(Manual) Synchrolock AP RevAB

Operator’s Manual
Mira® Synchro-Lock AP™
5100 Patrick Henry Drive

Santa Clara, CA 95054
Mira Synchro-Lock AP Operator’s Manual
This document is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under the copyright
laws, this document may not be copied in whole or in part or reproduced in
any other media without the express written permission of Coherent, Inc.
Permitted copies must carry the same proprietary and copyright notices as
were affixed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be
made for others, whether or not sold, but all the material purchased may
be sold, given or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying
includes translation into another language.
Coherent, the Coherent Logo, Synchro-Lock, Mira, and Verdi are

registered trademarks of Coherent, Inc.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the data given in this document
is accurate. The information, figures, tables, specifications and schematics
contained herein are subject to change without notice. Coherent makes no
warranty or representation, either expressed or implied with respect to this
document. In no event will Coherent be liable for any direct, indirect,
special, incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defects in
its documentation.
Technical Support
In the US:
Should you experience any difficulties with your laser or need any
technical information, please visit our web site www.Coherent.com.
Additional support can be obtained by contacting our Technical Support
Hotline at 800-367-7890 (408-764-4557 outside the U.S.) or E-mail
(clg.tech.services@Coherent.com). Telephone coverage is available
Monday through Friday (except U.S. holidays and company shutdowns).
If you call outside our office hours, your call will be taken by our answering
system and will be returned when the office reopens.
If there are technical difficulties with your laser that cannot be resolved by
support mechanisms outlined above, please E-mail or telephone Coherent
Technical Support with a description of the problem and the corrective
steps attempted. When communicating with our Technical Support
Department, via the web or telephone, the model and Laser Head serial
number of your laser system will be required by the Support Engineer
responding to your request.
Outside the U.S.:
If you are located outside the U.S. visit our web site for technical
assistance or contact, by phone, our local Service Representative.
Representative phone numbers and addresses can be found on the
Coherent web site, www.Coherent.com.
Coherent provides telephone and web technical assistance as a service to

its customers and assumes no liability thereby for any injury or damage
that may occur contemporaneous with such services. These support
services do not affect, under any circumstances, the terms of any warranty
agreement between Coherent and the buyer. Operation of any Coherent
laser with any of its interlocks defeated is always at the operator's own risk.
ii
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface .................................................................................................................................. vi
U.S. Export Control Laws Compliance ................................................................................ vi
Symbols Used in this Document and on the System ........................................................... vii
Section One: Laser Safety .......................................................................................... 1-1

Laser Safety ........................................................................................................................ 1-1
Optical Safety ..................................................................................................................... 1-1
Electrical Safety .................................................................................................................. 1-2
Safety Features and Compliance to Government Requirements ........................................ 1-2
Electromagnetic Compatibility ........................................................................................... 1-3
Location of Safety Labels ................................................................................................... 1-4
Section Two: Description and Specifications .................................................. 2-1

Description.......................................................................................................................... 2-1
System Components Description........................................................................................ 2-2
Piezo-Electric Cavity Length Actuator...................................................................... 2-2
Galvonometer Driven Cavity Length Actuator ......................................................... 2-3
Motor Micrometer Driven Cavity Length Actuator .................................................. 2-4
Photodiode Detector .................................................................................................. 2-5
Synchro-Lock Controller ........................................................................................... 2-6
Computer Control ...................................................................................................... 2-6
Internal and External Reference Oscillator................................................................ 2-6
Specifications...................................................................................................................... 2-6
Section Three: Installation and Daily Operation ......................................... 3-1

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3-1
Table Configuration ............................................................................................................ 3-2
Installation .......................................................................................................................... 3-4
Manual Lock and Setting the Delay ................................................................................... 3-7
Automatic Lock .................................................................................................................. 3-8
Jitter Measurement.............................................................................................................. 3-9
Daily Operation................................................................................................................. 3-10
Section Four: Software and Controller .............................................................. 4-1

Section Five: Troubleshooting.................................................................................. 5-1
Software Diagnostics .......................................................................................................... 5-1
Frequency Error Display............................................................................................ 5-1
PZT Voltage and Current ........................................................................................... 5-1
Fundamental and Harmonic Phase Error ............................................................................ 5-1
Galvo Voltage............................................................................................................. 5-2
Computer Errors ................................................................................................................. 5-2
Motor Operation ................................................................................................................. 5-2
iii
Fundamental Loop .............................................................................................................. 5-2

Harmonic Loop ................................................................................................................... 5-3
Pico Mira Operation............................................................................................................ 5-3
High Jitter ........................................................................................................................... 5-3
Section Six: Theory ......................................................................................................... 6-1

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 6-1
History ................................................................................................................................ 6-1
Synchro-Lock...................................................................................................................... 6-3
A Summary of the Problem ....................................................................................... 6-3
The Synchro-Lock Solution....................................................................................... 6-4
Synchro-Lock System Details ................................................................................... 6-5
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 6-6
Parts List .............................................................................................................................. A-1

Warranty ...............................................................................................................................B-1
Glossary ..................................................................................................................... Glossary-1
Index ................................................................................................................................. Index-1
iv
Table of Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1-1. Location of Safety Labels ................................................................................................ 1-4
2-1. Synchro-Lock................................................................................................................... 2-1

2-2. Tweeter Mirror ................................................................................................................. 2-3
2-3. Stepper Motor Driven Micrometer .................................................................................. 2-4
2-4. Fiber Coupling of Photodiode.......................................................................................... 2-5
3-1. Optima Detector Cable .................................................................................................... 3-1

3-2. Synchro-Lock Mira 900 Bulkhead Connections ............................................................. 3-2
3-3. Typical Table Configuration ............................................................................................ 3-3
3-4. Interconnection Diagram, Mira Master Layout ............................................................... 3-5
3-5. Interconnection Diagram, Oscillator Master Layout ....................................................... 3-6
4-1. Main Window .................................................................................................................. 4-1

4-2. Controller Front Panel ..................................................................................................... 4-6
4-3. Controller Rear Panel....................................................................................................... 4-7
6-1. Fundamental Signal Harmonics....................................................................................... 6-2
LIST OF TABLES
4-1. Software Descriptions...................................................................................................... 4-2
4-2. Controller Front Panel ..................................................................................................... 4-6
4-3. Controller Rear Panel....................................................................................................... 4-7
A-1. Parts List ......................................................................................................................... A-1
v
Preface This document is intended to supplement to the Coherent Mira

Operator’s manual, pump source operator’s manuals and contains
user information for the Synchro-Lock. This document assumes that
the user has read and is familiar with the operation of the Mira
system, including the safety issues involved in the operation of a
ultra-fast laser system.
Read this Operator manual supplement carefully before oper-

ating the laser for the first time. Special attention should be
given to the material in Section One, Laser Safety. The reader is
also directed to the Safety section of the Mira Operator’s
manual and pump source operator’s manual for a complete
discussion on this subject.
Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures

other than those specified in this operator’s manual may result
in hazardous radiation exposure.
Use of the system in a manner other than that described herein

may impair the protection provided by the system.
U.S. Export It is the policy of Coherent to comply strictly with U.S. export
control laws.
Control Laws
Compliance Export and re-export of lasers manufactured by Coherent are subject
to U.S. Export Administration Regulations, which are administered
by the Commerce Department. In addition, shipments of certain
components are regulated by the State Department under the Inter-
national Traffic in Arms Regulations.
The applicable restrictions vary depending on the specific product
involved and its destination. In some cases, U.S. law requires that
U.S. Government approval be obtained prior to resale, export or
re-export of certain articles. When there is uncertainty about the
obligations imposed by U.S. law, clarification should be obtained
from Coherent or an appropriate U.S. Government agency.
vi
Preface
Symbols Used in
this Document
and on the
System
This symbol is intended to alert the operator to the presence of

dangerous voltages associated with the laser that may be of suffi-
cient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock.
This symbol is intended to alert the operator to the presence of

important operating and maintenance instructions.
This symbol is intended to alert the operator to the danger of

exposure to hazardous visible and invisible laser radiation.
~ ALTERNATING CURRENT.
OFF OR STOP.
ON OR START.
vii
viii
Laser Safety
SECTION ONE: LASER SAFETY
Laser Safety The Synchro-Lock is an accessory to the Mira laser. All safety
precautions in the Mira operator’s manual apply when using the
Synchro-Lock with the Mira laser.
Optical Safety Laser light, because of its special properties, poses safety hazards
not associated with light from conventional sources. The safe use of
lasers requires that all laser users, and everyone near the laser
system, are aware of the dangers involved. The safe use of the laser
depends upon the user being familiar with the instrument and the
properties of intense beams of coherent light.
Direct eye contact with the output beam from the laser will cause
serious damage and possible blindness.
The greatest concern when using a laser is eye safety. In addition to

the main beam, there are often many smaller beams present at
various angles near the laser system. These beams are formed by
specular reflections of the main beam at polished surfaces such as
lenses or beamsplitters. While weaker than the main beam, such
beams may still be sufficiently intense to cause eye damage.
Laser beams are powerful enough to burn skin, clothing or paint.
They can ignite volatile substances such as alcohol, gasoline, ether
and other solvents, and can damage light-sensitive elements in video
cameras, photomultipliers and photodiodes. The laser beam can
ignite substances in its path, even at some distance. The beam may
also cause damage if contacted indirectly from reflective surfaces.
For these reasons, and others, the user is advised to follow the
precautions below.
1. Observe all safety precautions in the preinstallation and oper-

