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    Afifah 12

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    In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made between intelligence and reasoning. According to Dewey, intelligence is the only absolute way to achieve a balance between realism and idealism, between practicality and wisdom of life. Intelligence involves “interacting with other things and knowing them", while reasoning is merely the act of an observer, " ... a mind that beholds or grasps objects outside the world of things ...." With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through intelligence that control is taken of events that shape one's life. What is the topic of this passage? A. The intelligence of John Dewey B. Distinctions made by John Dewey C. Dewey's ideas on the ability to reason OK How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey's works. E. John Dewey's works in philosophy Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen is continuously fed into biological circulation. In this process, certain algae and bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia (NH) This newly-created ammonia is then for the most patt absorbed by plants. The opposite process of denitrification returns nitrogen to the air. During the process of denitrification, bacteria cause some of the nitrates from the soil to convert into gaseous nitrogen or nitrous oxide (N,O). In this gaseous form, the nitrogen returns to the atmosphere. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. The process of nitrogen fixation JK, Two nitrogen processes C. The return of nitrogen to the air D. The effect of nitrogen on plant life E. The absorption of nitrogen by plants The word gambut (peat) is taken from the name of a village, Desa Gambut (now Gambut sub-district), which is located about 10 km east of Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. It is at this place that for the first time, rice has been successfully cultivated in peat soiled rice fields. In the soil taxonomy system, peat soils are grouped into a separate soil order called histosis, which means that the land is predominantly composed of organic soil materials in the form of the remains of plant tissues. The nature and characteristics of peat soils can be determined based on their physical and chemical properties. Gambut has dark brown to blackish colors. Although its basic materials are gray, brown, or reddish, after decomposition, the dark humic compounds will appear. Furthermore, based on the weight of the contents, peat soil or gambut, which has undergone further decomposition, has a content weight ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 g/cm’. Due to the low content weight, peat has a large capacity as water storage, about 2-4 times its dry weight. In fact, moss peat that has not been decomposed can store up to 12 or 15 even 20 times more water than its own weight. In addition, peat soil has a large absorption area, which is up to 4 times greater than montmorillonite clay. Next, peat soil has acidic reaction properties. Decomposition of organic matters will produce organic acids that accumulate in the body of the soil hence increasing the acidity of the peat soil. Generally, peat soil shows real resistance to changes in pH when compared to mineral soils. As a result, peat soil requires more limestone to increase the pH at the same level of the value of mineral soil. Thus, peat soil requires a higher dose of fertilizers than mineral soll Furthermore, based on the nutrients contained in it, peat soil is a type of nutrient-poor soil, High level of N and organic matters in peat soils are also accompanied by a high N nitrification process so that the activity of heterotrophic organisms is not well stimulated and the organisms active in the nitrification process can carry out their activities. Therefore, the levels of P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) of peat soils are generally lower than that of the mineral soils. Also, the plants cultivated on the peat soil are very responsive to the fertilization using P and K. (adapted from https:/freelearningli.wordpress.corw) Whats the mait idea of the passage? A. Peat soil has good properties as fertilizers. B. Peat soil is physically and chemically different 3 Peat soil has certain physical and chemical properties, D. & Peat soil has chemical properties that are q rent from clay Peat soil is brown because of its physical and chemical properties The purpose of the writer in writing the sentence Therefore, the levels of P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) of peat soils are generally lower than that of the mineral soils. Also, the plants cultivated on the peat soil are very responsive to the fertilization using P and K’ in paragraph 4isto.... A. identify mineral soil to be given fertilizers P and K B. support the increased production of fertilizers P and K >< confirm that the best type of fertilizers for peat soil is P and K D. exemplify the method of administering P and K fertilizers on peat soil E. explain that P and K fertilizers are produced only for plants on peat soil Last January,a study in Nature Climate showed that the world’s glaciers are the smallest | they have been in human history, revealing radiocarbon radiation material that has not been { exposed for 40,000 years. Now, new research published in Nature quantifies how much the world's lost glaciers have contributed to rising sea levels. From 1961, when reliable record keeping began, to 2016, the ocean crawled up 27 illimeters asa result of ice sloughing off the world’s non-polar glaciers. Scientists had known that melting glaciers contribute to sea-level rise, but the new study takes a comprehensive Jlookat how much and how quickly they’te melting. They found mountain glaciers contribute roughly a third of measured sea-level rise—the same contribution to sea-level rise as the Greenlandice sheet and more than the