SOE

Conjunction
What is a conjunction? In grammar, an English conjunction is a part of speech that
connects two words, phrases or clauses together. You can use a conjunction to link
words, phrases, and clauses.

 Correlative conjunctions are pairs of joining words that we frequently use to

connect two ideas together in a sentence.

-Both / and
-Either / or
-Hardly / when
-If / then
-Just as / so
-Neither / nor
-Not only / but also
-Rather / or
-Whether / or

 Either you will eat your dinner or you will go to bed.

 He is neither employed nor looking for a job.
 Not only do I love this band, but I have also seen them in concert twice.

 Subordinating Conjunctions are words or phrases that links a dependent clause

to an independent clause.

-After
-Although
-As
-As soon as
-Because
-Before
-By the time
-Even if
-Even though
-Every time
-If
-In case
-Now that
-Once
-Since
-So that
-Than
-The first time
-Unless
-Until
-When
-Whenever
-Whether or not
-While
-Why
 After the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up.
 I don’t want to go to the movies because I hate the smell of popcorn.
 I paid Larry, whose garden design work is top-notch.
 Until spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more snow.
 As soon as the alarm goes off, I hit the snooze button.

Coordinating Conjunctions have 7 coordinating conjunctions in English grammr:

“for,” “and,” “nor,” “but,” “or,” “yet” or “so” to join individual words, phrases, and
independent clauses.The best way to remember the seven coordinating conjunctions is
by using the acronym FANBOYS:

-For

-And

-Nor

-But

-Or

-Yet

-So

 This batch of mushroom stew is savory and delicious.

 You can eat your cake with a spoon or fork.
 My dog enjoys being bathed but hates getting his nails trimmed.
 Bill refuses to eat peas, nor will he touch carrots.
 I hate to waste a drop of gas, for it is very expensive these days.

Preposition
 A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words
within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a
sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed
directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find prepositions in front
of gerund verbs.

 Prepositions of Time
Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are
used to help indicate when something happened, happens or will happen. It can
get a little confusing though, as many different prepositions can be used.

 I was born on July 4th, 1982.

 I was born in 1982.
 I was born at exactly 2am.
 I was born two minutes before my twin brother.
 I was born after the Great War ended.
 Prepositions of Place
To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to indicate time – on, at, in –
are also the most common prepositions to indicate position. However, the rules are a
little clearer as place prepositions are a more rigid concept than time prepositions.
Lot’s of other prepositions of place, such as under, over, inside, outside,
above and below are used in English. There is, however, a lot less confusion as they
refer to rigid positions rather than abstract ones.

 The cat is on the table.

 The dogs are in the kennel.
 We can meet at the crossroads.
 The cat is under the table.
 Put the sandwich over there.
 The key is locked inside the car.
 They stepped outside the house.
 Major is ranked above corporal.
 He is waving at you from below the stairs.

 Prepositions of Movement
Prepositions of movement are quite easy to understand as they are less abstract than
prepositions of place and time. Essentially, they describe how something or someone
moves from one place to another. The most commonly used preposition of movement
is to, which usually serves to highlight that there is movement towards a specific
destination.

 He has gone on vacation to France.

 Mike travelled across America on his motorcycle.
 The bullet Ben shot went through the window.
 James went into the room.
 Jack went up the hill.
 Jill came tumbling down after.
 We will travel over rough terrain on our way to Grandma’s house.
  The horse runs around the track all morning.
 A car zoomed past a truck on the highway

Interjection
What is an interjection? Interjections are "emotion words," or spoken emotional
outbursts, that can be presented as a single word, a phrase, or utterances that express
an intense feeling. interjections are a part of speech, they are not grammatically
connected to other parts of a sentence.

Types of Interjections:

 Primary interjection: a word or sound that can only be used as an interjection.

Primary interjections do not have alternative meanings and can’t function as
another part of speech.
Example: Um-hum (Um-hum. I think that could work.)

 Secondary interjection: a word that is typically used as another part of speech

(such as a noun, verb, or adjective) that can also be used as an interjection.
Example: Awesome! (Awesome! Do that trick again.)

 Volitive interjection: is used to give a command or make a request.

Example: “Shh” or “shush” is used to command someone to be quiet. (Shh! I
can’t focus when you’re singing.)

 Emotive interjection: is used to express an emotion or to indicate a reaction to

something. Example: “ew” is used to express disgust. (Ew. I’m not eating
that.)

 Cognitive interjection: is used to express a thought or indicate a thought process.

Example:“um” can express confusion or indicate that the speaker is thinking.
(Um, can you explain it once more?)

 Mild Interjections: express relatively less strong emotions or just function as

introductory expressions without being associated with any emotions.
Example: Oh (Oh, I didn't know you were a doctor.)