ator’s manual.
2. Extreme caution should be exercised when using solvents in
the area of the laser.
3. Limit access to the laser to qualified users who are familiar
with laser safety practices and who are aware of the dangers
involved.
1-1
4. Never look directly into the laser light source or at scattered

laser light from any reflective surface. Never sight down the
beam into the source.
5. Maintain experimental setups at low heights to prevent inad-
vertent beam-eye encounter at eye level.
Laser safety glasses can present a hazard as well as a benefit;

while they protect the eye from potentially damaging exposure,
they block light at the laser wavelengths, which prevents the
operator from seeing the beam. Therefore, use extreme caution
even when using safety glasses.
6. As a precaution against accidental exposure to the output beam

or its reflection, those using the system should wear laser
safety glasses as required by the wavelength being generated.
7. Avoid direct exposure to the laser light. The intensity of the
beam can easily cause flesh burns or ignite clothing.
8. Use the laser in an enclosed room. Laser light will remain
collimated over long distances and therefore presents a poten-
tial hazard if not confined.
9. Post warning signs in the area of the laser beam to alert those
present.
10. Advise all those using the laser of these precautions. It is good
practice to operate the laser in a room with controlled and
restricted access.
Electrical Safety The Synchro-Lock controller uses AC and DC voltages inside the
enclosure. Do not disassemble the enclosure. There are no user
serviceable components inside. All units are designed to be operated
as assembled. Warranty will be voided if the enclosure is disassem-
bled.
Safety Features The following features are incorporated into the instrument to
conform to several government requirements. The applicable United
and Compliance
States Government requirements are contained in 21 CFR,
to Government subchapter J, part II administered by the Center for Devices and
Requirements Radiological Health (CDRH). The European Community require-
ments for product safety are specified in the Low Voltage Directive
(LVD) (published in 73/23/EEC and amended in 93/68/EEC). The
Low Voltage Directive requires that lasers comply with the standard
1-2
Laser Safety
EN 61010-1 “Safety Requirements For Electrical Equipment For

Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use” and EN60825-1 “Radi-
ation Safety of Laser Products”. Compliance of this laser with the
LVD requirements is certified by the CE mark.
Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures

other than those specified in the operator’s manual may result
in hazardous radiation exposure.
Use of the system in a manner other than that described herein

may impair the protection provided by the system.
Electromagnetic The unit has been tested and verified that it is in compliance with the
radiated emission limits of FCC Rules contained in 47 CFR Part 18
Compatibility Subpart C for industrial, scientific, and medical equipment, and the
European Community regulations.
The European requirements for Electromagnetic Compliance
(EMC) are specified in the EMC Directive (published in
89/336/EEC).
Conformance EMC is achieved through compliance with the harmo-
nized standards EN55011 (1991) for emission and ENC50082-1
(1992) for immunity.
Compliance of this unit with the EMC requirements is certified by
the CE mark.
1-3
Location of Refer to Figure 1-1 for the location of all safety labels.
Safety Labels
Figure 1-1. Location of Safety Labels
1-4
Description and Specifications
SECTION TWO: DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS
Description Synchro-Lock is an accessory to the Mira 900 mode-locked CW

Ti:sapphire laser. It is designed to allow the synchronization of the
optical pulses from a Mira 900 with a stable frequency. A common
system configuration allows the synchronization of the optical
pulses from one Mira 900 to those of another Mira 900. The two
Mira lasers can either both be femtosecond lasers, picosecond lasers,
or a combination of the two. Other versions or options of
Synchro-Lock involve the synchronization of a single Mira 900 to a
stable external frequency source or with a stable internal crystal
oscillator. In all of the configurations the system is designed for an
initial fundamental frequency lock followed by a more precise 9th
harmonic phase lock.
Figure 2-1. Synchro-Lock
In the Mira Synchro-Lock setup described here, two Mira 900 lasers
are used in a master-slave configuration. The output of one of the
Mira’s (the master) is detected by a fiber coupled photodiode and
used as the frequency reference for the stabilization of the second
Mira (the slave). The slave Mira uses three cavity length actuators in
2-1
the laser head to control the laser frequency: a high frequency

piezo-electric transducer (PZT), a low frequency galvonometer
driven delay line and a discrete step motor drive. The electronics are
contained in a controller which is monitored and completely
controlled by a PC computer. The system monitors the laser output
of the slave with a photodiode fiber-coupled to the Synchro-Lock
controller. The computer continuously measures the laser frequency
or phase difference between the master and the slave and makes the
appropriate adjustments to the slave laser in order to minimize the
frequency difference. The user interface has a fully automatic
“one-touch” lock acquisition operation mode as well as individual
accessible control functions. The computer’s MicroSoft Windows
based operating system allows full PC use for data acquisition, or
other control functions, while using Synchro-Lock.
System The major system components of Synchro-Lock include the three

cavity length actuators in the laser head, the fiber coupled photo-
Components diode detectors, the Synchro-Lock controller, and the computer.
Description
Piezo-Electric The cavity mirror on the fold before the output coupler mirror (M2)
Cavity Length is mounted on a piezo-electric transducer to create the high resolu-
tion PZT cavity length controller, generally called the “Tweeter
Actuator Mirror”. See Figure 2-2.
The PZT is a sealed ceramic stack for long life. It has a nominal
8 µm range when driven from 0 to 140 V. We use 70 ± 60 V drive
and achieve ±250 Hz of laser frequency control. The electrical
capacitance of the controller is 0.7 µF and the first electrical reso-
nance measured with a network analyser is at 50 kHz.
Mounting this PZT in a holder and attaching the cavity mirror
produces numerous lower frequency mechanical resonances that we
have taken care to avoid and damp. The most sensitive test of the full
controller performance is made by using the controller as the actu-
ator in a cavity length locking loop. The Bode plot of the lock loop
performance (loop gain and phase) then clearly indicates the pres-
ence of any mechanical resonances.
2-2
Tweeter Mirror
Electrical
Connector
Figure 2-2. Tweeter Mirror
• Connector: BNC on the Mira cover backplate

• Drive range: 8 ± 1 µm
• High speed (5–10 kHz) response for maximum phase locking
• Cavity frequency range: ±250 Hz
• Drive voltage: 70 ± 60 V
• Nominal drive current: 30 mA rms
• Capacitance: 0.7 mF ±20%
• Self resonance frequency: 50 kHz
Galvonometer The low bandwidth galvo driven actuator for the Synchro-Lock is
Driven Cavity the Mira starter. The optical delay caused by the starter line is varied
in time by rotating the galvo.
Length Actuator
The controller uses a feedback loop on the galvo voltage to continu-
ously center the PZT voltage at 70 V. It also uses the galvo during
auto-locking to extend the capture range of the PZT. The galvo
driven controller would, theoretically, allow compensation for
> ± 30°F cavity temperature drift though in reality other effects will
limit the operating temperature range.
2-3
It also allows tuning of the Mira while locked.

• Connector: BNC on the Mira Controller back panel
• Cavity frequency range: ±6 kHz
• Cavity thermal drift: <0.2 kHz /°F
• Drive voltage: ±2 V
• Self resonance frequency: ~50 Hz
Motor Micrometer The output coupler in the Mira is mounted on a translation stage that
Driven Cavity has 1 inch of linear travel. For Synchro-Lock the screw drive stage
is replaced by a stepper motor driven micrometer. See Figure 2-3. In
Length Actuator auto-lock mode the micrometer is driven automatically by the
computer to minimize the frequency difference between the laser
photodiode and the reference oscillator. Manual drive of the Stepper
Motor is also available through the computer: the Stepper Motor can
be driven continuously or with discrete voltage time steps of three
sizes. The correspondence between Stepper Motor drive and laser
frequency change varies slightly for each stage so an automatic cali-
bration routine is used to calibrate the Stepper Motor drive during
assembly and can be reused at any time.
Stepper Motor
Micrometer
Figure 2-3. Stepper Motor Driven Micrometer
2-4
• Connector: DB-25 on the Mira cover backplate

• Drive range: >±1 cm
• Cavity frequency range: ±0.4 MHz
• Resolution: 10 Hz
• Drive: 2-phase stepper motor UE10PP, 20 steps/rev
• Maximum drive velocity: ~250Hz/s
• Minimum step size: <10 Hz
Photodiode The Mira is monitored by Synchro-Lock using a 2.0 GHz photo-

Detector diode that is fiber-coupled to the controller. The layout for the
coupling components is shown in Figure 2-4. An uncoated 5 mm
thick beam splitter is used to reflect a small amount of the laser
beam. This is directed towards the fiber coupler and attenuated by a
variable neutral density filter to avoid detector saturation.
Figure 2-4. Fiber Coupling of Photodiode
2-5
The beamsplitter alignment and the fiber coupling is optimized

during installation by looking at the peak photodiode output reading
in the Synchro-Lock program screen or by looking at the photodiode
sync out on an oscilloscope. A variable neutral density filter is
supplied to obtain maximum dynamic range and sensitivity.
• Connector: 10 foot Multi-Mode Fiber
• Frequency range: 2.0 GHz
• Makes possible high-harmonic phase-locking
Synchro-Lock The controller is the analog and RF interface between the computer
Controller and the Mira Laser. All of the operations of the controller are moni-
tored and adjusted with the computer.
Computer Control A PC with the Windows operating system is used.

