Romanesque Architectural style of Europe 800-1200 AD Roman + Byzantine Submitted by : -Mitali Gondaliya 01 -Darshan Bavadiya 04 -Mansi Borad 06 -Urmila Dhameliya 09 -Nikhilesh Dhaduk 10 -Vatsal Gadhiya 11 -Dipti Patel 28 -Darshan Savsaiya 34 -Ridham Vekariya 39 Rakesh Zinzala 40Intro to Romanesque... *Acc. to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "Romanesque" means “descended from Roman" . *Due to the collapse of Roman Empire, it developed in Western Europe. sit is the direct modification of Roman architecture which grew in Italy, France, Germany, Central Europe, Spain & Britain.History & Society... Origins +Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire. «With the decline of Rome, Roman building methods survived to an extent in Western Europe, where successive Carolingian and Ottonian architects continued to build large stone buildings such as monastery churches and palaces. * In the more northern countries Roman building styles and techniques had never been adopted except for official buildings. Although the round arch continued in use, the engineering skills required to vault large spaces and build large domes were lost. There was a loss of the formal vocabulary of the Classical Orders. *In Rome several great basilicas continued in use as an inspiration to later builders, Roman architecture also survived in Byzantine architecture with the 6th-century octagonal Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna being the inspiration for the greatest building in Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Germany, built around the year AD-800.History & Society... Origins *Architecture of this style also developed in the north of Italy, parts of France in the 10th century. “The style, sometimes called First Romanesque or Lombard Romanesque. *Romanesque building types --- Churches Castles Monasteries Fortified Towns Norman — Romanesque in Britain Ottonian — Romanesque in Germany Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel, AachenHistory & Society... Charlemagne * The election of the first Frankish King Charlemagne (A.D. 799) as Holy Roman Emperor marks the beginning of a new era * From 800 he became the first Holy Roman Emperor — the first recognized emperor in Western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. * Between the time of Charlemagne (about 800 AD) and the beginning of Romanesque two hundred years later, people had built practically no big new buildings. * encouraged the building of churches and monasteries using masonry.History & Society... Feudalism *Much of Europe was affected by feudalism in which peasants held tenure from local rulers over the land that they farmed in exchange for military service. Gives chaners and privileges to Giver tand and tities to os who serve owns ray | Nobis +The result of this was. who provide who provide that they could be called | : . | | ft upon, not only for local selene Saige and regional spats, but to follow their lord to travel across Europe to the The ponse: tind act os solders in nes of war Crusades, if they were required to do so. {2nd & toga! protaetion ww » HTHistory & Society... Crusades + The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Western Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land (from Muslim rule), fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. * They brought about a very large movement of people and, with them, ideas and trade skills, particularly those involved in the building of fortifications and the metal working needed for the provision of arms, which was also applied to the fitting and decoration of buildings. * The continual movement of people, rulers, nobles, bishops, abbots, craftsmen and peasants, was an important factor in creating a homogeneity in building methods and a recognizable Romanesque style, despite regional differences.History & Society... Crusades + Godefroy de Bouillon a French knight, leader of the First Crusade.History & Society... Religion *Across Europe, the late 11th and 12th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in the number of churches. Monasticism * or monkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Males pursuing a monastic life are generally called monks while female monastics are called nuns, lives in monasteries to stay away from the secular world was established by the monk Benedict in the 6th century. *The Benedictine monasteries spread from Italy throughout Europe. *The monasteries, also functioned as cathedrals, were a major source of power in Europe. Bishops and the abbots of important monasteries lived and functioned like princes. +The monasteries were the major seats of learning of all sorts. Benedict had ordered that all the arts were to be taught and