luke emphasizes how Roman

rulers repeatedly sanctioned Paul's ministry and his message. This aspect is likely directed at

Roman officials to encourage their approval of the spread of Christianity and dissuade them from

persecuting the emerging faith. Furthermore, Acts extensively addresses the issue of equality

within the Christian community, demonstrating that Gentile Christians possess equal status to

their Jewish counterparts. This is evident from the collective testimony of the apostles as well as

the various manifestations of the Holy Spirit.

9
“Who Wrote the Book of Acts?,” web log, Zondervan Academics (blog), February 19, 2019,
https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/who-wrote-the-book-of-acts.
 Cressida 8

The Book of Acts is also significant in preparing early Christians to live faithfully and

endure suffering for their faith.10 It documents the rapid expansion of the Christian movement,

illustrating its journey from its Jewish roots to a worldwide ministry and its evolution from the

confines of the upper room to influencing the very palace of Caesar.

Luke's audience for Acts appears to be primarily Gentile, possibly even including Roman

officials like Theophilus. The speeches of Peter, Stephen, and Paul are employed to depict the

schemes of Jewish opposition and the favourable disposition of Roman authorities toward

Christianity. Luke highlights various Roman officials, such as Pontius Pilate, Sergius Paulus, and

others, to emphasize that Romans had nothing to fear from Jesus' followers.11

Acts additionally, serve as a defence of Paul, who faced opposition from both Jewish and

Hellenistic groups. It portrays Paul's theology, travels, and heart - to illustrate his normalcy,

resilience, and dedication. Luke also presents the "Kerygma," the essential truths about Jesus

central to the early apostles' preaching, emphasizing the significance of Jesus' death and

resurrection.

The central figure of Acts shifts from Peter in the early chapters to Paul, culminating in a

detailed account of Paul's conversion, missionary journeys, and the miracles he performed. This

biography of Paul functions as a witness to his conversion, validating his divine appointment and

signalling to the Gentile community that they can trust him.

10
John A. Battle, “Chapter 2 The Book of Acts” (Puyallup: Western Reformed Seminary, August
20, 2020), 10.
11
Bob Utley, “Introduction to Acts,” 43.
 Cressida 9

Moreover, Acts documents the beginnings of the early church, nurturing its growth, unity

as one body in Christ, and its composition of Jewish and Gentile believers. It provides historical

support for the term "Christianity" or "the way" and consistently portrays Christianity as a

universal faith, a fulfilment of Judaism, marked by piety, purity, and political innocence.12

This text was essential to help disprove prejudice against Christianity and gain the favour

of influential individuals like Theophilus. Luke aims to illustrate that the disturbances related to

Christianity often resulted from mob violence and false accusations, primarily by unbelieving

Jews, rather than any wrongdoing by the Christians themselves.13

Finally, Acts serves as an educational tool for Paul's defence before Caesar. Luke

painstakingly portrays Paul's honesty and the absence of any indictable allegations against him.

It highlights that the conflicts typically arose from Judaizers rather than Paul. The book

underscores that Roman authorities genuinely struggled to find grounds for indicting Paul and

demonstrates their sincere efforts to do so.

Acts offer a comprehensive narrative that updates readers on the church's ministry,

focusing on significant figures like Peter, Stephen, Barnabas, Philip, and Paul. It provides a

geographical account of how Christianity spread and the church grew in various regions,

solidifying its importance in the early Christian tradition.

In conclusion, the authorship of the Book of Acts is firmly attributed to the physician

Luke, supported by a wealth of internal and external evidence. The establishment of historical

12
NIV Archaeological Study Bible: An Illustrated Walk through Biblical History and Culture:
New International Version (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2005).
13
“Who Wrote the Book of Acts?,” web log, Zondervan Academics (blog), February 19, 2019,
https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/who-wrote-the-book-of-acts.
 Cressida 10

continuity between Luke and Acts, the presence of medical terminology, and the unanimous

testimony of early church sources collectively reinforce this attribution. The title of Acts,

whether denoted as "Acts," "Acts of the Apostles," or "Acts of the Holy Apostles," aptly

encapsulates the book's portrayal of the early Church's beginnings, its dramatic narrative, and its

emphasis on the transformative power of the Holy Spirit.

The Book of Acts, traditionally ascribed to Luke, holds a unique and indispensable place

within the New Testament. It acts as a bridge connecting Jesus' ministry to the theological and

historical development of the early Christian community. Acts not only provide essential

historical context for the Epistles but also weave seamlessly with their themes and teachings,

serving as a vital reference for comprehending the growth and dissemination of Christianity.

Luke meticulously gathered and synthesized a diverse array of sources, ranging from

firsthand accounts to written records and potentially even ancient documents. His multifaceted

purpose not only established the continuity between Jesus' message and Paul's ministry but also

made an appeal to Roman officials and fostered an understanding of Christian equality and

resilience. Acts function as an educational tool, a robust defence of Paul, and a comprehensive

narrative that vividly portrays the expansion of the early Christian Church, its geographical

reach, and the central figures who shaped its destiny. In essence, the Book of Acts stands as an

invaluable resource for comprehending the formative years of Christianity and its enduring

impact on the world.

 Cressida 11

Bibliography

“15 Interesting Facts About The Book of Acts.” Jesus Film Project, August 22, 2023.
https://www.jesusfilm.org/blog/acts-facts/.
Battle, John A. “Chapter 2 The Book of Acts.” Puyallup: Western Reformed Seminary,
August 20, 2020.
NIV Archaeological Study Bible: An illustrated walk through biblical history and culture:
New international version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2005.
Swindoll, Charles R. “Acts.” Book of Acts Overview - Insight for Living Ministries,
2010. https://insight.org/resources/bible/the-history-of-the-early-church/acts.
Utley, Bob. “Introduction to Acts.” Essay. In New Testament Survey Matthew -
Revelation, 43–54. St. Marshall, Texas: Bible Lessons International, 2000.
http://www.ibiblio.org/freebiblecommentary/pdf/EN/NTSURVEY.pdf.
Wallace, Daniel B. “5. Acts: Introduction, Outline, and Argument.” Bible.org, June 28,
2004. https://bible.org/seriespage/acts-introduction-outline-and-argument#_ftn1.
“Who Wrote the Book of Acts?” Weblog. Zondervan Academics (blog), February 19,
2019. https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/who-wrote-the-book-of-acts.