• Continuously measures the laser frequency of both Mira’s
• Allows fully automatic “one-touch” lock acquisition
• Computer controlled phase lock and adjust
• Multi-tasking allows full PC use for data acquisition
Internal and The user has the option of purchasing the internal reference oscil-
External lator board. This board has an oscillator that operates at nominally
76 MHz. The board also allows for the option of a user supplied sine
Reference wave reference of nominally 76 MHz. The On-Off switch for these
Oscillator options is by computer control in the software screen.
Specifications Dual Mira Synchro-Lock system, ps or fs:

• JitterRMS: <250 fs (0.02 - 160 Hz)
2-6
Installation and Daily Operation
SECTION THREE: INSTALLATION AND DAILY OPERATION
Wear laser safety glasses to protect against the radiation gener-

ated from the laser. It is assumed that the operator has read
Section One, Safety, and is familiar with laser safety practices
and the dangers involved. Ensure all personnel in the area are
wearing laser safety glasses.
Introduction Unless otherwise agreed, the installation of the Mira Synchro-Lock

is to be accomplished by a Coherent field service engineer. The
installation procedures in this Section are presented in the event that
the system needs to be moved or for general information. The master
Mira laser head requires the following modifications to operate
Synchro-Lock.
• Installation of an additional Optima detector cable. See
Figure 3-1.
Etalon Galvanometer
New Cable Routed

to Rear Bulkhead
Plate
Original Cable
Connector
Figure 3-1. Optima Detector Cable
• Installation of the rear bulkhead plate with connectors. See

Figure 3-2.
3-1
The slave Mira laser head requires the following modifications to

operate Synchro-Lock.
• Installation of two new actuators: the PZT, the DC Motor
Micrometer, their mounts and internal cabling.
• Installation of an additional Optima detector cable. See
Figure 3-1.
• Installation of the rear bulkhead plate. See Figure 3-2.
The Galvo is a standard component in the Mira and is controlled
through the Mira Controller box so no installation is required. Addi-
tional inputs to the Mira head are made via sealed bulkhead connec-
tors to maintain purge-ability. See Figure 3-2.
Galvo Drive
(Master and Slave)
Motor Drive
(Slave only)
Tweeter Drive
(Slave only)
Mira Umbilical
Connector
Figure 3-2. Synchro-Lock Mira 900 Bulkhead Connections
This section assumes that both the slave and master Mira were modi-
fied at the factory. If the Synchro-Lock option was purchased after
the Mira was installed, then the associated modifications to the Mira
laser heads are performed by a Coherent field service engineer.
Table The arrangement of the Mira Synchro-Lock components on the

optical table is not confined to a single configuration. In general, the
Configuration configuration is defined by accessibility and ease of use require-
3-2
ments. The typical configuration consists of the two Mira’s on oppo-

site sides of the optical table and the pump source or sources in
between the two Mira’s as depicted in Figure 3-3.
To Mira Controller
Master Mira
Fibers to Controller
Verdi V5
Verdi V5
To Mira Controller
Slave Mira From Synchro-Lock

Optical Table Controller
Figure 3-3. Typical Table Configuration
The jitter and drift of the system can be minimized by observing the
following requirements and suggestions:
• Place the pump power supply on a secure shelf or wooden
offset (i.e., not directly on the floor) under the optical table.
• Minimize the use of external pump fold mirrors.
• Keep the distance between the pump source and Mira to the
minimum distance recommended in the Mira operator’s
manual.
• Firmly secure the pump source and Mira to the optical table as
described in their respective manual.
• Minimize the distance between the output of the Mira’s and the
pick off for the fiber inputs.
• Install cushioning around the water lines where the lines are
touching the optical table and secure the lines to the table.
• Install the new low noise beam tubes.
• Ground the laser table.
3-3
Installation This section assumes that both Mira’s are installed at the customer’s
site and are operating correctly as described in the Mira Operator’s
Manual. The following describes the installation of the Mira
Synchro-Lock system.
1. Install the two external fiber-coupling setups onto the optical

table in front of the master and slave Mira (within 12 inches)
so that the laser beam passes through the beamsplitter without
clipping.
The adjustments of this assembly to align the laser beam into
the fiber will be performed later when the system is operating
and the photodiode signal can be monitored.
2. If the Master source is a Mira 900 system, connect the
Synchro-Lock system using Figure 3-4 Interconnection
Diagram. Use a 100 MHz (or faster) oscilloscope.
If the Master source is to be an internal or external stabilized
oscillator, connect the Synchro-Lock system using Figure 3-5.
The PC computer’s operating system (Windows) and the
Synchro-Lock program are installed at the factory.
A portion of the Optima detector cabling is re-routed through
a BNC to maximize system stability.
3. Terminate all of the remaining input or outputs with a 50 Ω
termination.
4. Turn on the Synchro-Lock Controller.
5. Turn on the computer. Windows will launch and the
Synchro-Lock icon will appear on the screen.
Open the Synchro-Lock program by clicking on the icon. The
Synchro-Lock MAIN WINDOW will appear. If necessary,
refer to section four for a description of the Synchro-Lock
windows and how to use them.
6. The Galvo voltage and the PZT voltage are displayed on the
main window and can also be checked with an in-line volt-
meter if required.
Without the Synchro-Lock program's LOCK enabled, the
galvo drive out voltage should be close to 0 V and the PZT
drive out voltage should be close to 70 V.
7. Use the software photodiode signal monitors to align the
External Photodiodes.
3-4
OSCILLOSCOPE
Channel 1 Trigger
5 2
PZT PZT
REF-SYNC CONTROL ANALOG IN CONTROL
AC IN
INT REF OUT OUT OUT (+/- 5V) IN
1
0
SPARE CW-M
!
REF IN HARM. PHASE SYNC OUT
MODULATION IN ANALOG
100-120/220-240VAC 2A/1A 50/60HZ
T 3A 250V SLOBLO FUSE

FUNDAMENTAL
PHASE CW-S
Optional COMB OUT MODULATION COMB IN
Board RS-232
INTERFACE
PZT
MOTOR DRIVE
OUT
SLAVE
FIBER
OPTIC
IN
MASTER
FIBER CAUTION
OPTIC HIGH
IN GALVO OUT VOLTAGE
(0-150 VDC)
RED
LED
NOTES:
1 10 foot RG 223 PC
2 1 foot RG 223
5 5 1 4
3 10 foot Multimode
Fiber Optic Cable
4 6 foot DB-25 GALVO CW PZT GALVO MOTOR OUTPUT

IN OUT DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE BEAM
Slave
5 10 foot RG 58 MIRA SLAVE MIRA HEAD Photodiode
CONTROLLER
3
CW GALVO OUTPUT
OUT DRIVE BEAM
Master
MIRA MASTER MIRA HEAD Photodiode
3 CONTROLLER
Figure 3-4. Interconnection Diagram, Mira Master Layout
Adjust the tip and tilt of the fiber assembly, the tip and tilt of
the beamsplitter, and the variable neutral density filter to maxi-
mize the fiber coupling efficiency and to produce a signal
between 2.5 and 3.5 V.
If the red LED located under the master fiber input is lit, then
the minimum power requirement has been met.
8. An Oscilloscope is necessary to see that locking is achieved.
Connect the REF-SYNC OUT from the Synchro-Lock
controller to the scope using a 50 Ω termination. Trigger the
scope to sync with this signal.
The PHOTODIODE OUT from the controller can also be
displayed on the scope using a 50 Ω termination on a separate
channel to monitor the photodiode output of the slave. When
3-5
OSCILLOSCOPE
Channel 1 Trigger
2
Optional
Board 5
PZT PZT
AC IN
1
0
SPARE CW-M
!
100-120/220-240VAC 2A/1A 50/60HZ

FUNDAMENTAL
PHASE CW-S
COMB OUT MODULATION COMB IN
RS-232
INTERFACE
PZT
MOTOR DRIVE
OUT
SLAVE
FIBER
OPTIC
IN
MASTER
FIBER CAUTION
OPTIC HIGH
(0-150 VDC)
RED
LED
13.2ns PC
5 5 1 4
500mV
@ 76 MHz
sinewave
reference GALVO CW PZT GALVO MOTOR OUTPUT
IN DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE BEAM
waveform OUT
Slave
MIRA SLAVE MIRA HEAD Photodiode
CONTROLLER
13.2ns
3
500mV NOTES:
@ 76 MHz 10 foot Multimode
10 foot RG 223 10 foot RG 58
combwave 1 3 Fiber Optic Cable 5
reference
waveform 1 foot RG 223 6 foot DB-25
2 4
Figure 3-5. Interconnection Diagram, Oscillator Master Layout
the slave is not locked to the master the 76 MHz PHOTO-