practiced in the monasteries. Within the monasteries books were transcribed by hand, and few people outside the monasteries could read or write.History & Society... Religion Pilgrimage *One of the effects of the Crusades, which were intended to wrest the Holy Places of Palestine from Islamic control, was to excite a great deal of religious change which in turn inspired great building programs. ‘The Nobility of Europe, upon safe return, thanked God by the building of a new church or the enhancement of an old one. + Inmedieval times, people made long trips to visit the relics or resting places of revered saints. * The pilgrimages allowed for the exchange of ideas including those of architecture and construction. The pilgrim’s way was filled with Romanesque churches, monasteries, and castles,Conclusion... On the decline of the Roman Empire in 478AD, the Romanesque style grew up in those countries of Western Europe. Romanesque style is called that because it is a little like Roman architecture with similarities between the barrel vault and Round arch, but it is made around 1000-1200 AD. Apart from its Roman origin, style owned something to Byzantine art, which was carried westwards along the great trade routes, by way of such centers as Venice, Ravenna. With the church as the unifying force, this period was devoted to the glorification of Christianity and the church was the predominant building type. Why Romanesque? The factors of the expansion of Romanesque art were: — Development of feudal system, that demanded works (castles) — The expansion of religious orders (Benedictines), expanded the monasteries — The pilgrimage routes — The crusadesClimate & Materials... * Geographical position determined many of the peculiarities of the style in each country. * Use of local materials (stone or brick, marble or terra-cotta, ready-made columns) depended on the region. The use of local materials, whether stone (limestone, granite) or brick, marble or terra-cotta, varying characteristics in each country over this wide area, with its different geological formations. * Climatic conditions contributed to differences of treatment of the north and south. North -> window openings were enlarged > high-pitched roofs South -> small window openings > flat roofsClimate & Materials... San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortress-like appearance. 1011AD Sant'Ambrogio, Milan is constructed of bricks, 1099AD.Basic Characteristics... «characterized by semi-circular arches. «Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings. sthick walls *round arches ssturdy piers = Architectural groin vaults elements. “Barrel vaults slarge towers decorative arcading. *Dark, solemn spaces Exterior is simple +Modest Height *Horizontal lines *Multiple Units General AppearanceBasic Characteristics... * stone was cut with precision * ablocky, earthbound appearance * large, simple geometric masses * the exterior reflects the interior structure and organization + interiors tend to be dark because of the massive walls that dictate small windows * growing sophistication in vaulting to span the large spaces ‘San Antonino, Piacenza, Italy 1104 AD * system of construction: ArcuatedBasic Characteristics... WALLS characterized by arches at the cornice, one series of corbel is called “corbel table” or “blind arch” OPENINGS * introduced the wheel window. «the recessed plane of door jambs also called as the order with quarter shaft. ROOF * used the dome which is normally found at the intersection of the nave and transept. wheel window and recessed arches, San Pedro, Avila, Spain 1100 * use of vaults.Basic Characteristics... Columns used variation of the Corinthian and CUSHION CAPITAL, the lonic capital with a twisted shaft known as the “scallop” * developed the cushion type and the scalloped capital. + Used the following shafts: fluted twisted or scallop wreathed columns zigzag chevron ype Pp RomanesqueBasic Characteristics... Moldings usually in vegetable & animal form elaborately carved Ornament principal ornamentation were fresco paintings. «characteristic ornamentations in sculpture, carvings and fresco painting usually : -VegetablesBasic Characteristics... * Some of the ornamentation and patterns originated from the Northern tribes. Chevron A zigzag molding used in Romanesque archs. Fic. 25 Billet molding formed by a series of circular, cylinders, disposed alternately with the notches in single or multiple rows.Basic Characteristics... Lozenges Star * tongue-like protrusions. A diamond * also called chip-carved star, shape decoration found carved on pillars, motive star flower, or saltire cross.Basic Characteristics... Ornaments & Patterns Nailheads * moulding featuring a series of small contiguous projecting