contribution ofthe Antarctic ice sheet. Thelr research also highlighted that many of the world’s glaciers may disappear in the next century. In total, NASA estimates that sea levels rise by three millimeters each year. As oceans warm further, scientists estimate thermal expansion will force sea levels up even more. The study looked at 19 geologically distinct regions that had been previously segmented by the Randolph Glacier Inventory. For each of these regions, they relied on field data from the World Glacier Monitoring Service. In any of these regions, field measurements are generally only available for one or two glaciers. To get a more detailed analysis, the researchers used data collected from airborne and satellite surveys to calculate changes in a glacier’s volume, Not only did they find that sea levels have risen as much as 27 millimeters in the past 50 years, they also calculated change in glacial mass from 2006 to 2016, finding that sea level roughly increased one millimeter each year. Their data showed that in the 1960s and 1970s, glaciers had predictable seasonal changes, losing mass in the summer and regaining it in the winter. In the 1980s, data showed ‘more was lost than regained, and by the 1990s, al the glaciers they measured showed they were losing more volume than they could replace. To see how much that contributed to rising sea levels, the researchers then divided the total mass lost from glaciers by the surface of the ocean. Coastal towns are already beginning to feel the impacts of sea-level rise. In the Outer Banks in North Carolina, neighborhoods that ‘once looked over the ocean have begun to fall into it. Major cities like Miami are developing adaption plans for when, not if, seas rise. ‘Melting glaciers will also impact the inland communities that rely on them. The Peruvian Andes are home to some of the world’s most heavily relied upon glaciers. Since the Inca, Peru's glaciers have been a crucial source of freshwater for human consumption and agriculture. A study published last October in the journal Scientific Reports estimated that the Quelccaya Ice Cap, a region that spans more than 9,000 football fields, could reach a tipping point if emissions aren't reduced in the next 30 years, ‘Adopted fom https//wunm.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/04/world-mountain-glacer- ‘melting-sea-level-rise/ Accessed 11 February 2019 What is the purpose of the text? A. To describe works conducted by NASA researchers. -B& objective E. disastrous B. nostalgic D. concerned Ine irif8gFation of technology and media can enhance early childhood practice. Successful integration of technology and media into early childhood programs involves the use of resources such as computers and the internet in daily classroom practices. True integration ‘occurs when the use of technology and media becomes routine and transparent — when the focus of a child or educator is on the activity or exploration itself and not on the technology ‘or media being used. Technology integration has been successful when the use of technology and media supports the goals of educators and programs for children provides children with digital tools for learning and communicating and helps improve child outcomes. ‘As the lives of children, parents, families, and educators are infused with technology and media, early childhood classrooms can benefit from the possibilities of extending ‘children’s learning through judicious use of these tools. As part of the overall classroom plan, technology and interactive media should be used in ways that support existing classroom developmental and educational goals rather than in ways that distort or replace them. For example, drawing on a touch screen can add to children’s graphic representational experiences; manipulating colorful acetate shapes on a light table allows children to explore color and shape. By focusing on technology and interactive media as tools—not as ends in and of themselves—teachers can avoid the passive and potentially harmful use of non-interactive, linearscreen media that is inappropriate in early childhood settings. intentionality is a key to developmentally appropriate use. Exciting new resources in today’s technology-rich world represent the next frontier in digital learning for our youngest citizens, leaving it to talented educators and caring adults to determine how best to leverage each new technology as an opportunity for children's learning in ways that are developmentally appropriate, (Adopted fom: htps/ssuucom/naeye/docs ps_technology_isuv_may2012) How does the first sentence relate to the other sentences in paragraph 1? x the other sentences in paragraph 1 explain further the kinds of integration of technology and media that can be of benefits to young learners B. the other sentences in paragraph 1 explain the impact of the integration of technology and media in early education explained in the first sentence C. the other sentences in paragraph 1 are examples of the use of technology in education D. the first sentence contains information that is contrary to the information in the other sentences E._ the other sentences vaguely support part of the statement in the first sentence With the increasing concer about use and misuse of pesticides in commerca, agriculture and home gardens, more and more inquiries for ‘organically grown’ commodities are received every year. Non-chemical control pesticides for plant diseases have been knovin and recommended for years. The backbone of any integrated pest control program must always include cultural and sanitation practices, two important components of non-chemical disease control. Unfortunately, disease problems may begin as soon as seeds are planted and can continue into harvest and storage. Plant diseases may be caused by several different living pathogenic organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, and nematodes. In addition to these parasitic organisms, non-living factors