DIODE OUT will not be synchronized with the REF-SYNC
OUT and will appear as a continuous blur.
9. With the system not locked, the Freq. error (kHz) monitor in
the MAIN WINDOW should read the frequency error stable to
within ± 0.02 kHz. Stability problems can arise from slight
Q-switching in either the master or slave oscillators, or exces-
sive air currents or vibration. See Section 5 for more informa-
tion on troubleshooting problems.
Pushing the GO Left or GO Right button will allow manual
control of the Stepper Motor. The Step size button toggles from
either Large or Small Steps.
Pushing the Stepper Motor buttons should produce a change in
the Freq. error (kHz) reading. If this is observed then both the
Frequency counter operation and Stepper Motor drive are
operating as expected.
3-6
Stop the manual Stepper Motor drive with the STOP button.
10. Perform a Stepper Motor calibration using the Calibrate
button.
Stop the Stepper Motor drive. If the Stepper Motor is physi-
cally near the end of the translation stage travel, use the
Stepper Motor control to drive it away from the end.
Press the Calibrate button in the MAIN WINDOW. A message
will appear when the calibration is complete.
While the calibration is proceeding, the Freq. error (kHz)
display should move continuously back and forth. When
completed the system will report the success status in the
Messages window.
11. Once the operation of the Photodiode and the Stepper Motor
are verified the slave Laser can be locked to the master laser.
The outputs are locked by either using a manual or automatic
lock. The advantage of a manual lock is the ability to easily
adjust the relative delay of the slave pulse with respect to the
master pulse. The advantage of using the automatic lock is that
once the relative delay parameters are established an autolock
is used to quickly lock and unlock the system. The automatic
lock can also automatically reacquire a lock if an external
perturbation breaks the lock.
Manual Lock 1. Verify that the LOCK button in the MAIN WINDOW is not
depressed, i.e., press the UNLOCK button.
and Setting the
Delay 2. Use the Stepper Motor buttons to obtain a Frequency error of
less than 0.2 KHz.
3. Click Fund. Enable, and wait 2-3 seconds.
4. Adjust the Fundamental Phase Shift slider in the MAIN
WINDOW until the delay of the slave pulse with respect to
master pulse is close to the desired delay. The relative delay is
observed by using a common diode and viewing the pulses on
an oscilloscope or by using the jitter measurement described
below. Clicking in the bar or grabbing and releasing the arrow
adjusts the phase, and clicking the buttons at the end of the bar
allows the highest resolution travel. The scale of the slider can
be adjusted by highlighting the end points and entering new
values.
5. Minimize the harmonic phase error by using the Harmonic
Phase Shift slider.
3-7
6. Click Harm. Enable.

7. Unclick Fundamental.
8. Small changes in the relative delay can now be made by
adjusting the Harmonic Phase Shift slider.
9. If desired, the Auto Re-Lock button can be pressed to activate
the automatic re-locking function. Once activated, the phase
cannot be adjusted by software.
10. Record the Phase Shift sliders settings for future reference.
If the system does not lock, the phase may be off by 180 degrees.
This is easily corrected by either clicking the 180 phase change
button in the MAIN WINDOW.
The minimization of the harmonic phase error (step 5) can occur on

one of two possible slopes. If the wrong slope is chosen, the system
will not properly lock. An indication that the wrong slope has been
chosen is if the slave pulse suddenly moves with respect to the
master pulse when the Harmonic Loop is engaged (step 6). An alter-
native procedure to steps 6 and 7 above may avoid this problem.
Once the harmonic phase is minimized (step 5), return to the MAIN
WINDOW and depress the LOCK button to establish a lock. If
necessary, the automatic lock procedure should induce a 180 degree
phase shift.
If the LOCK button is used the harmonic phase error signal and the
fundamental phase error signal are constantly monitored and the
necessary adjustments are automatically made to minimize these
errors. In this mode, the relative delay of the slave pulse with respect
to the master pulse cannot be adjusted. If the auto-relock option is
selected in the MAIN WINDOW and the system loses lock, the
system will automatically re-acquire lock.
There is generally a little drift for the first half hour after system
turn on. It is recommended that the loops be turned off and on
again at least once after the first hour of warm up to reset the
Galvo integrator.
Automatic Lock The slave laser can be locked to the master laser by pressing the
LOCK button in the MAIN WINDOW. The auto lock sequence is
monitored by watching the Messages WINDOW.
3-8
The auto lock sequence preforms all of the steps necessary for stable
locking. First the motor will step the frequency error to zero. Then
the Fundamental Loop is activated and the Fundamental Phase error
will go to zero. The user is then prompted to adjust for the desired
fundamental phase. The phase will then step the Harmonic Phase
error to zero and the handoff from Fundamental Loop to Harmonic
Loop should occur. The sequence should end with the message OK
and the REF-SYNC OUT and PHOTODIODE OUT should be
locked together on the scope.
When the Autolock function is used the harmonic error signal and
the fundamental error signal are constantly monitored and the neces-
sary adjustments are automatically made to minimize these errors.
The relative time delay between the two pulses is fixed by the initial
delay settings and cannot be adjusted. If a different relative delay is
required it is necessary to perform a manual lock.
If the system does not lock using the auto lock sequence then either
use the Manual lock procedure described above or go to the trouble-
shooting section of this manual.
Jitter The jitter between the master and slave pulse is obtained by making
a zero-scan cross correlation measurement. The following compo-
Measurement nents are necessary in order to make the measurement.
• Real time autocorrelator with a scan range of at least 15 ps,
zero-scan range capability, and an XY output.
• Oscilloscope
• Several mirror mounts
• Several high reflectors
• One ~50/50 Beamsplitter
• Two variable neutral density filters
• A second beamsplitter (optional)
• A fast photodiode (optional)
Follow the below procedure to determine the jitter.
1. Insert a variable neutral density filter in the paths of the slave

and master beam.
2. Use the mirrors and the ~50/50 beamsplitter to overlap the
master and slave beam.
3. Use a turning mirror to align the overlapped beams into the
autocorrelator.
3-9
4. Adjust the alignment, delay, and the autocorrelator (15 ps

scan) until a main autocorrelation pulse and two side cross
correlation pulses are displayed. The main pulse (consisting of
the autocorrelation of the two pulses) should be roughly twice
the amplitude of the side pulses. If not, adjust the alignment
and attenuation of the beams.
5. As an optional step for setting the delay; split off a small
portion of the overlapped beams, align the two beam on a fast
photodiode, and look at the two pulses on a fast oscilloscope.
Adjust the delay until the two pulses overlap.
6. Select one of the side cross correlation pulses and center it in
the display.
7. Look at the side pulse on the oscilloscope.
8. Measure the peak to valley, Vo, of the pulse.
9. Measure the Full Width, Half Max (FWHM) of the cross corre-
lation pulse.
10. Adjust the autocorrelator for a zero scan.
11. Adjust the fine delay until the center of the fluctuating signal
is located at the 1/2 Vo level.
12. Measure the fluctuating signal, ΔVRMS, with a true RMS
DVM in AC mode.
13. The jitter is obtained from the following calculation:
Jitter = ΔVRMS * FWHM / Vo
14. Record the delay settings for future reference.
The above calculation makes various assumptions which result in a
conservative estimate of the jitter. It is the same calculation that is
used in the factory.
Daily Operation Once the initial configuration is established in the installation the
daily operation is typically limited to a few simple steps. This proce-
dure assumes that no adjustments are made to either Mira that would
significantly change the cavity length of either Mira.
1. Turn on the Mira pump sources as instructed in the pump

source manual.
2. Modelock the Mira lasers.
3. Turn on the Synchro-Lock Computer.
4. Open the Synchro-Lock program by clicking on the icon.
3 - 10
5. Turn on the Synchro-Lock controller.

6. Set the delay to the value previously recorded.
7. Press ‘lock’.
8. If the relative delay needs to be changed, it is necessary to
follow the manual lock procedure.
If the system does not lock, the phase may be off by 180 degrees.
This is easily corrected by either clicking the 180 phase change
button in the SERVICE WINDOW or by turning the phase
knob on the control box.
3 - 11
3 - 12
Software and Controller
SECTION FOUR: SOFTWARE AND CONTROLLER
This section displays and explains the Synchro-Lock software