pyramids Cable * aconvex molding carved in imitation of a rope or cord, and used to decorate the moldings of the Romanesque style.Basic Characteristics... Ornaments & Patterns Fresco from Church of St. Clement, now Stained glass, the Prophet Daniel from jin Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya . ‘Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century.Sculpture at Santiago Cathedral Candlestick (metal work)Basic Characteristics... Arches...the round arch Semi Circular Arch Segmented Arch * — Around arch whose intrados isa full * a shallow arch-- an arch that is less semicircle. than a semicircle RomanesqueBasic Characteristics... Arches...the round arch Stilted Arch Horseshoe Arch + Anarch whose curve begins above + also called the Moorish arch and the impost line. the Keyhole arch Romanesque3 ae | = Ey = |Basic Characteristics... Columns Romanesque Capitals Figured capital: A capital which is decorated with figures of animals, birds, or humans, used either *Block, cushion, or cubic capital: A simple cube-like capital with bottom corners tapered. a - alone or combined with foliage. *The block capital is particularly The figures need not have any characteristic of Ottonian and meaning, although they may be Romanesque architecture in Germany symbolic or part of a narrative and England. sequence.Basic Characteristics... * Recessed arch entrance * Groin and barrel Vaults * Blind arcade * Absidioles and Ambulatory * Square Towers * Columns — paired, attached, decorated * Tympanum + Underground vaultsBasic Characteristics... Recessed arched entranceBasic Characteristics... barrel vault and the blind arcade A Lombard band is a decorative blind arcade, usually exterior. The half round arch and the barrel vaultBarrel vault 2 types of Romanesque Arches Groin Vault RomanesqueBasic Characteristics... Absidiole & Ambulatory Ambulatories-helped to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims. In this arrangement, the aisles flanking the nave were extended alongside the sanctuary and around the apse. Small relic chapels or niche shrines radiated out from this ambulatory facilitating the flow of pilgrims. Absidioles - round chapels around the ambulatory. Below: Cluny Abbey, France : 1131 St Martin of Tours, FranceBasic Characteristics... Square Towers Facade of Santa Maria, Cosmedin, with bell tower, 6%" C Round arches at the facade of the cathedral of LisbonBasic Characteristics... South transept of Tournai Cathedral Belgium, 12th century with buttresses. Facade of Angouléme Cathedral, France with towers and rounded arches.Basic Characteristics... Domes The Cathedral of Saint-Front, Périgueux, France, has five domes. like Byzantine churches, but is Romanesque in construction,Basic Characteristics... Columns with attached shafts Mainz Cathedral, Germany, possibly the The cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, earliest example of an internal elevation has large columns constructed of drums, with of 3 stages attached shaftsBasic Characteristics... Tympanum The tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy, France, 1130s, has much decorative spiral detail in the draperiesBasic Characteristics... Also called Romanesque Portal They were later decorated and the space between the doorhead and the inner arch was filled by a stone slab called a TYMPANIUM which acted as the focal point of the ornament.spandrels tinct Uf | portal i diagram column trumeauRomanesque Building types... * Ch hi * Christianity, the chief source of education urenes and culture, was gradually extending * Monasteries throughout northern Europe, and the erection of a church often resulted in the * Castles foundation of a city. * Fortified Towns + It was the main building + It symbolized God's kingdom * The holiest part was the apse * It had cross shape + Symbolism was important: — Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God — Squared parts are related to the human.Romanesque Building types... Churches * Characteristics: — Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in the Pilgrimage churches. ‘Small in country churches. They were designed for advertising Catholic church. They were lasting, made of stone. Plans could be: + Latin cross * Polygonal * Basilical 1 Latin cross Polygonal BasilicalRomanesque Building types... Churches Transept ‘Central nave Saint Sernin, Toulouse, France,1080 - 1120 LUtile apse Typical Plan * 1, adopted the Greek and the Latin cross plan. 2. faces the east.Romanesque Building types... Churches St. Front, France — 1100 AD * The Greek Cross Plan, with four equal armsRomanesque Building types... ChurchesRomanesque Building types... Churches + Interior elevation: it consists of three levels: * First floor with columns or cross-shaped pillars * Second floor with the tribune (corridor over looking the nave, over the aisles) * Clerestory: area of windows opening to the outside. Elevation: * The church is covered by stoned vaults + Wall are thick * They need strong buttresses * Foundations are strong * Few windowsChurches... Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio “The church is mostly built in brickwork of different origins and colors, with parts of stone and white plastering. The current Romanesque church was begun around 1080. *belonged to the basilica type; consisted of a central nave lighted from the clerestory, 2 side aisles, apse, atrium. *the nave and the aisles of the existing basilica correspond with those of the primitive church; the atrium, however, which dates from the 9th century, and two smaller apses, flanking a new central apse of greater depth than the original, were erected. *The altar occupies about the same place, and the columns over the altar appear never to have been disturbed; they still rest on the original pavement. Plan abe eee eee ere 4 : tee eee » THe eet + +Churches... *the current appearance in the 12th century -- The basilica plan of the original edifice was maintained, with an apse and two aisles, all with apses, and a portico with arches supported by semi-columns and pilasters preceding the entrance. eused for baptism later (this custom disappeared in the early 11th century); the portico, whose entrance has four blind arcades with an open one in the centre, was later used for civil and religious meetings. Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio The hut facade with the entrance portico.Churches... Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio Exterior “The hut-shaped facade has two orders of loggias: the lower one has 3arcades of same span, which join the portico ones, which are slightly higher. The upper loggia was used by the bishops to bless the citizens. “The portico's arcade are supported by pillars, flanked by semi-columns. They have double archivolts, while the portico's upper frame is decorated with Lombard bands, which are repeated also on the facade. +has two bell towers. The right one, called def Monaci ("of the Monks"), is from the 9th century and has a severe appearance typical of defensive structures. The left and higher one dates from 1144, the last two floors having been added in 1889. It was likely designed by the same architect of the Romanesque basilica, since it contains the same decorative elements. | j j 3 The Canons’ bell tower.Churches... Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio Interior *The basilica has a semi-circular apse, and smaller, semi-circular chapels at the end of the aisles; there is no transept. The interior has the same size as the external portico. *The ceiling features groin vaults, each supported by its own semi-pillar, which, in the lower section, become a single pillar. ‘The aisles’ spans measure exactly half of those in the nave, and are supported by lesser pillars. The galleries over the aisles support the vaults but preclude clerestory windows. *The third central span, on the left, is Romanesque ambon, has nine small columns with decorated capitals and friezes, featuring animal and human figures, as well as vegetable and fantastic motifs. The front of the ambon is decorated by two gilt copper reliefs, depicting the symbols of two saints, St Matthew (praying man) and John (eagle).Churches... Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio “The church also houses the tomb of Emperor Louis ||, who died in Lombardy in 875, The crypt, located under the high altar, was built in the 9th century to houses the remains of three saints venerated here: Ambrose, Gervasus and Protasus.Romanesque Building types... * Churches * Monasteries * Castles * Fortified Towns *lt was designed as the city of God. *They had several dependencies: 1, Church Cloister Chapter room Abbot's house Monks/ nuns rooms Refectory Hospital Sige pos.Plan of St Gallen Monastery Carolingian Generalised plan The Abbey Cluny, France = | = =| : ay (|Romanesque Building types... * Churches * Monasteries * Castles * Fortified Towns * Castles were defensive constructions + They were fortified for providing shelter. * The wall was one of the essential elements. * They tend to be build in stepped 4 areas, easier to defend. Harlech Castle, North Wales, built in 1283 ADLa Zisa, Palermo (A.D. 1154-66), isa rectangular, three-storey Norman castle with battlemented parapet, and shows the influence of Saracenic art. Rochester Castle, Kent, England Cardiffe Castle, England 1130AD 1091ADRomanesque Building types... * Churches * Monasteries * Castles *A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors. sin the