 Strong Interjection: express strong or more emotions.

Example: Wow! (Wow!, that was an amazing play.)

How to Use Interjections:

Interjections can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.

 Beginning of a sentence: Interjection is followed by commas, exclamation marks,

or question marks, depending on the emotion you want to convey and the
intensity of that emotion.
Example: Eek! I saw a mouse.
  Middle of a sentence: Interjection is set off by a comma.
Example: This soup, ugh, is just terrible.

 End of a sentence: interjection is usually followed by an exclamation point,

question mark or period depending on the emotion and intensity you wish to
express.
Example: You got the part? Hooray!

When You Can Use Interjections: In everyday conversations Fiction writing Informal and
casual writing

Parallel Structure & Parallelism

In English grammar, parallelism (also called parallel structure or parallel
construction) is the repetition of the same grammatical form in two or more
parts of a sentence.
Not parallel Parallel
I like to jog, bake, paint, and watching I like to jog, bake, paint, and watch
movies. movies.
I like jogging, baking, painting,
and watching movies.

Parallel words
On the word level, a noun should be grouped with other nouns, an adjective with
other adjectives, and so on.

Not parallel Parallel

The company is looking for a
The company is looking for a
candidate who
candidate who
is friendly, organized, meticulous,
is friendly, organized, meticulous,
and is going to arrive to work on
and punctual.
time.

When a series is composed of verbs, do not mix forms. For example, mixing an
infinitive (a verb beginning with to) with a gerund (a verb form ending in -ing) breaks
parallel structure.

Not parallel Parallel

The participants in the workshop
learned how
to communicate, negotiate,
and working collaboratively for the
most effective outcome.
The participants in the workshop
learned how
to communicate, negotiate, and work
collaboratively for the most effective
outcome.

The participants in the workshop

Not parallel Parallel
learned
about communicating, negotiating,
and working collaboratively for the
most effective outcome.

Parallel phrases
Parallel structure should be used to balance a series of phrases with the same
grammatical structure.

For example, avoid mixing noun phrases with verb phrases.

Not parallel Parallel

Initial trials showed that exposure to the
chemical caused memory
problems, intermittent dizziness,
and deters sleep.
Initial trials showed that
exposure to the chemical
caused memory
problems, intermittent dizziness,
and insomnia.

As with a series of verbs, a series of verb phrases should use parallel forms. Do not
mix phrases based on an infinitive with phrases based on -ing verbs.

Not parallel Parallel

Her main duties were answering phone Her main duties
calls, filing records, and to conduct visitor were answering phone
surveys. calls, filing records,
and conducting visitor
surveys.

Parallel clauses
Parallelism is also applicable to a series of clauses in a sentence.

Not parallel Parallel

The report card stated that the student often
talked in class, that he bullied other students,
and rarely finished his homework.
The report card stated that
the student often talked in
class, that he bullied other
students, and that he rarely
finished his homework.
The report card stated that
the student often talked in
class, bullied other students,
and rarely finished his
homework.

Lists after a colon

A list that follows a colon should always have parallel elements.
Not parallel
Mainstream economists have attributed
the recession to several key
causes: deregulation policies, spike in
interest rates, manufacturing orders
declining, and the emergence of asset
bubbles.
Parallel
Mainstream economists have
attributed the recession to
several key causes: the
enactment of deregulation
policies, the spike in interest
rates, the decline in
manufacturing orders, and the
emergence of asset bubbles.

Mainstream economists have

attributed the recession to
several key causes: deregulation
policies, high interest rates, low
manufacturing orders, and asset
bubbles.

Parallel construction in pairs

Use parallel construction when a sentence contains a pair of connected ideas.

Pairs can be connected by coordinating conjunctions, which

include and, nor, but, or and yet.

Not parallel Parallel

She planned to collect data by either using She planned to collect data by
an online survey or phone interviews. either using an online
survey or conducting phone
interviews.

She planned to collect data

through either online
surveys or phone interviews.

Use parallel structure when a pair of ideas are linked by a correlative conjunction,
such as not only…but also, either…or, and neither…nor.

Not parallel Parallel

His paper argues that the distinctive
divergence in the two artists’ styles was not
only shaped by their mutual rivalry but
also because of the idiosyncratic tastes of
patrons.
His paper argues that the
distinctive divergence in
the two artists’ styles was
shaped not only by their
mutual rivalry but also by
the idiosyncratic tastes of
patrons.

The same rule applies to pairs connected by a word of comparison, such

as over, than or as.
Not parallel Parallel
He prefers movie nights at home over going He prefers movie nights at
to loud house parties. home over loud house parties.

He prefers hosting movie

nights at home over going to
loud house parties.