package and the inputs and outputs of the controller.
Figure 4-1. Main Window
4-1
Table 4-1. Software Descriptions
CONTROL FUNCTION
Lock This button is used to start an Automatic Locking sequence, which would attempt to lock
the Fundamental and Harmonic locking loop. It goes through the sequence listed under
section “Automatic Locking Sequence”.
Auto Re-Lock This button is enabled once an Automatic Locking sequence is followed, or if it detects
that Synchro-Lock AP unit currently has Harmonic Enabled. Once automatically
enabled (user does not have a control over enable/disable of this button), the user can
click on this button to trigger Auto Re-Lock. This function automatically attempts to
RELOCK the Harmonic loop if the system falls out of the lock. Certain Errors will
disable this function to keep it from attempting to Re-Lock over and over. One such error
is PZT Over-Current Error, triggered when the PZT Current is too high.
External Trigger This button allows the user to use an External Trigger instead of the Master Photodiode
Detector. The “P/D Det. Master” meter indicator will disappear from the user's screen
when this button is clicked. Note that the user must disconnect the Slave fiber (or block
the beam to the fiber) for the External Trigger signal to be active.
Calibrate This button will start an automatic Time Calibration sequence. No user interaction is
needed once the button is clicked, the software should go through the whole sequence
on its own. This sequence calibrates Fundamental Phase Shift voltage to a Time scale.
All buttons under “Time Scale” can only be used once the system is calibrated for time
using this button’s functionality.
The Calibrate function works by setting the Harmonic Phase Shift to 0, and sweeping
the Fundamental Phase Shift with only the Fundamental Loop enabled (Fund. Enable).
The Harmonic Error Voltage then maps out a sine function of nine full cycles over one
complete cycle of the Fundamental. (Both Phase Shift sliders cover more than 360° of
range.) The space between two adjacent zero crossings of the Harm. Phase Error repre-
sents 20° of phase shift of the Fundamental (which equals one eighteenth of the Funda-
mental period). Therefore, by knowing the Laser frequency, the exact delay between
each zero crossing can be calculated and used as calibration data to linearize the Funda-
mental Phase Shift.
Setup The user Setup screen is entered through this button. Users can change certain parame-
ters such as Frequency Window, Gain, etc. when in this screen.
EXIT It is important that a user uses this button to quit the program. The software goes
through saving of some setup parameters to a file in the install directory. If the user quits
this software using other method then the software may not behave properly the next
time it is run.
Fund. Enable This button turns on the Fundamental Enable in the Synchro-Lock AP hardware. (In
other words, it enables the fundamental frequency phase lock loop). This button may be
disabled on the user's screen if the frequency shows greater than greater than set in the
Setup screen. (the user won't be able to click on it). Provided that certain conditions are
met, it is possible to enable the Harmonic lock at the same time when Fundamental lock
is enabled, and vice versa.
4-2
Table 4-1. Software Descriptions (Continued)
CONTROL FUNCTION
Harm. Enable This button turns on the Harmonic Enable in the Synchro-Lock AP hardware. (In other
words, it enables the 9th harmonic frequency phase lock loop). This button may be
disabled on the user's screen if the frequency shows greater than set in the Setup screen.
(The user won't be able to click on it). Provided that certain conditions are met, it is
possible to enable the Harmonic lock at the same time when Fundamental lock is
enabled, and vice versa.
180phaseChange Toggling this button changes the harmonic phase by 180degrees. In manual operation
it is used when both the Harmonic & Fundamental loops are enabled (Lock Funda-
mental, zero out the Harmonic Phase Error using Fund/Harm Phase Shift, Lock
Harmonic, if the error voltages split from zero, then toggle this control).
Motor Controls This section is for Motor movements only. The user might not need to use these controls
during regular operations.
• GO Left - Moves the motor towards left (Counter Clockwise). Movement is contin-
uous until the user clicks on the “STOP” button to stop it. The user may also click
on “Go Right” button to immediately change the direction of motor movement.
• GO Right - Moves the motor towards Right (Clockwise). Movement is continuous
until the user clicks on the “STOP” button to stop it. The user may also click on “Go
Left” button to immediately change the direction of motor movement.
• Large Steps - The motor has two step sizes, toggling this button will toggle the step
size the motor takes when it runs. The user can use larger step size when the
frequency reads more than 0.50KHz. However, it is recommended that user run the
motor with a smaller step size (this button turned off) when the frequency reads less
than 0.50 KHz.
• STOP - This button immediately stops any motor movement. The “Large Steps”
button state is unaffected.
Scan Buttons The following buttons are used only for scanning Harmonic or Fundamental Phase Shift
voltages.
• “< H. Scan” - Used for a decrementing scan of Harmonic Phase Shift voltage.
“+/-10” or “+/-100” buttons can be used with this button to determine step size.
Once the software reaches 100 steps, it will continue to scan down from 65435
count. The user can stop the scanning by clicking on the same button again.
Clicking on “H. Scan >” button will immediately change the scan direction. Please
note that if both “+/-10” and “+/-100” buttons are clicked then the software will take
“+/-100” and use 100 as step size. Each step is a step in DAC (Digital to Analog)
voltage, which has a range of 0 through 65535 (mapped to 0 through 10volts)
• “H. Scan >” - Used for an incrementing scan of Harmonic Phase Shift voltage.
Clicking on “< H. Scan” button will immediately change the scan direction. Please
“+/-100” and use 100 as step size. Each step is a step in DAC (Digital to Analog)
voltage, which has a range of 0 through 65535 (mapped to 0 through 10 volts).
4-3
CONTROL FUNCTION
Scan Buttons • “+/-10” - This button is used with “< H. Scan”, “H. Scan >”, “< F. Scan”, and “F.
(Continued) Scan >” buttons. The user can select 10 step size using this button when doing a
scan (whether its increment or decrement.) This button is used for both Harmonic
and Fundamental scans. If “+/-100” button is also clicked then the software will
only use 100 step size.
• “+/-100” - This button is used with “< H. Scan”, “H. Scan >”, “< F. Scan”, and “F.
Scan >” buttons. The user can select 100 step size using this button when doing a
scan (whether its increment or decrement.) This button is used for both Harmonic
and Fundamental scans. If “+/-10” button is also clicked then the software will still
only use 100 step size.
• “< F. Scan” - Used for a decrementing scan of Fundamental Phase Shift voltage.
Clicking on “F. Scan >” button will immediately change the scan direction. Please
“+/-100” and use 100 as the step size. Each step is a step in DAC (Digital to Analog)
• “F. Scan >” - Used for an incrementing scan of Fundamental Phase Shift voltage.
Clicking on “< F. Scan” button will immediately change the scan direction. Please
“+/-100” and use 100 as the step size. Each step is a step in DAC (Digital to Analog)
Loop Gain Changing this slider will change system Loop Gain. Step size for change is 1 (approxi-
mately 3/8th dB), however the user can type in the Loop Gain number in the window
right above this slider to jump to that gain value.
Harmonic Phase Shift This slider will allow the user to change the Harmonic Phase Shift. The range is 0
through 65535. This slider will automatically move if the user uses automatic scan
buttons “H. Scan >” or “< H. Scan”. However, this slider remains enabled during auto-
matic scan and user should be able to force the automatic scan to jump to a desired loca-
tion on the fly and keep scanning from there.
Fundamental Phase This slider will allow the user to change the Fundamental Phase Shift. The range is 0
Shift through 65535. This slider will automatically move if the user uses automatic scan
buttons “F. Scan >” or “< F. Scan”. However, this slider remains enabled during auto-
matic scan and user should be able to force the automatic scan to jump to a desired loca-
tion on the fly and keep scanning from there. PLEASE NOTE: This slider will disappear
when “Time Scale” check box is selected AND if the system is calibrated for time scale
and all Time Scale buttons/indicators/sliders will be enabled. A “Time Scale” slider will
appear in place of this slider at that time. Uncloaking the “Time Scale” check box will
bring back this slider.
4-4
CONTROL FUNCTION
Time Scale This slider will only appear when the system is Calibrated for time. (A message will tell
the user at the beginning in the message window, every time this software is run.) The
user does not have any control over enable/disable or appearance of this slider. It is auto-
matically done by the software.
Time Scale Check Box Clicking on this checkbox will ENABLE the Time Scale, IF and only if the system is
calibrated for time. This slider will appear in place of the Fundamental Phase Shift
slider. Unchecking this box will bring back the Fundamental Phase Shift slider in its
place.
Time Scale Slider bar The user can use this slider to set the time in picoseconds. The user MUST click on “Set
Time” button for the system to take the change on this slider bar and trigger the sequence
that makes those changes.
Set Time button This button MUST be used if the user wants to change the time in picoseconds. The
changed time value is selected through the Time Scale slider. A calculated time based
on system calibration (feed back to the user to see what actual time the system was
changed to) is indicated in the “Calc. Time” window.
Automatic Locking This section is for Motor movements only. The user might not need to use these controls
Sequence during regular operations.
• Software Automatically moves the motor to minimize the read frequency (upper
right hand corner of Synchro-Lock AP screen).
• Once the frequency reads less than the criteria specified in the Setup screen,
(changeable by the user through the Setup Screen - by clicking on Setup button), the
automatic locking sequence locks “Fundamental Enable”.
• Software will now wait for a user input- the user needs to adjust “Fundamental
Phase Shift” slider, and click on CONTINUE when done.
• The program then adjusts the Harmonic Phase Shift until the Harmonic Error
Voltage is zero. It locks the Harmonic loop and checks the error voltages again, if
they are still at zero it proceeds to the next step, otherwise it will toggle the
180phaseChange before proceeding.
• Software will now wait for the user input- the user needs to adjust “Harmonic Phase
Shift” slider, and click on CONTINUE when done.
• The program will then adjust the Fundamental Phase Shift until the Fundamental
Error Voltage is zero.
• Done.
4-5
ON
Figure 4-2. Controller Front Panel
Table 4-2. Controller Front Panel
CONTROL FUNCTION
ON On LED.
4-6
PZT PZT
AC IN
1
0
SPARE CW-M
!
100-120/220-240VAC 2A/1A 50/60HZ

FUNDAMENTAL
PHASE CW-S
COMB OUT MODULATION COMB IN
RS-232
INTERFACE
PZT
MOTOR DRIVE
OUT
SLAVE
FIBER
OPTIC
IN
MASTER
FIBER CAUTION
OPTIC HIGH
(0-150 VDC)
RED
LED
(PW1) (PW2) (PW3) (PW4) (PW5) (PW6) (PW7)
Figure 4-3. Controller Rear Panel
Table 4-3. Controller Rear Panel
CONTROL FUNCTION
PW1 – CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR This card is a user purchaseable option or upgrade (Slow Trigger Option).
Slow (sinusoidal) internal oscillator output. This is an optional output, and

INT REF OUT
should be connected to PW1, “REF IN”, when used.
REF IN Slow (sinusoidal) reference input
Fast comb signal output. The comb signal mimics the delta function signal
COMB OUT of the fast photodiode on a Mira oscillator. Should be connected to PW3,
“COMB IN”, when used.
PW2 – SYSTEM PHASE Phase modulation circuitry, and phase adjustment circuits.
SHIFTER
FUNDAMENTAL PHASE Modulates the relative fundamental phase shift. ±10 volts corresponds to
MODULATION approximately ±50 degrees of phase shift. This function is not routinely cali-
brated but is close to linear. The bandwidth of this port is DC to approxi-
mately 4 kHz.
Reference frequency buffers, reference frequency and harmonic frequency