heart of Tuscany, in the southwest corner of the Chianti region, t Monteriggioni castle was built in the second decade of the thirteenth century by the Republic of Siena. Its original purpose was as a defensive outpost against Siena’s rival, Florence.Romanesque Building types... Fortified Towns *Founded in the 11th century to protect the Spanish territories from the Moors, this ‘City of Saints and Stones’, the birthplace of St Teresa and the burial place of the Grand Inquisitor Torquemada, has kept its medieval austerity. *This purity of form can still be seen in the Gothic cathedral and the fortifications which, with their 82 semicircular towers and nine gates, are the most complete in Spain.Romanesque Building types... * ABenedictine Abbey, Normandy, France. It is unquestionably the finest example both of French medieval architecture and of a fortified abbey. * The buildings of the monastery are piled round a conical mass of rock which rises abruptly out of the waters of the Atlantic to the height of 90m, on the summit of which stands the great church.Romanesque in France... * It was the original region of Romanesque art. + It appeared in Cluny’s abbey. * From there it expanded thanks to the pilgrimage routes, specially to Santiago in Spain. * Itis characterized by various vaulted styles. Saint Trophime, Arles * Provence: pointed domes and facades decorated with arches. Abbey Church + side aisles around the semicircular sanctuary forming the ambulatory in which radiating chapels open.Romanesque in France... * Burgundy: barrel-vaulted, three-aisled basilica. * Normandy: Lombard influences with groined vaults supported by flying buttresses and facades with two flanking towers. Sainte Magdalene, VezelayRomanesque in Italy... * Italian provinces developed a great diversity of architectural styles. — Lombardy with groined vaults of heavy proportions. — Central Italy classical decorative elements: Corinthian capitals, coloured marble, open arches, colonnades and galleries and facades with sculptures. Saint Miniato, Florence Saint Ambroggio, MilanRomanesque in Italy... * South with Byzantine and Arabic influences, using mosaics, interlaced pointed- arches. * Three separate buildings: church, baptistery and bell tower. Pisa Cathedral, in Tuscany, presents three separate buildings. aa Cefalu, SicilyRomanesque in Germany... * Churches were planned ona large scale + They used to be very high * They had an apse or sanctuary at each end. Numerous round or octagonal towers that conferred them a picturesque silhouette.Romanesque in England... * Long, narrow buildings were constructed with heavy walls and piers, rectangular apses, double transepts and deeply recessed portals * Naves were covered with flat roofs, later replaces by vaults, and side aisles were covered with groined vaults. Before the 10" century were made of wood. Stone buildings were small and roughly constructed. The Norman Romanesque style replace the Saxon in 11" century.Romanesque in Spain... * First Romanesque: Catalonia. + Inthe 11th century the region was almost assimilated to France. * Due to this they receive the art early, * The rest of the Spain would receive it with the pilgrimage. * Catalan churches present, in the outside, ordered volumes. * Wall are decorated with Lombard bands, and blind arches and galleries, * The plan has three naves, with a small narthex. * The head has triple apse.Romanesque in Spain... + Characteristics of pilgrimage churches: = Plan with three to five aisles and a transept — Inthe transept there are radial chapels — Inside there is a tribune — The head has ambulatory and radial chapels * There are polygonal buildings too. + They are related to the Temple. * They are inspired in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulchre. * Examples are Eunate, Torres del Rio (both in Navarre) and Veracruz (Segovia).Romanesque in Spain... * Buildings are simple and small. + Itis deeply influenced by the It created a contrast in relation to pilgrimage routes. the refined Muslin architecture. * They frequently have a covered area in the outside for the meetings of the councils.Romanesque in Spain... The best examples are: — Santiago’s cathedral — Fromista — Sant Climent de Tahull — San Pere de Roda — San Juan de la Pefia There are other buildings such as castles (Loarre, in Huesca) or bridges, essential for pilgrims (Puentelarreina, Navarre)Religious... Cathedral Square, Italy Pisa Cathedral with Baptistery, Campanile and Campo Santo, together form one of the most famous building groups in the world.Religious... Cathedral Square, Italy aes TT iar e[ Construction System Ee lucia a cut BMC AA ec) Neehcren ce +The cathedral is one of the finest of the Romanesque period and has a strongly marked individuality. *resembles other early Basilican churches in plan, with long rows of columns connected by arches, double aisles, and a nave which has the usual timber roof. RomanesqueReligious... 