such as deficiencies or excesses of water, light, temperature, air pollution, pesticides, and nutrients can either predispose a plant to disease or directly cause plant injury. Fortunately, many disease problems can be prevented or controlled without the use of pesticides. Effective plant disease control must begin at the onset of disease or even before symptoms appear. Several non-chemical practices that can reduce plant loss are as follows. First is resistance. Effective plant disease control through resistance (or a plant's tolerance and immunity to disease) is based on the knowledge of diseases known to occur in an area, Selection of resistant plants may eliminate many disease problems. Exclusion, another non-chemical practice, is preventing the entrance and establishment of disease causing organisms (pathogens) into areas where plants are grown. This means avoid bringing diseases into and/or moving them around the garden. Use certified, disease free seeds or transplants. Examine the leaves and root systems of transplants and eliminate or destroy diseased plants. Either raise your own transplants in sterilized beds or buy them froma reputable dealer. Also, avoid transporting soil or tools from known disease areas to disease free areas. Last but not least is eradication, Eradication is the elimination of the disease-causing organism after it has become established on a plant. Eradication can be accomplished by sanitation, crop rotation, fallowing, and soil sanitation treatments. What is the best summary for the passage? ‘A. Living pathogenic organisms and norvlving factors are the most prevalent causes that harm plants. That is why chemical practices are deemed essential to effectively solve the problems, B. Effective plant disease control is required to prevent more damage to the environment. Studies about specific plant diseases have been conducted with promising results. YX The wrong use of pesticides, both in household and industry, has called for effective non-chemical control practices. Several methods including resistance, exclusion, and eradication of harmful living organisms to plants have been taken into consideration. D. Preventing disease-causing organisms is the most important non-chemical control practice to deal with the problem of misuse of pesticides which has been recommended for years with good results. Therefore, this method should be widely used in all affected areas. E. The rising concern about the harms pesticides cause to the environment leads studies on non-chemical control practices. Cultured and sanitation practices are the keys to the problem though the success of both method remains questionable. JIn 1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch settlements in Nort America known as New Amsterdam, negotiated with Canarsee Indian chiefs for the purchase of Manhattan Island for Line Merchandise valued at sixty guilders or about $24.12. He purchased the island for the Dutch ‘ne West India Company. “The next year, Fort Amsterdam was built by the company atthe extreme southern tp of the island, Because attempts to encourage Dutch immigration were not immediatly successful, ‘offers, generous by the standards ofthe era, wee extended throughout Europe. Consequently, the settlement became the most heterogeneous ofthe North American colonies. By 1637, the fort had expanded into the village of New Amsterdam, and other small communities had grovn 10 up aroundit, including New Haarlem and Stuyvesant’s Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to ‘Prosper, developing characteristics of religious and linguistic tolerance unusual for the times. By 1643, itwas reported that eighteen diffrent languages were heard in New Amsterdam alone. Among the multilingual settles was a large group of English colonists from Connecticut and Massachusetts who supported the English King's claim to all of New Netherlands set out 41S ima charter that gave the territory to his brother James, the Duke of York. In 1664, when the English sent a formidable fleet of warships into the New Amsterdam harbor, Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered without resistance. ‘When the English acquired the island, the village of New Amsterdam was renamed New Yorkin honor ofthe Duke. By the onset ofthe Revolution, New York City was aleady a busting 20 commercial center. After the war, it was selected asthe frst capital ofthe United States Although. the government was eventually moved, frst to Philadelphia and then to Washington, D.C. New York City has remained the unofficial commercial capital During the 1690s, New York became a haven for pirates who conspired with leading ‘merchants to exchanged many supplies for their ships in return for a share in the plunder. AS 25 acolony, New York exchanged many agricultural products for English manufactured goods. In addition trade with the West Indies prospered. Three centuries after his initial trade with the Indians, Minuit’ tiny investment was worth more than seven billion dollars 1. Which ofthe following would be the best tte for this passage? Ae AListory of New York City C.ABiography of Peter Minuit B. An Account ofthe Dutch Colonies _D. The Fist Capital of the United States 2. What did the Indians receive in exchange for heir island? ‘A. Sixty Dutch guilders Goods and supplies B. $24.12US D.” Land in New Amsterdam 3. Where was New Amsterdam located? A. In Holland C. Ontheisland of Manhattan In North America D. Inindia 4.TRE word “heterogeneous” in line 9 could best be replaced by A. Liberal Diverse B_ Renowned D._ prosperous ‘5. Why were so many languages spoken in New Amsterdam? A. The Dutch West India Company was owned by England. B._ The Dutch West India Company allowed freedom of speech. ‘The Dutch West India Company recruited settles from many different countries in Europe D. “The Indians who lived there before the Dutch West India Company purchase spoke many languages: 6.

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