PW3 – MASTER REFERENCE
generation circuitry, and harmonic signal out buffers.
REF-SYNC OUT The reference input has been split off and buffered to provide a drive signal
to additional Synchro-Lock systems. It is nominally 0 dBm (0.6 Vpp into
50 Ω).
4-7
Table 4-3. Controller Rear Panel (Continued)
CONTROL FUNCTION
HARMONIC PHASE MODULA- Modulates the relative harmonic phase shift. ±5 volts corresponds to approx-
TION imately ±180 degrees of phase shift. This function is not routinely calibrated
but is close to linear.
COMB IN This input is for a user purchaseable option or upgrade (Slow Trigger
Option).
MASTER FIBER OPTIC IN Input for the master fiber optic. A red lit LED below the input indicates that
the input meets minimum requirements.
PZT error signal circuitry, mixer circuits, photodiode sync out signal buffer,
PW4 – MIXER galvo control and drive circuitry, laser signal harmonic band pass filter,
diplexer, band pass filters, loop gain adjust potentiometer.
PZT CONTROL OUT Should be connected to PW7, “PZT CONTROL IN”. Signal derived from
the mixing product of the PZT signal and the Reference signal. Typical gain
= 50 dB (from mixer to this port out), signal swing = +10 to –10 volts. The
gains have been adjusted to provide a harmonic locked bandwidth of 6 kHz
and a fundamental loop bandwidth of 700 Hz. When the loops are locked and
the Galvo signal is enabled, this voltage is nominally zero volts.
PHOTODIODE SYNC OUT Sample of the fundamental frequency component of the Photodiode input.
Typically +2 dBm output level.
SLAVE FIBER OPTIC IN Input for the slave fiber optic.
GALVO OUT This signal goes to the Mira Controller. It is part of a nested loop with the
PZT control and is designed to remove low frequency drift from the Mira
lock. The PZT Control out (to the PZT driver board) will stay at 0 volts,
whereas the Galvo drive will be 0 ± 2 volts, as required to cancel out the
frequency drift of the Mira. It typically can handle ±3 kHz of drift before it
resets the lock circuits (turns off the loops and uses the motor to reset the
Mira frequency.)
Note that there is generally significant drift for the first half hour after system
turn on. It is recommended that loops be turned off and on again at least once
after the first hour of warm up to reset the Galvo integrator.
PW5 – COMPUTER 1/0 #2 Low voltage digital electronics for computer interfacing.
SPARE ANALOG Not used.
RS-232 INTERFACE Allows connecting the computer via RS-232 to the Synchro-Lock controller.
Refer to Figure 3-4, Interconnection Diagram.
PW6 – MOTOR DRIVER/ Low voltage digital electronics for computer interfacing, and stepper motor
COMPUTER 1/0 #1 drive circuitry.
ANALOG IN (+/- 5V) Not used.
A signal from the Master Mira Control. Typically 0 volts if the Mira is oper-
CW-M
ating properly, –1 volt if there is any CW present in the Mira.
4-8
Table 4-3. Controller Rear Panel (Continued)
CONTROL FUNCTION
A signal from the Slave Mira Control. Typically 0 volts if the Mira is oper-
CW-S
ating properly, –1 volt if there is any CW present in the Mira.
MOTOR This signal drives the stepper motor.
PW7 – HIGH VOLTAGE PZT high voltage drive circuitry.

PZT DRIVER
PZT CONTROL IN Should be connected to PW4, “PZT Control Out – C”. Nominal input is
0 Volts. This module provides 26 dB of gain and a +70 volt offset.
PZT DRIVE OUT This is the signal to the PZT in the Mira. Typical amplifier bandwidths of
20 kHz into the 0.7 µf capacitance load are achieved. The amplifier can
safely handle up to 100 ma of rms correction current into the PZT load. The
typical correction current is 20 ma rms or less into the PZT at a dc level of
+70 volts.
4-9
4 - 10
Troubleshooting
SECTION FIVE: TROUBLESHOOTING
Software If the system does not acquire lock, there are various software indi-
cator instruments that can help diagnose the problem. They are listed
Diagnostics in the following sub-sections, along with troubleshooting informa-
tion.
Frequency The Frequency error display, located in the upper right corner of the
Error Display software window, indicates the system’s ability to accurately
monitor the Master and Slave clock frequencies. If either frequency
isn’t clearly detected, or if the signal isn’t stable, the Frequency error
will tend to have a “noisy” random value.
Typically, two properly locked Mira oscillators will indicate a
frequency difference stable to within +/-0.02 KHz. If either oscil-
lator has slight Q-switching or CW breakthrough, the detected
Frequency error will be unstable. See the Mira Operators Manual for
information on how to correct this.
CW breakthrough should also initiate a software error in the
Messages window, through the BNC connections on the back of the
Synchro-Lock AP control box.
PZT Voltage PZT Over Current and Over Voltage

and Current The current and voltage drive to the PZT (M2 tweeter mirror) are
monitored with software meters. When unlocked, the Voltage should
read approximately 70 V and the current 0 A. Once locked, the
current will begin to increase after the gain is increased beyond a
certain value. Further increasing the gain will cause the servo to
become unstable and oscillate spontaneously, initiating a PZT over
current fault. The lowest operating jitter occurs just below this
threshold, but the system may not reacquire lock with very high gain
settings.
Fundamental Fundamental and Harmonic Phase Errors

and Harmonic The Fundamental and Harmonic phase error are monitored with
Phase Error software meters. When the either the Fundamental or Harmonic
servo is locked, the system will keep the associated error fixed at a
certain point. In typical locked operation only the Harmonic lock is
enabled, however both error meters continue to display the current
5-1
readings. When locked, if either error reading exceeds a certain

maximum value, an error message appears in the Messages window.
Galvo Voltage Galvo voltage too high or too low

The system has drifted beyond the range of the galvo. Manually
move the motor to center the frequency error. This can also be an
indication that the tweeter is not operating, see the section on
Tweeter Troubleshooting.
Computer Errors Ignore the hardware incompatibility errors during initial software
setup.
Motor The motor runs backwards

Operation Check to make sure the master and slave fiber optics are connected
to the correct inputs. If the inputs are correct, re-run the motor cali-
bration.
Fundamental The Fundamental Loop does not Lock

Loop An incorrectly wired galvo will prevent locking of the fundamental
loop, the PZT voltage will not be centered at 70 V by the galvo but
will move to an extreme value in a few seconds and the lock will be
disabled. If this occurs on first installation, the galvo polarity can be
checked by locking the laser manually with just the fundamental
loop. If this is stable but goes unstable once the galvo loop is
enabled, driving the PZT to a HV limit, the galvo polarity should be
reversed. The brown plug that goes to the back of the galvo drive
should slip on and off easily. Two wires are attached to one side of
the plug. Removing these wires and reversing their position reverses
the polarity of the galvo. Normal starting operation should be
unchanged and locking should now occur properly.
Large Fundamental Error

The harmonic loop locks but there is a large fundamental phase
error. This occurs when the system has locked on the wrong
harmonic signal. Carefully follow the locking procedure outlined in
the installation section to avoid locking on the wrong harmonic
signal.
5-2
Troubleshooting
Harmonic Loop The Harmonic Loop does not Lock

Various mechanical or software routines can sometimes prevent the
locking of the harmonic loop. The harmonic loop can be more easily
engaged by turning the gain down. Once locked with the lower gain
setting, the gain can be slowly increased to lower the jitter.
Pico Mira System does not lock or has a very high PZT Current Signal
Operation It is possible that optimum low natural jitter operation will occur for
a particular setting of the BIAS of pico β-lock. Adjusting the BIAS
while monitoring the PZT Curr. Signal can allow optimization of the
pico noise performance and reduce the work the PZT has to perform.
It may then be possible to turn the Harmonic lock on and achieve
stable locking. It may also be necessary to adjust the software gain
setting.
High Jitter The Jitter is above the 250 fs specification

Low frequency jitter (<100 Hz) is typically a result of mechanical or
acoustic vibrations or from electrical ground loops. Isolate the
system from external noise (A 60 Hz signal could be from the fans
of a Verdi power supply). Use a common electrical ground for the
laser table and the electrical equipment. The jitter can also be due to
poor Mira alignment of either the master or slave laser.
5-3
5-4
Theory
SECTION SIX: THEORY
Introduction Mode-locked CW lasers generate a series of short optical pulses, the

time between pulses is determined by the roundtrip time in the
mode-locked laser cavity. The inverse of this pulse separation is
called the laser frequency, and is given by:
F = c/Lroundtrip = c/2Llinear
where c = 3.0 108 m/s.
For example, F= 75 MHz for a L =2 m long linear optical cavity with
a 4 m roundtrip.
Passively mode-locked lasers, like the Kerr-lens mode-locked
Ti:sapphire laser [1], are not limited in terms of roundtrip time, and
hence at what laser frequency, the laser can operate. Fluctuations
and drifts in the total cavity length therefore lead directly to jitter
(phase-noise) and drift in the laser frequency. Such fluctuations are
naturally produced by acoustic vibrations, thermal gradients and
pump laser variations. The laser integrates the accumulated motion
at low frequencies and small changes in cavity length result in rela-
tively large timing changes for the extremely short lasers pulses.
For applications where the output from such a laser is being used
with another high frequency source, it is therefore often essential to
actively synchronize the pulse train of the laser and the external
source. The laser pulse train needs to be at the same frequency as the
external source and maintain the same phase relationship for an
extended period. The laser pulses and the source are then said to be
phase locked (Figure 6-1).
History The timing noise properties of passively mode-locked lasers was