1, Pisa Cathedral PlanReligious... 1, Pisa Cathedral “The cathedral is one of the finest of the Romanesque period and has a strongly marked individuality. *It resembles other early basilican churches in plan, with long rows of columns connected by arches, double aisles, and a nave which has the usual timber roof. Section 0" ir Section 55Religious... 1. Pisa Cathec “This is a five-naved cathedral with a three-naved transept. *The mosaics of the interior, as well as the pointed arches, show a strong Byzantine influence. *The fagade, of grey marble and white stone set with discs of coloured marble. *The original central door was in bronze and made around 1180 by Bonanno Pisano, while the other two were probably in wood. *Above the doors there are four rows of open galleries with, on top.Religious... 1. Pisa Cathe “The exterior has bands of red and white marble, and the ground storey is faced with wall relief by tiers of wall passages which rise one above another right into the gable. *The transepts, each with an apse at the end, were an advance on the simple basilican plan. +The elliptical dome over the crossing. The building depends for its interest on its general proportions and on the delicacy of its ornamental features, rather than on any new structural development, such as may be seen in northern Italy."Religious... Detail west facade arcades Detail upper north corner, west facadeReligious... . Pisa Cathedral Interior pictures... Coffer ceiling Apse with Mosaic1. Pisa Cathedral Tympanum RomanesqueReligious... 2. The Baptistery *A baptistery is a religious building used for the Christian ritual of baptism, a widespread practice in the first centuries of Christianity, but during the Romanesque period was limited primarily to northern and central Italy. sis a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical building in Pisa, Italy. «Construction started in 1152 to replace an older baptistry, and when it was completed in 1363, it became the second building, in chronological order. «designed by Diotisalvi, whose signature can be read on two pillars inside the building, with the date 1153.Religious... . The Baptist *an example of the transition fram the Romanesque style to the Gothic style: the lower section is in the Romanesque style, with rounded arches, while the upper sections are in the Gothic style, with pointed arches. *constructed of marble, plentiful and often used in Italian architecture. *contains some important furnishings, including a font and Pisano pulpit. Baptistry fontReligious... 2. The Baptistery *The stonework consists of alternating bands of white and gray marble. “The facade is decorated with 20 blind arches pierced by windows, interspersed by the four doors of the baptistery which face the four points of the compass. he Above this arcade a cornice | supports a loggia of arches resting on slender columns. : x - SS a _ Alternating layers of white & =The portal, facing the facade of the cathedral, is flanked by two classical columns, while the inner jambs are executed in Byzantine style. The lintel is divided in two tiers.Religious... 2. The Baptistery is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. *Circular in plan. *total circumference measures 107.25 m; height is 54.86 m, taller than the leaning tower of Pisa if you count the inclusion of the large statue of St. John the Baptist. The lower register of blind arcades repeats the pattern of the cathedral and campanile. The construction of the Baptistery actually took place in two stages, accounting for its long construction time. In the 14th century, the top story and the dome were added to the building, completing its overall design and finalizing its construction. Constructed on the same unstable sand as the tower and cathedral, it leans 0.6 degrees toward the cathedral. Originally the shape of the Baptistery, according to Diotisalvi, was different, with its pyramidal roof. After the death of the architect, Nicola Pisano continued the work, changing the style, an external roof was added giving the shape of a cupola. As a side effect of the two roofs, the pyramidal inner one and the domed external one, the interior is acoustically perfect, making of that space a resonating chamber.The ground plan and design of the baptistery resemble that of the Rotunda of Anastasis in the Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, which was reconstructed after the Crusades and would have been seen by Pisan crusaders and traders.Religious... 2. The Baptistery Rotunda of AntasisInside the Baptistery the oldest mantles and capitals are to be found on the first order of columns. +decorated with figurative motifs, such as the two-tailed mermaid and scenes of combat between animals and humans, symbolizing the battle between good and evil.Religious... . The Baptistery “The pilasters flanking the principal portal of the baptistery, which faces east and the Cathedral, have been decorated — on the left with rural scenes representing the twelve months of the year, and on the right with religious scenes including the Ascension of Christ with Mary and the Apostles. «The architrave over the door contains scenes from the life of St John the Baptist, and a portrayal of Christ standing between Mary, John the Baptist, the Evangelists and angels. Internal cupola Scenes depicting 12 monthsBaptistry interiorTower... 3. Leaning tower *it is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. ssituated behind the Cathedral and is the 3" oldest structure in Pisa's Cathedral Square after the Cathedral and the Baptistry. *construction began in 1173 and took place in three stages over the course of 177 years, with the bell-chamber only added in 1372. *Architect - Bonanno Pisano View looking up= = Entrance door to the bell towerTower... 3. Leaning tower *The cylindrical campanile is 15.5m dia with blind arcades (like the cathedral). *6 open arcaded galleries, and a belfry at the top with a narrower diameter. “The height is 55.86m from the ground on the low side and 56.67m on the high side. *Height from the foundation floor: 58.36 m “Outer diameter of base: 15.484 metres *Inner diameter of base: 7.368 metres *Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees or 3.9 metres from the vertical. «The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m. eweight - 14,500 metric tons. * The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. +A staircase spirals to the top (today visitors are not allowed to climb the 54m to the top).*Utilizing many columns ws and arches, represents an advanced understanding of (ase weight and load characteristics, showing jus the Italian architectures’ knowledge. With 207 columns ranged around eight stories, Tower of Pisa looks like a massive wedding cake. *The bottom story consists of 15 marble arches. Each of the next six stories contains 30 arches.Tower... 3. Leaning tower Leaning....Why ? *Originally designed to be a bell tower, it actually stood upright for over 5 years, but just after the completion of the 3% floor (1178) it began to lean. The citizens of Italy were shocked as it began to lean ever so slightly. The foundation, only 3m deep, was built ona dense clay mixture and impacted the soil. As it turned out, the clay was not nearly as strong enough as required to hold the tower upright, and so the weight of the tower began to diffuse downward until it had found the weakest point. “After this, construction halted for 100 years. The government hoped that the soil would settle, giving it enough strength to hold the weight of the tower. As well, the country was focused on its world war Il with Genoa.Romanesque Artists... Goldsmiths and metalworkers sHugo d'Oignies (before 1187-c. 1240) *Roger (12th century) *Renier de Huy (fl. 12th century) *Nicholas of Verdun (1130-1205 Painters *Berlinghiero Berlinghieri (1228 — before 1236) *Lucchese School (11th & 12th centuries) *Master of Pedret (early 12th century) *Master of Taiill (fl. 12th century) Sculptors *Arnau Cadell (12th — 13th century) “Benedetto Antelami (c. 1150 —c. 1230) *Gislebertus (12th century) *Hegvald (c. 1175-1200) *Horder (fl. 12th century) *Master of Cabestany «Master Byzantios (c. 1175-1200) *Master Mateo (c. 1150 - c. 1200) *Othelric (c. 1180) *Wiligelmo (c. 1099-1120Romanesque Byzantine Spread by Charlemagne King. Factors : -Feudalism -Crusades -Pilgrims -Monasticism Spread by Constantine. Inspired by Roman + Byzantine Architecture inspired by Roman + Moorish Architecture characterized by Recessed arch sthick walls entrance round arches Blind arcade esturdy piers *Absidioles egroin vaults *Square Towers characterized by the use of dome. Onion dome (addition of pinnacles, turrets and colored mosaics) simple dome melon- shaped dome Columns — remene paired, attached, qi decorated edecorative arcading. eTympanum Churches Churches Monastries Building Castles typologies Fortified townsRomanesque Byzantine CUSHION CAPITAL, Capital SectionRomanesque Byzantine v Animal or Vegetable form v Frescoes Painting ¥ Sculpture ¥ Metalwork Not only architecture, this style encouraged art too. Eastern Emperor Leo Ill made strict prohibition of worshipping any human or animal form of sculpture. Since no statues were permitted, painted figures supplemented as a decorative feature in all the eastern churches.