described by von der Linde [2]. He described the use of spectral
techniques widely used previously to determine the stability of
radio-frequency and microwave signal sources. In particular he
stressed the utility of using high harmonics of the fundamental
signal to separate out the timing (phase) noise from the amplitude
noise.
Actively phase locking an actively mode-locked laser was demon-
strated with a Coherent Antares by Rodwell, Bloom and Weingarten
[3,4] following the work of Cotter [5]. Their feedback loop involved
mixing the filtered signal from a photodiode that the laser was illu-
minating with a reference crystal oscillator and applying the ampli-
6-1
Figure 6-1. Fundamental Signal Harmonics
fied output onto a phase shifter that drove the acousto-optic

mode-locker and controlled the laser phase. Mixing like this is a
common radio-frequency phase lock-loop technique and this appli-
cation was not, to our knowledge, patented. This work led to the
Lightwave Electronics product Series 1000 Timing Stabilizer.
Phase locking a passively mode-locked laser was demonstrated with
a colliding-pulse mode-locked ring dye laser and a coupled cavity
mode-locked color-center laser by Walker, Crust, Sleat and Sibbett
[6]. Their feedback loop involved mixing the filtered signal from a
photodiode with a reference crystal oscillator and applying the
amplified output onto a piezo-electric transducer (PZT) which
controlled the position of one of the laser cavity mirrors, and hence
the laser frequency. The use of PZTs for fast control of laser
frequency is a long standing technique. PZTs have been used by
Coherent in the 599 CW single frequency dye laser since 1975.
The same group, working with Spectra-Physics, then extended this
same technique to Ti:sapphire mode-locked lasers [7], this time
using a reference oscillator at twice the laser cavity frequency.
Spectra-Physics then released their commercial locking system for
their mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, the Lok-to-Clock Tsunami
6-2
Theory
System 3960C, based on mixing with an internal reference oscillator

at 80 MHz, the laser cavity frequency [8].
Sibbett's group also published one more paper on phase locking a
Ti:sapphire laser in 1994 [9]. In this they improved their results by
using improved mechanics, an active amplitude stabilizer on the
Ti:sapphire output, and, most productively, mixed the tenth
harmonic output from the laser photodiode with a high reference
frequency. As was spelled out by von der Linde, the use of a high
harmonic provides increased sensitivity to laser timing jitter and
reduced susceptibility to amplitude-to-phase noise conversion.
Synchro-Lock
A Summary of Phase locking a single (or multiple) passively mode-locked laser to

the Problem an external clock requires that the absolute phase with respect to the
external clock be maintained. At the same time, it is highly desirable
that the timing jitter of the laser be reduced as much as possible.
The laser fundamental cavity frequency signal, as derived by placing
a wide band optical detector in the path of the laser beam, contains
components of both amplitude noise and phase noise. A laser
frequency control signal can be derived by mixing the detected
signal around the laser cavity frequency with a matching stable
reference frequency. This signal can then be amplified and applied
to a control element within the optical cavity, typically a PZT with a
mirror mounted on one of its faces, to lock the laser cavity frequency
to the stable reference frequency. Since the PZT can only affect the
frequency and phase of the laser, the cavity length correction signal
will only be able to affect the phase noise. Unfortunately the ampli-
tude noise component in the signal will remain as an overlaying
mask and limit the reduction of the laser timing jitter.
It has been noted by von der Linde [2] and demonstrated by Spence
et al [9] that the higher harmonics of this detected signal will contain
less of the amplitude noise, in proportion, to phase noise. It is
apparent then, that a relatively clean, and therefore more useful,
control signal can be derived by mixing a higher harmonic of the
detected laser signal with a stable high frequency reference. The
result of this mixing process will be an error signal that contains
predominantly the laser phase noise and therefore provides a phase
lock with lower timing jitter than the fundamental frequency loop.
The choice of the appropriate high harmonic for this approach is a
trade off between the improved phase-to-amplitude noise ratio and
the decreasing signal from the photodiode and the difficulty of
6-3
implementing the electronic filtering and adjustments. Practically

we find a harmonic frequency between 350 MHz and 700 MHz (the
5th to 9th harmonics of 76 MHz) are reasonable values for discrete
component circuitry. Sibbett et al [9] used the 10th harmonic of an
86 MHz laser at 860 MHz.
Unfortunately, when the laser is phase locked using harmoni-
cally-derived correction signals, important timing information is
lost. The absolute phase with respect to an external clock at the laser
frequency is not defined and the lock can occur at any one of N rela-
tive positions, where N is the harmonic used for the phase lock.
Since the phase information is truly lost in a harmonic system it can
be seen that the absolute phase (with respect to an external timing
signal) can only be maintained by performing the phase comparison
at the fundamental frequency of the system.
The Synchro-Lock The solution to this problem is to combine the best properties of both
Solution a fundamental phase detection and a harmonic phase detection
process. This is accomplished by the sequential application of the
two phase locked loops. First the fundamental loop is locked to
unambiguously establish the laser phase, and once that is successful,
the harmonic loop takes over to reduce the timing jitter.
The initial lock acquisition is achieved by comparing the funda-
mental laser frequency (phase) to the phase of an external clock at
the same frequency, typically either at 76 MHz or at the second
harmonic of a 38 MHz clock. A motor driven stage within the
optical cavity is used to minimize the frequency difference. When
the difference frequency is small, the control voltage to a PZT within
the laser cavity is enabled and the laser is phase locked. When the
lock has been satisfactorily achieved at the fundamental frequency a
high harmonic of the laser signal is compared in phase to the same
high harmonic of the external clock and a phase shifter is used to
bring these two high harmonics into synchronization. The phase
shifter is fixed and the signals from the high harmonic phase
comparison are then switched in and used to control the PZT. The
signals from the fundamental phase comparison are then switched
off altogether. The fundamental phase signal continues to be moni-
tored to insure that an absolute phase reference is maintained and if
this fundamental signal is not zero the lock acquisition cycle is
restarted.
For added long-term stability another laser frequency control
element is used as well as the PZT and the motor-micrometer. A
DC-magnet driven Galvonometer adjusts the position of either one
or two mirrors, or two Brewster plates, in the laser cavity. With the
ability to move millimeters this allows much greater frequency vari-
6-4
Theory
ation than the microns of motion from the PZT, but only at low
speeds. An additional control signal is therefore applied to the Galvo
to maintain the PZT control voltage at a fixed optimum DC control
voltage.
Synchro-Lock The following section gives a full description of the Synchro-Lock

System Details system architecture and the locking sequence and controls. Descrip-
tions of component details and the computer control and user inter-
face are not included but can be found elsewhere in this manual.
The laser phase locking system derives its control signals from a
high speed photodiode monitoring the laser beam. The photodiode
generates signals in a “comb” of frequencies spaced apart by the
value of the repetition rate. This is nominally 76 MHz in the Mira,
depending upon the dimensions of the laser optical cavity. The
photodiode signal is fed into a frequency diplexer which splits the
spectrum into two parts; the fundamental frequency and a band of
harmonics. Following each of the two diplexer outputs is a band pass
filter (BPF), tuned either to the fundamental frequency, or in the case
of the harmonic output, to the Nth harmonic line (N is typically 9 in
this realization). These signals are each amplified and amplitude
optimized with automatic gain control (AGC) circuitry and then fed
into separate radio frequency (RF) mixers.
Each mixer is also driven by a signal from an external reference.
These reference signals are derived from a stable external source,
from the internal low-noise stable source (a crystal oscillator), or
from the master laser photodiode. The reference is also split into two
paths to match the photodiode signals. One path, at the fundamental
frequency, is passed through two phase adjustment (Phs. Adj.)
circuits and applied directly to the fundamental mixer. The other
path goes to an N times (x N) frequency multiplier, actually a comb
generator followed by a bandpass filter, another phase adjuster and
then to its corresponding mixer. Before any attempt to phase lock the
system is made, the fundamental components of the external refer-
ence and the photodiode are measured and compared in frequency
by the computer. The computer then adjusts the laser frequency via
a motor-driven cavity mirror translation stage so as to minimize this
frequency difference.
After this coarse frequency adjustment has been made, the signals
derived from the mixer containing the fundamental components are
enabled, amplified and used to drive the PZT-driven mirror in the
laser cavity. This phase locks the laser to the external reference
frequency. At the same time, a parallel loop is enabled which sends
a slower control signal to the Galvonometer actuator on the laser
cavity. This loop drives the Galvo to continuously center the DC
6-5
drive voltage on the PZT. The Galvo therefore adjusts the cavity for
low frequency drift while the PZT controls the laser high frequency
noise. The computer now measures the phase offset between the
reference and photodiode harmonic signals from the output from the
harmonic mixer, and drives this offset to zero by using the phase
adjustments. The harmonic loop is now switched in, the phase of the
fundamental loop checked, and finally, the fundamental loop
switched out of the control loop. The laser is now fully phase locked
at the Nth harmonic with the phase reference of the fundamental
retained.
Although the fundamental loop is no longer used to control the PZT,
its phase is continually monitored to insure that the absolute phase
of the laser with respect to the external reference is maintained. If
this phase is not zero the loops are disabled and the lock-up sequence
is restarted. Guaranteeing that this fundamental phase signal is
zero-valued only when the correct position for the harmonic lock is
occurring requires that we use an odd higher harmonic for the
second loop. An even harmonic will allow harmonic locking at both
zero and pi of fundamental phase, both of which have a zero phase
monitor signal, and could lead to a false lock position without an
error flag from the fundamental measurement.
An additional phase adjustment has also been provided to provide
the operator the opportunity to shift the phase of the laser with
respect to the external reference. This does not effect the “zero”
offsets out of the two mixers.
The rms current into the PZT is also monitored to insure that the
laser is properly tuned and remains stable.
Conclusion A technique has been developed to stabilize the frequency of a

passively mode-locked laser that provides the low noise properties
inherent in a high-harmonically locked system and, at the same time,
retains the absolute phase stability of a fundamentally locked
system. The concept is sequential application of these two types of
loops, coupled with automatic control and monitoring to ensure the
correct phase relations are preserved.
In order to extend the range of operation, and to minimize the effects
of drift, multiple controls are used to change the laser cavity length.
These controls include a PZT, a galvonometer, and a motor driven
translation stage.
The entire system is automatically controlled by a computer. The
laser frequency is measured and compared to the external clock
frequency. The optical cavity length is then automatically adjusted
so as to minimize the difference frequency and allow the PZT actu-
6-6
Theory
ator to phase lock the laser. The laser drift is stabilized by the Galvo
control. The sequential application of the fundamental and harmonic
loops is controlled and monitored by the computer without any user
interaction.
This technique is useful for all situations/experiments that would
require laser pulses to have both low phase noise properties and also
occur at a precisely known time. It requires only one laser for the full
implementation of this technique, but can easily be extended to
permit multiple lasers to be timed, or synchronized, with respect to
a single clock.
6-7
6-8
Parts List
PARTS LIST
Table A-1. Parts List
DESCRIPTION PART NUMBER

Mira 900 Verdi Low Noise Kit (Beam tube adaptors) 1014536
Synchro-Lock AP Controller, w/o Crystal Oscillator PCB 1036672
76MHz Crystal Oscillator PCB, w/internal oscillator 1092703
80MHz Crystal Oscillator PCB, external trigger only 1092704
80MHz Crystal Oscillator PCB, w/internal oscillator 1092705
76MHz Crystal Oscillator PCB, external trigger only 1092709
Low Noise Beta Lock Kit 1036844
Optical Signal Pick-off assembly 1036658
3 Meter mulitmode fiber 2117-0072
Tweeter mount (M2) 0166-278-00
XW Tweeter 0166-306-05
Tweeter cable 0167-870-00
End plate w/connectors and tweeter cable 1041180
Stepper motor 1051148
Motor drive extension pin 0166-273-00
Motor mounting adaptor 0166-272-00
Variable ND filter 3802-0073
Beamsplitter 0156-800-00
ND filter holder (no post or holder) 3804-0297
A-1
A-2
Warranty
WARRANTY
The Synchro-Lock is an accessory to the Mira laser and as such is

covered by the Warranty in the Mira Operator’s Manual.
B-1
B-2
Glossary
GLOSSARY
°C Degrees centigrade or Celsius

°F Degrees Fahrenheit
µ Microns
µrad Microradian(s)
µsec Microsecond(s)
1/e2 Beam diameter parameter
AC Alternating current
AGC Automatic gain control
Amp Amperes
BPF Band pass filter
CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health

cm Centimeter(s)
CW Continuous wave
DC Direct current
EMC Electromagnetic compliance
GHz Gigahertz
Hz Hertz
IR Infrared
kg Kilogram(s)
kHz Kilohertz
LED Light emitting diode

LVD Low voltage directive
m Meter(s)
mAmp Milliampere(s)
MHz Megahertz
mm Millimeter(s)
mrad Milliradian(s)
msec Millisecond(s)
mV Millivolt(s)
mW Milliwatt(s)
Nd:YAG Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet

nm Nanometer(s)
OEM Original equipment manufacturer
PZT piezo-electric transducer
Glossary - 1
RF Radio frequency
rms Root mean square
Rx Receive
TEM Transverse electromagnetic (cross-sectional laser beam mode)

Tx Transmit
VAC Volts, alternating current

VDC Volts, direct current
W Watt(s)
Glossary - 2
Index
INDEX
C Pico Mira 5-3

Cavity length actuator Optical safety 1-1
Galvonometer driven 2-3
P
Motor micrometer driven 2-4
Parts list A-1
Piezo-electric 2-2
Photodiode
Computer control 2-6
Fiber coupling 2-5
Computer errors 5-2
Photodiode detector 2-5
Controller 2-6
Pico Mira operation 5-3
D Piezo-electric cavity length actuator 2-2
Description 2-1
R
System components 2-2
Radiated emission compliance 1-3
Diagnostics 5-1
Radiation, hazardous exposure 1-3
E
S
Electrical safety 1-2
Safety
Electromagnetic compatibility 1-3
Electrical 1-2
F Features and compliance to government
Fiber coupling of photodiode 2-5 requirements 1-2
Fundamental loop 5-2 Labels, location of 1-4
Fundamental signal harmonics 6-2 Laser 1-1
Optical 1-1
G Software
Galvo voltage 5-2 Controller front panel 4-6
Galvonometer driven cavity length actuator 2-3 ON 4-6
H Controller rear panel 4-7
Harmonic loop 5-3 PW1 - Crystal Oscillator 4-7
High jitter 5-3 PW2 - System Phase Shifter 4-7
History 6-1 PW3 - Master Reference 4-7
PW4 - Mixer 4-8
I PW5 - Computer 1/0 #2 4-8
Installation 3-4 PW6 - Motor Driver / Computer 1/0 #1 4-8
Internal and external reference oscillator 2-6 PW7 - High Voltage PZT Driver 4-9
J Main window 4-1
Lock 4-2
Jitter 2-6
Specifications 2-6
L Jitter 2-6
Laser safety 1-1 System components
Location of safety labels 1-4 Description 2-2
M T
Motor micrometer driven cavity length actuator 2-4 Table Configuration 3-2
Motor operation 5-2 Troubleshooting 5-1
O
Operation
Index - 1
Index - 2
© Coherent, Inc. 4/2006, Printed in the U.S.A.
Part No. 1041925, Rev AB

(Manual) Synchrolock AP RevAB

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Operator’s Manual

Mira® Synchro-Lock AP™

5100 Patrick Henry Drive

Coherent, the Coherent Logo, Synchro-Lock, Mira, and Verdi are

Outside the U.S.:

Coherent provides telephone and web technical assistance as a service to

Section One: Laser Safety .......................................................................................... 1-1

Section Two: Description and Specifications .................................................. 2-1

Section Three: Installation and Daily Operation ......................................... 3-1

Section Four: Software and Controller .............................................................. 4-1

Fundamental Loop .............................................................................................................. 5-2

Section Six: Theory ......................................................................................................... 6-1

Parts List .............................................................................................................................. A-1

2-1. Synchro-Lock................................................................................................................... 2-1

3-1. Optima Detector Cable .................................................................................................... 3-1

4-1. Main Window .................................................................................................................. 4-1

6-1. Fundamental Signal Harmonics....................................................................................... 6-2

A-1. Parts List ......................................................................................................................... A-1

Preface This document is intended to supplement to the Coherent Mira

Read this Operator manual supplement carefully before oper-

Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures

Use of the system in a manner other than that described herein

This symbol is intended to alert the operator to the presence of

This symbol is intended to alert the operator to the presence of

This symbol is intended to alert the operator to the danger of

SECTION ONE: LASER SAFETY

The greatest concern when using a laser is eye safety. In addition to

1. Observe all safety precautions in the preinstallation and oper-

4. Never look directly into the laser light source or at scattered

Laser safety glasses can present a hazard as well as a benefit;

6. As a precaution against accidental exposure to the output beam

EN 61010-1 “Safety Requirements For Electrical Equipment For

Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures

Use of the system in a manner other than that described herein

Figure 1-1. Location of Safety Labels

SECTION TWO: DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS

Description Synchro-Lock is an accessory to the Mira 900 mode-locked CW

Figure 2-1. Synchro-Lock

the laser head to control the laser frequency: a high frequency

System The major system components of Synchro-Lock include the three

Figure 2-2. Tweeter Mirror

• Connector: BNC on the Mira cover backplate

It also allows tuning of the Mira while locked.

Figure 2-3. Stepper Motor Driven Micrometer

• Connector: DB-25 on the Mira cover backplate

Photodiode The Mira is monitored by Synchro-Lock using a 2.0 GHz photo-

Figure 2-4. Fiber Coupling of Photodiode

The beamsplitter alignment and the fiber coupling is optimized

Computer Control A PC with the Windows operating system is used.

Specifications Dual Mira Synchro-Lock system, ps or fs:

SECTION THREE: INSTALLATION AND DAILY OPERATION

Wear laser safety glasses to protect against the radiation gener-

Introduction Unless otherwise agreed, the installation of the Mira Synchro-Lock

New Cable Routed

Figure 3-1. Optima Detector Cable

• Installation of the rear bulkhead plate with connectors. See

The slave Mira laser head requires the following modifications to

Figure 3-2. Synchro-Lock Mira 900 Bulkhead Connections

Table The arrangement of the Mira Synchro-Lock components on the

ments. The typical configuration consists of the two Mira’s on oppo-

Slave Mira From Synchro-Lock

Figure 3-3. Typical Table Configuration

1. Install the two external fiber-coupling setups onto the optical